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    Daniele Talens Caguiat
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    Urogenital System of the Cat

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    Urogenital System of the Cat

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    4 views10 pages

    Bio Lab Urogenital System

    Uploaded by

    Daniele Talens Caguiat
    Urogenital System of the Cat

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 10
    A. Introduction 2 I ' I f | f i : i 1. Barly Devel- opment of the Kidney and Gonads Tore mame omrone ame rT The Comparative Anatomy of the Urogenital System Marvalee H. Wake ‘The urogenital system of vertebrates is composed of functional units that (1): elaborate, transport, and store urinary wastes and water; (2) elab- orate, transport, and occasionally store gametes; (3) provide fo: union of gametes; and (4) in many instances and many ways provide condi- tions facilitating development of embryos in or on a parent, In their evo- Tution both urinary and reproductive components are closely tied mor- phologically and physiologically. Utilizetion of common transport passages and later separation of function with elaboration of accessory Gevices ‘characterize the evolutionary history of the urogenital system. In adults there are two “primary” components of the system—the kidney and the gonad. These are the glands that manufacture the essential proc ucts of the system. “Secondary” components include the ducts that transport and sometimes store these products and the accessory struct tures of the ducts. The evoluiion of form and function of the “primary” components must be understood before the modification of fern, and function of the “secondary” components as associates of the “primary” can be evaluated. The evolution of these structures can be character ized in a phylogenetic order, and consideration of the embryonic devel opment of each component contributes to an understanding of form and function in the urogenital system. Differentiation of the somites results in establishment of a narrow longi- tudinal band of mesoderm along the lateral border of the somite. This is the mesomere, that is, the urogenital or nephrotomic mesoderm or plate, Like the epimere (the dorsal component of the somiie), the meso- nere becomes segmented anteriorly in all vertebrates and is segmented more extensively posteriorly in lower vertebrates. Each segment of the mass is called a nephrotome, and from eack segment develop the func- tional kidney units, the nephrons, The term holonephros was introduced to designate a kidney derived {rom the entire nephrotomic plate in which a single nephron is derived from each segment, and this state is thought to be the primitive vertebrate condition. Early development in some hapfish, elasmobranchs, and caecilians simulates a holonephric condi- tion. During total development, however, no postembryonic vertebrate retains a holonephros, Lut it utilizes instead a kidney produced in one of three general anteroposterior regions. Each kidney so derived is adapted to special developmental and functional conditions. ‘The site of origin of the gonads is the coelomic epithelium between the dorsal mesentery and the anterior portion of the middle kidney. A 2. The Male Urogenital System F. The Urogen- al System of Mammals 1, The Kidneys and Their Ducts 603 Mammals ion the bursa of Fabricius, which seems to have some function in ing birds but degenerates with maturity (see fig. 12.19). a a are a pair of oval organs at the anterior ends of the kid- neysi their size varies considerably with the season, ‘They lack defi- nike mesorchia. The kidneys and the ureters should be studied ac- Sording tothe directions given for the femaie. The male ducts or leferent ducts spring from the medial surface of the testes near th Posterior ends, with the intervention of an epididymis too small to be identified macroscopically. The deferent ducts are slender, convo- luted tubes that pass caudad parallel to the ureters. Trace both ducts to the cloaca. ‘The cloaca is smaller in the male than in the female, and the lips of the anus more protruding. The rectum enters medially and ven- trally, the urogenital ducts laterally. Cut into the cloaca as directed for the female and identify its chambers as described there. They are the same in the two sexes, except that the male urodaeum is smaller and receives the two deferent ducts instead of the oviducts. Ureters and deferent ducts open on small papillae in the lateral walls of the urodaeum (fig. 12.20). Remove the digestive tract, leaving the rectum in place. ‘The kidneys of mammals ave metanephroi, and their ducts the meta- nephric duets or ureters. The kidneys are iarge oval organs situated against the dorsal wall of the peritoneal cavity; they are retroperito~ neal. The right kidney is usually considerably anterior to the left one. Clear away fat and cormective tissue from around the kidneys and note their characteristic bean shape, convex laierally, concave on their medial faces. The concavity is termed the hilus, and from it a white tube, the ureter, passes out, turning posteriorly. Follow the Ureters caudad, clearing away fat, and note their entrance into the urinary bladder. In females the ureters pass dorsal to the horns of the titerus; in males dorsal to a white cord, the male duct or ductus deferens, which loops over the ureter and disappears dorsal to the bladder. With a cut remove the ventral half of a kidney. Within the hilus there is a cavity, the renal sinus, occupied by the renal artery and the expanded beginning of the ureter, termed the renal pelvis. Into this pelvis the substance of the kidney projects as the Penal papilla, on which are situated the microscopic openings of the voltecting tubules. Remember that the kidney substance is readily Givisible into two areas, a peripheral cortex and a central medulla, ‘The cortex contains the renal corpuscles and the convoluted and vein and by {looped portions of the kidney tubules, The medulla is marked by lines that converge on the renal papilla; these lines are the collecting tubules. It will be recalled that the collecting tubules, the pelvis. and the ureter arise by outgrowth from the mesonephric duct. ‘The col- fecting tubules and renal papilla together form a renal pyramid; there in the rabbit and in the cat, but there are about twelve is only one i in the buman kidney Paes 604 The Urogenital System 5 celiac artery $959 —— dorsal aorta posteava superior mesenteric artery — femoral

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