K E A

APMONIKOI TAANTTE

6
A I O
146 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

6.1
O fi
fi
. O fi , fi
,
fifi -
fi.
O ,
-
. -

fi fi (VCO). fi -
, -

. , ..
-
fi , -
. , -
fi
fi fi fi fi
.
, -
fi fi . O
fi fi -
LC fi ( ),
fi fi fi
RC.
, -
(fi) fi fi
fi fi .
,
fi fi ( fi ) -
. -
fi .
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 147

6.2
.6.1 fi fi fi
, fi -
fi
.6.1.

Ui Ue U0 Ui=0 U0
E (Av) E (Av)

Uf

Uf
() ()

() ()

6.1. M fi fi
(), ()

, fi
(fi ), A,
fi fi . ac fi-
fi e
fi vi (fi) (i ).
O fi fi :

e = i + (6.2.1)

0 = A e (6.2.2)

= V0 (6.2.3)

fi :

A
A = 0 = (6.2.4)
i 1 A
148 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

fi A ( ) fi
fi, A, A
fi.
fi .(6.2.4) fi, A =1 fi | A | = |/1|=!
fi fi 0 0
(i=0), fi fi
.6.1 .
, ,

A = 1 (6.2.5)

Barkhausen, -
fi .
, fi -
:

| A| =1 (6.2.6)

=0 ( 360) (6.2.7)

fi, fi -
fi (+ ).
O .(6.2.6) (6.2.7)
:
1. fi A 1.
2. fi
00 3600.
Barkhausen.
, .6.1 1800 fi,
-
1800 , -
fi 3600 ( 00). fi -
.6.1
. ,
fi
fi -
, . , fi
fi .
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 149

6.2.1
Barkhausen,
.(6.2.5) .(6.2.6) () .(6.2.7) (),
-
fi , ( -
). , , ,
(R, L, C, ..) ,
fi fi -
,
(, ) fi. ,
A
Barkhausen , .
fi fi,
, fi -
A fi fi -
.(6.2.5). , -
Barkhausen fi fi
fi

A 1 (6.2.8)

fi Barkhausen,

| A|1 (6.2.9)

0
=0 (6.2.10)

fi, fi ,
fi fi
, , ,
fi fi
. fi fi, fi
A fi , -
.
150 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

6.3 fi
O LC,
L-
C ( R). O -
-, fi
fi kHz -
MHz. O
Colpitts, Clapp Hartley -
fi .
LC fi fi -
.6.2. fi -
A fi -
, 1, 2, 3 ( L C)
1 2. -
fi . Barkhausen -
, fi -
, :

X1+X2+X3=0 (6.3.1)

X1
A 1 + (6.3.2)
X2

Av
U0
1 X1

3 X3

2 X2

6.2. B LC (fi)
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 151

fi X1 , X2 X3 fi , Xk = j Lk -
() Xk = 1 / j Ck fi
().

6.3.1 Colpitts
fi fi Colpitts fi -
fi fi , C1, C2,
L . O
ac ,
C2 (
C1 C2 ) A .
, fi .6.2
Colpitts X1 = jC1 , X2 = j C2 , X3 = j L. fi
. (6.3.1)

0 = 1
(6.3.3)
2 LC

fi, Ct fi C1 C2 , .

1 = 1 + 1
(6.3.4)
Ct C1 C2

fi, fi .(6.3.2) , fi -

C2
A 1 + (6.3.5)
C1

.6.3 Colpitts (BJT) -

C. fi
C1, C2, .
fi Re R1 R2,
fi . fi, fi,
, -
fi . , RC
.
152 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

VCC
RC
R1

U0

C1

L
Cb R2
Re
C2

6.3. T Colpitts BJT

fi A
, .(6.3.5) :

he R C C
A = 1+ 1 (6.3.6)
Ri C2

fi
Ri = hie + (1 + he) Re (6.3.7)

6-1
O Colpitts BJT
: L=100 H, C1=1 nF, C2=100 pF, Rc=680 , R1=18 k,
R2=5.6 k, Re=47 . , hie=1 k hfe=199.
fi -
.

fi .(6.3.4)
1 = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 109 + 1010 = 1.1 x 1010 [
Ct C1 C2 10 9 0.1 x 10 9

[ Ct = 1 = 91 pF
1.1 x 1010
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 153

, fi .(6.3.4)

0 = 1 = 1 @ 1.7 MHz
2 LCt 2 100 x 106 x 91 x 1012

, fi .(6.3.7)

Ri = hie + (1 + he) Re = 1 + 200 x 0.047 k = 10.4 k

, .(6.3.6)
he R C 199 x 0.68
A = = @ 13
Ri 10.4

fi
C2
A = 13 > 1 + = 1 + 10 = 11
C1

fi .(6.3.6),
.
.6.4 Colpitts . O
-
. fi fi .(6.3.3).
,
.(6.3.5)
, fi fi ,
(X2 / (X1 + X2)) fi :

C1
= (6.3.8)
C2 + C1

( fi, fi fi
).
154 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

R2

R1

U0

C1
L
C2

6.4. T Colpitts TE

6-2
Colpitts , fi 50 kHz, -
741 (Ri = 2 M, R0 = 70 ).

fi , .. L=1 mH, fi
.(6.3.3)

C1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 10.1 nF
2 0 L 4 x x 0 x L 4 x x 502 x 106 x 103
2 2 2

fi fi ,
C1
= = 0,1
C1 + C2

, fi

C1 = C2
1

C2 = 10 nF, C1
0.1
C1 = C2 = 1nF @ 1.1 nF
1 1 0.9
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 155

R1 fi R1 XC1 -
. ,

R1 = 10 XC1 (6.3.9)

fi,

XC1 = 1 (6.3.10)
0 C1

XC1 = 1 = 289
2 x 50 x 103 x 11 x 109

,
R1 = 10XC1 = 10 x 289 = 2.89 k

fi R1 = 10 K R2 fi fi

R2
A = 2 [ R 2 2R 1 20 k
R1

R2 fi
fi fi -
fi .

6.3.2 Clapp
Colpitts fi -
C L Clapp. .6.5
BJT.
fi . fi -
fi fi fi .
C1 C2
, fi
fi Colpitts. H -
fi C fi-
. fi
, LC
156 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

fi
fi .

VCC
RC
R1

U0

C1
L
R2
Re Ce C2 C

6.5. T Clapp BJT

fi fi :

0 = 1 (6.3.11)
2 LCt

fi fi
1 = 1 + 1 +1
(6.3.12)
Ct C1 C2 C

, .(6.3.2) , fi -
,
Colpitts, . .(6.3.5).
C1 << C2, fi fi :

C1
= (6.3.13)
C1 + C2

he R C
A = (6.3.14)
hie
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 157

6-3
O L=33 mH, C1=C2=100 nF, C=1200 nF,
hfe=100, RC=470 he=1 k. fi
, fi .

fi .(6.3.10)
1 = 1 + 1 + 1= 1 +
1 +
1
Ct C1 C2 C 100 x 109
100 x 109
1200 x 109

Ct = 48 nF

.(6.3.9)
1 1
0 = = @ 4 kHz
2 LCt 2 33 x 10 x 48 x 109
3

O fi
C1 100
= = = 0.5
C1 + C2 100 + 100

C2
A 1 + 1 + 100 2
C1 100
, :
he R C
A = = 100 x 0.470 = 47
hie 1

fi 2.
.
.6.6 Clapp . fi
fi fi
fi -
, .
R2
A = (6.3.15)
R1
158 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

R2

R1

U0

C1 L

C2 C

6.6. T Clapp TE

6-4
Clapp fi-
50 kHz, 741.

fi L=2.2 mH. , fi .(6.3.9),

C1 = 1 1 @ 4.6 nF
2 0 2 L 2 x 50 x 103 2 x 2.2 x 103

= 0.1. ,
C1
= [ C1 = C2
C1 + C2 1

Ct = 4.7 nF C2 = 100 nF [
0.1
C1 = 100 nF = 1.11 x 100 nF = 11.1 nF
1 0.1
,
1 1 1 1
= 9
9
+ [
C 4.7 x 10 11.1 x 10 100 x 109

C = 4.7 nF
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 159

, (6.3.5),
.
C
A 1 + 2 1 + 100 11
C1 10

R2
A = 11
R1

, , . R1 = 10 k,

R2 110 k

6.3.3 Hartley
O Hartley, .6.7, Colpitts,
fi fi -
. ,
L1 L2 ( C1 C2) C
( L). O R1, R2, Re RC -
fi . fi -
fi (L1, L2, C). O C
fi -
. O C2
( dc )
Ce .
-
Colpitts, X1 = j L1, X2 = j L2 X3 = 1 / jC
.(6.3.1) . (6.3.2), , fi fi
fi

0 = 1 (6.3.16)
2 Lt C

fi,

Lt = L1 + L2 (6.3.17)
160 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

VCC
RC
C2
R1

C1 U0

L1

C
R2
Re Ce
L2

6.7. T Harley BJT

, , fi -
, :

L1
A 1+ (6.3.18)
L2

fi, v (-
CE), :

he R C
A = (6.3.19)
hie

6-5
O Hartley :
L1=L2=4.7 mH, C=22 nF, RC=2.2 k, hie=1 k
hfe=50. fi
.

Lt = L1 + L2 = 4.7 + 4.7 = 9.4 mH

APMONIKOI TAANTTE 161

.(6.3.16)

0 = 1 = 1 @ 11.1 kHz
2 Lt C 2 9.4 x 103 x 22 x 109

, fi .(6.3.19),
he R C
A = = 50 x 2.2 = 110
hie 1

L1
A = 110 1+ =2
L2

fi . (6.3.18)
.
.6.8 Hartley . fi -
fi .(6.3.16). ,
.(6.3.18), ,
A fi fi -

R2
A = (6.3.20)
R1

fi , fi -
,
L2
= (6.3.21)
L1 + L2

R2

R1

U0

L1
C
L2

6.8. T Harley TE
162 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

6-6
Hartley (. 741) fi-
30 kHz.

fi Lt = 1 mH, fi .(6.3.16)

C = 1 = 1 @ 28 nF
2
20 Lt 2 x 30 x 103 2 x 103

fi, , =0.1. , -
.(6.3.17) .(6.3.21),
L1
Lt = L1 + L2 = L1 + L1 = [
1 1

L1 = (1 )Lt = 0,9 x 1 = 0.9 mH

L2 = Lt L1 = 1 0.9 = 0.1 mH

, .(6.3.18)
, , :
L1
A 1+ 1 + 0.9 10
L2 0.1

, .(6.3.20),

R2
10
R1

, R1 = 10 k, fi R2 10 x R1 =
100 k.

6.3.4 fi fi
fi fi
fi fi fi fi-
(clock), -
. fi fi . O -
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 163

, -
. O
dc -
fi
fi .
LC.
, , ,
fi . ,
. , fi, -
fi .
, fi fi-
fi fi -
fi Q.
O
(, ),
fi .
fi fi -
.
fi fi fi
, fi Q -
. fi -
(buffer), fi fi
fi fi Q
.

6.3.5
, fi Q
fi fi . O
(quartz)
Q. fi
fi, : -
fi fi ,
ac -
. fi,
fi ac , Coulomb -
.
164 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

fi fi Q -
fi , fi
fi fi . O -
. .6.9 fi
,
fi ( fi).

Z
Hfi

XTAL L

Cp CS

f
0 fos fop

() () ()

6.9. K ().

R, L fi CS
(.6.9 ) -
fi -
. fi CP
fi .
fi fi .6.9 -
fi , os , fi -
op, fi
. Q -
. fi ,
op os
.
fi fi .
fi fi
fi :
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 165

Cs
0p @ 0s 1 + (6.3.22)
2Cp

0s = 1
(6.3.23)
2 LCs

VCC
RC Cc
R1

Cc U0

C1

R2
Re Ce C2

6.10. Kfi BJT

O quartz fi fi 10 kHz
330 MHz. fi 100 kHz,
1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz 25 MHz. ,
fi 3.579545 MHz
colour burst TV.
fi 32.768 kHz ( 215 1 Hz)
fi fi. ,

fi fi, fi 10544 Hewlett
Packard (10 MHz).
fi fi fi -

fi Clapp. , fi -
BJT .6.10.
166 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

, o .6.11 fi .
fi
fi . fi Zener
Vz Zener .

R2

100 K Vz
R1

1K
U0
Vz

100 nf
100 K

6.11. Kfi TE

6.4 fi
fi
fi fi L C -
. ,
fi fi R C, fi-
,
Barkhausen, .(6.2.6) .(6.2.7).
-fi , RC,
.
O -fi RC
fi-
fi -
. fi
,
Wien fi .
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 167

6-4.1
.6.12 fi
. , fi fi

fi RC . fi
fi
. O
, fi fi -
180.
180 , 2 Barkhausen,
, fi . fi
fi, fi 360 0. -
fi 0 fi
180 A
, Barkhausen
.

E R2

R1 VCC

741/351 U0

R3 VCC

1N 4735
D1
C C C VZ=6,2 V
VD1=VD2=0,7 V
D2
R R R

6.12. T TE

Barkhausen fi fi
fi :
168 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

0 = 1
(6.4.1)
2 6 RC

fi , :

R2
A = 29 (6.4.2)
R1

RC -29 . ( fi
fi
180).
,
R2 29 R1 (6.4.3)

fi ,
C R.

6-7
fi -
500 z.

fi C=100 nF. , R
.(6.4.1),

R= 1 = 1 @ 1.3 k
2 6 C 2 x 6 x 100 x 109 x 500

12
R =1.5 k.
fi , -
R1 10R. , , R1 = 10 R = 15 k
.(6.4.3), .

R2 29 x R1 = 29 x 15 k = 435 k

R2 = 1 M (fi).
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 169

741 fi LM318 LF351

fi, SR.
.6.13 BJT. -
fi fi (CE),
fi 180 fi fi-
180 360
( 0), 2 Barkhausen.
VCC

R1 47 K RC 470
Cc

C C C R3
10 F U0
10 nF 10 nF 10 nF 100

R 10 K R 10 K R2 12 K
Re
100 F
100
Ce

6.13. T BJT

O fi R1 R2 -
R=12k//47k @ 10 k. ,
Darligton, -
fi . R3 (100 ) -
fi.
fi, fi 0
fi , .(6.4.1). O
, fi, , .(6.4.2), fi -
fi R2 / R1 A
, .(6.3.19).

6-8
fi ,
. hfe=200 hie=1 k.
170 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

fi :

0 = 1 = 1 @ 650 Hz
2 6 RC 2 6 10 103 10 10 9

, .(6.3.19), :

he R C
A = = 200 x 0.47 = 94
hie 1

, |A| fi 29 -
. (6.4.2). -
.

6.4.2 Wien
fi -
, fi fi fi
, i Wien, .6.14, .
fi .6.14, -
(), R C, -
(+ ) . O fi
(- ) fi -
R1 R2, -

R2
R R
R1 50 K
C C
10 K C
U0
C U0
R
R2
3,3 K 10 nF R1

R 3,3 K C 10 nF () ()

6.14. T Wien TE () I
fi Wien ()
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 171

. Wien -
fi fi , 4
. Wien fi RC
R//C .
fi R1 R2,
A .
Barkhausen, fi fi
Wien fi :
1
0 = (6.4.4)
2RC

O fi fi :
1
= (6.4.5)
3

fi 0.
, TE -
0.
, Barkhausen A 1
.(6.4.5), 3.
( -
), :
R2
A =1+ 3 [
R1

R2 2R1 (6.4.6)
6-9
Wien fi -
5 kHz.

fi , .. C = 10 nF, -
R fi .(6.4.4), .

R= 1 = 1 = 3.2 k
2 0 C 2 x 5 x 10 3 x 10 x 10 9
172 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

, fi
R1 = 10 k

fi .(6.4.6),

R2 2R1 2 x 10 k 20 k ( . 50 k)

6.4.3
, Wien
fi (+ ) .

fi fi
(- ) .
, .6.15.
R R A

2C 0

Ui U0
C C

f
R/2
f0
() ()

6.15. T ( ) fi

() (. . 5.2.6) -
fi fi fi . O
fi fi
fi 60 dB. fi fi
fi :

0 = 1 (6.4.7)
2 RC

fi
-90.
, ( ) , 40
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 173

60 dB (100 1000), fi
.
O -
/ fi .6.16.

R R

5.6K 2C 10 nF 5.6 K

C C

20 nF R/2 20 nF
10 K

U0
R2
R1 1M
10 K

6.16. T TE T

6-10
fi
3 kHz 100 (40 dB).

fi C = 10 nF. fi, fi .
(6.4.6),

R= 1 = 1 = 5.3 k
20C 2 x 3 x 103 x 10 x 109

,
R = 5.6 k ( 12)

fi R1 = 10 k (fi). , fi fi
:
174 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

R2 = KR1 = 100 x 10 k = 1 M

O Zener fi .
, , 0 fi fi
Zener , Zener fi (. fi
Zener). ,
,
0 . fi fi 0 Zener ,
,
fi -
. , fi 0 -
. fi Vminp @ Vz
Wien, fi -
fi fi.
O -
Wien. O
fi , Wien
fi .
fi fi Wien,
e fi fi-
fi. ,
fi fi Wien,
fi . fi -
Wien fi fi
.

6.5 fi fi
fi fi fi -
fi fi fi -
. fi ,
fi fi (clock),
.
fi fi fi
fi fi
(, .) fi, fi
. O fi fi
fi fi.
APMONIKOI TAANTTE 175

, R, L,
C , fi .
fi, fi fi fi
fi fi S :

m 0
S= 0 x 100 % (6.5.1)

fi o fi fi m -
fi fi, fi. fi
fi fi fi fi-
fi . , .. () -
fi S = 2 % 5 fi fi-
fi S = 10 %.
, fi fi fi
fi : ,
fi ( fi ) .
, fi,
-
.

LC. fi L ,
fi C . fi fi
-
. fi fi
fi .
, fi
fi fi
fi Q.
dc , fi
, fi
fi .

AKHEI
6-1. O Colpitts .6.3, : L=10 mH, C1=100
nF, C2=4.7 nF, RC=560 , R1=15 k, R2=4.7 k, Re=56 , hie=1 k
176 ANAOIKA HEKTPONIKA

hfe=99. fi -
.
6-2. Colpitts fi 100 kHz.
6-3. O Clapp BJT L=2.2 mH, C1=4.7 nF, C2=470 pF,
C=820 nF, hfe=49, hie=2.2 k RC=2.7 k. fi-
.
6-4. Clapp fi 100 kHz .
6-5. Hartley BJT L1=100 , L2=10 , C=1 nF,
RC=820 , hie=1.2 k hfe=99. fi
.
6-6. Hartley fi 10 kHz.
6-7. : L=0.33 H,
R=5.5 k, CS=0.065 pF CP=1 pF. fi
f0s, f0p Q .
6-8. fi
2 kHz.
6-9. fi , fi -
, = 6 / 2 RC
.
VCC (+12 V)

Rb 560 K RC 2,2 K
Cc

1 F U0
R R R

6,8 K 6,8 K 6,8 K

Re1
C C C
10 nF 10 nF 10 nF
Re2
Ce 100 F

6.9. K ().

6-10. Wien fi
1 kz.
6-11. fi 5 kHz.