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Arabicgrammar PDF
Arabicgrammar PDF
This material may be freely used by any one for learning the Holy Quran.
This material may be used freely by any
one for learning the Holy Quran.
First-Edition : 2008
ISBN : 978-969-9221-00-1
Available at:
ISLAMABAD DARUSSALAM Publishers & Distributors
Shawaiz Center, F-8 Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Tel/Fax:+92-51-2281513, Cell:+92-321-5370378
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Price of printed edition:
edition:
In Pakistan Rs. 200/-
200/- Abroad US$ 10/-
10/-
Official website of the author, Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmed
where some more free Arabic learning resources are
available is:
www.sautulquran.org
Important Abbreviations:
RA = RadiyAllaahu `anhu
Note:
Some pages in the original hard copy were blank,
since new chapters started from the right page and if
the previous chapter ended in a right page, the next
left page was omitted and the next chapter was started
from the right page.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I
Contents
CONTENTS
I
Contents
II
Contents
Lesson
Lesson15:
15: The Imperative Tense )5E">.............. 115
Lesson
Lesson16:
16: Form-IG>%HI)E"> ... 121
The Derived Verbal Form-
Lesson
Lesson17:
17: Form-II E
The Derived Verbal Form- " > ...... 129
Lesson
Lesson18:
18: Form-III E
The Derived Verbal Form- > ..... 133
Lesson
Lesson
son19:
19: Form-IV E
The Derived Verbal Form- " : ; .... 137
Lesson
Lesson20:
20: Form-V E
The Derived Verbal Form- :; .... 141
Lesson
Lesson21:
21: Form-VI E
The Derived Verbal Form- " : ... 145
Lesson
Lesson22:
22: Form-VII E
The Derived Verbal Form- " K > ... 149
Lesson
Lesson23:
23: The Derived Form-VIII E" > ... 153
Derived Verbal Form-
Lesson
Lesson24:
24: Form-IX E
The Derived Verbal Form- " : K L . 155
Lesson
Lesson25:
25: The Unsound Verbs EK"! ..................... 159
The Sound Verbs.................................. 159
The Weak Verbs .................................. 159
The Mahmuz ....................................... 160
The Mudaaf ........................................ 160
Lesson
Lesson26
26:: The Hamzated and Duplicated
Duplicated Radical
Verbs M"7! ! ............................ 177
The Mahmuz ....................................... 177
The Mudaaf ........................................ 179
Lesson27: The Numerals %"# ............................. 185
Lesson27:
Lesson28: The Nouns in Accusative OP1! ........ 193
Lesson28:
Conclusion ...........................................
................................ ........... 203
III
(AAA)Q%*)
Preface
SR
#TR
#$
SR .
(In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful)
Islam is the divine system of guidance for all human being
on the earth, and the Prophet, Muhammad (SAW) is the
universal messenger of Allah (SWT), as revealed in chapter
34,verse 28 of the Holy Quran.
R 1 +#Y ( >
VW@RU 1+ L
)
+ " H W
R 1 #
]
T, # H \ [
And We (Allah) have not sent you (O Muhammad (SAW))
except as a giver of glad tidings and a warner (against sin)
to all mankind. But most of people know not
Likewise, the book of guidance, al-Quran is a divine
treasure of knowledge and a universal code of conduct in
Arabic for salvation of the entire humanity, as revealed in
the following two verses of the Holy Quran:
+_ * " ; S ,_ +V " # ` /_ ^
1 # I @R
Verily, We (Allah) have sent it down as an Arabic Quran
in order that you may learn wisdom. [12/1]
G > IR _B
\ #V 7 )
C
R / :_ # c%
# T ) O d 1
R 1 +#Q c% b
_*
#
Ramadan is the month in which was sent down the
Quran, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs
1
Preface
2
Preface
G ; i
; k
G
+_ K H
K , # S
b
1 ; T H \ #V
L
o # S
b
f l #n_ > G :_ , H T ) G 1
) m H
f l #_
Those to whom we have sent the Book recite it (obey its
orders and follow its teachings) as it should be recited they
are the ones who believe therein. And those who
disbelieve in it (the Quran) those are they
who are the loosers. [2/121]
In this verse the Arabic verb yatlu, in fact, cannot be
translated in one word in any other language, which
implies recitation, understanding and obeying. This verse
has emphasized the understanding of the text of the Book
by the believers, and further added that G
1
) m H
f
l #_
they are the ones who (really) believe therein, implying
thereby that, those who do not recite it as it deserves to be
recited, they do not have sincere faith in the Holy Quran.
Unfortunately, most of the non-Arab believers, particularly
the Pakistanis, do not understand the Arabic text of the
Book.
It is important for the learner to know that the Arabic is
very easy to learn as it is a highly sophisticated language
based on very refined and systematic set of rules and
patterns. This fact is confirmed by Allah (SWT) in the
following verse:
%)
T ) E > R
Q\ +# _* # .
H % * #
And we have indeed made the Quran easy to understand
and remember, then is there any that will remember
(and receive admonition). [54/17]
3
Preface
4
Preface
5
5%#Lesson 1
(AA + , #
A.
/
PARTS OF SPEECH
# P
# the pious/ righteous person, ke L
> a
disobedient, e a helper, e C a poet, S
# " # the
Knowledgeable, E
b 2 the Ignorant, %
H % 2
the new,
S
H % * # the old,
.
# The All Hearing, S
+ " # The All
Knowing, etc.
E
e " > (Verb):
It is that word by which we understand some work or
action being done. It is of three kinds/ tenses:
(h +
(Meaningful Word)
9
e
Ee A"> Se L
Particle, Preposition, (Verb) (Noun)
Conjunction
9
Parts of Speech
of the noun. A table showing the moon letters and the sun
letters is given below.
Lunar Letters - (_ H R
* #9
&
_
The mother al-ummu5 _ J 1
The door al-baabu
g # J 2
The garden al-Jannatu(_ 1 2 J 3
The donkey al-himaru
& t J 4
The bread al-khubzuI
g _ J 5
The eye al-ainuT
" # J 6
The lunch al-ghadau3
% # J 7
The mouth al-famuS
: # 9 J 8
The moon al-qamaru
* # J 9
The dog al-kalbu<
+ , # U J 10
The water al-maau3
! J 11
The boy al-waladu%
# # J 12
The air al-hawau3
Ab J 13
The hand al-yadu%
# B J 14
Solar Letters - (_ .
[
#9
&
_
The trader at-taajiru
D
K # O J 1
The clothing ath-thoubu
] # J 2
The house ad-daaru
%# J 3
The gold ad-dahbu<
b \# J 4
The man ar-rajuluE
D
# J 5
The flower az-zahratux_ b I # J 6
The fish as-samakuf _ . # J 7
11
Parts of Speech
12
]#%#Lesson 2
0
A 1 {
#
THE GENDER OF NOUNS
* *
#
0
1 2
( Real Gender):
The words related to the male sex are e
V \ )
()
masculine, and those related to the female sex are e m )
(female ), e.g. Ee D
man is a real masculine and xh )
woman is a real feminine, f h H cock, (h D
D
hen, %e #
boy, ze 1 girl,
e father, ~ _mother, e brother, z e _
sister, etc.
BR
{
#
0
1 2
( Formal Gender):
The nouns which do not have the concept of pair are
termed as feminine or masculine by form 0
1 2
F
EBR
. The identification of gender for such noun is
that the words ending with round-ta E(h y
) x F are
generally feminine, and those ending with some other
letter are assumed as masculine gender, e.g. (h L
watch, (h ) fan, xh {
C
tree, xh L
car, (h 1 D
garden, (h H sign, xh life, xh \ > window are
13
The Gender of Nouns
Muslim (), (h
+ .
)
Muslim (), e >
disbeliever
(), xh >
disbeliever (), e
truthful (), (h /
truthful (),
e #
pious (), (h
#
pious (), Te
son (), (h 1 daughter (), <
e # y
student (), (h g # y
student (), %
e H % D
new (), xh % H % D
new (), Se H % / old
(), (h
H % / old (), Ee H R y
long (), (h + H R y
long (),
e ]
many (), xh ]
many (), etc.
: +V #
#0
1 {
# ( Exceptional Cases):
The nouns which do not fall under the above-
mentioned two categories are termed as exceptional
cases. The following nouns are feminine by usage even
though they have no x (ta) ending nor have they pair-
concept.
1 3e L sky, e
war, battle, 0 e C
sun, e fire,
S
1 D
hell, e H R wind, e wine, 0 e : soul,
person, self, e house, e l well, e n
cup, P
staff, O e _ y
an idol, a tyrant, devil, H
dream,
e earth, Ee gL path, e # bucket.
2 Proper names of countries and towns are feminine
by signification, e.g.
P
) Egypt,
K .
14
The Gender of Nouns
Pakistan,
b
W Lahore city, , HR ) America,
T
_ 1 C
Washington, "
# Iraq, etc.
3 Many parts of the body, especially those that are in
pair, are termed as feminine, e.g. % e H hand, Te
eye, e %
/ foot, Ee D
R leg, e L
shin, e _
ear, ~%
cheek.
0
R 1 {
#
S
L
( Common Gender):
Gender):
Some nouns are used as masculine as well as feminine.
These are termed as 0 R 1 { # S
L
, e.g. e
L
clouds, e *
cattle, e D
locust, <
e b gold, Ee bees, e {
C
trees.
These are masculine by form, feminine by signification.
An Explanation Regarding Exceptional Cases:
Here, I would like to clarify an important point regarding
the exceptional cases in the grammatical rules. The learner
should be mindful of the fact that the languages have not
come into being through an academic process based on
some predetermined sets of grammatical rules and forms
but, on the contrary, the languages are spoken by the
natives of the region long before the grammarians form the
grammatical rules applicable to them. And the object of
framing grammatical rules is essentially to facilitate the
learning and better understanding of the languages by the
non-natives or the foreigners. But, where they fail to apply
uniform sets of grammatical rules, they categorize that as
exceptional case. Hence, the exception-rule is a common
feature to all the languages. Having said that, I must hasten
to emphasis that the grammarians of Arabic language have
contributed tremendously in facilitating the learning
process of the language. In fact, they have developed an
easy and effective method of learning the classic Arabic of
the Holy Quran. Hence, their efforts cannot be undermined
in any way.
16
#]#%#Lesson 3
34
5
% A
THE NUMBER OF NOUNS
17
The Number of Nouns
ES
# .
#
#{
# F
F:
1 The masculine plural of nouns are formed by adding
_
to the singular form e.g. Se + . )
+ .
)
, T
) m !_
1
) m !_ , e R L thief /_ R L , Ee b D
ignorant
+_ b D , Ee / wise +_ / , e #
# ,
P #
patient
P
#,
P
# truthful /_ P #, etc.
2 The feminine plural of nouns which end in x_, are
formed by changing x (ta) into O (aat) as, (h / R L
thief O
e / R L
(plural), (h + .
)
O
e + .
)
, xh >
O
e
> , (h L watch O e L , (h L % )
O e L % )
,
(h > protector O e
>
, (h +
word O e +
,
(h g # y
O e g # y
, xh \ > window O e > \, (h
) fan
O e ) , (h l L
evil O e l L
, (h D
step/status
O
e D .
The plural of nouns which do not end in x_ are
also formed by adding O to the singular as in S
H )
(name) O
e H ) , 3e L
sky O
e L
.
18
The Number of Nouns
Note:
It is quite common for a noun in Arabic to have more
than one broken plurals, e.g. the plural of e brother
are e
, xh
@R, e
_, 3e
, or in some cases to have
19
The Number of Nouns
both the sound plural and broken plural e.g. in the case
of ~ (prophet), its sound plural is
g and broken
plural is 3
g .
20
#%#Lesson 4
A6 7
#
THE PRONOUNS
he, S b
they, b she, z
you, T
we, ^
his, b her,
U
your, B my, etc. They are of two kinds; the Detached
Pronouns, called (h + P : 1 )
e 6 ?
, e.g. b
he <
e # y
b
he
is a student and the Attached Pronouns, called e 6 ?
(h + P
K )
, e.g. ^
his G
K
his book, etc.
Table 1
Detached Personal Pronouns
3rd Person
Person
he is a they are they are
())
student students students
(h g # y
b R K g # y
b
Oe g # y
Tb
3rd Person
Person
she is a they are they are
())
student students students
21
The Pronouns
<
e # y
z
R g # y
K
e Viy
_ S K
2nd Person
Person
you are a you are you are
())
student students students
(h g # y
z
R K g # y
K
O
e g # y
TK
2nd Person
Person
you are a you are you are
())
student students students
L<
e # y LR g # y
T
L
e Viy
_ T
1st Person
Person
(h g # y
R K g # y
Oe g # y
(& &))
I am a student we are students we are students
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Table 2
Pronouns attached to a noun with
E(>?8FPossessive Relations
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Pronouns Attached to a Verb:
Pronouns attached to a verb become its Direct Object,
e.g.
?
means he struck, he is a subject and struck
is a verb; with the addition of an attached pronoun G
A
him would become the object of the verb ?
. For
usage of Attached Pronouns to a verb see Table 3.
Table 3
Pronouns Attached to a Verb as its Direct Object.
Object.
3rd Person
Person
He struck He struck He struck
())
him/it. them. them.
?
AA b
?
AA b
T
?
AA Tb
3rd Person
Person
He struck He struck He struck
())
her/it. them. them.
f
?
AA U
,_ ?
AA
_ S ,_ ?
AA S
_
2nd Person
Person
He struck He struck He struck
())
you.. you. you.
f
?
AA U
,_ ?
AA
_ T,_ ?
AA T
_
2nd Person
Person
He struck He struck He struck
())
you. you. you.
1 ?
AA B 1 ?
AA 1 ?
AA
1st Person
Person
He struck He struck He struck
(& &))
me us. us.
23
The Pronouns
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Some other examples of frequently used Attached
pronouns are given below:
B
% H my hand, e.g. B % H >
K , # the book is in my
hand.
B
% H my two hands, e.g. <K , # j+ B % H my two
hands are on the table.
B% H T literally between my hands i.e. in front of
me, e.g. B% H T
{
[
# the tree is in front of me.
+
on me or my responsibility, e.g. + G
.
his
account is on me.
S R H % # with them/by them, e.g. S R H % # <
K
,_ # the
books are with them.
# to me or for me, e.g. + # my action is for
me i.e. I am responsible for my action.
f
# to you or for your, e.g. f + f # and your
action is for you i.e. you are responsible for your
action.
G
# to him, for him, e.g. %
# G
# f
_ +
# G
# to Him
(Allah) belongs the universe and for Him is all the
Praise, k # G
# he is right or he has the right.
% 1 with, e.g. < e K
_ % 1 we have books, B % 1
xh L I have a car.
Note that in Tables 1, 2 & 3 the second persons &
dual and the third persons & dual are identical.
24
The Pronouns
Important Note:
Concentrate in the beginning only on the 3rd Person
masculine singular & plural forms, the 2nd Person
masculine singular & plural forms, and both the 1st
person forms, and skip over the verbal forms and
pronouns of the feminine gender (except the singular
forms) and the dual forms as these are not frequently
used in the Holy Quran.
Possessive Pronouns:
The word H is prefixed to the Attached Pronouns. The
word H confines the meaning to only/alone, e.g. U H @R
T
" K .
U
H @R %
g
" You (Alone) we worship, and You
(Alone) we ask for help[1/4]. For usage of Possessive
Pronouns with H @R see Table 4.
Table 4
Possessive Pronouns
25
The Pronouns
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Demonstrative Pronouns x
C
8R
S
L
:
The demonstrative pronouns are listed below:
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms.
The Relative Pronouns
#_
S
L
W
:
The relative pronouns T H \ #V , B
\ #V , etc. are used as
conjunction, meaning that, which, who, whom. They
serve the purpose of joining nouns/pronouns or verbs to
other nouns or verbs. They have a definite form as
given below:
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms.
26
The Pronouns
Examples:
<
e # y
% {
.
# T )
B
\ #V %
# # The boy who went out
of the Mosque is a student.
L
% )
<K , # T ) D
T H \ #V
D
# The men who left
the office are teachers.
(h g # y
z
g # T ) z
D
K #V z
1 g# The girl who left the
house is a student.
b
VW@R G # W
B
\ #V $
_ b
He is Allah, beside Whom la
Ilaha illa Howa (none has the right to be worshipped
but He). [59/293]
"
C
S R ; i
> S b
T H \ #V 1
) m
#
+ > % /
Successful indeed are the believers, those who offer
their Salah (prayers) with all solemnity and full of
submission. [23/182]
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative : K L
W
3
L
:
These are given below:
T ) who ) what T H where M
how jK ) when
S
how much, how many, j which, from where S #
why, !for what )
what
27
0)%#Lesson 5
SR AL
W
A @R
THE IRAB OF NOUN
G
A+ # being the original form in nominative case, called _(#
R > #, may change to G A+ #, the accusative case, called _(#
<P 1 # or $ , the genitive case, called {
# _( # . Likewise,
%e )
, being the original form, may change to % )
or
%d )
, e.g.
(
#
8
R :
Case-ending with vowel marks, e.g. E
eD
a man is the
original form in nominative E
R > # _( #
F and with the
change of vowels it may become i
D
in accusative
E <P 1 # _( #
F or E D
in genitive case E 2 _( #
F or E
D
#,
E D
#, ER D
# ; and from < e K
_ books, which is in the
original nominative form E R > # _( #
F, it may become
gK
_ ,< d K
_ or <
K
,_ # , <
K
,_ # , <K
,_ # , and from 3
. 1 # the
women 3 . 1 #, 3 . 1 # ;from O e + . )
O d + .
)
(only
one change is used in this case which represents both
the accusative as well as genitive form). In all these
cases the vowel of the last consonant is changed.
30
The Irab of Noun
SR + .
# S + .
# S
+ .
# or S + .
)
+ .
)
Se + .
)
( + .
# ( + .
# (_ + .
# or (d + .
)
( + .
)
(h + .
)
2 All broken plural nouns, both masculine and
feminine, e.g.
D
R , W
D
R men e D
R or
R D
#, D
#,
D
#
3d .
, 3 .
women 3e .
or 3 .
1 #, 3 .
1 #, 3
.
1 #
3 All feminine sound plural nouns, e.g.
O
e + .
)
, O d + .
)
Muslim women or O
+ .
# ,
O
+ .
# ( There is only one change in this category
which represents both the accusative and the
genitive case.)
31
The Irab of Noun
9
#
8
R :
Change of Irab with letter. The change of Irab with
letter is effected in the following two categories of
nouns:
1 All dual E(h 1 ] ; F, both masculine and feminine are
changed with letter, e.g. R + .
)
two Muslim men,
which is the original/nominative case, is changed to
TR + .
)
, representing both the accusative and the
genitive forms. In this case R _ (aani) is changed to
TR H _ (aini).
In case of feminine gender, the dual of (h + .
)
a
Muslim woman is R K + .
)
two Muslin women,
which is the original/nominative case, can be
changed to T R K + .
)
, representing both the
accusative and genitive forms. Here R ; _ is changed
to T
R ; .
2 All sound masculine plural nouns EL
\) D F
are also changed with letter, e.g.
+ .
)
(Muslin
men) is the nominative/original form, and it is
changed to T + .
)
, representing both the conditions
of accusative and genitive forms. Here ( _
u-na) is
changed to T H - (i-na).
Note that R (ni) (nun at the end with kasra) is
indicative of a dual noun while (na) (nun with
fatha) is indicative of a sound plural noun.
32
The Irab of Noun
Table 5
Different Conditions of Irab ESR L
W
@
RF
{
# (_# <P
1 #(_# R > #(_#
Number
Gender
S/No.
e 1 D
e %
(Genitive case) (Accusative Case) (Nominative case)
0
Changed Form II Changed Form I Original Form
*RS+ .
# LS + .
)
*S+ .
# L +.
)
S
+ . )
1 %e
# LSe + .
Singular
V \ )
Masc.
T
R + .
!_ LTR + .
)
TR + .
!_ LTR + .
)
LR + .
)
(h 1 ] ;
2
Same as CF-I Muslemaine R + .
# Dual
L
+ .
)
e D
e
T
+ .
!_ LT + .
)
T + .
!_ LT + .
)
3 L
Same as CF-I Muslemeena
+ .
!_
Plural
*(
+ .
# L(d + .
)
*( + .
# L( + .
)
(_ + .
# L(h + .
)
4 %e
Singular
e m )
Fem.
T
R K + .
!_ LTR K + .
)
TR K + .
!_ LTR K + .
)
LR K + .
)
(h 1 ] ;
5
same as CF-I Muslemataine R K + .
!_ Dual
LO
d + .
)
LO
d + .
)
LO
e + .
)
e D
*O + .
# *O
+ .
# O
+ .
#
6 L
Plural
L<
d K
_ L g
K
_ L<
e K
_
Broken Plural
.,;
*<K
,_ # *<K
,_ # <
K
,_ # Masc.
7
L3d . L3 . L3e .
3 .1 # 3 .1 # 3
.1 # Fem.
Note
Notes
tes:
(1) * In serial (1, 4, 6, 7) the declension of Irab is
effected by the vowel marks O
#
8
R .
(2) In serial (2, 3, 5) the declension of Irab is effected
by the letters 9
#
8
R .
33
The Irab of Noun
1 9
e R P
1 )
- First declension or triptote: The Irab at its
ends change under all the different conditions as
shown in Table 5 above.
2 9
d R P
1 )
- Second declension or diptote: In this
category the noun does not accept tanwin (T
e H R 1 ; d-e-)
and, in the genitive case-ending, it does not accept
D- i.e. it has only two case-endings namely,
nominative/ original form (represented with (h ?
_)
and accusative (represented with (h K > _), which is
also representative of genitive case. Diptotes
F
E9
e R P
1 )
include the following categories:
Names of women, e.g. (_ [
6 (_ P
:
(_ {
H %
S
H ) ,
etc.
34
The Irab of Noun
Nouns on E
" > pattern, e.g.
g
, %
{
) , E
7
> ,
%
, T
.
,
L black,
red,
blue,
white, etc.
The broken plurals nouns on E
: ) & E
# " >
patterns, e.g.
D 7 ) bed, %
D .
) ,
* ) graves,
S
b Dirhams,
H R / glass
Names of men on the pattern of
i
" > , e.g.
]
,
+ L
,
% ,
, etc.
Names of men ending with (h y
) ?x ? (closed ta),
e.g. (_
+ y
, (_ + L
, (_ H R " )
, (_ ) L
_, etc.
Names of most of the countries and cities, e.g.
b W
,
K .
,
% 1 # ,
P
) , (_ ,V ) , E
, etc.
Nouns ending with M# or xh P
* ) M
# (short M#),
e.g.
world, j near, jP / distant, jL )
,
j.
, etc.
Nouns ending with 3 _Exh %
) M
# F prolonged
vowel, e.g. 3
merciful, 3
> C
nobles, 3
_> *
poor, 3
L
black , 3
7 white , 3
red , 3
/ blue , 3
7
green .
Some additional nouns, e.g. S
1 D hell, 0
+ @R
Satin,
> Pharaoh,
D
n )
D
n H Gog
Magog, etc.
Note 1:
With the definite article or with annexed noun
E9
e 7
)
F the diptote E9
d R P
1 )
F accepts Q D - in
genitive case-ending, e.g. T R # $
SR .
In the
35
The Irab of Noun
36
The Irab of Noun
37
.#%#Lesson 6
QA:
K #<
A
V #
THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE
1 :
K #<
V !_ the adjective phrase.
2 > ?
8
R <
V !_ the relative phrase.
3 BR C
8
R <
V !_ the demonstrative phrase.
4 BR 2
<
V !_ the genitive phrase.
39
The Adjective Phrase
O
g
V A
#
(The Compounds)
e ;e<
V )
=
e / e<
V )
(Sentence - (h +
D
) (Incomplete Sentence/ Phrase)
40
The Adjective Phrase
8
R the case-ending. These are explained below:
1 The number E
%
" #F of the adjective E(_ : P
#F is to be in
coordination with 9
! , i.e. if 9! is singular
E%e F then (:P# is to be singular E%F, if 9! is
dual E(h 1 ] ; F then (:P# is to be dual, and if 9! is
plural E e D F then (:P# is to be plural EF, e.g. %e #
e # (a pious boy), R #
R % # ( two pious boys), e W
#
(three or more pious boys).
2 The gender E0
1 {
# F of (:P# is also to correspond to
9! i.e., if 9! is e
V \ )
then (:P# is to be
\);
if 9! is e m )
then (:P# is to be m) too, e.g. z e 1
(h
#
(pious girl), R K
#
R K 1 (two pious girls), O
e 1
O
e #
(pious girls, more than two).
3 The Capacity E(_ " L
#F of (_ : P
# is also to correspond to
that of 9! i.e., if 9! is definite E(h > R " )
F, (:P#
will be definite E(h > R " )
F, and if 9
# is indefinite
Exh , F, (_ : P
# will be indefinite Exh , F, e.g.
e #
%e #
# P
#%
# #
R
#
R % # R
# P
#R % # #
#
e W
# P
#
W
5
4 The Irab / case-ending E
8
R F: The Irab of (_ : P
# are to
be in coordination with that of the 9
! i.e. if 9
!
41
The Adjective Phrase
is in nominative case E
R > # _( #
F, (:P# is to be in
nominative case E
R > # _( #
F, if 9! is in the
accusative case E<P
1 # _( #
F then (_ : P
# too is in
accusative case E<P
1 # _(#
F, if 9
! is in the genitive
case E {
# _( #
F then (:P# is to be in genitive (_ #
F
EQR {
# , e.g.
(1]; %
(Plural) (Dual) (Single)
R > #(_#
# eW
R # R%#
e # e%#
Nominative Case
<P
1 #(#
T
# W TR
# RTH % # #%#
Accusative Case
{
# (_#
T
# dW
TR
# RTH % #
# d%#
Genitive Case
Similarly, (h
?
) placed ready is (_ : P
# of
e
goblets
which is a broken plural E .
, ;
D
F of
e
_ goblet,
which is an inanimate object EE
/
F; therefore, both the
adjectives are in the feminine singular form.
42
The Adjective Phrase
# P#
E " # [ 35/10], (h
g)
hx { C [24/35], Ee + / eK) [3/197],
Se
e D [3/172], =
# o # T
H %#[ 39/3], (h 1 . xh L
_ [33/21],
x_
%#[ 28/83], (h g y (h +
[14/24],
) , )
e g [21/26],
Oe 1) m )
e3. [48/25], <
/ ]#
S{ 1 #[ 86/3], e :_ ~ [34/15], hx% +
(h g y
[34/15], TR K H TR ) i _ [18/82], R K 7 R 1 [55/66],
Oe 1 eOH [2/99], (d # d(1 D
> [88/10], (h ) , )
eM
[80/13]
43
.#%#Lesson 7
~A> ?@R<
e
V )
45
The Relative Phrase
If 9
7
# is a dual E(h 1 ] ; F or sound plural masculine
E
\)LF then its ~R@
is dropped, e.g.
% {
. # two doors of the Mosque (for % { .
# R ),
and " #
+ .
)
Muslims of the Arab (for
+ . )
46
The Relative Phrase
The mudaf E9
7!_ F is often attached with a personal
pronoun, i.e. G
A, b
, S b
, Tb
, etc, as G # @R 9
e 7)
, e.g.
S
#_ their deeds, in that
is 9
7!_ and S b
is
G # @R9
7!_ .
^
%H z
) %/ ) 3
#
_ 1 H H the Day when men will
see what his two hands have sent forth [78/40], here
%H (for R %H ) is 9
7!_ and G
A the pronoun is G # @R 9
7!_ .
When a noun is annexed to a Personal Pronoun, it will
be in the following pattern. (Table 6)
Table 6
Pronouns Attached to Mudaf as Mudaf ilai
Note:
#
the 2nd Person and dual are identical.
* the 3rd Person and dual are identical.
47
The Relative Phrase
The dammah in G
A, b
, S b
, Tb
is changed into kasra after ,
B or B_, e.g. G K
> in his book, S R gK
_ > in their
books, R K
> in the two books of the two of them.
However, if no ambiguity of meaning can arise, the dual
before a dual suffix is replaced by a singular mudaf, i.e.
K
the book of them both or the plural
g
K
_ the
books of them both.
48
T)]#%#Lesson 8
QBR AC
@Re<A
V )
Note:
\b L^ \ b are not written with full alif after Ab, instead it is
written with a short vowel _ h(
K > as \b L^ \ b or with M
e #
xh P
* ) (short alif) as \b L^ \ b ; and in both the cases it is
pronounced as bL^ b.
The plural form is common to both the genders i.e.
3 W
m
b , but it is used only for rational being EEe / F
otherwise ^ \ b , singular form of the feminine is used to
refer to the collective or plural inanimate nouns
EE/
F.
Demonstrative Pronouns for Far Distance
E%e " g + # x C8
R
3 L
F
Masculine Feminine
Singular - All Cases U
Lf
# f
+ ; that/this
Dual Nominative f *f ; those (2)
Dual - Accusative/Genitive *f1 H *f
1 ; those (2)
Plural - All Cases fl # _ f
l # _ those all
Note:
* These forms have neither occurred in the Holy Quran
nor are these in the modern use.
%
# # \b this boy or this is the boy
x_ . # \^b this car
R g# V#R\b these two students (male)
50
The Demonstrative Phrase
51
LK#%#Lesson 9
~BR AD
<
e A
V )
53
The Genitive Phrase
Separable Prepositions:
The following prepositions are in common use:
1 > (fi): in, e.g.
5 R 5 > in the earth,
3
.
# 3 .
# >in the sky; and with suffixes: G >
in him/in it, > in me, S ,_ > in you or among
you, (h 1 .
xh L
_ $
R L
> S ,_ #
% * # Surely,
you have in the Messenger of Allah excellent
exemplar [the Quran].
2 T
(un): away from, about, concerning, with, e.g.
~+
+ T from Ali. Some examples from the
Holy Quran: t R # TR f
#_ n .
H and they ask thee
about the soul, $ RE gL T
` %P
H TH \ #V those who
hinder (people) from the path of Allah, S
1 _$?
G
1 ?
Allah is well pleased with them and they
are well pleased with Him, and with suffixes it is
1 from me, G
1 from him, S
1 from them.
3 T) (min): from, e.g. %
{ . # % {
.
# T ) from
the Mosque, 3
. # 3 . #T) from the sky. It is
often interchangeable with T and used with
suffixes such as G
1 ) from him, 1 ) from me, 1)
from us, etc. An example from the Quran: S
D
R o
H
R 1 # j#@R O
+_
# T ) He brings them out of the
darkness into the light.
T ) is sometime used to complete the sense of E
g /
before and %
" after. In that case the words E
g /
and %
" become indeclinable ( 7 #j+ g) i.e. E
g /
E
g / T ) , %
" %
" T ) . According to some
55
The Genitive Phrase
Table 7
The Preposition and Attached Pronouns
Note:
Note:
(1) * the 2nd Person and dual are identical.
#
the 3rd Person and dual are identical.
(2) Prepositions like T ) from, T away from), by, >
in,
R for, j#@R to are similarly attached to the personal
pronouns on the same pattern as shown above for j+ .
5 j#@R (ila): to, unto, towards, e.g. %
{ . # j#@R
% { . # towards the Mosque, j#@RR # %{
. # T)
jP/ 5 % {
.
# from the sacred Mosque unto the
Distant (Al-Aqsa) Mosque [the Quran]. With the
suffixes, it is G # @R to him, towards him, # @R to me,
1 # @R unto us, etc.
6 There are some nouns which, though not pre-
positions, change the following nouns in the
genitive case:
(
possessor), e.g. E
7
>
Gracious or Possessor
of bounty.
#_ _ (possessor), e.g. R 5
_#_ relations.
<
e (companion), e.g. S + <
companion
of knowledge/man of learning.
) (with), e.g. T H R P# )$@R Allah is with
the patients [the Quran].
%
1 (with, at, beside): Adverb 9
V # used for
place/time, e.g. ^
% 1 z
. + D
I sat with/beside
him, R
# %{
.
# %1 Sb
+_ ; *;
W and fight
not with them at the sacred Mosque [the
57
The Genitive Phrase
Quran], 0 R [
# R +_ y
_ % 1 3 D he came at sun
rise. It is often used to denote the meaning of
for, to, near, presence, etc., e.g. % 1
_ _
f remember me in presence of thy lord
master [the Quran], $%1 )
%: 1 H S
_ % 1 )
what-ever you possess will pass away and
what Allah has, will remain [the Quran].
7 There are some nouns used in Quran as
prepositions, e.g. c%# L %
# LB% # with. These are
used with suffixes as S R H % # with them, B% # with
me, G H %
# with him, Q %
# with me, to me.
Examples from the Holy Quran: B% # 9
oH W
+_ L
# the Messengers fear not in My presence,
1H % # K, # > _ G
@R and it is in the original of
the Book with us, S
) i/ _* + H
@ RSR H % # z1
_ )
and you were not with them when they cast (their
pens) lots with arrows.
58
C"#%#Lesson 10
(_ A+ {
#
THE SENTENCE
59
The Sentence
Ag%Kg!
Se , e%# Khalid is a wise man.
Se H R
e [ Bashir is a kind man.
e C
S # R William is a poet.
Se # e
) Mahmud is a learned man.
(h #
<1 H Zainab is a learned woman.
e L
%e )
Mohammad (SAW) is a messenger.
%e R K { )
<# V# The student is hardworking.
Me " ?
E
D # The man is weak/old.
e K
_*# The Quran is a Book.
Te H
i
L 8R Islam is a region/way of life.
<e ;
~+ Ali is a writer.
Examples:
Ag%Kg!
Se # e% " L Singular Saeed is a learned man.
%e R K {
)
<# V# Singular The student is a hardworking.
(h # hx% " L
Singular Saeeda is a learned woman.
xh % R K {
)
_(g # V# Singular The student is a hardworking.
R 1) m )
Rg# V# Dual Both the students are believers
R K1 ) m )
RKg # V# Dual Both the students are believers
1
) m )
Vi # Plural The students are believers.
O
e %R K { )
Og# V# Plural The students are hardworking
60
The Sentence
proper noun ES
+ " #F, and the predicate $
L
is an
annexation E( > ?8
R F.
e % )
b
he is a teacher. b
is definite because it is a
pronoun E
7 #F and the predicate
e % )
is an
indefinite noun Exh , F.
%
e{ .
) \b this is a Mosque. \b is definite because it is
a demonstrative pronoun Ex C8
R
SL
F and the predicate
%e {
.
) is an indefinite noun Exh , F.
U
h R [
)
$
%
g
" H B
\ #V he who worships other than
Allah is mushrik (one who rejects faith). B
\ #V is definite
because it is a relative pronoun E
#
SL
W
F, and the
predicate is a sentence E(h +
2_ F.
$
K
_*# the Quran is the book of Allah. _*
# is
definite as it has the definite article
, and the predicate
is an annexation E(_ > ?8
R F.
x_ i
P #(1 {
#
tK: ) the key to Paradise is Salah. te K: ) is
definite as its mudaf ilaihi EG # @R 9
e 7)
F is definite, and
the predicate in this case is a definite noun E(h > R " )
F.
If the khabar E
g
F is a shibhu jumlah E(h + D
(_ g C
F
(literally, that which resembles a sentence), which is
one of he following two terms:
2 A zarf E9
V #F adverb, like % 1 with, by, beside,
> above, z ; under, % tomorrow,
#
today. 9
V # is related to time or place.
In these cases the khabar should precede the mubtada,
e.g. Ee D
( >
# > there is a man in the room.
(Remember that ( >
# >eED
is not a sentence). Here the
indefinite noun Ee D
is the mubtada and the phrase >
( >
# is the khabar. Here is another example z
e _ # I
have a sister literally there is sister for me. Here the
indefinite noun z
e _ is the mubtada and the phrase # is
the khabar, Se + / <K , # z
; there is a pen under the table
(<K , # z
; eS+ / is not a sentence). Here Se + / is the mubtada
and the zarf z
; is the khabar. Another example is, % 1
xh L
we have a car literally there is a car with us.
63
The Sentence
Also note that in case of the verb with the pronoun of the
2nd person masculine plural, like S K
H you saw, a waw E F
has to be added between the verb and the pronoun, e.g.
^
K
H you saw him, S b
K
H you saw them, b
K
H you
saw her, S b
HS K
# n L
becomes S b
K
# n L
you asked them,
S b
HS K
+ K / becomes S b
K
+ K / you killed them.
64
The Sentence
L
H
I am Yousaf,
K, # f# that is the book, then the
predicate maybe a definite noun like M
L
H
and
K, # . In
these cases if the predicate is indefinite the meaning is
different, e.g. e K
f# that is a book.
forgiving [42/5],
# } >
,# those who reject faith-
they are the wrong doers to
# V#
Sb
>
,# those
who reject faith-they are the wrong doers [2/254].
I
6 >(1 { # the dwellers of paradise will be successful to
I
6 :#
Sb
(1 {
#
It is the dwellers of paradise that
will be successful. [59/20]. ~k \b this is a truth to \b
k # b
this is indeed the truth [8/32]. ~1 $ _ Allah is
Ghani/Rich, free of all needs to 1 # b
_$ Allah, He is
al-Ghani/the Rich, free of all needs. [the Quran] e L
f
Se + to S
+ " #
.
# z f
Indeed You, You alone, is
the All Hear All Knowing. [the Quran]
% 1
is the khabru laisa E0 #
g
F.
P
S R + z
. # K
Q \ )
z
@R O Muhammad
(SAW) you are only one who reminds. You are not a
dictator over them [88/21-22]
R
# R R [
# E g / S ,_ b D
# ;
# 0
# It is not
al-Birr (piety, righteousness and every act of obedience
to Allah) that you turn your faces towards east and (or)
west (in prayers) [the Quran].
68
[B&%#Lesson 11
SOME PARTICLES OF
VARIOUS ORIGIN
3%K W
W
:
The 3%K W
W
does not change the ending of the
mubtada, e.g. E
e D
f
K g # indeed your house is more
beautiful. Now if we want to use @R also in this
sentence then the lam EF has to be shifted to the
khabar, as two particles of emphasis cannot come
together in one place. So the sentence becomes fK @R
E
D
5
(indeed your house is more beautiful). After its
removal from its original position the lam is no longer
called lam al-ibtida E3 %K W
W
F. It is now called
i
#
(_ * +
I !_ ( the displaced lam). A sentence with both @R and
( the lam) is more emphatic than with @R or alone.
Here are some examples: % e
# S,_ # @R@R verily your
Ilah (God) is indeed one (i.e. Allah). [37/4]
69
Some Particles of Various Origin
O
g
, 1 " # z
g # O
g
# T b @ R Indeed the frailest
(weakest) of the houses is the Spiders house. [29/41].
#
O P
# O
5
, @R Verily/surely/indeed, the
harshest of all voices is the braying of the asses.
[31/19]
T, # (B
(But):
ut):
It is one of the sisters of @R and it acts like @R, e.g. eSC b
i
.
%H T, #e%R K {
)
Hashim is hardworking but Zaid
is lazy. T, # is also used without the shaddah i.e. T , #
(lakin) and, in this case it loses two of its characteristics:
1 It does not render the noun following it mansub, e.g.
T g )
i
? > #
# V# T,# But the wrong
doers are today in manifest error. [19/38]
2 It may also be used in verbal sentence, e.g. WT, #
R [
"
H But they do not perceive. [2/12] Both T, #
and T , # are said to be used to rectify or amend the
previous statement.
n
:
It is one of the sisters of @R, and so the noun following it
is mansub. n
means, it looks as if, e.g. <# V# n
e H R ) it looks as if the student is sick and T ) f n
% 1 R # ( you seem to be from India).
@R:
The particle is used at the beginning of a nominal
sentence, e.g. e :_
_ _$ e :_ _ $@R and Ee L
K, # @ R
Ee L
K, # .
70
Some Particles of Various Origin
E" # :
This is also a particle like @R. It is called one of the
sisters of @R. Grammatically it acts like @R. It signifies
hope or fear, e.g. E e D
{
# the weather is fine E" #
Ee D
{
# I hope the weather is fine/the weather maybe
71
Some Particles of Various Origin
fine and e H R )
%
# the teacher is sick %
# E" #
e H R ) I am afraid the teacher is sick.
@R:
It is the most important particle of restriction, e.g. @R
3
IR K .
)
T
we are only mocking. [2/14] and @R
3 *:_ + # O
/% P
# the obligatory alms are only for the
poor. [9/60].
e % )
@R means, I am only a teacher i.e. I am a
teacher and nothing else. @R is )H@R. This ) is called )
( > ,# , i.e. the preventive ma, as it prevents @R from
rendering the following noun mansub, e.g.
EEO
1 #
5
@ RFF actions are judged only by the
intentions. Unlike @R the word @R is used in verbal
sentences as well, e.g.
\ , H @R he is only telling a lie.
( T
(That):
It is used always in the middle of the sentence
preceding a noun in accusative case E
e P
1 ) F, e.g.
e H % / 3d C
E
_ j+ $
S + " ; S # Did you not know
that Allah has power over all things. [2/106] is also
attached to pronouns, e.g. "
D G # @RS
and that
they are to return to Him. [2/46] and @R in a nominal
sentence give it the meaning of the infinitive or the
verbal noun E
%
P
! F.
j (From
(From Where
Where,
here, How,
ow, When):
j means where? how? when?, e.g. j S
H ) H /
72
Some Particles of Various Origin
\b f
# He said, O Maryam! Whence comes this to
you. [3/37]
E
:
It denotes: nay, nay rather, not so, on the contrary,
but, e.g. %# x
#
m ;
E Nay (behold) you
prefer the life of this word [87/16]. E is opposed to
either a preceding affirmative or negative proposition, a
command or a prohibition, e.g.
S
1 " # E eM+ _ 1
+_ /_ #_ /
$_ They say, our hearts are impermeably wrapped;
not so! Allah has cursed them for their unbelief. [the
Quran]
z
# :
It means hypothetical or optative, e.g. z
1
_ 1 K # H
;O would that I were mere dust. [78/40]
73
[]#%#Lesson 12
A?
#
EA"
: #
THE VERB PERFECT TENSE
# . < K
(kataba) is to write/writing, and the literal
meaning of < K
is he wrote. This meaning is given by the
three consonants i.e. HO
HU
ktb, and it is a past perfect
tense, third person masculine singular (abbreviate as III M1)
<
e 6 e
V \ )
%e
?
) . Similarly, P
= H H nsr, its root
meaning is to help/helping and literally he helped,
E
" > faala (i.e. a-a-a) as P
(he helped), <
K
he
76
The Verb Perfect Tense
Note that in all the three patterns of triliteral verbs i]#F
E{
e.g. in <
b he went and z g b she went; the subject is
said to be damir mustatir e K K .
)
e ?
(hidden pronoun). In
this way, to the basic form of madi E?)F, suffixes are
added to indicate different pronouns.
All simple verbs have three persons, i.e., the first person
called Se +Y , K )
(mutakallim), e.g. z
g K
I wrote, the second
person called e ?
(hadir), e.g. z
g K
you wrote, and the
third person called <
e 6 (ghaib), e.g. <
K
he wrote, each
of which may be masculine gender Ee
V \ )
F or feminine
E
e m )
F. Each gender, in turn may be either singular E%e
F,
dual E(h 1 ] ; F or plural E
e D
F. When a simple verb is
conjugated into three persons, two genders and three
numbers in the form of a table it is called conjugation
E9
e
F; this process is also called Isnad Ee 1L
@RF. In all, there
are fourteen categories in a table, and each category is
called sighah (h
(form) as explained below;
1. <
b he went: The subject he is a hidden pronoun
Ee K K .
)
e ?
F. This tense (III M1) forms the basis, and
contains the root letters, called radicals.
2. gb
two () went: It is a masculine dual. The subject
is alif EM#F
3. g
b
they went (): The subject is waw . The alif
after the waw is not pronounced (dahab-u).
4. z
g b She went: The subject is dhamir mustatir e ?
F
Ee K K .
)
. The ta O is the sign of its being feminine.
78
The Verb Perfect Tense
5. Kg b
two () went: The subject is alif denoting dual.
6. T
g b they went (): The subject is the nun
(dahab-na).
7. z
g b you went (singular ): The subject is the ta O
(dahab-ta).
8. K
g b
you (dual ) went: The subject is tuma ;
(dahab-tuma).
9. S K
g b
you went (plural ): The subject is tum S ;
(daheb-tum).
10. z
g b you went (singular ): The subject is ti O
(daheb-ti).
11. K
g b
you (dual ) went: It is the same as for
masculine dual.
12. TK
g b
you went (plural ): The subject is tunna T;
(daheb-tunna).
13. z
g b I went (singular or): The subject is tu O
(daheb-tu).
14. 1g b
we went (plural/dual or): The subject is na
(daheb-na) and is applicable to both the genders.
79
The Verb Perfect Tense
Table 8
Conjugation of Madi Maruf 9
"
# ?
#
(Triliteral
(Triliteral Verb)
Note:
(1) * 2nd Person masc. dual and fem. dual are identical.
#
1st Person dual and plural are identical.
80
The Verb Perfect Tense
Table 9
Madi Maruf 9
"
# ?
#
(Quadrili
Quadriliteral Verb)
Verb)
Note:
* the 2nd Person and are identical.
#
applicable to both the genders.
81
The Verb Perfect Tense
The word
is also conjugated to correspond with the
sigha (form) concerned. The conjugation of
called eE" >
=
e / (incomplete verb) is shown in Table 10 below:
84
The Verb Perfect Tense
Table 10
The Distant Perfect %
" g # ?
#
(
he was or had
he had observed
observed)
85
[#]#%#Lesson 13
87
The Verbal Sentence
E
has no waw at the end because +_ means they
entered; and if we say
Vi
# +_
it means they the
students entered. This is not correct because there
cannot be two fails for a verb. But we can say
Vi
#
+_
which becomes a nominal sentence. Here
i#
is the mubtada and the sentence +_ is the khabar.
%Kg) %Kg)
%Kg) %Kg)
The nominal sentence: +_
i# T +
O
g##
E>
E> E">
E"> E>
E> E"> E">
The verbal sentence:
i# E
O
g## z
+
88
The Verbal Sentence
Examples:
":) E> E">
(object) (subject) (verb)
(verb)
Allah created the human being. . 8 R $
_ k +
Allah sets forth the parable. i
] ) $
_
?
And David slew Goliath. O
#_ D
E K /
They (both) found there a wall %D > E b
F %D
They (both) met a young man. )i _ E b
F * #
They bewitched the eyes of the R 1#T
ES b
F
L
people.
He (Allah) created man. . 8
R E b
F k +
Indeed lost are those who have S b
W +_ K / TH \ #V .
% /
killed their children.
And Soleman inherited
+ L
R
David.
The child broke the pen. S + * # E
: Y # .
The boy asked his mother. G
) _ %
# # n L
Note that the fail (subject) is in nominative case Ee >_ ) F
and the maful (object) is in accusative case E e P
1 ) F. Also
note that in the last example the maful bihi EG e "
: ) F is
umm EA)_F, and so it takes the a-ending, and the pronoun hu
GA is not part of it (umma-hu). Here are some more
examples of this kind:
f
L > z
H I saw your horse EU H
> F. Here z
H is
verb+ subject I saw and > is the object E":)F and
U
is a possessive pronoun Ee ? F your horse which is
a relative phrase EG # @Re97 )
L9
e 7)
F.
89
The Verbal Sentence
G
K
<
# V# 3 / the student read his book E^
H K
F.
Also remember that the maful bihi EG e
" : ) F can be a
pronoun, e.g. G
K
# n L %)
z * # I met Hamid and asked
him, here z
* # is verb+ subject and %) is the
object, and in the second sentence z
# n L
is verb+
subject and the pronoun G
A is the object.
The nun E e
F of tanwin is followed by a kasra Exh .
F if the
next word commences with hamzat al-wasl EE # x_ I b F,
e.g. 3 # %e ) R C
is read as 3 # R %
)
R C
(shariba
Hamid-u-nil-maa). Here if kasra is not added it becomes
difficult to pronounce the letter combinational. This is
called T R 1
.# 3
*K # ( combination of two vowelless
letters). Whenever such a combination occurs, it is
removed by inserting kasrah between them. Here are some
more examples;
G
1 ei
n L is read as, saala Bilal-u-n-i-bna-hu
i
n L
G
1 .
5 %e H L
is read as, sami-a Zaid-u-n-i-ladhan L
5 %e H .
The T e
L (vowelless) word is also changed by a kasra if
the next word commences with al EF, e.g. O_1 g # zg b
the
girls went becomes O
1g # zg b .
Another example: O
#
*_ " H 7
@ R When death
approached Yaqub () [2/133]. The sequence in this
verse is: verb EE">F + object E":)F + subject EE>F.
In this verse the object followed the verb in the form of
a proper noun S
+ " #, and the subject came afterwards.
Here again the stress is on the object i.e. Yaqub ().
, # $
_ k +
Allah created the universe. This is a verbal
sentence narrating a simple fact. However, if the emphasis
is to be laid on the subject that no one else but Allah alone
has created the universe, then a nominal sentence is used,
e.g.
, # k +
$
_ literally, Allah, He created the Universe.
More examples of the verbal sentence and nominal
sentence are given below for comparison.
SR +Y " !_ )
R % # # 0
+ D
the two boys sat before the teacher
SR +Y "
# ) .
+ D
R % # #
S
@R
+ .
# P
the Muslims helped their brothers
S
@R
P
+ .
#
T
g +V #
W
5
R C
the boys drank the milk
T g +V #
R C
W
5
"
V # >
.
# E
the travelers ate the food
"
V # +_
>
.
#
92
The Verbal Sentence
( L
% ! T ) R K 1 g# z
" D
the two girls returned from the school
( L
% # T ) K " D
R K 1 g#
Vi
#
H %
# <
+ y
Vi
#<
+ y
H %
# the Principal called the students
j# @R( # L
R z
g K
j# @R( # L
R z
g K
I wrote a letter to my brother
%)
z
?
E b
%)
z
?
z
E b Did you beat Hamid
O
i
"
# % " ( L
% # j# @R
Vi
# D
O
i
"
# % " ( L
% # j# @R
" D
Vi
# the students
returned to the school after the vacation
<
o
# i
1 # L
<
o
# i
" L
1 # the people listened to the
speakers address
93
[#%#Lesson 14
R A7
#
EA" : #
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
96
The Imperfect Tense
B
is prefixed to the third person form of imperfect
tense E<6R7)
F, e.g. <
K
, H he writes, he is writing or
he will write.
O
precedes the second person form of imperfect tense
E? R7)
F, e.g. <
K
, ; you write, you are writing or
you will write.
precedes the first person plural form of the
imperfect tense ES+,K) 7)F, e.g. <
K
, we write,
we are writing or we shall write.
(feminine noon) or ?
(
pronoun noon).
Table 11
Marruf E9)"7)F
Basic form of Conjugating Mudare Ma
2nd Person
Person
*
K
R K9
KO
R K K
R K9
KO
K
K
R K9
KO
())
2nd Person
Person
T H KR K
R K9
KO
R K K
R K9
KO
K K
R K9
KO
())
1st Person
Person # #
K
R K9
K
K
R K9
K
K
R K9
K
(& &))
Note:
* they are identical.
#
they are identical.
the seven underlined noon are @ R
.
the two double underlined noon are xd .
or
?
. (In certain conditions @is dropped while
x. always stays. This you will learn later).
Table 12
Conjugation of Mudare Maruf 9)"7)
(to help
P
1 H P
)
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
rd
3 Pers
Person
on
P
1 H R P
1 H
P
1 H
()) He helps they help they help
3rd Person
Person
P
1 ; R P
1 ; P
1 H
()) She helps they help they help
2nd Person
Person
P
1 ; R P
1 ;
P
1 ;
()) you help you help you help
nd
2 Pers
Person
on T H R P
1 ; R P
1 ; P
1 ;
()) you help you help you help
st
1 Pers
Person
on
P
P
1
P
1
(&
&)) I help we help We help
99
The Imperfect Tense
Note:
Remember that the middle radical ( +,# maintains
it vowel mark in all the forms, e.g. in P
1H the
E( +,# F has dammah and it stays as such in all the
form (sighas). In L
.
H the middle radical is
with K > which holds its mark in all the forms. And in
?
R 7
H the middle radical is R which maintains
its jarr mark in all the forms of conjugation.
Exercise:
Conjugate the following verbs:
<
K
<
K
, H root meaning: to write
<
b <
b \ H to go
?
R 7 H to strike
K >
K : H to open
100
The Imperfect Tense
i]#E":#
SIX GROUPS OF TRILITERAL VERBS
u-u group:
, H , referred to as U or _
, e.g.
/ to approach, come near with U or _
indicates
that the mudare of
/ is
* H .
101
The Imperfect Tense
Imperfect Passive E{
) R7)
F: It is made on the pattern
of E
" : H
yufalu, e.g.
%#
S > W I dont understand the lesson.
x * # [
H W he doesnt drink coffee.
R . #j#@R g
b \ H W they dont go to the market.
Mudarethe Present/F
resent/Future Tense: As explained earlier that
the imperfect 7! denotes both the present and the future
tenses, e.g. <
b \ H can mean he goes or he will go.
However, if the meaning is required to be confined to the
102
The Imperfect Tense
103
The Imperfect Tense
104
The Imperfect Tense
Table 13
Conjugation of Mudare with T
A#
105
The Imperfect Tense
2nd Person
Person
P
1 ; T# *P
1 ; T# *
P
1 ; T#
())
2nd Person
Person
*B
R P
1 ; T# P
1 ; T# P
1 ; T#
())
1st Person
Person
P
T# P
1 T# P
1 T#
(& &))
Note:
* In these forms the sign of the verb being marfu is
the presence of the nun and that of being mansub is
the omission of this nun.
106
The Imperfect Tense
Mudare with R: E
+ " K #
W
. It means so that, in order
to/ that, e.g. S
> S > W -
*_ # S > n # ( " # ( + #
I study Arabic in order to understand Quran, _$ 1* +
^
% g
" 1 # j#"; Allah has created us so that we may
worship Him.
Mudare with
A
: It has the same meaning as R i.e.
so that, in order to, e.g. $
%g
%{
.
# j#@R
zg b I
went to the mosque in order to worship Allah.
Mudare with @: It means then, e.g.
{ 1 ; R@ % R K D
work hard then you will succeed.
107
The Imperfect Tense
108
The Imperfect Tense
Table 14
Mudare with S A#
Note:
W
do not: W means do not i.e. with prohibition, e.g. W
1b
0+ {
; do not sit here, %\ , ; W do not ever tell
lie, o # [
; W do not drink wine, dT) +_
% ; W
%d do not enter by one gate. [the Quran]
R ) 5
W
: Lam of command means should/ought to,
e.g. K
L E
RP : # < >
d # y E
_ 0
+ {
# every student
should sit in the class quietly), z
) %/ ) 0
e :
_ 1 K #
%d # and let every person look to what he has sent
forth for the morrow. [59/18]
1
@R (if), e.g. <
b < b \ ; @R if you go I will go, [
; @R
C
P if you drink juice I will drink. For
emphasis, is also prefixed to @, e.g. S ;
, C T l #
S ,_ % H R 5
If you give thanks (by accepting Faith and
worshiping none but Allah) I will give you more (of
my blessing). [14/7]
110
The Imperfect Tense
2 T
) (who, whom, whoever), e.g. { 1 H % R K {
H T )
whoever works hard/struggles succeeds, E " H T)
G I {
H
3L
whosoever works evil, will have the
recompense thereof. [4/123], % 1 H E.
, H T) he who
turns lazy will regret.
3 ) (whatever), e.g. E
" > E " : ; ) whatever you do I
will do.
4 T
H or 1 H (where, wherever), e.g. < b < b \ ; T H
where you go I go, O
# S
,_
R % H
,_ ; 1 H
wherever you maybe, death will overtake you.
[4/78]
The Energetic Mood of 7! with and at the End:
End:
K #(
the nun of emphasis)
The energetic nun, called %
is of two kinds:
One with a single nun, e.g. T g K
I will write. This is
called (_ : : o
# %
K #(
light nun of emphasis). This
is less frequently used than nun thaqilah EF.
One with a double nun, e.g. Tg K
I will definitely
write. This is called (_ + * ] #%
K #(
weighty nun of
emphasis). This nun signifies emphasis and convert the
mudare into the future tense only. It is used only with
the mudare and the amr, not with the madi. This nun is
suffixed to the mudare marfu as follows:
1 In the four forms <
K
, H , <
K
, ; , <
K
, <
K
, the final
dammah is replaced with a fathah. So <
K
, H becomes
Tg K
, H (yaktub-a-nna). The same pattern is formed
with the other three forms.
111
The Imperfect Tense
For mudare majzum and the amr, the process is the same
as in mudare marfu except that the nun in the five forms is
already omitted in these forms, e.g.
1. 0 + { ; W T. + {
; W 2. .
+ {
; W T.
+ {
; W
3. < K
_Tg K
_ 4. gK
_gK
_
5. g
K
_ Tg
K
_ 6.
K
_K
_
7. T g K
_1g K
_
112
The Imperfect Tense
When %
K #( lam of emphasis) is prefixed and
%
K # is suffixed to a mudare, it strengthens the emphasis
in the meaning of the mudare and confines the meaning to
future tense only, e.g. Tg b \ # indeed he will definitely go.
The use of lam is compulsory in the mudare if it is a Jawab
al Qasam ESR . * #
D
F, e.g. %#T
:
5
$ By Allah! I
will memorize the lesson. Here the mudare _ :
is jawab
al-qasam as it is preceded by the qasam E$ F. There are,
however, three conditions for its use in the jawab al-qasam,
these are:
The verb should be affirmative as in the above example.
Neither the ( lam) nor the ( nun) is used with a
negative verb, e.g. <
b W$ By Allah! I will not go.
The verb should be in future tense. If it is a present
tense then only lam is used, not the nun, e.g. $
/f1 }
_ n_ # By Allah! I consider you truthful.
Note that f % L5_ $
means By Allah! I will help
you and U
%
L5_ $ means I am helping you.
The lam should be attached to the verb. If it is attached
to a word other than the verb, the nun cannot be used,
e.g. <
b %{
.
# j#8
R $ By Allah! to the mosque I will
go. Here the lam is attached to j#@R. But if it is attached
to the verb, then the nun has to be used, e.g. Tg b 5
$
% {
.
# j#@R. Here is another example, U
9 .
# $
By
Allah! I will visit you.
Table 15
Mudare with QH
Note:
The verbs marked * are identical and the verbs marked
#
are identical.
114
[0)%#Lesson 15
R A) 5
EA" >
THE IMPERATIVE TENSE
The imperative E
)
5
F is the third form of the verb which
signifies a command, request or supplication like do, sit,
write, go, get up, get out, etc.. The amr is formed from the
mudare as explained below:
In some cases the amr is formed simply by omitting the
pronominal prefix ER R 7
# )(_i
F and the final -u, e.g.
the mudare %
b {H
is changed to the amr by dropping
the ya EBF which is the pronominal prefix E7!)(iF,
and changing the final dammah on dal to sukun i.e.
making it vowelless. So from %
b {H
the amr is % b D
jahid means struggle hard. Similarly, the amr from
+Y g H
is +Y convey, E
; *H
E ; / fight, %
" H he
promises % A promise, and the imperative from
gH
he sells is A sell (the weak ya as the middle radical is
dropped in this case).
115
The Imperative Tense
116
The Imperative Tense
Table 16
The Imperative 9
e
A") e?
eA)
117
The Imperative Tense
termed as Se +V , K )
e<6 e) (Imperative 3rd and 1st person). For
this,
R (li) is prefixed to the active or passive form of
mudare, e.g.
<
b \ H he goes/will go < b \ # he should go
<
K
, H he writes/will write < K
, # he should write
<
K
I write/will write < > K
5
I should write
immediately
P
1 H
he is helped P
1
# he should be helped
<
K
, ; you write, you are writing, you will write
<
K
, ; W you are not writing, you will not be writing.
This W is (>1#( negative).
x g .
#j+ <K
, ; W dont write on the board. This W is
(b1#( prohibitive).
kR H R V #j+ .
+ { ; W dont sit on the way (prohibitive).
118
The Imperative Tense
[
# % g
" ; W
dont worship the Satin (prohibitive).
Note that in this example the 3rd radical has kasrah due
to 1
.#3*K#.
%
) H1b
0+ { ; W O Hamid! Dont sit here.
(_ [ 6 %
H 1b
.+ {
; W
O Ahmad and Aisha! Dont
sit here.
Viy _ H1b
.
+ {
; W O students! Dont sit here.
(_ 1 )
H1b
. + { ; W O Amina! Dont sit here.
O
1 H1b
T. + {
; W O girls! Dont sit here.
119
The Imperative Tense
T \"
# T) ,_ K >
R@$
)% ; i> So invoke not
with Allah another ilah (god) lest you should be among
those who receive punishment. [26/213]
eO)
$
ER gL > E
K * H
T # #_ *_ ; W
And say not of
those who are killed in the way of Allah, they are
dead. [2/154]
^R g / j+
S *_ ; W
% O
) S
1 ) %d
j+ EP
;
W
And
never (O Muhammad ) pray (funeral prayer) for any of
them (hypocrites) who dies, nor stand at his grave.
[9/84]
120
[.#%#Lesson 16
121
The Derived Verbal Form-I
122
The Derived Verbal Form-I
124
The Derived Verbal Form-I
etc. But in case of mazid verbs, each bab has its own
specific pattern for masdar. The masdar pattern of bab
E " > is Ee " : ; (taf-il-un), e.g.
? !
R 7!_
% P ! Meaning
?
7 H
<e H R 7 ; to beat violently
, H
Se H R , ; to extend respect
E g / E
g* H
Ee g* ; kissing
/
* H
<e H R * ; to be near
S +V L
S
+Y . H
Se + .
; acceptance
V
Y \ H
e
\ ; reminding
E { L E
{ . H
Ee { . ; recording
The masdar of a naqis verb, and that of a verb wherein
the third radical is hamza Exh I
b F, is on the pattern of
(h + " : ; (taf ila-tun), e.g.
? !
R 7!_
% P ! Meaning
j L j . H
(h . ; to name
H
(h ; to bring up, to educate
n A1 b n_ A1 H
(h l 1 ; to congratulate
jV+ j +Y P H
x i
to offer prayer
Ismul--fail E
E
The Ismul :#
SL
F:
We have learnt the formation of E
:# S
L
from the
e {
)
i
which is on the pattern of Ee >, e.g.
? !
R 7!_ E
:#
SL
Meaning
S + }
S
+
H Se # } wrong doer
E K / E
K
* H Ee ; / murderer
< b <
b \ H <e b one who goes
125
The Derived Verbal Form-I
< K
<
K
, H <
e ;
writer
3 / _ * H
e R / one who recites
P
P
1 H e
helper
? !
R 7!_ E
:#
SL
Meaning
% H
e % )
teacher
E { L E
{ . H
Ee {Q . )
a tape recorder
V
Y \ H
e
Y \ )
an admonisher
% H
e % )
one who is wraps up
E ) Ee ) I H
Ee ) I )
one who folds in garments
S +V S
+Y " H
Se +Y " )
a teacher
Eg/ E
g* H
Ee g* )
one who kisses
Ismul-maful E
" :
The Ismul- #
SL
F:
In all the abwab of the mazid verbs the ism-al-maful is
just like the ismal-fail except that the second radical
takes fathah instead of kasrah, e.g.
? !
R 7!_ E
:#
SL
"
: #
SL
Meaning
S +V S
+Y " H
Se +Y " )
Se +V " )
on who is taught
E g / E
g* H
eEg* )
Ee g * )
one who is kissed
% +V D %
+Y {
H
e%+Y { )
%e +V {
)
bound
% %
H
e% )
%e
)
one who has been-
-praised much
126
The Derived Verbal Form-I
127
[.#%#Lesson 17
E A" >
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-II
The Mudare E
R 7
# F
F :
The mudare is on the pattern of E
" : H
. In this case, the EF
xI b along with its vowel is omitted, e.g. from I
IR 1 H
R o
H
<
b <
b \ H
.
The Amr/Nahi ER 1 #)
5 F:
The amr is on the pattern of E
" > , e.g. from
IR 1 ;
IR
bring down and nahi is
IR 1 ;
W
do not bring down,
129
The Derived Verbal Form-II
from
R o
;
R
bring out and nahi is R o
;
W do not
bring out.
The Masdar E
%
P
# F:
The masdar of this bab is on the pattern of
e "> @R (if al-
lun), e.g.
,
R o
H
e
@R S + L
, S
+ .
H
e i
L @R
religion, faith, belief,
I ,
IR 1 H
e I @R.
Ismul-fail E
E
The Ismul- :#
SL
F:
It is on the pattern of E
e " : )
, e.g. T , ) , T
, H
Te , )
it is
possible, S + L
, S
+ .
H
Se + .
)
Muslim.
Ismul-maful E
" :
The Ismul- #
SL
F:
It is on the pattern of E
e " : )
, e.g. from E L
, E
L
H
to
send E
eL )
one who has been sent. It is just like ism
al-fail except that the second radical has fathah i.e.
Ee L
)
Ee L
)
.
130
The Derived Verbal Form-II
Table 17
? !
R 7!_
% P
! E
:#
SL
) 5
"
: !
SL
/
S
* H
(h ) /@R S / Se * )
e *)
(for / )
T ) e H @R
T
) m H
T ) Te ) m )
Te ) m )
kR #
(for * # ) (for
* + H
) (for B e *# @R) (for * +
# ( )forj*+
# )
j
" H
3e @R d " )
j" )
to give
S
,_ # z
?
K " S ,_ + z
; S ,_ 1 H S ,_ # z
+
#
1H i
L 8
R This day, I have perfected your religion for
you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen
for you Islam as your religion. [5/3]
131
The Derived Verbal Form-II
R%
* # ( + # > ^
A1# I @R Verily, We have sent it (this
Quran) down in the Night of Al-Qadr (Decree). [97/1]
OW
LR S,_ K
+ %* # I (Shoaib said) have indeed
conveyed my Lords Message unto you. [7/93]
1
)
m
# + > %/ Successful indeed are the believers.
[23/1]
132
[T)]#%#Lesson 18
E A >
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-III
III
The Mudare E
R 7
# F:
The R R 7!_
9
takes dammah as the verb is made up of
four letters, e.g. E
; / E
; *H
% L %
.H
<
;
<
; ,H
E L
E
L
H
j/W
he met / i H
he
meets/he will meet. It is on the pattern of E
:H
. The
active/ passive participles from E K / are:
Perfect Active E
; / he foughton the pattern of E >
Perfect Passive E ; /_ on the pattern of E >_
Imperfect Active E
; *H
on the pattern of E
: H
Imperfect Passive E
; *H
on the pattern of E
: H
133
The Derived Verbal Form-III
The Amr E
)
5
F:
The amr is formed simply by omitting the R 7!_ 9
and the case-ending, e.g. E
; *H
E ; / %
b {H
% b D
R H
to try R / i
H
R W
(the c at the end is
omitted from the naqis verbs).
The Masdar E
%
P
# F:
This bab has two patterns of masdar:
1 (h +
:)
, e.g. % L to help, %
.H
xh % .)
to
try,
R H
(h #
) E / to meet, E
*H
(h + *)
j/W
, / i
H
xh /i
)
(in naqis verbs c at the end is
changed to alif).
2
e "> , e.g. E ; /, E
; *H
e K/ L(h + ; *)
k > , k
> 1H
e : L(h * > 1)
hypocrisy, % b D, %
b {H
e D
Lxh % b {)
?
!
R 7!_ E
:#
SL
"
: !
SL
Ee L
)
E L
Ee L
)
E
L
H
corresponded
to correspond correspondent
to/with
% b C
%e b [)
%e b [)
to %
b [H
viewer viewed
watch/view
i
)
j/W
i
)
/ i
H
one who is
to meet one who meets
met
134
The Derived Verbal Form-III
<
ey o)
<
ey o)
<
y
<
y
oH
one who one who is
to address
addresses addressed
c1)
c d 1)
B
1H
one who is
to call caller
called
<
e /
)
<
/ <
e /
)
<
/ H
one who is
to observe observer
observed
U
h R g)
U
U
h g)
U
_ R gH
one who offers
to bless blessed
blessing
Examples of bab E
> from the Holy Quran:
G.
: 1 # %
b {H
R> % b D T ) And whosoever strives,
he strives only for himself. [29/6]
%H%
C
.
b1g L
> and we called it (the
population) to a severe account. [65/8]
3[H T
# M
7H
$
_ And Allah gives manifold
increase to whom He will. [2/261]
135
The Derived Verbal Form-III
+_ K * H
+_ K
* > $
ER g L
> +_ ; *H
They fight in
Allahs cause, so they kill (others) and are killed.
[9/111]
136
[LK#%#Lesson 19
E A" : ;
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-IV
E " : ;
is formed by prefixing A; (ta) to bab E " > . It
expresses, apart from specific measures, the passive state of
bab E " > , i.e. intransitive, e.g. from S +V he taught S +V " ;
he learned/taught himself. Other examples from this bab
are; S +V , ; he spoke, 9
o
; he became afraid, 9
[
; he has
the honour, ; he hesitated, jV*+ ; he received, c% ; he
had lunch.
The naqis verb drops the final alif (which is written c),
e.g. c% K ; % ; have lunch, % ; W (dont have lunch).
? !
R 7!_
% P ! Meaning
S +V , ; S
+V , K H Se + , ; talking
I 1 ;
I 1 K H e I 1 ; descending
V \ ;
V \ K H e
\ ; remembering
%
;
%
K H
e %
; speaking
jV*+ ; jV*+ K H k+ ; (fore * + ; ) receiving
I # I ;
I # I K H e I
# I ; shaking
< 1 H
T
) VW@R
V \ K H ) And none remembers but
those who turn (to Allah in obedience and) in
repentance (by begging His pardon and by worshipping
and obeying Him Alone). [40/13]
138
The Derived Verbal Form-IV
/ R # T ) E g * K H S # b %
T ) E g *_ K
> /_ / @ R
T * K !_ T) _$
Eg * K H @R/f1 + K
/ 5 When both (Habil
and Qabil) offered a sacrifice (to Allah), it was accepted
from the one but not from the other. The latter said to
the former: I will surely kill you. The former said:
Verily, Allah accepts only from those who are Al-
Muttaqin (the pious believers of Islamic Monotheism
who fear Allah much, i.e. abstain from all kinds of sins
and evil deeds which He has forbidden, and love Allah
much, i.e. perform all kinds of good deeds which He
has ordained). [5/27]
#_ :/ d +_ /_ j+
_*#
% K H i> Do they not then
think deeply in the Quran, or are their hearts locked up
(from understanding it). [47/24]
S + " #
.
# z
f
@R 1) E g * ; 1 Our Lord! Accept
(this service) from us, verily you are the All-Hearer, the
All-knower. [2/127]
gL
5
S
R z
"
V * ; Then all their relations will be
cut off from them. [2/166]
EE
G
+V _* # S +V " ; T ) S
_
FF The best amongst you is
he who learns Quran and teaches it. [Al-Hadith]
139
"[#%#Lesson 20
E A :;
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-V
Pretended action ET
Ry g# >0 # )
}
@RF, e.g.
; he
pretended to be sick, j)"; he pretended to be blind,
1; he pretended to be asleep, j
g; he pretended
to cry.
In the mudare (
R 7
# 9
takes fathah as the verb is
made up of five letters, e.g. E
> ; E
> K H "
;" K H
;
K H j)"; j)"K H 1;
1K H U
g;
U
_ gK H j#"; j#"K H .
141
The Derived Verbal Form-V
R%
"
# SR 8
R j+ ;"
W
c* K # # j+ ;"
And help you one another in Al-Birr and At-taqwa
(virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one
142
The Derived Verbal Form-V
" _>K # E
6 g/
" C
S
_ 1+ " D
And We have made
you into nations and tribes, that you may know one
another. [49/13]. Here " _> K # is for " _> K K # ; one ta is
omitted.
eH %
/ 3d C
E
_ j+ b
f
_ +
# ^ % B
\ #V U
g; Blessed
be He in whose Hand is the dominion, and He is Able
to do all things. [67/1]
Rg P
#
;k
#
;And (join together) in
the mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience and
constancy. [103/3]
143
"[#B&%#Lesson 21
E A" :
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-VI
Remember that E
" : is the e R )
of E " > , and E " : ; is the
e R )
of E " > , e.g.
,_ #
O .
I broke the tumbler, .
,
145
The Derived Verbal Form-VI
The
R 7
#
9
in this bab takes fathah, e.g. E " : E
" : 1 H
.
,
.
, 1 H I
IR 1 H <
+ * <
+ * 1 H k[
k[
1 H
*
* 1 H
K :
K : 1 H .
O
:
3 .
#@R When the heaven is left asunder.
[82/1]
O ] K <
, # @ R And when the stars have fallen
and scattered. [82/2]
z*V [
3 .
#@R When the heaven is split asunder.
[84/1]
\
, ;
G S K
1
_ ) j#@R _*+
depart you to that
which you used to deny. [77/29]
1
x [
K1
G1 ) z.
{
g > and then gushed forth out
of it twelve springs. [7/160]
e .
b
lL
P
g # f # @R<+ * 1 H RT ;
P
g # RD
S
Then look again and yet again, your sight will return to
you in a state of humiliation and worn out. [67/4]
147
"[#]#%#Lesson 22
E A" K >
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-VII
The bab E " K > is reflexive of E " > but has a reciprocal
signification like bab E :; . As in bab E " : the E # _xI b is
omitted in this bab also when
: K L 8 x_ I b (hamzat al-
istifham) is prefixed to the verb, e.g. 1 ;
K you wait for
me, and to say did you wait for me? it is 1 ; K for
1 ;
K . In the Holy Quran T 1 g # j+ O1g # j:
Has
He (then) chosen daughters, rather than sons?. [37/153].
Here j: is for j:
.
The amr from bab E " K > is formed by prefixing xI b with
x.
because after omitting the 7! 9 the first
radical of the verb cannot be read, being sakin. This case-
ending becomes vowelless with ID _ , e.g.
K 1 H K
wait K 1 ; W
dont wait,
K . H K L listen W
K .
; dont listen,
K { ; K D
assemble K { ; W
dont assemble, S
. K g ; to smile S . K smile S . K g ; W
dont smile.
150
The Derived Verbal Form-VII
d% "
*C
: # K, # > :_ + K
T H \ #V And verily,
those who dispute as regards the Book are far away in
opposition. [2/176]
SR
\
_>K
And (there are) others who have
acknowledged their sins. [9/102]
% E
.
# E K
> but the flood bears away the
foam that mounts up to the surface. [13/17]
/_ : ; W
" D
$
ER g
P
K And hold fast, all of
you together, to the Rope of Allah (i.e. this Quran), and
be not divided among yourselves. [3/103]
151
The Derived Verbal Form-VII
g{
/_ 1" L
@R#_ *> T{
# T) e: K L
G # @Rj
_ E/_
Say (O Mohammad ) it has been revealed to me that a
group of Jinn listen (to this Quran). They said: verily, we
have heard a wonderful recitation (this Quran). [72/1]
G; g" #
^
% g
> So worship Him (Alone) and be
constant and patient in His worship. [19/65]
G # @R S ;
R
_ ?
) VW@R except under compulsion of
necessity. [6/119]
* # k[
_( .
# z
K / The Hour has drawn near,
and the moon has been cleft asunder (regarding the
splitting of the moon as a miracle). [54/1]
zg .
K
)+ zg .
)# He gets reward for that
(good) which he has earned, and he is punished for that
(evil) which he has earned. [2/286]
152
"[##]#%#Lesson 23
EA" >
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-VIII
:
yellow :
it was or became yellow/ pale.
white it was or became white.
L
black L
it was or became black.
red
he blushed/ it became red.
7
green 7
it was or became green.
bent/crooked it became bent/ crooked.
153
The Derived Verbal Form-VIII
.
)
G
D
E}
j] 5
_ S b
%
[
@R And when the
news of (the birth of) a female (child) is brought to any
of them, his face becomes dark. [16/58]
S;
:
S
b
D
O L
TH \ #V )n > e^ D
. ; e^ D
g ; H
:_ , ; S K
1
_ " \# /_ >
\ S ,_ H @R % " on the Day
(i.e. the Day of Resurrection) when some faces will
become white and some faces will become black; as for
those faces will become black (to them will be said):
Did you reject faith after accepting it? Then taste the
torment (in Hell) for rejecting faith. [3/106]
%
# > S b
$
(
: > S
b
D
z
7
T H \ #V )
And for those whose faces will become white, they
will be in Allahs Mercy (paradise), there in they shall
dwell forever. [3/107]
eS
> RI
# T)
^1 z7
And he lost his sight
because of the sorrow that he was suppressing [12/84]
x 7
o
)
5
gPK
> 3)3 .
#T) I $ ;S# see
you not that Allah sends down water (rain) from the sky
and the earth becomes green. [22/63]
154
"[##%#Lesson 24
E " : K L
A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-
FORM-IX
Bab E
" : K L
is formed by prefixing z
L
( Ista) to the first
radical of E">, e.g. P 1 K L
he sought help, K L
he
asked for rizq (gifts of sustenance), S " K L
he asked for
food, : K L
he asked forgiveness, %" K L
he got ready,
* K L
he woke up.
The ism al-fail and ism al-maful are formed on the standard
given pattern, e.g. e : K .
)
one who seeks forgiveness and
e : K .
)
one whose forgiveness is sought.
The noun of place and time is the same as for the ism
al-maful, e.g. E
g* K .
H to receive Ee g * K .
)
future, : [
K .
H
to seek treatment j:[ K .
)
hospital.
155
The Derived Verbal Form-IX
+ b
"
K L
( d H / E b @ ; R jK
*+
> then they
both proceeded, till, when they came to the people of a
town, they asked them for food. [18/77]
G)
* # jL )
j*.
K L
@R And (remember) when Musa
(Moses) asked for water for his people. [2/60]
e
b
B
\ #V j b
B
\ #V #_ % g K .
; / He (Moses)
said: would you exchange that which is better for that
which is lower?. [2/61]
S,_ # DR T
) TR H % R C
%
R [
K L
And get two witnesses
out of your own men. [2/282]
S,_ +
t1D
i> S
_ W
?
"
K .
; S; @ R And if you
decide on a foster sucking-mother for your children,
there is no sin on you. [2/233]
156
The Derived Verbal Form-IX
G S K
" H B
\ #V S
,_ " g [
g K L
> Then rejoice
(imperative) in the bargain which you have concluded.
[9/111]
TH R P
g K .
)
ER g.# TR S b
%P
> And he (Satan)
turned them away from the (Right) path, though they
were intelligent/keen observers (ism al-fail). [29/38]
157
"[#0)%#Lesson 25
QEAK "
#
THE UNSOUND VERBS
.
H easy, to call/ invite, c
to iron, j/ to
save.
The Mahmuz E
# F
F:
A verb, which has hamza as one of the radicals, is
called mahmuz, e.g. E
to eat, n L
to ask, / to
read.
The Mudaaf EM
" 7
# F
F :
A verb in which the second and the third radicals are
identical is called mudaaf EM"7!F, e.g. SC to smell,
0) to touch, T}
to think, ) to pass.
P
H to fast
I
H to visit
/ _*
H to get up
\
H to taste
9 y 9
_ H to go round
Group (a-i):
L
.
H to walk
gH to sell
3 D 3
{
H to come
" H to live
E
, H to measure
Group (i-a):
1 H to sleep
IH to cease to do
,H to be about to do
9 9
oH to fear, to be afraid
(i)
/ _*
H (a-u): / is originally / in which
waw has been replaced with alif, thus making it
/
he said, and
*_ H the origin of _*
H is *
H in
which the vowel u on waw has been shifted to the
preceding consonant, thus making it
*_ H . All the
other changes in the (a-u) group will be on the same
pattern.
(ii) L
.
H (a-i): L is originally L
in which ya
has been replaced with alif, thus making it L he
walked or went for a walk, and the origin of
.
H is
.
H in which the vowel i' on ya has been shifted to
the preceding consonant, rendering the ya vowel-
162
The Unsound Verbs
(iii)
1H (i-a): is originally R in which waw
has been replaced with alif, thus making it he
slept, and the origin of
1H is
1 H in which the
vowel a is shifted to the preceding consonant and
waw is replaced with alif, thus making it
1H . All
other ajwaf verbs in (i-a) group follow the same
pattern.
Table 18
Method of Conjugation Ee 1L
F - al-
al-Muhtal ain E "#EK")F
(a-u)
(Madi (a-
*_ H / to say)
163
The Unsound Verbs
Table 19
Conjugation E>"5MHP;F - al-
al-Muhtal ain E "#EK")F
(Madi (a- i-a)
.
(a-i & i- H L to walk)
Notes:
1. In the ajwaf verb of a-u group, the first radical takes
dammah at the time of its isnad Ee 1L F to mutaharrek
EU
h
K )
F pronoun, and if it is of a-i or i-a group it takes
kasrah. (A mutaharrek pronoun is a pronoun which is
followed by a vowel O
, and a sakin pronoun is
vowelless like the in +_ .)
2. All the pronouns in the madi are mutaharrek E UK)F
except those in z +
+_ E . Also note that in these
cases the second radical is omitted. In the mudare only
the is U h
K )
, and it is in T +
% H T+
% ; .
In the mudare marfu the second radical is omitted
while conjugating the mutaharrek pronouns, e.g.
164
The Unsound Verbs
E
" : H : E *_ H S# he didnt say, .
H S# he didnt walk,
S 1 H S # he didnt sleep
E
" : ; : E *_ ; S # you didnt say, .
; S # you didnt
walk, S 1 ; S # you didnt sleep
E
" > : E /_ S # I did not say, L
S # I did not walk,
S S # I didnt sleep
E
" : : E *_ S# we didnt say, .
S# we didnt walk,
S 1 S # we didnt sleep
This omission is due to iltika-assakenain 3
*K # F
ETR 1
.# as explained below:
E *_ H S # is originally _*
H S # in which both the waw
and the lam are sakin (vowelless), hence cannot be
vocalized, resulting into the omission of waw, being
a weak letter.
Similarly .
H S# is originally
.
H S# , the ya sakin is
omitted, and in S 1 H S# originally being
1H S# the alif
is omitted, being the weak letter as it is in place of
waw.
165
The Unsound Verbs
Table 20
Conjugation E>"5MHP;F of Mudare Majzum ajwaf
(E
*_ H S# he did not say/tell)
166
The Unsound Verbs
Table 21
The Amr from Ajwaf verb E "#EK")F
Feminine Masculine
Plural Dual Singular Plural Dual Singular
T + /_ W
/_ # /_ #_ /_ W
/_ E /_
L L
B
R L
L
L
L
T ) )
) ) S
3 i#EK") (the mutal lam): If the third radical is waw
or ya the verb is called i# EK" )
, i.e. weak of lam,
which is also referred to as naqis E=
e / F, e.g.
Group (a-u):
% H to call/invite
i; +_ K H to follow, to recite
: :_ " H to forgive ,C ,_ [
H to complain
Group (a-i):
j[) [ H to walk j; ; n H to come
cD B R { H to run/flow j) ) H to throw
j, , g H to cry/weep c%b B % H to guide
Group (i-a):
. j.1 H to forget [
j[o
H to fear
* j*g H to remain
In madi the naqis verbs undergo the following
changes:
168
The Unsound Verbs
Table 22
Conjugation E>"5MHP;Fof Naqis Verb
( he called/invited
called/invited for
)
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
3rd Person
Person
())
3rd Pers
Person
on
z
K
())
nd
2 Person
Person
O
;
S ;
())
nd
2 Person
Person
O
;
T;
())
st
1 Person
Person
O
(&&))
Table 23
Conjugation of Naqis Verb
(
? he was pleased
pleased for ?
)
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
3rd Person
Person
?
?
?
())
3rd Pers
Person
on
z
?
K ?
T ?
())
nd
2 Person
Person
z
?
K
?
S K
?
())
nd
2 Person
Person
z
?
K
?
TK
?
())
st
1 Person
Person
z
?
1 ?
1 ?
(&&))
169
The Unsound Verbs
Table 25
Conjugation of Mudare Marfu in Naqis Verb
(
, g H j, to weep
weep)
170
The Unsound Verbs
% ; _
invite/call, , g ; f
weep, j.1 ;
0
forget.
4 M:+#( Attachment): If there are two weak letters in
a verb it is called lafif. The lafif verbs are of two
kinds, as explained below:
*
# M
: +V #( Lafif Maqrun): If a verb has its
second and third radicals as weak letters, it is
called lafif maqrun, i.e. attached weak letters,
e.g. c
B
R , H to iron.
172
The Unsound Verbs
: #
M : +V #( Lafif Mafruq): If a verb has its first
and third radicals as weak letters, it is called lafif
mafruq, i.e. detached weak letters, e.g. j/
* H to save, j " H to understand, to
remember by heart.
In lafif mafruq only the middle radical remains in
the amr as the first radical is omitted in the mudare,
and the third is omitted in the amr. Thus the amr
from * H j/ is R save as R 1# \1/ and save
us from the punishment of the Fire. [3/16] and from
" H j is R understand.
e
\b e i
\b
\ , # S ,_ K
1 .
# M
P
; # #_ *_ ; W
And say not concerning that which your tongues put
forth falsely: This is lawful and this is forbidden.
[16/116]
(1 .
# (
# ( ,
# f
ER gL j#@R _
Invite
(mankind O! Muhammad ) to the way of your Lord
(i.e. Islam) with wisdom (i.e. with the Divine Revelation
and the Quran) and fair preaching. [16/125]
Rg P
#
;QkR
#
;And (join together) in
the mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience and
constancy. [103/3]
RE : #
n f
E " > M
; S # Have you (O!
Muhammad ) not seen how your Lord dealt with the
173
The Unsound Verbs
e%
_$b
E/_ Say (O! Muhammad ) He is Allah The
One and Only. [112/1]
%# H
S # %
+ H S # He begetteth not, Nor is He
begotten. [112/2]
G)
/n > * 1 H
%H R H
%D
> %D
> Then they (both)
found therein a wall about to collapse, so he (Khidr) set
it up straight. [18/77]
g
" )
K .
; T # f
@R f
# E /_ S # / he (Khidr)
said: Did I not tell you that you can have no patience
with me. [18/75]
_$3C@R %
{
K L
/ He (Moses) said: If Allah
Wills you will find me patient. [18/69]
S * K .
# R.
* #
R SK
+
@RE , # _>And give
full measure when you measure, and weigh with a
balance that is straight. [17/35]
)
5
>
R ; W
and walk not on the earth
with conceit and arrogance. [17/377]
i # ^%
g " cL
B\ #V T
g L
Glorified (and Exalted) be
He (Allah) Who took His slave (Muhammad ) for
journey by night. [17/1]
174
The Unsound Verbs
i
$
j:
$ j+ E
V ; S b
And heed
not their annoyances, but put thy trust in Allah, and
enough is Allah as a Disposer of Affairs. [33/48]
175
"[#.#%#Lesson 26
M
A" 7
#
A
#
THE HAMZATED AND
DUPLICATED RADICAL VERBS
The Mahmuz E
# F
F:
3 :#
) :
A verb which has hamza as its first radical is called
Mahmuzal fa, e.g. E
he ate, ) he ordered, \
he took.
T" #
) :
A verb which has hamza as its second radical is called
Mahmuzal ain, e.g.
n L
he asked, S l L
to be disgusted
at.
R Vi#
) :
A verb which has hamza as its third radical is called
Mahmuzal lam, e.g. / he read, n
to err.
E
E
_ n H )
)
n H n L
n .
H / _ * H .
However, in the amr (imperative) the mehmuz verb in
some cases is reduced to only two radicals as indicated
below:
Active Passive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative
Par
Part (AP) Part
Part (PP)
E
E
_ n H E
_ Ee
e
_ n )
)
)
n H )
e ) e )
n )
\ \
n H \
\e e
n )
n L
n . H E L
L n L Ee 6 L e l
. )
/ _ * H / B
e R /LB R / 3e ) *
n n_ o H n
e y e o )
Table 26
Conjugation Imperative of Mahmuz Verb
The Mudaaf EM
" 7
# F
F :
; S# you didnt perform Hajj,
H S# he didnt perform
Hajj,
S # I didnt perform Hajj,
S # we didnt
perform Hajj.
180
The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs
Table 27
Categories of Verbs (Consolidated) E":#./
P1!7!
I7!
!>7!
Imperative
Imperfect
Imperfect
Imperfect
Perfect
EA":#
(Nom)
A?!
A)5
(Acc)
(Juss)
Verb
<
K
_ <
K
, H S# <
K
, H T# <
K
, H <
K
.#
E
_ E
_ n H S# E
_ n H T# E
_ n H E
!
E L
L n L
n .
H S# n .
H T#
n .
H n L
(hamzated)
/ * H S# * H T# _ * H /
%
%"
H S# %"
H T# %"
H %
M"7!
SC
S[
H S# S[
H T# S[
H SC
(duplicated)
%D
%{
H S# %{
H T# %{
H %D
3:#EK"!
M
/ M
* H S# M
* H T# M
* H M
/ E!]F
(weak of fa)
181
The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs
Important Explanation:
/ he said is perfect, _*
H he says is imperfect in
nominative case, E /_ say, tell is imperative, _* H T# he will
never say is imperfect in accusative case, E *_ H S# he did not
say is imperfect in jussive form. Similarly, j[) he
walked, [
H he will walk, R ) walk (command), T #
[
H he will never walk, R H S# he did not walk, and so
on and so forth.
182
The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs
^H@R VW@R %
g
" ; VW ) He (Allah) has commanded that
you worship none but Him (i.e. His Monotheism).
[12/40]
S,_
$
%g
R G 1 ; ) ) VW@R S
# z
+ /_ ) (Said
Jesus to Allah) Never did I say to them aught except
what You (Allah) did command me to say; worship
Allah, my Lord and your Lord. [5/117]
R.
8
R R % " #
)
n H $
@ R Verily, Allah enjoins
Al-Adl (Justice) and Al-Ihsan (to be patient in performing
your duties to Allah, totally for Allahs sake and in
accordance with the Sunnah). [16/90]
183
The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs
K
T) .
l H fl # _it is they who have no hope of
My Mercy. [29/23]
h 1
/
e l
> [
# G
.
) @ R R o
# 3
T )
. 8
R S
l .
H W
Man (the disbeliever) does not get tired of asking good
(things from Allah) but if an evil touches him, then he
gives up all hope and is lost in despair. [41/49]
RS D
#R[
#T) $\" K L
> _*# O / R> So when
you want to recite the Quran, seek refuge with Allah
from Satan, the out cast, the cursed one. [16/98]
k+
B
\ #V f
SR .
/ Read! In the Name of your
Lord Who has created (all that exists). [95/1]
G+ gL T
E?
T
S
+ b
f
@R Truly, your Lord
knows best who has gone astray from His path.
[16/125]
T
#
S
z 7
#1 .
)
G c@R H And
(remember) Ayub when he cried to his Lord, verily,
disease has seized me, and You are the Most Merciful
of all those show mercy. [21/83]
db T
) G
# > $
_ ER + 7
H
T ) and whom Allah sends
astray, for him there is no guide. [13/33]
f 3
T ) 3 W
m
b 3 W
m
b %
i
_ on each these as
well as those We bestow from the Bounties of your
Lord. [17/20]
184
"[#.#%#Lesson 27
% AA" #
THE NUMER
NUMERAL
ERALS
ALS
Masculine ()
( ) Figure Feminine ()
( )
%e
and %e 1 xh %
R 1 2 R K1
ei 3 (h i
e 4 (h "
0
e 5 (h .
~zL 6 (h K L
e g L 7 (h " g L
e 8 (h
e . ; 9 (h " . ;
e [ 10 xh [
The Rules
Rules for 3-
3-10:
These numbers do not agree with the madud, i.e. if the
madud is masculine the adad (number) is feminine, and
vice versa. Secondly, the madud of 3-10 is genitive plural
as listed below:
Masculine ()
( ) Madud Figure Feminine ()
( ) Madud
DR (_ i 3 men 3 3d .
i 3 women
DR _(" 4 men 4 3d .
4 women
DR _(. 5 men 5 3d .
0 5 women
DR _(K L
6 men 6 3d . zL 6 women
DR _(" g L 7 men 7 3d .
g L 7 women
DR _( 8 men 8 3d . 8 women
DR _(" . ; 9 men 9 3d .
. ; 9 women
DR _x [ 10 men 10 3d .
[ 10 women
Male Students
Students Figure Female Students
g#y[ ( i 13 ( g # yx [ i
g#y[ (" 14 ( g # yx [
g#y[ (. 15 ( g # yx [ 0
g#y[ (K L 16 ( g # yx [
zL
g#y[ (" g L
17 ( g # yx [ g L
g#y[ ( 18 ( g # yx [
g#y[ (" . ; 19 ( g # yx [ .
;
K
[
<K , # j+ there are 20 books on the
table. It is in nominative case E)>F.
187
The Numerals
K
T H R [ O
/ I read 20 books. It is in accusative
case EP1)F.
W T
H R [
" K, # z
H K C
I bought the book for 20
dollars. It is in genitive case EF.
After tenth the cardinal numbers are used along with the
ordinals as follow:
%e
d eG# @RS,_
# @R And your Ilah (God) is one Illah (God
i.e. Allah) [2/163]
xh %
xh D
b R> Then it will be a single
(compelling) cry [37/19]
%e
$
_ b
E /_ Say: He is Allah, the one and only
[112/1]
S ,_ 1 )
% R 1 ( then take) the testimony of two
just men of your own folk [5/106]
O
d 1 O
d H .
; jL ) 1 ; % * # And indeed We gave
Moses nine clear signs [17/10]
(h + )
hx [
f+ ; This makes ten days in all [2/196]
g
[
%
zH Q @Rz H O my father! Verily, I
saw eleven starts [12/4]
C
i
G
#_ P> and the weaning of him is thirty
months [46/15]
191
The Numerals
^
,_ +_ L
>
" g L
d(+ .
+L
> S
then fasten him
with a chain whereof the length is seventy cubits
[69/32]
[
C
( " TR .
:_ n T P
K H (the widows) they
shall wait concerning themselves four months and ten
days [2/234]
g L
zK g d(g
RE]
$RE gL > S
# _* ): 1 H
TH \ #V
E] )
(d g
_(l ) d(+ g
1 L
E
_ > E1L
The likeness of those who
spend their wealth in the way of Allah is as the likeness
of a grain (of corn); it grows seven ears, and each ear
has a hundred grains [2/261]
9
e #_ _Sb
Sb R H T) D
TH \ #V j#@R; S# Did you not
turn your vision to those who abandoned their homes,
and they were thousands (in number) [2/243]
5
b
He (Allah) is the First (nothing is
before Him) and the Last (nothing is after Him) [57/3]
R #
> b
@ RRT 1 The second of the two; when
they were in the cave [9/40]
S
g
+
S
L
Lh(.
#_ *_ H S
g
+
S
"
h( i
#_ *_ L
(some) say they were three, the dog being the fourth
among them and (others) say they were five, the dog
being the sixth [18/22]
192
"[#T)]#%#Lesson 28
O A AP
1 !
THE NOUNS IN ACCUSATIVE
/+_ .
) I like the meat grilled, the fish fried and the egg
boiled.
The hal is usually an answer to the question M
(how?), and it may be a word
: !_ &
or a sentence
(_ + 2
_ &
. And the hal agrees with the sahib al-hal in
number and gender, e.g.
L
%# # 3D the boy came smiling
TR L R%# # 3D the two boys came smiling
T L
W
5
3D the boys came smiling
( L
z1 g# O 3 D the girl came smiling
TR K L
RK1 g# O 3 D the two girls came smiling
Od L
O1g # O
3 D the girls came smiling
The sahib al-hal is mostly definite and it may be the
Ee >, ER :# <
6 , G
" : ! , % K g !_ or
g
.
</V K H :6 1 )
o
> So he (Moses) escaped from
there, looking about in a state of fear. [28/21]
S ,_ L
3
T * +Q
)
T 1 ) $
_ 3 C @ R
# % {
.
# T+_
% K #
_> o; WTH R P Q * )
Certainly, you shall enter Al-Masjid
Al-Haram, if Allah Wills secure (in a state of security),
(some) having your heads shaved, and (some) having
your head hair cut short, having no fear. [48/27]
SR 1
D
j+
" /_ ) / $
_ \ H T H \ #V those who
remember Allah standing, sitting and lying down on
their sides. [3/191]
194
The Nouns in Accusative
W y
_ g{
# +_ g ; T # and you can never reach the
mountain in height. [17/37]
T
) 1 @R / # E $
j#@R T ) W
/ T
.
T )
T + .
# And who is better in speech than one who
calls (mankind) to Allah, and works righteousness, and
says: I am of those who bow in Islam. [41/33]
195
The Nouns in Accusative
+ , ; jL )
$
_ S +V
And to Moses Allah spoke
directly. [4/164]
196
The Nouns in Accusative
*C
5
1* * C
S
g 3 # 1g g
We (Allah)
pour forth water in abundance. And we split the earth
in cleft. [80/25-26]
%H%
L
W / #_ /_ $ ; _*1
) TH \ #V H n H O you who
believe! Keep your duty to Allah and fear Him, and
speak (always) the truth. [33/70]
G#":! or G+D5":!:
It is the object in the form of the masdar E
% P
# F which
expresses the reason for doing an action, e.g. ?
gH n ; <
# V#
QR %
# the teacher beat the student to
teach him manners. Here the masdar gHn; tells us the
reason for beating. This masdar mostly denotes a
mental action like fear, love, desire, respect, etc. It is
mansub.
The masdar in maful lahu is mostly with the tanwin.
However, it may also be fathah when mentioned as
mudaf, e.g. the Quran says ( [
S
_ W
+_ K
* ; W
i
) @R And kill not your children for fear of poverty.
[17/31]
Exception E31]KLWF
31]KLWF:
The particle VW@R is used as one of the tools for
exception, and the noun following VW@R is mostly
accusative, e.g. %)
VW@R S
+
_
Vi
# E
all the
students have arrived except Hamid.
The exception E3
1] K L
W
F has three elements:
197
The Nouns in Accusative
1 j1] K .
# : It is the thing that is excepted. In the above
example it is %).
2 G
1 )
j1] K .
# : It is the thing from which exception is
made. In the above example it is i#.
3 3 1] K L
W
_x: It is the tool of exception which is VW@R in
the given example, W@ is a particle E9
e
F. (there are
some other tools of exception like
, cL
which
are nouns and i
), % ) which are verbs. These
words of exception take the Irab they deserve in the
sentence).
Examples:
W
i VW@R
zH ) I saw none but Bilal
O
# VW@R 3e 3d QER ,_ # Every sickness has a medicine
except death
U
[
Q # VW@R +V
_
\# $
_
: H Allah forgives all the
sins except Shirk
198
The Nouns in Accusative
second %)
zH ). This situation of Irab occurs in the
negative, prohibitive or interrogative sentences.
i
+ / VW@R $
_ \ H W
and they do not remember
Allah but little. [4/142]
G
D
VW@Rf
h # bd3 C
E
_ Everyone will perish save His
Face. [28/88]
.
8
R VW@R R .
8
R 3
ID
E b Is there any reward for
good other than good. [55/60]
I shall fast
tomorrow. This is called R ) I # 9
}
(zarf al-zaman), i.e.
adverb of time.
1 T
H (where): It is zarf al-makan, ending in fathah, and
is considered in place of nasab, e.g. ( + #z
+V " ; TH
" (# where did you learn the Arabic language?.
2 0
R ) (yesterday): It is zarf al-zaman which is mabni
ending in kasrah, and is considered as in place of
nasab, e.g. 0
R ) R .
#j#@R
zg b I went to the market
yesterday.
3
(where) &
/ (never): Both are mabni, ending
in dammah, and considered in place of nasab
> F
E<
d P
QER
) , e.g. / \ , ; W never tell lie or dont tell
lie ever, S K
l C
.
+ D
sit where ever you like.
4 1b
(here) & jK) (when): Both end in sukun, and are
considered <P
QER
) > . Both these words end in
alif which is sakin, jK) is originally K ) and 1b
is 1 b
,
e.g. ( " )
{# T) z" D
jK ) when did you return from
the university,
D jK
1b
0
+ D
sit here till I
return.
Apart from the zuruf, there are certain words which are
like the zarf and may take nasab ending even though
they are not originally words denoting time or place.
These are words like M
P
,
,
" , E
_ . This happens
when any of these words is mudaf and its mudaf ilaihi
is a zarf denoting place or time, e.g.
H E
_ (" ) {# j#@R
<b I go to the university every day.
H "
O > L I traveled for part of a day.
200
The Nouns in Accusative
(d
L
_*#
O / I recited the Quran for quarter of an
hour.
E
) MP
z [
) I walked for half a mile.
i # )
/
O @ R/ He said: O my Lord!
Verily, I have called to my people night and day.[71/5]
<6 Q\
#
G+
n > 1 K) %1 ML
H
1
; and we left Yusuf
by our belongings and a wolf devoured him. [12/17]
Se +
S + B
E
_ > And over all those endowed
with knowledge is the All-Knowing. [12/76]
,_ g H 3[
Sb
3
D And they came to their father
in the early part of the night weeping. [12/16]
201
The Nouns in Accusative
$
_ VW@RG#W there is no god but Allah. Here la negates
absolutely any kind or sort of ilaha (god), worthy of
worship, may he be a kind of human being, an angel, a
jin or any kind of material or unnatural object, except
the Lord, Allah.
G > <
H W
K , # f
# This is the Book (the Quran),
whereof there is no doubt. [2/2]. Here <H has been
negated absolutely that there cannot be any doubt what
so ever that the Book, al-Quran is an absolute truth and
that it is from Allah Almighty.
R # T ) %
C
# T g ; % / TR H Q% #
^ >
@R W
There is no
compulsion (whatsoever) in religion, verily the right
path has become distinct from the wrong path. [2/256]
jK
RP
" # %" xi
W
0 [
#+_
; jK
x% # %" xi
WFF
EE0
[
# ;
There is no Salah after the Fajr (Salah) till
the sun rise, and there is no Salah after the Asr (Salah)
till the sun set.
202
(AConclusion
CONCLUSION
204