File: ch04, Chapter 4: Data and Knowledge Management

True/False

1. The amount of data is increasing exponentially over time.

Ans: True
Response: See page 99

2. Data are scattered throughout organizations.

Ans: True
Response: See page 99

3. Data are centralized in organizations.

Ans: False
Response: See page 99

4. External data is an important source of data.

Ans: True
Response: See page 99

5. A decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered in making organizational decisions.

Ans: False
Response: See page 100

6. An increasing amount of external data needs to be considered in making organizational decisions.

Ans: True
Response: See page 100

7. Data security is fairly simple to maintain.

Ans: False
Response: See page 100
8. Data security is easily compromised.

Ans: True
Response: See page 100

9. The end result of the Data Life Cycle is the generation of data.

Ans: False
Response: See page 100

10. A record is a logical grouping of related fields.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

11. A record is a logical grouping of related characters.

Ans: False
Response: See page 102

12. A file is a logical grouping of related records.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

13. A database is a logical grouping of related files.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

14. It is important for applications and data to be dependent on each other.

Ans: False
Response: See page 102

15. It is important for applications and data to be independent of each other.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102
16. When various copies of the data agree, this is an example of data integrity.

Ans: False
Response: See page 102

17. No alphabetic characters in a Social Security Number field is an example of data integrity.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

18. When various copies of the data agree, this is an example of data consistency.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

19. Difficulty in accessing data from different applications is called data isolation.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

20. Difficulty in accessing data from different applications is called data unavailability.

Ans: False
Response: See page 102

21. Negative values for a students grade point average is an example of a data integrity problem.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

22. An entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which information is maintained.

Ans: True
Response: See page 102

23. An attribute is any characteristic or quality describing a particular entity.

Ans: True
Response: See page 103
24. Every record must contain only one field that uniquely identifies that record.

Ans: False
Response: See page 103

25. The primary key is a field that uniquely and completely identifies a record.

Ans: True
Response: See page 103

26. The secondary key is a field that has some identifying information but does not identify a record with
complete uniqueness.

Ans: True
Response: See page 103

27. A secondary key is a field that uniquely and completely identifies a record.

Ans: False
Response: See page 103

28. A primary key is a field that does not uniquely identify a record.

Ans: False
Response: See page 103

29. Entity-relationship diagrams are documents that show the entities, attributes, and relationships of a
conceptual data model.

Ans: True
Response: See page 103

30. An entity class is a grouping of entities of a given type.

Ans: True
Response: See page 103

31. An instance is a particular entity within an entity class.

Ans: True
Response: See page 103
32. Identifiers are attributes that identify entity instances.

Ans: True
Response: See page 103

33. A relationship is the conceptual linking of entities in a database.

Ans: True
Response: See page 105

34. Database management systems are software programs (or groups of programs) that provide access to a
database.

Ans: True
Response: See page 105

35. The relational database model is based on the concept of two-dimensional tables.

Ans: True
Response: See page 106

36. Each row of data in a relational database corresponds to a record.

Ans: True
Response: See page 106

37. Structured query language is a relational database language that enables users to perform complicated
searches with relatively simple statements.

Ans: True
Response: See page 106

38. The data dictionary stores definitions of data elements, characteristics that use the data elements,
physical representation of the data elements, data ownership, and security.

Ans: True
Response: See page 107

39. Normalization reduces a relational database to its most streamlined form.

Ans: True
Response: See page 107

40. Normalization is a method for eliminating redundant data elements.

Ans: True
Response: See page 107

41. When data are normalized, attributes in the table depend only on the primary key.

Ans: True
Response: See page 107

42. Virtual databases provide a way of managing many different data sources as though they were all in one
place.

Ans: True
Response: See page 110

43. A data warehouse is a repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision
makers in the organization.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

44. In a data warehouse, data are organized by subject.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

45. In a data warehouse, data are coded consistently.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

46. In a data warehouse, data are constantly purged as new data come in.

Ans: False
Response: See page 111
47. In a data warehouse, data are not updated.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

48. In a data warehouse, data are updated constantly.

Ans: False
Response: See page 111

49. Operational data are usually kept in organizational databases.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

50. Operational data are usually kept in an organizations data warehouse.

Ans: False
Response: See page 111

51. Analytical processing involves the analysis of accumulated data by end users.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

52. Transaction processing involves the analysis of accumulated data, frequently by end users.

Ans: False
Response: See page 111

53. Typically, organizational databases are oriented toward handling transactions.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

54. Typically, organizational data warehouses are oriented toward handling transactions.

Ans: False
Response: See page 111
55. Organizational databases use online transaction processing.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

56. Organizational data warehouses use online analytical processing.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

57. Organizational databases use online analytical processing.

Ans: False
Response: See page 111

58. Data warehouses use a multidimensional structure.

Ans: True
Response: See page 111

59. Data marts are designed for the end-user needs in a strategic business unit or department.

Ans: True
Response: See page 115

60. Data mining is the process of searching for valuable business information in large databases, data
warehouses, or data marts.

Ans: True
Response: See page 116

61. Transaction processing is the process of searching for valuable business information in large databases,
data warehouses, or data marts.

Ans: False
Response: See page 116

62. Targeted marketing is a good example of a predictive problem.

Ans: True
Response: See page 116
63. Targeted marketing is a good example of discovery of previously unknown patterns.

Ans: False
Response: See page 116

64. Identifying items that are purchased together in a retail store is a good example of a predictive problem.

Ans: False
Response: See page 116

65. Data mining must be conducted by analysts with technical programming skills.

Ans: False
Response: See page 116

66. Data mining can be conducted by end users with little or no programming skills.

Ans: True
Response: See page 116

67. A geographical information system captures, stores, integrates, manipulates, and displays data using
digitized maps.

Ans: True
Response: See page 118

68. Geocoding integrates maps with spatially oriented databases and other databases.

Ans: True
Response: See page 118

69. Transaction processing systems are interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics

delivered to the user through head-mounted displays.

Ans: False
Response: See page 119

70. Only one person can use one artificial environment.

Ans: False
Response: See page 120

71. Many people can share and interact in the same artificial environment.

Ans: True
Response: See page 120

72. Knowledge is information in action.

Ans: True
Response: See page 121

73. Intellectual capital is another term for knowledge.

Ans: True
Response: See page 121

74. Intellectual capital is another term for information.

Ans: False
Response: See page 121

75. Explicit knowledge is the more objective, rational, and technical type of knowledge.

Ans: True
Response: See page 121

76. Tacit knowledge is the more objective, rational, and technical type of knowledge.

Ans: False
Response: See page 121

77. Tacit knowledge, the cumulative store of subjective learning, is personal and hard to formalize.

Ans: True
Response: See page 121

78. Explicit knowledge, the cumulative store of subjective learning, is personal and hard to formalize.
Ans: False
Response: See page 121

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following are in the correct order?

a) knowledge information data
b) data knowledge information
c) information data knowledge
d) data information knowledge
e) information knowledge data

Ans: d
Response: See page 99

2. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?

a) amount of data increases exponentially over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) increasing amount of external data must be considered
d) data security is easily compromised
e) all of the above

Ans: e
Response: See pages 99-100

3. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?

a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easy to maintain
e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations

Ans: b
Response: See page 99-100

4. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?

a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are centralized throughout organizations
c) increasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easy to maintain
e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations

Ans: c
Response: See page 99-100
5. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?
a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) increasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easily compromised
e) data are stored in the same format throughout organizations

Ans: d
Response: See page 99-100

6. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?

a) amount of data stays about the same over time
b) data are scattered throughout organizations
c) decreasing amount of external data needs to be considered
d) data security is easily compromised
e) data are stored in different formats throughout organizations

Ans: e
Response: See page 99-100

7. Sources for external data include which of the following?

a) commercial databases
b) sensors
c) satellites
d) government reports
e) all of the above

Ans: e
Response: See page 99

8. Which of the following is not a source for external data?

a) commercial databases
b) corporate databases
c) sensors
d) satellites
e) government reports

Ans: b
Response: See page 99

9. The end result of the Data Life Cycle is the generation of _____.
a) information
b) data
c) knowledge
d) wisdom
e) decisions
Ans: c
Response: See page 100

10. Place the following members of the data hierarchy in the correct order:
a) bit byte field record database file
b) bit field byte record file database
c) byte bit record field database
d) bit byte field record file database

Ans: d
Response: See pages 100-102

11. In the data hierarchy, the smallest element is the _____:

a) record
b) bit
c) byte
d) character

Ans: b
Response: See page 100

12. A_____ is a logical grouping of characters into a word, a small group of words, or a complete number.
a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database

Ans: b
Response: See page 102

13. A_____ is a logical grouping of related fields.

a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database

Ans: c
Response: See page 102

14. A _____ is a logical grouping of related records.

a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database

Ans: d
Response: See page 102

15. A_____ represents a single character, such as a letter, number, or symbol.

a) byte
b) field
c) record
d) file
e) database

Ans: a
Response: See page 102

16. No alphabetic characters in a Social Security Number field is an example of _____ :

a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence

Ans: b
Response: See page 102

17. _____ occurs when applications cannot access data associated with other applications.
a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence

Ans: a
Response: See page 102

18. _____ occurs when the same data are stored in many places.
a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence

Ans: d
Response: See page 102

19. _____ occurs when various copies of the data agree.

a) data isolation
b) data integrity
c) data consistency
d) data redundancy
e) application/data dependence

Ans: c
Response: See page 102

20. In a database, the primary key field is used to _____:

a) specify an entity
b) create linked lists
c) identify duplicated data
d) uniquely identify a record

Ans: d
Response: See page 103

21. As an individual student in your universitys student database, you represent a(n) _____ of the
STUDENT class.
a) instance
b) individual
c) representative
d) entity
e) relationship

Ans: a
Response: See page 103

22. At your university, students can take more than one class, and each class can have more than one
student. This is an example of what kind of relationship?
a) one-to-one
b) one-to-many
c) many-to-one
d) many-to-many
e) some-to-many

Ans: d
Response: See page 105

23. A database management system is primarily a(n) _____:

a) file handling program
b) data modeling program
c) interface between applications and a database
d) interface between data and a database

Ans: c
Response: See page 105
24. In a relational database, the customer record contains information regarding the customers last name.
The last name is a(n):
a) attribute
b) entity
c) primary key
d) object

Ans: a
Response: See page 106

25. In a relational database, every row represents a _____:

a) file
b) record
c) attribute
d) primary key
e) secondary key

Ans: b
Response: See page 106

26. A standardized language used to manipulate data is _____:

a) MS-Access
b) Oracle
c) query-by-example language
d) structured query language
e) data manipulation language

Ans: d
Response: See page 106

27. Data dictionaries provide which of the following advantages to the organization?
a) reduce data inconsistency
b) provide for faster program development
c) make it easier to modify data and information
d) all of the above

Ans: d
Response: See page 107

28. _____ are software applications that provide a way of managing many different data sources as though
they were all one large database.
a) data warehouses
b) data marts
c) virtual databases
d) geographical information systems
e) flat files

Ans: c
Response: See page 110

29. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by subject
b) are coded consistently
c) not updated
d) kept for long periods of time
e) all of the above

Ans: e
Response: See page 111

30. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by subject
b) are coded in different formats
c) are updated in real time
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure

Ans: a
Response: See page 111

31. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded consistently
c) are updated in real time
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure

Ans: b
Response: See page 111

32. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded in different formats
c) are not updated
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure

Ans: c
Response: See page 111

33. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded in different formats
c) are updated in real time
d) are kept for long periods of time
e) are organized in a hierarchical structure

Ans: d
Response: See page 111

34. The data in a data warehouse have which of the following characteristics?
a) are organized by end users
b) are coded in different formats
c) are updated in real time
d) are constantly purged as new data come in
e) are organized in a multidimensional structure

Ans: e
Response: See page 111

35. Compared to data warehouses, data marts:

a) cost less
b) have shorter lead time for implementation
c) have local rather than central control
d) contain less information
e) all of the above

Ans: e
Response: See page 115

36. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost less
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have central rather than local control
d) contain more information
e) are harder to navigate

Ans: a
Response: See page 115

37. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost more
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have local rather than central control
d) contain more information
e) are harder to navigate

Ans: c
Response: See page 115
38. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost more
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have central rather than local control
d) contain less information
e) are harder to navigate

Ans: d
Response: See page 115

39. Compared to data warehouses, data marts have which one of the following characteristics?
a) cost more
b) have longer lead time for implementation
c) have central rather than local control
d) contain more information
e) are easier to navigate

Ans: e
Response: See page 115

40. Detecting fraudulent credit card usage is an example of which type of problem?
a) predictive
b) pattern recognition
c) transactional
d) operational
e) marketing

Ans: b
Response: See page 116

41. The most distinguishing characteristic of geographical information systems is:

a) every record or digital object has a unique identifier
b) every record or digital object is visible to the user
c) every record or digital object must be accessed by programmers
d) every record or digital object has an identified geographical location
e) every record or digital object is encrypted

Ans: d
Response: See page 118

42. Geocoding is:

a) integrating maps with spatially oriented databases and other databases
b) encrypting spatial information
c) accessing geographical information
d) integrating organizational transactions with spatially oriented databases
e) programming spatially oriented databases

Ans: a
Response: See page 118

43. _____ is interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user through a
head-mounted display.
a) visual interactive modeling
b) visual interactive simulation
c) geographical simulation
d) virtual reality
e) data visualization

Ans: d
Response: See page 119

44. _____ is a process that helps organizations identify, select, organize, disseminate, transfer, and apply
expertise that are part of the organizations memory and typically reside inside the organization in an
unstructured manner.
a) discovery
b) knowledge management
c) decision support
d) online analytical processing
e) data mining

Ans: b
Response: See page 121

45. _____ can be exercised to solve a problem, where _____ may or may not be able to be exercised to
solve a problem.
a) knowledge, information
b) data, information
c) information, data
d) information, knowledge
e) data, knowledge

Ans: a
Response: See page 121

46. Which of the following is an example of explicit knowledge?

a) experiences
b) insights
c) procedural guides
d) expertise
e) skill sets

Ans: c
Response: See page 121
47. Explicit knowledge has which of the following characteristics?
a) objective
b) personal
c) slow
d) costly to transfer
e) ambiguous

Ans: a
Response: See page 121

48. Tacit knowledge has which of the following characteristics?

a) codified
b) objective
c) unstructured
d) rational
e) technical

Ans: c
Response: See page 121

49. Historically, management information systems have focused on capturing, storing, managing, and
reporting _____ knowledge.
a) tacit
b) explicit
c) managerial
d) geographical
e) cultural

Ans: b
Response: See page 121

Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss the difficulties in managing data.

Response: See pages 99-100

2. Define each element of the data hierarchy, in order from smallest to largest.

Response: See pages 100-102

3. Discuss the advantages of the database approach.

Response: See page 102

4. Describe entity-relationship modeling.

Response: See pages 103-105

5. Describe the relational database model.

Response: See page 106

6. Describe the characteristics of a data warehouse.

Response: See page 111

7. What are the advantages of a data mart?

Response: See page 115

8. Define geographical information systems and list some examples of how GIS are used.

Response: See page 118

9. Differentiate between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Use examples of each.

Response: See page 121

10. Describe the six steps of the knowledge management system cycle.

Response: See page 123