HA PHN TCH

CHNG 2 B SUNG

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 Cc nh lut c bn
1/ nh
lut
bo ton khi lng
g
Tng khi lng cc sn phm thu c bng ng
tng khi lng cc cht ban u tc dng.
8 g Oxi + 1 g Hydro = 9 g H2O
2/ nh
lut thnh pphn khngg i
Mt hp cht d c iu ch bng cch no i
na th cng c thnh phn xc nh, khng i.
H2O c t l khi lng gia H/O l 1/8
MgO
g c t l khi lng
g ggia Mg/O
g l 24/16
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 Cc nh lut c bn
3/ nh
lut
tngg ngg
Cc khi nim
ng lng ca nguyn t (hp cht) l phn khi
lng kt hp hoc thay th va vi mt n v ng
lng ca mt nguyn t hay hp cht khc.
khc
n v ng lng c gi tr bng 1.008 phn khi
l
lng h d hoc
hydro h 8 phn
h khi lng
l oxy.
ng lng gam l lng tnh bng gram ca cht
c gi
i tr bng
b ng
l
lng.
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 Cc nh lut c bn
3/ nh lut tng ng
Cc nguyn t ha hc kt hp vi nhau theo nhng
khi lng
g t
l vi ngg lng
g ca chng.
g
A mA
=
B m B
Trong mt phn ng ha hc s ng lng ca cc
cht phn ng phi bng nhau
Trong phn ng ha hc, mt ng lng ca cht ny
ch kt hp hoc thay th cho mt ng lng ca cht
kh m thi
khc hi
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Cch xc nh ng lng
Da
trn nh
lut
ng g A = mA
g lng
B mB
Oxy ho 0,253g Mg c 0,420g MgO.
T h ng
Tnh lng
l ca
Mg,
M bit ng
lng
l ca
oxy bng
b 8 .
A mA mMg 0,253
= Mg = O . = 8. = 12,15
B m B mO 0,420 0,253
ng lng ca mt nguyn t
Nguyn
g y t X ((khi lng
g nguyn
g y t M)) trongg mt
hp
p cht
s c ng lng
+ : ng lng ca nguyn t.
M
= + M : Khi
lng nguyn t X
n + n ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht 5
 S IN LY
S
in
li l qqu trnh pphn li cht tan thnh nhngg
ion mang in tch tri du.
Thng xy ra trong trng thi dung dch hay nng
chy.
V d: + NaCl trong dung dch phn ly thnh Na+ v Cl-
+ Dung dch H2SO4 long cha H+ v SO42-.
Di tc dng ca dng in, ion m dch chuyn v
in cc dng (anode) cn ion dng i v pha in
cc m (cathode)
lm cho dung dch dn in
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 S IN LY CA NC
Nc nguyn
g y cht c dn in rt km
cht in ly rt yu.
Nc l mt cht lng tnh vi cc cn bng phn ly
H2 O ' H+ + OH-
H2 O + H + ' H3 O+
H2 O + H 2 O ' H3O+ + OH-

= [H[H][OH ] = 1,8.10 16
+
K H 2O O]
2

[H ][OH ]
+
= K H 2O [H 2 O ] = 1,8.10 .
16 1000
18
= 10 14

K N = [ H + ][ OH ] = 10 14
KN c gi l tch s ion ca nc v ph thuc nhit 7
 Ch s pH v mi trng dung dch
KN l mt hng s khng i ti mt nhit xc nh
K N = [ H + ][ OH ] = 10 14 [ H + ] = [OH ] = 10 14 = 10 7 (mol / l )
Nc nguyn cht c [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 mol/l.
pH l i lng bng logarit ca gi tr nghch o nng
H+.
H = llg (1/[H+]) = - lg
pH l [H+]
hay [H+] = 10-pH
Thng s dng i lng pH thay cho [H+]. ]
Trong nc nguyn cht, pH = - lg(10-7) = 7.
axit [H+] > [OH-] pH < 7
Trong dung dch c tnh axit,
Trong dung dch c tnh kim, [OH-] > [H+] pH > 7. 8
 TCH S TAN
IU
KIN
KT
TA
HA
TAN
Khi mt cht it tan trong nc, s c cn bng
A mBn mAn+ + nBm-

K = [A [ A]m[BBn ] ]
n+ m m n

i lng TA B = K .[ Am Bn ] = [ A ] [ B ] c gi l tch s
m n
m n

tan ca cht
.
Tch s tan l tch s nng cc ion ca cht in li t
tan trong dung dch bo ha,
ha mi nng c ly tha
tng ng vi h s trong phng trnh phn li.
lyy s kt ta khi: [ A ] m [ B ] n > T Am B n
Cht in
Cht in ly s tan khi: [ A] [ B] < T Am Bn
m n
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 PHC CHT
Phc cht l hp
p cht pphn t to
thnh do nguyn
g y t trungg
tm kim loi (nh Ag, Fe) kt hp vi cc phi t c th l
ion m hay phn t (NH3, H2O, Cl-, F-, CN-).
Nguyn t trung tm v phi t to thnh ni phc c
vit trong du [ ].
Cc ion tri du vi cu ni phc gi l cu ngoi phc,
phc
vit ngoi du [ ].
Phc c mt g( 3)2]+, [[Zn(NH
ion trungg tm nh [[Ag(NH ( 3)4]2+
, [FeF6]3- gi l phc n nhn.
Nhng phc c nhiu ion trung tm cng loi
([F 2(OH)2]4+,
([Fe [C 3(OH)4]2+))
[Cu h
hoc kh
khc l i
loi
([(CN)5Co(CN)Fe(CN)5]6-u c gi l phc a nhn.10
 PHC CHT
Phc c nhiu phi t khc nhau c gi l phc d phi.
Phc loi ny gm c hai loi:
Phc n nhn d phi
V d nh [Pt(NH3)2Cl2], [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]
Phc a nhn d phi
V d nh [(NH3)5Co-NH2-Co(NH3)5]5+.
Phc cht m phi t cha mt nguyn t lin kt vi ion
trung tm l phc n cng.
Nhng phc cht ma phi t cha nhiu nguyn t lin
kt vi ion trung tm l phc a cng.
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Phn loi phc cht
Chia lm ba loi chnh nh sau:
Phc cht to bi ion trung tm l cc cation kim
loi v phi t l phn t v c. Thng gp l phc
Hydrat v amonicat nh [Al(H2O)6]3+, [Cu(NH3)6]2+.
Phc cht to
bi ion trung
g tm l cc cation kim
loi v phi t l anion v c nh : F-, Cl-, I-, Br-,
SO42-, S2O32-, SO32-. V d nh H[FeCl4], [FeF6]3-.
Phc cht to bi ion trung tm l cation kim loi v
phi t l anion hay phn t hu c nh:
[Fe(C2O4)3]3-, [Zn(C5H5N)2]2+.
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 Danh php
Phc ion dng
Gi tn phi t vi ui O v cc tip u ng ch
s phi t (trong ti liu).
Sau
S gii tnt cc
nguyn t trung
t t vi
tm i cc
ui
i
ha tr (trong ti liu)
V d:
[[Ag(NH
g( 3)2]]Cl: Diaminoargente
g clorua
[Cu(NH3)4]Cl2: Tetraamino ng (II) clorua
Phc ion m
Gi tn tng t nh ion dng nhng thm ui
at.
V d: [F (CN)6]3-: Hexacyanoferiat.
d [Fe(CN) H f i t
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