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Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.
vn
KIN THC C BN:

A B AB 0
1. nh ngha:
A B AB 0
2. Tnh cht:
1. a > b, c > d a + c >b +d 7. a > b a n > b n , n chn
2. a > b, c < d a c >b d 8. a > b a n > b n , n chn
3. a > b, c > 0 ac > bc 9. m > n > 0, a > 1 a n > b n
a = 1 a n = bn ; 0 < a < 1 a n < bn
4. a > b, c < 0 ac < bc 10. 1 1
a > b, ab > 0 <
a b
5. a > b 0, c > d 0 ac > bd 11. A + B A + B . ng thc xy ra khi A.B > 0
6. a > b > 0 a n > bn 12. A B A B . ng thc xy ra khi A.B < 0
3. Mt s bt ng thc c bn thng dng:

1. x 1 1 9. a b 2
+
x 2 1+a 1 +b
2
1 + ab 2
2. a a 10. 0 < a b c 1 ab + 1 ac + 1 bc + 1
> ; a, b, c +
a +b a +b +c
a

a
bc + 1 ab + 1
3. 11. 4a + 1 + 1
(a + b ) a1 + b1 4 ; 4a + 1 = 4a + 1 .1 ( 2
)
= 2a + 1

(a + b + c ) a1 + b1 + c1 9

4. 2ab a +b 12. 1 1 2
(a + b )
2
4ab +
a +b 2 1x 2
1y 2
1 xy
5. 2 13. a +b +c
a 2 + b2 a + b a 2 1 a

; =
2 2 1+a
2
2a 2 b +c 2a
6 2 14. 1 1 4
a + b
( ) + ; a, b 0
2
ab hay a + b 4ab a b a +b
2
7 a b 1 2 15. 1 4
+ 2; a + b 2 ab
ab a + b ( )
2
b a x .y x +y
( ) ( )
8 16. 1 2 2
a +b 2 a +b = > =2 k +1 k
k k + k k +1 + k
( )
17. 1 2 2
= < =2 k k 1
k k + k k + k 1
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Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.vn
CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

ng thc thng dng :
(A + B ) = A + 2AB + B
2 2 2
(A + B + C ) = A + B + C + 2AB + 2AC + 2BC

2 2 2 2
(A + B ) = A + 3A B + 3AB + B
3 3 2 2 3
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c ta lun c: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ac
Gii:
a + b + c ab + bc + ac a + b + c ab ac bc 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
a2 b2 c2 a 2 c2 b2
ab + + ac + + bc + 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

( ) + (c a ) + (c b )
2 2 2
a 2 2ab + b 2 c 2 2ac + a 2 c 2 2cb + b 2 a b
+ + 0 0 ng.
2 2 2 2 2 2
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c .
(a + b )
2
a +b
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b khng m ta lun c: + a b +b a
2 4
Gii:
(a + b )
2
a +b a +b 1 1
+ = a + b + ab a + b + .
2 4 2 2 2
Xt hiu :
2
1
2
1
ab a + b + ab
2
(
)
1
1
a + b = ab a + b + a b = ab a + b 0 ng
2 2 2

(a + b )
2
a +b
Vy: a b +b a . +
2 4
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c, d, e ta lun c: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 a b + c + d + e ( )
Gii:
( ) (
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 a b + c + d + e 4 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 4a b + c + d + e ) ( )
( ) (
a 2 4ab + 4b 2 + a 2 4ac + 4c 2 + a 2 4ad + 4d 2 + a 2 4ac + 4c 2 0 ) ( ) ( )
( ) + (a 2c ) + (a 2d ) + (a 2c )
2 2 2 2
a 2b 0 ng.
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a
ng thc xy ra khi b = c = d = e = .
2
(a c ) + (b d )
2 2
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c, d ta lun c: a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2
Gii:
(a c ) + (b d ) a + b + c + d
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a c ) + (b d ) a + b + c + d + 2 (a + b )(c + d )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a c ) (a + c ) + (b d ) (b + d ) 2 (a + b )(c + d )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2ac 2bd 2 (a + b )(c + d ) ( 1)(ac + bd ) (a + b )(c + d )

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(ac + bd ) (a + b )(c + d ) (ac ) + 2 (ac )(bd ) + (bd ) (ac ) + (ad ) + (bc ) + (bd )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 (ac )(bd ) (ad ) + (bc ) (ad ) 2 (ad )(bc ) + (bc ) 0 (ad bc ) 0

2 2 2 2 2
ng thc xy ra khi ad = bc .
CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG PHNG PHP TCH CC S HNG HOC TCH
CC THA S MT V
1 1 1 1
Chng minh rng vi mi n N , ta c : + + .... + <
1.5 5.9 (4n 3)(4n + 1) 4
Gii:
1 1 4 1 1
= . = . 1
1.5 4 1.5 4 5
1 1 4 1 1 1
= . = .
Ta c : 5.9 4 5.9 4 5 9
....................................
1 1 1 1
= .
(4n 3)(4n + 1) 4 4n 3 4n + 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+
Cng v theo v ta c : + ... + = 1 + + .... +
1.5 5.9 (4n 3)(4n + 1) 4 5 5 9 4n 3 4n + 1
1 1 1 4n n n 1
= 1 = . = < = .
4 4n + 1 4 4n + 1 4n + 1 4n 4
PHNG PHP LM TRI.
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NHNG BI TON BT NG THC C BN TRONG COSI.

NHNG QUY TC CHUNG TRONG CHNG MINH BT NG THC S DNG BT NG
THC C SI
Quy tc song hnh: hu ht cc BT u c tnh i xng do vic s dng cc chng minh mt cch song
hnh, tun t s gip ta hnh dung ra c kt qu nhanh chng v nh hng cch gi nhanh hn.
Quy tc du bng: du bng " = " trong BT l rt quan trng. N gip ta kim tra tnh ng n ca chng
minh. N nh hng cho ta phng php gii, da vo im ri ca BT. Chnh v vy m khi dy cho hc sinh ta
rn luyn cho hc sinh c thi quen tm iu kin xy ra du bng mc d trong cc k thi hc sinh c th khng trnh
by phn ny. Ta thy c u im ca du bng c bit trong phng php im ri v phng php tch nghch
o trong k thut s dng BT C Si.
Quy tc v tnh ng thi ca du bng: khng ch hc sinh m ngay c mt s gio vin khi mi nghin
cu v chng minh BT cng thng rt hay mc sai lm ny. p dng lin tip hoc song hnh cc BT nhng
khng ch n im ri ca du bng. Mt nguyn tc khi p dng song hnh cc BT l im ri phi c ng
thi xy ra, ngha l cc du " = " phi c cng c tha mn vi cng mt iu kin ca bin.
Quy tc bin: C s ca quy tc bin ny l cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh, cc bi ton ti u, cc bi ton
cc tr c iu kin rng buc, gi tr ln nht nh nht ca hm nhiu bin trn mt min ng. Ta bit rng cc gi tr
ln nht, nh nht thng xy ra cc v tr bin v cc nh nm trn bin.
Quy tc i xng: cc BT thng c tnh i xng vy th vai tr ca cc bin trong BT l nh nhau do
du " = " thng xy ra ti v tr cc bin bng nhau. Nu bi ton c gn h iu kin i xng th ta c th ch ra
du " = " xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau v mang mt gi tr c th.
Chiu ca BT : " , " cng s gip ta nh hng c cch chng minh: nh gi t TBC sang TBN v ngc li.
Dng tng qut ( n s): x 1, x 2 ,......, x n 0 ta c:
x1 + x 2 + ......x n
Dng 1: n x x ...........x
1 2 n
n
Dng 2: x 1 + x 2 + ......x n n n x x ...........x
1 2 n
n
x + x 2 + ......x n
Dng 3: 1
x 1 x 2 ...........x n
n
Du " = " xy ra khi v ch khi: x 1 = x 2 = ............ = x n
H qu 1:
n
S
Nu: x 1 + x 2 + ......x n (
= S = const th: max P x 1 x 2 ...........x n ) =
n
S
khi x 1 = x 2 = ............ = x n =
n
H qu 2:
(
Nu: x 1 x 2 ...........x n = P = const th: min S x 1 + x 2 + ........... + x n = n n P )
khi x 1 = x 2 = ............ = x n =
n
P
( )( )(
Chng minh rng nu mi s thc a, b, c ta lun c : a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 8a 2b 2c 2 )
Gii:
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a 2 + b 2 2 ab 0
2
2
2 2 2 2
(
2 2
)(
2
)(
b + c 2 bc 0 a + b b + c c + a 8 a b c = 8a b c
2 2 2
)
2 2 2
c + a 2 ca 0
2
Bnh lun:
Ch nhn cc v ca BT cng chiu ( kt qu c BT cng chiu) khi v ch khi cc v cng khng m.
Cn ch rng: x 2 + y 2 2 xy v x , y khng bit m hay dng.
Ni chung ta t gp bi ton s dng ngay BT C Si nh bi ton ni trn m phi qua mt v php bin i n
tnh hung thch hp ri mi s dng BT C Si.
Trong bi ton trn du " " nh gi t TBC sang TBN. 8 = 2.2.2 gi n vic s dng bt ng thc
Csi cho 2 s, 3 cp s.
1 1 1 1
Chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 v tha mn a.b.c = 1 th + 2 + 2
a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a + 3 2
2 2 2 2
Gii:
1 1 1
(
Ta c : a 2 + b 2 2ab; b 2 + 1 2b a 2 + 2b 2 + 3 2 ab + b + 1 ) .
a + 2b + 3 2 ab + b + 1
2 2
.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Tng t : . ; .
b + 2c + 3 2 bc + c + 1
22
c + 2a + 3 2 ac + a + 1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cng v theo v : 2 + 2 + 2

+ + .
a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a + 3 2 ab + b + 1 bc + c + 1 ac + a + 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 ab b
Mt khc : + + = + 2 +
ab + b + 1 bc + c + 1 ac + a + 1 ab + b + 1 ab c + abc + ab abc + ab + b
1 ab b 1 + ab + b
= + + = = 1.
ab + b + 1 ab + b + 1 ab + b + 1 ab + b + 1
1 1 1 1
Vy : 2 + 2 + 2 .
a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a + 3 2
2 2 2
( )
2
Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n bt ng thc c bn x y 0 ng vi mi x , y .
Cho x , y l cc s thc dng khc 0 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

1 x 10 y 10 1 16
( ) ( )
2
Q= 2 + 2 + x + y 1 + x y .
16 2 2
2 y x 4
Gii:
1x y
10 10
2 + 2 x y . ng thc xy ra khi x = y
4 4 12 12
2 y x
4
(
1 16 1
)
x + y 16 x 8y 8 . ng thc xy ra khi x 16 = y 16 .
2
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1 8 8 1
( ) ( 1 1
) (1
) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
Q x y + x 4y 4 1 + x 2y 2 = x 8y 8 + 2x 4y 4 + 1 1 + x 2y 2 = x 4y 4 + 1 x 2y 2 + 1
2 2 2 2 2
(
)(
) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
Mt khc : 12 + 12 x 2y 2 + 12 x 2y 2 + 1 hay 2 x 4y 4 + 1 x 2y 2 + 1 . ng thc xy ra khi

x y = 1.
2 2
(
1 4 4
) (
1 2 2
) (
1 2 2
) ( ) (
1 1 2 2
) 5 5
2 4 4 2 2
x y +1 x y +1 Q x y +1 x 2y 2 + 1 = x y + 1 4
2 8 8 2 8 2 2
ng thc xy ra khi x 2y 2 = 1 .
5
Vy : minQ = khi x 2 = y 2 = 1 .
2
2 2 2
x z y x z y
Cho x , y, z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng: + + + + + 12
y 3 xyz z 3 xyz x 3 xyz

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn:
x z xz y x yx z y zy
+ 2 ; + 2 ; + 2
y 3 xyz y 3 xyz z 3 xyz z 3 xyz x 3 xyz x 3 xyz
2 2 2
x z y x z y xz yx zy
+ + + + + 4 + +
y 3 xyz z 3 xyz x 3 xyz y 3 xyz z 3 xyz x 3 xyz

p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn:
xz yx zy xz yx yx
4 + + 4.3 3 . . = 12.
y 3 xyz z 3
xyz x 3
xyz y 3
xyz z 3
xyz z 3
xyz

2 2 2
x z y x z y
Vy : + + + + + 12 .
y 3 xyz z 3 xyz x 3 xyz

1
Cho n nguyn v n 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x +
xn
Gii:
n
x x x 1 x 1 n +1
A= + + ... + + n (n + 1)n +1 n
n n n x n +1 n
n x n
x
n so
n
x 1
Du ng thc xy ra khi = n x = n +1 n
n x
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n +1
Gi tr nh nht ca A =
n +1
nn
n +1 1
Cho n nguyn v n 2 v x k > n . Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x +
xn
Gii:
n +1
Vi x k > n
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
f (x ) f (k ) x + 0 k
x k + n 1
+ + + ... + 0
xn kn x k x x n 2k x n 3k 2 k n 1
1 1 1 1 1
(x k ) 1 n 1 + n 2 + n 3 2 + ... + n 1 0
xk x x k x k k
(x k ) 1 1 1 1
xk n 1 + n 2 + n 3 2 + ... + n 1 0
xk x x k x k k
1 1 1 1 n n n +1
Ta c: n 1 + n 2 + n 3 2 + ... + n 1 n 1 < = n 2 < xk
x x k x k k k n +1 n 1
n
n +1 1
Suy ra f (x ) f (k ) ng vi mi x k > n . Gi tr nh nht ca A = k + khi x = k .
kn
Cch 2 :
n
x x 1 nx x 1 n
Nhp : A = + ... + + n +x (n + 1)n +1 n + x 1
m
m x m m x m
x
n so ,m > 0
m
x = k
n +1
Ta chn m sao cho: x 1 m =x = k n +1
m = n
x
n
x 1 nx x x 1 n
Bi gii: A = n +1 + ... + n +1 + n + x n +1 (n + 1)n +1 n +1 n + x 1 n +1
k
k x k k x k
x
n so
k n +1
n +1 (n + 1) n 1
V x k > n nn n < k n +1 suy ra: A n
+ k 1 n +1 = k + n = f (k )
k k k
( )
Cho hai s thc x 0, y 0 thay i v tha mn iu kin: x + y xy = x 2 + y 2 xy . Tm gi tr ln nht
1 1
ca biu thc : A = 3
+ .
x y3
thi i hc khi A nm 2006
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Gii:
( ) ()
Xt x + y xy = x + y xy * . Chia c hai v cho x 2y 2
2 2
1 1
t u = ,v = .
x y
1 1 1 1 1 3(u + v )2
( )
2
Ta c + = 2 + 2 u + v = u 2 + v 2 uv u + v (u + v ) = 3uv .
x y x y xy 4
( )
2
u +v 4(u + v ) 0 0 u + v 4
x 3 + y3 (x + y )(x 2 + y 2 xy ) (x + y )(x + y )xy x 2 + y 2 + 2xy
Khi : A = = = =
x 3y 3 x 3y 3 x 3y 3 x 2y 2
1 1 2
A= 2 + 2 + = (u + v )2 16 .
x y xy
1
Du ng thc xy ra khi u = v = 2 hay x = y = .
2
x2 y2 z2
Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z tho : x + y + z 3 .Tm GTNN ca A = + +
x + yz y + zx z + xy
Gii:
(x + y + z )
2
x2 y2 z2
+ + .
x + yz y + zx z + xy x + y + z + yz + zx + xy
Ta c : yz + zx + xy x + y + z .
(x + y + z )
2
x2 y2 z2 x +y +z 3
Suy ra : + + =
x + yz y + zx z + xy x +y +z +x +y +z 2 2

x + y + z = 3

ng thc xy ra khi: x = y = z x =y =z =1
x y z
= =
1
Cho x , y, z > 0 v tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
3
x3 y3 z3
T = + + .
2x + 3y + 5z 5x + 2y + 3z 3x + 5y + 2z
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Gii:
(x )
2
x4 y4 z4
2
+ y2 + z2
T = + +
(
x 2x + 3y + 5z ) (
y 5x + 2y + 3z ) (
z 3x + 5y + 2z ) ( ) (
2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8 xy + yz + zx )
(x ) (x + y + z ) x
2 2
2
+ y2 + z 2 2 2 2
2
+ y2 + z 2 1
T
( ) (
2 x 2 + y2 + z 2 + 8 x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 10 (x + y + z )
2 2 2 10 30
ng thc xy ra khi :
x4 y4 z4
= =
(
x 2x + 3y + 5z
)
y 5x + 2y + 3z (
z 3x + 5y + 2z )
1
( )
x = y = z x =y =z =
3
1
x + y + z =
2 2 2
Cho x , y, z l cc s thc dng thay i v tho mn iu kin x .y.z = 1 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
(
x2 y + z ) +
(
y2 z + x ) +
(
z2 x + y )
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y
Gii:
Cch 1:
2x x xyz 2y y xyz 2z z xyz 2x x 2y y 2z z
P + + + +
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y
1
a = y y + 2z z x x = (2a + 4b + c)
9
1
t: b = z z + 2x x y y = (a 2b + 4c )
9
c = x x + 2y y 1
z z = (4a + b 2c)
9
2 2a + 4b + c a 2b + 4c 4a + b 2c 2 b a c c a b
Khi : P + + 6 + 4 + + + + + .
9 a b c 9 a c b a b c
2
Hay P
9
(
6 + 4.3 + 3 = 2 . )
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc ca P = 2 khi a = b = c = 1 .
Li bnh: Li gii trn kh phc tp , vic t n a, b, c gp nhiu kh khn i vi HSPT.
Cch 2:
Phn tch bi ton: tin cho vic trnh by , tm t a = x , b = y , c = z
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Bi ton tr thnh : Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng thay i v tho mn iu kin abc = 1 .Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc P =

(
a 4 b2 + c2 ) + b (c
4 2
+ a2 ) + c (a 4 2
+ b2 )
b 3 + 2c 3 c 3 + 2a 3 a 3 + 2b 3
Bi gii: D thy: b 2 + c 2 2bc =
2
a
( ) ( )
a 4 b 2 + c 2 2a 3 . Tng t b 4 c 2 + a 2 2b 3 ; c 4 a 2 + b 2 2c 3( )
2a 3 b3 c3
Khi P + +
b 3 + 2c 3c 3 + 2a 3 a 3 + 2b 3
3 4n + p 2m
m = b 3 + 2c 3 a =
9
3 4 p + m 2n 2 4n + p 2m 4 p + m 2n 4m + n 2p
t n = c + 2a b =
3 3
P + +
p = a 3 + 2b 3 9 9 m n p
c 3 = 4m + n 2p
9
2 n p m p m n 2
P 4 + + + +
9 m n p m n p
+ 6 4.3 + 3 6 P 2 ( )
9
Cho cc s thc khng m x , y thay i v tha mn x + y = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca

( )(
biu thc S = 4x 2 + 3y 4y 2 + 3x + 25xy . )
thi i hc khi D nm 2009
Gii:
Nhn xt: vai tr ging nhau (i xng) ca x , y .
( ) ( )(
S = 12 x 3 + y 3 + 16x 2y 2 + 34xy = 12 x + y x 2 + y 2 xy + 16x 2y 2 + 34xy )
2
1
Hay S = 12 x + y x + y 3xy + 16x 2y 2 + 34xy = 4xy +
191
( )( )
2
4 16
2
x +y 1
V x , y khng m v tha mn x + y = 1 suy ra 0 xy =
2 4
2
1 1 3 1 191 25
4xy 0 4xy + .
4 4 4 4 16 2
25 1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca S = khi x = y = v gi tr nh nht ca S = 0 khi x = 0, y = 1 .
2 2
( )
3
Cho cc s thc x , y thay i v tha mn x + y + 4xy 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( ) (
A = 3 x 4 + y 4 + x 2y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1 )
thi i hc khi B nm 2009
Gii:
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(x + y ) + 4xy 2
3
( ) + (x + y )
3 2
x +y 2 x +y 1 .
(x + y )
2
4xy
( ) (
) 23 (x + y + x + y + 2x y ) 2 (x + y ) + 1
A = 3 x 4 + y 4 + x 2y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1 = 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
A = (x + y ) + (x + y ) 2 (x + y ) + 1
3 3 4 4 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
M x + y = ( x + y ) 2x y ( x + y ) ( x + y ) x + y ( x + y )
4 4 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 2
2
4 4 4 4 2 2
2
2
Khi A ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) + 1 hay A ( x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) + 1
3 3 2 2
2 9 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
4 2 4
(x + y )2 1
( ) 9 1
2
t t = x 2 + y 2 , t A t 2 2t + 1,t .
2 2 4 2
9 2 1
Xt hm s f t =
4
()
t 2t + 1 xc nh v lin tc trn na khong ; + .
2
1
9
() 9 1
Ta c f ' t = t 2 1 > 0 , t f t ng bin trn na khong ; + . ()
2 4 2 2
1 9 1
Khi min A = min f t = f = ()
. ng thc xy ra khi t = .
1
t ;+ 2 16 2
2
IM RI TRONG BT DNG THC COSI
Bi ton m u : Cho a, b > 0 v tha mn a + b 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

1 1
P = + .
1 + a 2 + b2 2ab
Gii:
1 1 4 4 4
Li gii 1. Ta c: P = + 2 = =2
1+a +b 2 2
2ab a + 2ab + b + 1 (a + b) + 1 2
2 2
1 + a 2 + b 2 = 2ab (a b )2 + 1 = 0
ng thc xy ra . H v nghim. Vy khng tn ti min P .
a + b = 1 a + b = 1

1 1 1 4 1 4 1
Li gii 2. Ta c: P = + + 2 + = +
1+a +b 2 2
6ab 3ab a + 6ab + b + 1 3ab (a + b) + 1 + 4ab 3ab
2 2
2
a + b 1 4 1 8
Mt khc ab = . Vy P 2
+ 2
.
2 4 a + b a + b 3
2+ 6
2 2
-11-
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1 + a 2 + b 2 = 3ab
1
ng thc xy ra a = b a =b = .
a + b = 1 2

1 1 4
Li bnh: li gii 1. v li gii 2 gn nh tng t nhau, cng p dng bt ng thc + . Ti sao
a b a +b
1 1 1
trong cng mt bi ton m c n hai p s ? Do u m li gii 2 ti sao li tch = + ?.
2ab 6ab 3ab
chnh l k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc.
Cc bt ng thc trong cc thi i hc thng thng l i xng vi cc bin v ta d on du bng xy

ta khi cc bin bng nhau v xy ra ti bin.
1
Cho x 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : P = x +
x
Gii:
Phn tch bi ton:
1
Vi + = 1; , > 0 , th P = x + + x .
x
1 1
Ta lun c : P = x + + x 2 x. + x
x x
1 1 1 1 3
Du ng thc xy ra khi x = x = 2= = =
x 4 4
Bi gii:
1 1 1 3 1 1 3 5
P =x + = x + + x 2 x . + .2 =
x 4 x 4 4 x 4 2
5
Vy min P = khi x = 2 .
2
1 1
Cho a, b > 0 v tha mn a + b 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + + 4ab .
a +b
2 2
ab
Gii:
1
Do P l biu thc i xng vi a, b , ta d on min P t ti a = b = .
2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1
Ta c: P = + + 4ab + + + 2 4ab. + 7
a +b
2 2
2ab 4ab 4ab (a + b)2
2ab a + b
2
4
2
-12-
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a 2 + b 2 = 2ab

1 1
ng thc xy ra a 2b 2 = a =b = .
16 2
a + b = 1

1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 7 t ti a = b = .
2
Tham kho hai li gii khc :
Li gii 1:
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
P = + + 4ab + + 2 4ab. + 4+2+ =6+
a +b ( )
2 2 2
ab 4ab 4ab a +b 2ab 4ab 4ab 4ab
a 2 + b 2 = 2ab

1 1 1
ng thc xy ra a 2b 2 = a = b = . Thay a = b = vo ta c P 7 .
16 2 2
a + b = 1

1
2
Li bnh 1:
1
Qua cch gii trn ta chn ng du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = nn dn n vic tch cc s hng v
2
1
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 7 t ti a = b = l ng , nhng bc cui cng ta lm sai , v d
2
(1 a + a a , ng thc xy ra khi a = 1 min 1 a + a = a ?.
) ( )
2 2

Li gii 2:
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
P = 2 + + + 4ab 2 + + 4ab = + + 4ab .
a +b a + b + 2ab 2ab ( )
2 2 2
2ab 2ab a +b 2ab
Mt khc
1
2ab
+ 4ab 2
1
2ab
.4ab = 2 2 . Vy P 4 + 2 2 min P = 2 2 + 2 ( )
Li bnh 2:
1 1 1
Thot nhn thy bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao? . Vic tch = + lm xut hin ng
ab 2ab 2ab
( )
2
thc a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = a + b .
a = b

( 1
min P = 2 2 + 2
2ab
)
= 4ab . H v nghim. ng thc khng xy ra , do khng tn ti min P .
a + b = 1
-13-
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Cho x , y l hai s thc dng ln hn 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : P =

(x 3
) (
+ y3 x 2 + y2 )
(x 1)(y 1)
Gii:
P =
(x 3
) (
+ y3 x 2 + y2 ) = x ( x 1) + y ( y 1) =
2 2
x2
+
y2

2xy
.
(x 1)(y 1) (x 1)(y 1) y 1 x 1 (x 1)(y 1)
x2 y2
ng thc xy ra khi : = .
y 1 x 1
x 1+1 x
Mt khc x 1 = x 1 .1 ( ) 2
= . ng thc xy ra khi : x 1 = 1 x = 2 .
2
y 1+1 y
(
y 1 = y 1 .1 ) 2
= . ng thc xy ra khi : y 1 = 1 y = 2 .
2
2xy
P = 8 . ng thc xy ra khi x = y = 2 .
x y
.
2 2
Vy min P = 8 khi x = y = 2 .
Tng t : Cho a, b, c l hai s thc dng v tha mn b 2 + c 2 a 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1 1
P =
a 2(
1 2
)
b + c2 + a 2 2 + 2 .
b c
Cho x , y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

x 1 y 1 z 1
P = x + +y + +z +
2 yz 2 zx 2 xy
Gii:
Cch 1:
Phn tch bi ton: D on im ri x = y = z .
x 1 y 1 z 1 x2 1 x2 1 1
Khi P = x + + y + + z + = 3. + 3. = 3 + +
2 yz 2 zx 2 xy 2 x 2 2x 2x
x2 1 1 9 9 x2 1
P 3.3 3 . . P min P = .ng thc xy ra khi = x = 1.
2 2x 2x 2 2 2 2x
9
Vy ta d on min P = khi x = y = z = 1 .
2
Bi gii:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx
P = + +
2 xyz 2 xyz
-14-
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x 2 1 y2 1 z 2 1 x 2 1 1 y2 1 1 z2 1 1
P + + + + + = + + + + + + + +
2 x 2 y 2 z 2 2x 2x 2 2y 2y 2 2z 2z

x2 1 1 y2 1 1 z2 1 1 9
Hay P 3 3 . . + 33 . . + 33 . . P
2 2x 2x 2 2y 2y 2 2z 2z 2
9
Vy min P = khi x = y = z = 1 .
2
Cch 2:
x 1 y 1 z 1 x2 y2 z 2 x y z
P = x + +y + +z + = + + + + +
2 yz 2 zx 2 xy 2 2 2 yz zx xy
1 1 1 2 2 1
( )
P = x 2 + y2 + z 2 + (
= x + y + z 1 +
2 xyz 2
2

1
+ )
xyz xyz
1 3 2 2 2 1 9
P 9 x y z .3 2 2 2 = .
2 xyz 2
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1 .
9
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
2
Cho cc s thc x , y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 0 . Chng minh rng :

3 + 4x + 3 + 4y + 3 + 4z 6
thi D b i hc khi D nm 2005
Gii:
Phn tch bi ton: D on im ri x = y = z = 0 .

Bi gii: p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn
3 + 4x + 3 + 4y + 3 + 4z 3
3
(
3 + 4x . 3 + 4y . 3 + 4 z = 3 6 3 + 4x )( 3 + 4 )( 3 + 4 )
y z
3 + 4 x = 1 + 1 + 1 + 4x 4
4 4x

4 6 4
Mt khc 3 + 4y = 1 + 1 + 1 + 4y 4 4y 3 + 4x + 3 + 4y + 3 + 4z 3 4 3 4x .4y.4z 6
4
3 + 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 4 4 4z
z z
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 0.
Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 3 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :

Q = 3 a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a .
Gii:
Trc ht d on ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 . Suy ra MaxQ = 3 3 3 .
-15-
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p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn cho ba s a + 2b, 3, 3 , ta c
3 1 1 3 + 3 + (a + 2b) 6 + a + 2b
a + 2b = 3 3.3(a + 2b) . = .
3
9 3
9 3 33 9
6 + b + 2c 3 6 + c + 2a
Tng t: 3 b + 2c ; c + 2a
33 9 33 9
6 + a + 2b 6 + b + 2c 6 + c + 2a
Suy ra:Q + + = 33 3
3 3 3
3 9 3 9 3 9
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 v MaxQ = 3 3 3 .
Tham kho li gii khc :
1 + 1 + (a + 2b) 2 + a + 2b
Ta c: 3 1.1(a + 2b) = , tng t ta c:
3 3
2 + b + 2c 3 2 + c + 2a
(
3 1.1 b + 2c
) 3
(
; 1.1 c + 2a ) 3
2 + a + 2b 2 + b + 2c 2 + c + 2a
Suy ra : Q = 3 a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a + + =5
3 3 3
Li bnh : Thot nhn thy li gii ca bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao? Q 5
a + 2b = 1

b + 2c = 1
MaxQ = 5 h v nghim.Vy Q < 5 .
c + 2a = 1
a + b + c = 3

3
Tng t: Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn iu kin a + b + c = .Chng minh rng:
4
3
a + 3b + 3 b + 3c + 3 c + 3a 3
1 1 1
Cho x , y, z > 0 v tha mn+ + = 4 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
x y z
1 1 1
P = + +
2x + y + z x + 2y + z x + y + 2z
Gii:
Cch 1:
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
2x + y + z 16 x x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
+ + + P + + + + + + + + = 1
x + 2y + z 16 x y y z 16 x y z x y z x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
x + y + 2z 16 x y z z
-16-
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4
Vy: MaxP = 1 khi x = y = z = .
3
4
Li bnh : D on MaxP t c ti x = y = z = nn tch cc s 2x = x + x ;2y = y + y;2z = z + z ra
3
cho du bng xy ra.
Cch 2:
1 1 4 1 1 1 1
+
p dng mnh nu a, b > 0 , th + .
a b a +b a + b 4 a b
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + = + +
2x + y + z 4 2x y + z 4 2x 4 y z 8 x 2y 2z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tng t : + + ; + +
x + 2y + z 8 2x y 2z x + y + 2z 8 2x 2y z
Cng v theo v ta c pcm.
1 1 4
Li bnh : Nu a, b > 0 th + .
a b a +b
(a + b )
2
a2 b2
Tng qut : Cho x , y > 0 v hai s a, b bt k, ta lun c : + hay
x +y x y
( )
2
a 2 b2 a +b a b
+ . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi = .
x y x +y x y
1 1 1 1 n2
M rng: Nu a1, a2 , a 3 ,..., an 0 th : + + + ... + .
a1 a 2 a 3 an a1 + a2 + a 3 + ... + an
a + a + a + ... + a n n a a a ...a
1 2 3 n 1 2 3 n
Chng minh : Vi a1, a2 , a 3 ,..., an 0 , 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ... + nn
a1 a2 a 3 an a1a2a 3 ...an
1
( )
a1 + a2 + a 3 + ... + an +
a
1
+
1
+ ... +
1
n n a1a2a 3 ...an n
2 1
a1a2a 3 ...an
1 a2 a 3 an
1 1 1 1 n2
+ + + ... +
a1 a2 a 3 an a1 + a2 + a 3 + ... + an
ng thc xy ra khi a1 = a2 = a 3 = ... = an
Thc t cch 2 v cch 1 khng c s khc bit.
Tng t :
1. Cho tam gic c di 3 cnh l a, b, c v p l na chu vi . Chng minh rng :
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + 2 + + .
p a p b p c a b c
2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng :
-17-
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1 1 1 11 1 1
a. + + + +
a + b b + c c + a 2 a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
b. + + + +
2a + b + c a + 2b + c a + b + 2c a + 3b b + 3c c + 3a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c. + + + +
(
2a + 3 b + c) (
2b + 3 c + a ) (
2c + 3 a + b )
4 a + b b + c c + a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d. + + + +
a + 2b + 3c b + 2c + 3a c + 2a + 3b 2 a + 2c b + 2a c + 2b
1 1
Cch 3: Ta c 2x + y + z = x + x + y + z 4 4 x .x .y.z v
2x + y + z 4 4 x 2yz
1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
4 . . . + + + + + , tng t ta c:
x x y z 4x x y z 2x + y + z 16 x y z
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
+ + ; + +
x + 2y + z 16 x y z x + y + 2z 16 x y z
1 1 1 1 4
P .4 + + = 1 . ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z =
16 x y z 3
4
3
Tham kho hai li gii khc :

Li gii 1:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 10
Ta c P + + + + + + + + = + + =
9 2x y z 9 x 2y z 9 x y 2z 18 x y z 9
10
MaxP =
9
Li gii 2:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
P + + + + + + + + + + =
3 3 2xyz 3 3 x .2yz 3 3 xy 2z 3 3 2x y z 3 3 x 2y z 3 3 x y 2z 9
Li bnh : Thot nhn thy li gii 1, li gii 2 ca bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao?
2x = y = z

10 2y = x = z 10
MaxP =
9
2z = x = y ( )
h v nghim ngha l khng tn ti x , y, z D P =
9

1 + 1 + 1 = 4
x y z
Nguyn nhn sai lm: C hai li gii trn u bit hng ch song cha bit chn im ri.
Tng t :
-18-
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1 1 1
1. Cho x , y, z > 0 v tha mn
+ + 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
x y z
1 1 1
P = + + .
2x + y + z x + 2y + z x + y + 2z
3 2
2. Cho x , y, z > 0 v tha mn x + y + z = 1 . Chng minh rng : + 2 > 14 .
xy + yz + zx x + y 2 + z 2
1 1 1
3. Cho x , y, z > 0 v tha mn x + y + z 1 . Chng minh rng : + 2 + 2 9.
x + 2yz y + 2zx z + 2xy
2
1 1 4
Cch 4: Nu a, b > 0 th + .
a b a +b
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4
8 = 2 + + = + + + + + + + 1 ()
x y z x y y z z x x + y y + z z + x
4
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = .
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 + + = + + + + +
x + y y + z z + x x + y y + z y + z z + x z + x x + y
4 4 4
+ +
2x + y + z x + 2y + z x + y + 2z
2()
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z .
() ()
T 1 v 2 suy ra
1 1 1 1 1 1
8 + + 8 + + 1
2x + y + z 2y + x + z 2z + x + y 2x + y + z 2y + x + z 2z + x + y
4
3
Li bnh : Thc t cch 1 v cch 4 khng c s khc bit.
a +b b +c c +a c a b
Chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 th + + 2 + +
c a b a +b b +c a +c

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc ( )
x + y 2 x + y , ta c :
a +b b +c c +a 1 a b 1 b c 1 c b
+ + + + + + +
c a b 2 c c 2 a a 2 a a
a 1 1 b 1 1 c 1 1
= + + + + + .
2 c b 2 a c 2 a b
-19-
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1 1 4
p dng bt ng thc + , ta c :
x y x +y
a 1 1 b 1 1 c 1 1 2 2a 2 2b 2 2c
+ + + + + + +
2 c b 2 a c 2 a b b+ c a + c a + b
p dng bt ng thc ( )
x + y 2 x + y , ta c :
2 2a 2 2b 2 2c 2 2a 2 2b 2 2c
+ + + +
b+ c a + c a + b (
2 b +c ) (
2 a +c ) (
2 a +b )
c b a
= 2 + + .
a +b a +c b +c

Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n hai bt ng thc c bn

1 1
+
4
x y x +y
v x + y 2 x +y . ( )
ab bc ca a +b +c
Chng minh rng mi s thc dng a, b, c ta lun c: + +
a + 3b + 2c b + 3c + 2a c + 3a + 2b 6
Gii:
ab ab ab 1 1 1
Ta c : = . + + .
a + 3b + 2c ( ) (
a + c + b + c + 2b) 9 a + c b + c 2b
bc bc 1 1 1 ac ac 1 1 1
Tng t : + + , + + .
b + 3c + 2a 9 a + b a + c 2c c + 3a + 2b 9 b + c a + b 2a
Cng v theo v ta c
1 bc + ac bc + ab ab + ac 1
ab
+
bc
+
ca

a + 3b + 2c b + 3c + 2a c + 3a + 2b 9 a + b
+
a +c
+ +
b + c 18
a +b +c ( )
a +b +c
Hay
ab
+
bc
+
ca
a + 3b + 2c b + 3c + 2a c + 3a + 2b 9
1
a +b +c + ( 1
18
a +b +c =
6
) . ( )
1 1 1 9
Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n bt ng thc c bn + + .
x y z x +y +z
2 2 2
Cho a, b, c > 0 v tho mn iu kin a.b.c = 1 . Chng minh rng: + + 3
a b +c
3
( ) (
b c +a
3
) (
c a +b
3
)
IMO nm 1995
Gii:
Cch 1:
1 1 2 b +c
Phn tch bi ton: D on im ri a = b = c = 1 v = = =
(
a3 b + c ) 2 4 4bc
Bi gii: p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn
-20-
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1 b +c 1 b +c 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 2 3 . = 3 +
(
a b +c
3
) 4bc a b + c 4bc (
a a b +c )
a 4 b c ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Chng minh tng t, ta c + ; 3 +
b c +a
3
( ) b 4 c a c a + b ( )
c 4 a b
Cng v theo v ta c iu chng minh.
Cch 2:
1 1 1
t : a = ;b = ; c = . T gi thit suy ra x .y.z = 1 .
x y z
2 2 2x 2 2 2 2y 2 2 2 2z 2
= = ; 3 = = ; 3 = =
(
a3 b + c ) 1 1 1
+
y +z b a +c 1 ( ) 1 1
+
(
x +z c b +a )1 1 1
+
y +x
x3 y z y3 x z z3 y x
( ) ( )3
2
2 2x 2 2y 2 2z 2
2 2 x +y +z 2 2 x +y +z
3 + 3 + 3 = + + = 3
xyz = 3
a b +c (
b c +a c a +b ) (
y +z x +z y +x )2 x +y +z( ) ( ) 2
Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n vic i Bin Chng Minh Bt ngThc.
i khi chng minh mt bi ton BT c rt nhiu cch khc nhau gii, song khng phi cch no cng
thun li cho vic chng minh BT, c nhiu BT ra phc tp lm cho ta cm gi ri, nhng qua vic
a v bin mi th bi ton tr nn d hn. Bi vit ny xin nu ra mt s cch i bin chng minh BT
c d dng hn.
Tng t:
a b c 3
1. Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c . Chng minh rng : + + .
b +c c +a a +b 2
y +z x
x a =
=b +c 2
x +z y
Gi : t : y = c + a b = . Bt ng thc cn chng minh
z 2
= a +b
c = x + y z
2
1 y + z x x +z y x +y z 3
+ +
2 x y z 2
x y y z z x x y y z z x
+ + + + + 2 . + 2 . + 2 . = 6 ng.
y x z y x z y x z y x z
xy yz zx
2. Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z tho mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 . Chng minh rng : + + 3.
z x y
-21-
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xy
a =
z
yz
Gi : t : b = vi a,b, c > 0 . T x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 ab + bc + ca = 3 . Bt ng thc cn chng
x
c = zx
y
minh a + b + c 3
: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca a + b + c 3(ab + bc + ca ) = 3 .
1 4 9
3. Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z tho mn: x + y + z = 1 . Chng minh rng : + + 36 .
x y z
a
x =
a +b +c
b
Gi : t : y = vi a,b, c > 0 . Bt ng thc cn chng minh
a +b +c
z = c
a +b +c
a +b +c a +b +c a +b +c b c a c a b
+ 4. + 9. 36 + + 4. + 4. + 9. + 9. 22
a b c a a b b c c
b a c a c b b a c a c b
+ 4. + + 9. + 4. + 9. 2 .4. + 2 .9. + 2 4. .9. = 22 ng.
a b a c b c a b a c b c
( )( )(
4. Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z . Chng minh rng : xyz x + y z y + z x z + x y . )
x = b + c

( )( )( )
Gi : t : y = c + a vi a,b, c > 0 . Bt ng thc cn chng minh a + b b + c c + a 8abc .
z = a + b

5. Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c v tha mn abc = 1 . Chng minh rng :
1 1 1
a 1 + b 1 + c 1 + 1 .
b c a
x
a =
y
y
Gi :Do abc = 1 gi t : b = vi x , y, z > 0 . Bt ng thc cn chng minh
z
c = z
x

x z y x z y
1 + 1 + 1 + 1.
y y z z x x
6. Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z v tha mn xyz = x + y + z + 2 . Chng minh rng :
3
x + y+ z xyz .
2
-22-
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1 1 1
Gi :T xyz = x + y + z + 2 + + =1
1+x 1+y 1+z
1 1 1 1a b +c 1b a +c 1c a +b
t : = a, = b, =c x = = ,y = = ,z = = vi a,b, c > 0 .
1+x 1+y 1+z a a b b c c
a b b c c a 3
Bt ng thc cn chng minh . + . + . .
b +c c +a c +a a +b a +b b +c 2
a b 1 a b b c 1 b c c a 1 c a
: . + ; . + ;; . +
b + c c + a 2 a + c b + c c + a a + b 2 b + a c + a a + b b + c 2 c + b a + b
3
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a + b + c . Chng minh rng :
2
1 1 1 15
1. a + b + c + + + .
a b c 2
1 1 1 3 17
2. a 2 + 2
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 .
a b c 2
1 1 1 3 17
3. a 2 + + b2 + + c2 + .
b2 c2 a2 2
Gii:
1 1 1 15
1. a + b + c + + +
a b c 2
1 1 1 1 1
Ta c th phm sai lm: a + b + c + + + 3 3 abc + 3 6 3
abc . =6
a b c 3
abc 3
abc
3
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 nhng khi a + b + c = 3 > ( tri gi thit ) .
2
Phn tch bi ton :
3
T gi thit a,b,c dng tho mn a + b + c , gi hng gii bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung
2
3 1 1
bnh nhn. a + b + c 3 3 abc 3 abc . t: x = 3 abc
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Khi : a + b + c + + + 3 3 abc + 3 = 3 x + . D on ng thc xy ra khi x =
a b c 3
abc x 2
1
x =
Ta chn > 0 sao cho: 2 = x2 = 1 .
x = 1 4
x
Bi gii:
1 1 1 1 1 1 9 15
a +b +c + + + 3 x + 3 4x + 3x 3.2 4x . 9x = 12 =
a b c x x x 2 2
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1
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = .
2
1 1 1 3 17
2. a 2 + 2
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 .
a b c 2
Phn tch bi ton :
3
2
3 1 1 1
bnh nhn. a + b + c 3 3 abc 3 abc . t: x = 3 abc ,ng thc xy ra khi x = .
2 2 2 2
1
x =
1 2 1
Xt x 2 + 2 , chn > 0 sao cho: = 4 = 16 .
x x 2 = 1 x
x 2
1
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn cho 17 s, trong 16 s l v s x 2 :
16x 2
15
16
1 1 1 1 17x 17
x 2 + 2 = x 2 + 16. 17 17 x 2
2
x2 + .
x 16x 2 16x x 2 32
17
2
15 15 15
1 17a 17
1 17b 17
1 17c 17
a2 + 2 32
; b2 + 2 32
; c2 + 2

32
a b c
2 17
2 17
2 17
17 17 17 17 17 17 3
15 15 15 15 15 15
1 1 1
a + 2 + b + 2 + c + 2 32 a + b + c 32 .3 a b c
2 2 2 17 17
a b c
2 17 2 17
5 15
1 1 1 3 17 3 17 3 17
a + 2 + b 2 + 2 + c 2 + 2 32 abc 17 32 .217 =
2
a b c 2
. ( )
17 17
2 2
1
2
Cch khc :
1 1 1
Chn : u = a; , v = b; , w = c;
a b c

Dng bt ng thc vecto u + v + w u + v + w
2
1 1 1
1 1 1
(a + b + c ) 1
2
a + 2 + b2 + 2 + c2 + 2
2
+ + + 3 3
(abc)2 +
a b c a b c 3
(abc)2
2
( ) a + b + c
2
1
Tng t trn , ta t x = 3
abc .
3 4
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1 1 1 1 1 15 x 1 15
a2 + 2
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 3 x + = 3 x + + 3 2 . +
a b c x 16x 16x 16 x 16x
1 1 1 1 15 1 15 3 17
a2 + 2
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 3 + 3 + = .
a b c 2 16x 2 4 2
1
2
Hng phn tch khc :
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a + b + c ) (a + b + c ) 9
2 2
a + 2 + b2 + 2 + c2 + 2
2
+ + + +
a b c a b c a + b + c
1 1 1 9
Li bnh : Nu a, b, c > 0 , th + + .
a b c a +b +c
( )
2
a 2 b2 c2 a +b +c
Tng qut : Cho x , y, z > 0 v ba s a, b, c bt k, ta lun c : + + (Bt ng thc s-
x y z x +y +z
a b c
vac). ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi = = .
x y z
1 1 1 n2
(
Nu : ai > 0, i = 1, n, n N ,th a1 + a2 + ... + an +
a
+ ... + )
an a1 + a2 + ... + an
1 a2
Tng t: Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z tho mn x + y + z 1 . Chng minh rng :
1 1 1
x2 + 2
+ y 2 + 2 + z 2 + 2 82 . thi i hc khi A nm 2003
x y z
1 1 1 3 17
3. a 2 + 2
+ b2 + 2
+ c2 + 2
.
b c a 2
1
1 x = y =
Tng t trn . Xt x 2 + 2 , chn > 0 sao cho: 2 = 1 = 16
y 1 x 2y 2
x 2 =
y 2
1
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn cho 17 s, trong 16 s l 2
v s x 2 :
16y
1 16
16
1 1 1 1 17x y 17 17
x + 2 = x 2 + 16.
2
2
1717 x 2 2
x2 + .
y 16y 16y y2 32
2 17
1 16 1 16 1 16
1 17a b 17 17
1 17b c 17 17
1 17c 17a 17
a2 + 2 32
; b2 + 2 32
; c2 + 2 32
b c a
2 17
2 17
2 17
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17 17 17
1 16 1 16 1 16 5 15
1 1 1 3 17 3 17 3 17
a + 2 + b + 2 + c + 2 32 a b + b c + c a 17 32 abc
2
b c
2
a
2

17 17 17
( ) 17 32
2 17 =
2
2 17 217 2 17
1
2
a 2005 + b 2005 1
Cho cc s khng m a, b, x , y tha cc iu kin 2005 . Chng minh rng :
x + y 2005 1
a 1975 .x 30 + b 1975 .y 30 1
Ton tui th 2 s 27
Gii:
Nhn xt : Cc a thc tham gia trong bi ton cng bc 2005 = 1975 + 30 , ng thi s m ca cc bin
tng ng bng nhau.
2005 2005
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng , trung bnh nhn cho 1975 s a v 30 s x
1975.a 2005 + 30.x 2005 2005 2005 1975 2005 30
(
1975 + 30 )
a ( . x ) (
= a 1975 .x 30 1 ) ()
1975.b 2005 + 30.y 2005
(b ) . (y ) ()
1975 30
Tng t 2005 2005 2005
= b 1975 .y 30 2
(1975 + 30 )
() () ( ) (
T 1 v 2 suy ra 1975. a 2005 + b 2005 + 30. x 2005 + y 2005 2005. a 1975 .x 30 + b 1975 .y 30) ( ) (3)
a 2005 + b 2005 1
T 2005
x + y 2005
1
(
2005 1975. a 2005 + b 2005 + 30. x 2005 + y 2005 ) ( ) (4)

() () ( )
T 3 v 4 suy ra 2005 2005. a 1975 .x 30 + b 1975 .y 30 a 1975 .x 30 + b 1975 .y 30 1
Du ng thc xy ra khi a 1975 = x 30, b 1975 = y 30 .

a m +n + b m +n 1
Tng qut : Cho cc s khng m a, b, x, y tha cc iu kin m +n . Chng minh rng :
x + y m +n 1
a m .x n + b m .y n 1 .
Cho x , y, z l cc s dng tha mn iu kin: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

xy yz zx
A= + + .
z x y
Gii:
2 2 2
xy yz zx
Ta c : A2 = + + + 2 y 2 + z 2 + x 2 .
z x y
( )
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p dng bt ng thc: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx
Ta c: A2 (y 2 + z 2 + x 2 ) + 2(y 2 + z 2 + x 2 ) = 3(y 2 + z 2 + x 2 ) = 3.
xy yz xz 1
ng thc xy ra = = x =y =z = .
z x y 3
1
Vy min A = 3 t c khi x = y = z = .
3
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 . Chng minh rng :
a b c 3 3
+ 2 + 2
b +c
2 2
c +a 2
a +b 2
2
Phn tch bi ton :
Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 , vy ta c th suy ra

0 < a b c < 1 hay khng?. Nh vy iu kin a,b,c khng chnh xc v du ng thc ch xy ra khi
0 < a = b = c 1
2 a, b, c 0; .
a + b + c = 1
2 2
3
Ta thy mi lin h g ca bi ton ?. D thy a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 v b 2 + c 2, c 2 + a 2, a 2 + b 2 . Gi ta a bi
a b c 3 3
ton v dng cn chng minh : + + .
1a 2
1b 2
1c 2
2
V vai tr a,b, c nh nhau v 2 phn tch trn gi ta a n cch phn tch
a 3 3 2
a
1 a
2
2
b
a
1a
+
b
1b
+
c
1c

3 3 2
(
a + b2 + c2 ) v cn chng minh
3 3 2
b .
1 b
2 2 2 2
2 2
c 3 3 2
c
1 c 2
2
Ta th i tm li gii :
a 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 4
( ) ( ) 8
( )
2 2
a a a 1 a2 a2 1 a2 2a 2 1 a 2
1a 2
2 1a 2
2 3 3 27 27
2
( ) ( )( )
2
2a 1 a = 2a 2 1 a 2 1 a 2
2
D thy
( ) (
2a + 1 a + 1 a = 2
2 2 2
)
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 = 2a 2 + 1 a 2 + 1 a 2 3 3 2a 2 1 a 2 1 a 2
2 3 2
(1 a ) 1 a 278 2a (1 a )
2
2a 2 2 2 2
3
Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li.
Gii : hs t gii
-27-
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Phng php tip tuyn:
a3 b3 c3
Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng : + +
1
( )
a +b +c .
(
b c +a ) (
c a +b ) (
a b +c ) 2
Phn tch bi ton :

ng thc cn chng minh a v dng :
a3 b3 c3
(
+ m a + c + nb + )
+ k b + a + pc + + i b + c + ja 0 . ( ) ( )
(
b c +a ) c a +b (
a b +c ) ( )
Gi s 0 < a b c . D on ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c .
a3
T gi m hng gii : ( )
+ m a + c + nb 3 3 mna . ng thc xy ra khi
(
b c +a )
a3 1
= m a + c = nb ( 3
)

m =
(
b c + a )
a
= m a + a = na 4 ( )
a = b = c a a + a n = 1( )
2
Tng t cho cc trng hp khc .
Gii :
3
a3
a 1 1 3
( )
+ b + c + a a . ng thc xy ra khi:
1 1
= b = c +a . ( )
(
b c +a 2 4 ) 2 b c +a 2 4 ( )
b3 b3
1 1 3
( )
+ c + b + a b . ng thc xy ra khi:
1 1
= c = b +a . ( )
(
c a +b 2 4 ) 2 c a +b 2 4 ( )
c3 c3
1 1 3
( )
+ a + b + c c . ng thc xy ra khi:
1 1
= a = b +c . ( )
(
a b +c 2 4 ) 2 a b +c 2 4 ( )
a3 b3 c3
Cng v theo v ta c : + +
1
( )
a + b + c . Du ng thc xy ra khi :
(
b c +a ) (
c a +b ) (
a b +c ) 2
a =b =c > 0
Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng :
a. a +1 + b +1 + c +1 <
7 c. 3 a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a 3 18 .
2 1 1 1
b. a + b + b + c + c + a 6 . d. a + b + c + + + 10
a b c
Gii:
7
a. a +1 + b +1 + c +1 <
2
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(a + 1) + 1 = a + 1
(
a + 1 = 1. a + 1 ) 2 2
(b + 1) + 1 = b + 1 a +b +c
(
b + 1 = 1. b + 1 )
2 2
a +1 + b +1 + c +1
2
+3=
7
2

(
c +1 +1 c )
(
c + 1 = 1. c + 1 ) 2
= +1
2
ng thc xy ra khi a + 1 = b + 1 = c + 1 = 1 a = b = c = 0 a + b + c = 0 1
7
Vy a + 1 + b + 1 + c + 1 <
2
b. a + b + b + c + c + a 6 .
Phn tch bi ton :
Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a + b + c = 1 , du ng thc ch xy ra
0 < a = b = c 1 1
khi a = b = c = . Hng s cn thm l .
a + b + c = 1 3 3
T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch a + b + b + c + c + a 6 (a + b + c ) hay

1 1 1 1 1 1
a + +b + b + +c + c + +a +
3 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3.
S = a +b + b +c + c +a .
2 2 2 2

Ta th i tm li gii : p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn
2
a+
1
+b +
1
3 (
a +b + )
3
2
3
2
3 =
2

2
3

3
2
( 2
)
. a +b . = a +b
3

Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li .
Cch khc :
1 1 a + b + m
Gi s vi mi m > 0 , ta lun c : a + b = (a + b ) m
2
. Vn by gi ta d
m m
on m > 0 bao nhiu l ph hp?.
a + b = m
2
D thy ng thc xy ra khi 1 m = 3.
a = b =
3
Gii :
-29-
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AM _GM (a + b ) + 23
a +b =
3
2
(
. a +b .
2
3
)
3
2
.
2
AM _GM (b + c ) + 23
b +c =
3
2
(
. b +c .
2
3
)
3
2
.
2
AM _GM (c + a ) + 23
c +a =
3
2
(
. c +a .
2
3
)
3
2
.
2
3 (
2 a + b + c + 3. ) 2
3 = 3
a +b + b +c + c +a . .2 = 6 (pcm).
2 2 2
1
3
c. 3 a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a 3 18 .
2
a + b =
3
0 < a = b = c 1 2 2
khi a = b = c = b + c = . Hng s cn thm l
a + b + c = 1 3 3 3

c + a = 2
3
T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch 3 a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a 3 18 (a + b + c ) hay
(a + b ) + 23 + 23 (b + c ) + 23 + 23 (c + a ) + 23 + 23
T = 3 a +b + 3b +c + 3c +a + +
3 3 3
Gii :
3 (
a +b + +
2 2
)
9
( 2
)
a + b = 3 .3 a + b . .
4
2
3 3 3
3 3
3 (
b +c + +
2 2
)
9
( 2
)
b + c = 3 .3 b + c . .
4 3
2
3 3
3 3
3 (
c +a + +
2 2
)
93
( )
2 2
c + a = 4. c + a . 3. 3
3
3
3 3
T = 3a +b + 3b +c + 3c +a 3 .
(
9 2 a +b +c + 4
=
) 3
9 6 3
. = 18 (pcm).
4 3 4 3
-30-
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1
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = .
3
1 1 1
d. a + b + c + + 10+
a b c
Phn tch bi ton :
0 < a = b = c 1
khi a =b =c = .
a + b + c = 1 3
1
T iu cn chng minh ,gi ta a n cch phn tch vi mi m > 0 , ta lun c : ma + 2 m.
a
1
ma =
ng thc xy ra khi : a m = 9.
a = 1
3
V th m T = a + b + c +
a
1
+
1
b
+
1
b
(
= 9 a +b +c + ) 1
a
+
1
b
+
1
b
(
8 a +b +c )
Gii :
1
9a + a 6

1
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn 9b + 6
b
9c + 1 6
c
(
T = 9 a +b +c + ) 1
a
+
1
b
+
1
b
( ) (
8 a + b + c 3.6 8 a + b + c = 10 (pcm). )
1
ng thc xy ra khi : a = b = c = .
3
Bi tp tng t
Cho cc s thc dng x , y, z v tha mn mx + ny + pz d trong m, n, p, d . Tm gi tr ln nht
2 2 2
biu thc A = ax + by + cz
Hng dn : Thc hin vic chn im ri : ax = by = cz =
2 2 2
Chng minh rng nu xy + yz + zx = 5 th 3x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 10 .
Phn tch bi ton :
Trc ht ta mi lin h gia 3x 2, 3y 2 , z 2 , xy, yz, zx cho ta iu g ?, phi chng nhng hng ng thc
( ) ( ) + (by )
2 2 2
c dng : ax by 0 ax 2axby ?.
Phn tch :
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2 2
ax + ay 2axy .ng thc xy ra khi x = y
2 2 2 2
by + cz 2 bcyz .ng thc xy ra khi by = cz
2 2 2 2
cz + bx 2 cbzx . ng thc xy ra khi cz = bx

a + b = 3 a = 1

By gi ta chn a, b, c sao cho : 2c = 1 b = 2
a = bc 1
c =
2
Gii :
2 2
x + y 2xy .ng thc xy ra khi x = y
2 1 2 2 1 2
2y + z 2yz .ng thc xy ra khi 2y = z
2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2
z + 2x 2zx . ng thc xy ra khi z = 2x
2 2
2 2 2
( )
Cng v theo v ta c : 3x + 3y + z 2 xy + yz + zx 3x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 10 (pcm).
x = y

2y 2 = 1 z 2
2 x = y = 1
ng thc xy ra khi :
1 z 2 = 2x 2 z = 2
2
xy + yz + zx = 5
47 235
Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z tho mn x + y + z = . Chng minh rng : 3x 2 + 4y 2 + 5z 2
12 12
Phn tch bi ton :
235
Trc ht ta mi lin h gia 3x 2, 4y 2, 5z 2 , x, y, z cho ta iu g ?, gi : 3x 2 + 4y 2 + 5z 2 c
12
(
bin i v dng 3x 2 + m + 4y 2 + n + 5z 2 + p k, 0 < m n p k = const )
Phn tch :
3x 2 + m 2 3mx, m > 0 . ng thc xy ra khi 3x 2 = m
4y 2 + n 2 4ny, n > 0 . ng thc xy ra khi 4y 2 = n
5z 2 + p 2 5pz , p > 0 . ng thc xy ra khi 5z 2 = p
-32-
www.mathvn.com
5
x =
3
3x 2 = m 5
2 y =
4y = n 4
z = 1
By gi ta chn x , y, z sao cho : 5z 2 = p
m = 25
3m = 4n = 5p 3
47 25
x + y + z = n =
12 4
p = 5
Gii :
25 25 25
3x 2 + 2 3. x . ng thc xy ra khi 3x 2 = .
3 3 3
25 25 25
4y 2 + 2 4. y . ng thc xy ra khi 4y 2 = .
4 4 4
5z 2 + 5 2 5.5z . ng thc xy ra khi 5z 2 = 5 .
235 235
Cng v theo v ta c 3x 2 + 4y 2 + 5z 2 10 x + y + z ( ) 12
=
12
(pcm).
5
x =
3
5
ng thc xy ra khi y = .
4
z = 1

Cho 3 s thc khng m a, b, c . Chng minh rng : 1 + 3 abc 3

(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) .
Gii :
1 + 3 abc 3
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 3
1.1.1 + 3 abc 3
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )
1.1.1 abc
+ 1
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )
3 3
1.1.1 abc
t : T = +
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )
3 3
1 1 1 1 1 a b c
T + + + + +
3 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 3 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c
1 a + 1 b + 1 c + 1 1
T + + = .3 = 1
3 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 3
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c 0 .
-33-
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Tng qut :
Chng minh rng vi mi ai , bi > 0 i = 1, n th ta lun c :( )
n a1a2 .......an + n b1b2 .......bn n
(a 1 )( ) (
+ b2 a1 + b2 ........ an + bn )
1 1 1
Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng : 1 1 1 8 .
a
b c
Gii :
1 1 1 1 a 1 b 1 c b + c c + a a + b
VT = 1 1 1 = . . = . .
a b c
a b c a b c
AM_GM
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
VT . . = 8 (pcm)
a b c
Tng qut :
x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,..............., x n > 0
Cho .Chng minh rng :
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ........ + x n = 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 ........ 1 (n 1)n .
x1 x2 x3 xn
1 1 1 1 1
Cho 4 s thc dng a, b, c, d tho mn + + + 3 . Chng minh rng : abcd
1+a 1+b 1+c 1+d 81
Gii :
1 1 1 1 b c d
1 - + 1 + 1 = + +

1+a 1+b 1+c 1+d 1+b 1+c 1+d
AM _GM
1 bcd
3

(1 + b )(1 + c )(1 + d )
3
1+a
1 bcd
3
(1 + b )(1 + c )(1 + d )
3
1 + a

1 cda
33
1 + b

Vy:
(1 + c )(1 + d )(1 + a )
1 3
dca
1 + c
(1 + d )(1 + c )(1 + a )
3

1 abc
33
1 + d
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )
-34-
www.mathvn.com
1 abcd 1
81 abcd
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )(1 + d ) (1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )(1 + d ) 81
Tng qut :
x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,............., x n > 0

Cho : 1 1 1 1 . Chng minh rng :
1 + x + 1 + x + 1 + x + ......... + 1 + x n 1
1 2 3 n
1
x 1x 2x 3...........x n .
(n 1)n
Bi tng t
a b c 3 a b c 3 a2 b2 c2
a. + + . b. + + . c. + + 1.
1+b 2
1+c 2
1+a 2
2 a +b 2
b +c 2
c +a 2
2 a + 2b 2 b + 2c 2 c + 2a 2
Hng dn :
a + b + c = 3
a.
( ) ( )
2
3 ab + bc + ca a + b + c ab + bc + ca 3
a a(1 + b 2 ) ab 2 ab 2
= = a a ab
1 + b 2 1 + b2 1 + b2 a
1 + b 2 2b 1+b 2
2
b bc 2 bc c ca 2 ca
Tng t : = b b , = c c
1+c 2
1+c 2
2 1+a 2
1+a 2
2
a b c ab + bc + ca 3 3
Cng v theo v : + + a +b +c 3 = .
1+b 2
1+c 2
1+a 2
2 2 2
Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a.b.c = 1 . Chng minh rng :

a3 b3 c3 3 1 1 1
a. + + . b. + + 1
(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + c )(1 + a ) (1 + a )(1 + b ) 4 2 +a 2 +b 2 +c
a2 b2 c2 1
Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng : + +
b +c c +a a +b 2
Gii :
2 2
1 a 2
b c2
2
1 2
a
+
b
+
b +c c +a a +b 2
c
+ a + + b + + c + a + b + c ( )
b + c c + a a + b 2
(
a2 + a b + c
+
)
b2 + b c + a
+
(
c2 + c a + b 1
+1
) ( )
b +c c +a a +b 2
(
a a +b +c
+
)
b b +c +a
+
(
c c +a +b

3 ) ( )
b +c c +a a +b 2
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a b c 3
+ + v a + b + c = 1 .
b +c c +a a +b 2

ab bc ca 1
+ +
a + b + 2c b + c + 2a c + a + 2b 4
1 1 4
Hng dn : Dng bt ng thc + .
a b a +b
Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng :

a3 b3 c3
a. + +
1
(a +b +c )
(a + b )(b + c ) (b + c )(c + a ) (c + a )(a + b ) 4
a3 b3 c3
b. + +
1
(a +b +c )
(
b c +a ) (
c a +b ) (
a b +c ) 2
Hng dn :
a3 a +b b +c 3 8a 3
+ + a (
+ a +b ) + (b + c ) 6a
(
a +b b +c

)(
8 8 4 ) (
a +b b +c

)( )
b3 b +c c +a 3 8b 3
a. Cch 1 : + + b

Cch 2: (
+ b +c ) + (c + a ) 6b
(
b +c c +a )(
8 8 4 ) (
b +c c +a)( )
c3 c +a a +b 3 8c 3
+ + c (
+ c +a ) + (a + b ) 6c
(
c + a a + b )(
8 8 4 ) ( )(
c + a a + b )
4a 3 a3 b c +a
+ 2b + c + a 6a ( ) + +
3
a
b c + a

( ) (
b c + a

) 2 4 2
4b 3 3
c a +b
b. Cch 1: ( ) b 3
+ 2c + a + b 6b Cch 2: + + b
c a + b ( ) c a (
+ b ) 2 4 2
4c 3 c3 a b +c
+ 2a + b + c 6c ( ) + +
3
c
a b + c ( ) (
a b + c ) 2 4 2
Cho ba s dng x , y, z tha mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

x5 y5 z5
S = + + + x 4 + y4 + z4 .
y3 + z 3 z 3 + x 3 x 3 + y3
Gii:
p dng BT Csi cho 3 s ta c :

x5 y3 + z2 x 4 3 3
+ + x
y3 + z2 4 2 2
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y5 z3 + x2 y4 3 3 z5 x 3 + y2 z 4 3 3
tng t + + y , + + z
z3 + x2 4 2 2 x 3 + y2 4 2 2
x4 1 y4 1 z4 1
+ x 2 tng t + y2 , + z 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Cng v vi v cc BT trn ta c
x5 y5 z5
S = 3
y +z 2
+
z +x
3 2
+
x +y
3 2
5
4
3
+ x 4 + y 4 + z 4 x 3 + y3 + z 3 + x 2 + y2 + z 2
4
3
2
( ) ( )
M x 3 + x 3 + 1 3x 2 hay 2x 3 + 1 3x 2 tng t 2y 3 + 1 3y 2 , 2z 3 + 1 3z 2
( ) (
Do 2 x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 3 = 6 x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3 S ) 9
2
Du bng xy ra x = y = z = 1
Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

x2 y2 z2
M = + +
(2y + 3z )(2z + 3y ) (2z + 3x )(2x + 3z ) (2x + 3y )(2y + 3x )
Gii :
(2y + 3z )(2z + 3y ) = 6 (y 2
+ z2 ) (
+ 13yz 6 y 2 + z 2 +
13 2
2
y + z2 = )
25 2
2
y + z2 ( ) ( )
x2 2x 2

(2y + 3z )(2z + 3y ) (
25 y 2 + z 2 )
y2 2y 2 z2 2z 2
Tng t : , .
(2z + 3x )(2x + 3z ) (
25 z 2 + x 2 ) (2x + 3y )(2y + 3x ) (
25 x 2 + y 2 )
2x 2 2y 2 2z 2 1 1
M + + ( )
f x ; y; z min M = .
(
25 y + z2 2
) 25 z + x ( 2 2
) (
25 x + y 2 2
) 25 25
x y z 3
Vi x , y, z l s dng v x .y.z 1 .Chng minh rng: + +
x + yz y + zx z + xy 2
Hng dn.
t a = x , b = y , c = z
Bi ton tr thnh : a, b, c l s dng v a.b.c 1 . Chng minh rng:
a2 b2 c2 3
+ +
a + bc
2
b + ac
2
c + ab
2
2
(a + b + c )
2
a2 b2 c2
D thy : + + (* )
a 2 + bc b 2 + ac c 2 + ab a 2 + bc + b 2 + ac + c 2 + ab
Bnh phng hai v bt ng thc:
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2

( ) ( )
2 4
a + b + c a + b + c
VT 2 () *
2
=
2
a + bc + b + ac + c + ab a 2 + bc + b 2 + ac + c 2 + ab
2 2

(a + b + c ) (a + b + c ) (a + b + c )
4 4 4

+ ab + bc + ac) 3 a + b + c 3 ab + bc + ac 3 a + b + c 3
( ) ( ) ( )
3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 2
( ) (a + b + c )
2 2
( V ab + bc + ac 3 3 abc 3t = 9)
t2 3t + 15 t 3 3 3.9 + 15 t 3 3 9
Ta c:
3(t 3)
=
12
+
12
+
t 3

12
+2 . = VT 2 *
12 t 3 2
9
2
()
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = 1 iu phi chng minh
(
Tng qut : ta c bi ton sau: vi x 1, x 2 ,..., x n n 2 l s dng v x 1.x 2 ...x n 1 )
x1 x2 xn n
Cmr: + + ... + .
x 1 + x 2 .x 3 ...x n x 2 + x 3 .x 4 ...x n x n + x 1.x 2 ...x n 1 2
Tng t:
Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng :
1 1 1 1 1 1
a. + + + + .
a + 3b b + 3c c + 3a 4a 4b 4c
1 1 1 1 1 1
b. + + + + .
a + b + 2c b + c + 2a c + a + 2b 4a 4b 4c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c. + + + + .
(
a +b a +c )( )
b +c b +a ( )( ) (c + a )(c + b ) 2 a b c
a d b b b c c a
d. + + + 0
d +b b +c c +a a +d
1 1 81
2 2
1
Cho x ; y; z 0;1 . Chng minh rng : 2x + 2y + 2z x + y + z <
2 8
( . )
Gii :
t a = 2x , b = 2y , c = 2z a, b, c 1;2
1 1 1 81
Bi ton tr thnh : Cho a, b, c 1;2 . Chng minh rng : a + b + c + + < . ( )
a b c 8
1 1 1 81 2 2 2 81 2 2 2 9
(
Tht vy : a + b + c + + <) a +b +c + + < (
a +b +c + + < ) ( )
a b c 8 a b c 4 a b c 2
( )( ) 2
1 a 2 a 1 a 2 0 a 2 3a + 2 0 a 2 + 2 3a a + 3
a
2 2 2 2 2
Tng t : b + 3, c + 3 a + b + c + + + 9 (1 ) ()
b c a b c
-38-
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p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn :

2 2 2 2 2 2
( )
a +b +c + + + 2 a +b +c + + ( ) (2 )
a b c a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2 81
( )
T (1) v (2 ) suy ra 2 a + b + c + + 9 a + b + c + + ( ) ( 3)
a b c a b c 4
1 1 1 81
() (
ng thc khng xy ra . 3 a + b + c + + < ) (pcm).
a b c 8
Cho a, b, c l 3 s dng tho mn ab + bc + ca = 3abc . Chng minh rng:
ab bc ca 3
+ 3 + 3 Trch http://www.maths.vn
a +b +a c +b c b +c +b a +c a c +a +c b +a b 4
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2
Gii :
1 1 1
ab + bc + ca = 3abc + + =3
a b c

Vi a, b > 0 ta lun c a 3 + b 3 ab a + b , ( ) a 1+ b 14 . a1 + b1 v vi mi a,b ta lun c a 2
+ b 2 2ab .

ab ab ab 1 1
+ 2
( ) (
a 3 + b 3 + a 2c + b 2c ab a + b + a 2 + b 2 c )
4 ab a + b
(
a + b2 c
) ( )

ab

1 1
+
ab 1 1 + 1
( ) (
ab a + b + a 2 + b 2 c 4 a + b
) (
a 2 + b 2 c 4 a + b 2c
)
1 1 1 1 1
ab
+ + .
a 3 + b 3 + a 2c + b 2c 16 a b 8 c
1 ()
Tng t :
1 1 1 1 1
bc
+ + .
b 3 + c 3 + b 2a + c 2a 16 b c 8 a
(2 )
1 1 1 1 1
ca
+ + .
c + a + c b + a b 16 c a 8 b
3 23 2 (3)
()() ()
Cng v theo v ng thc 1 , 2 v 3 ta c pcm. Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 .
Cho tam gic ABC c 3 cnh : AB = c, BC = a, AC = b tho mn a 3 = b 3 + c 3 .Chng minh rng : A l
gc nhn v tho : 600 < A < 900 .
Gii :
-39-
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b 3 b 2
b < 2 2
a, b, c > 0 0 < < 1
3 3
0 < b < a a a b + c < b + c
a
3 3 2
a = b 3
+ c 0 < c < a 0 < c < 1 c
3
c a a a a

a <
a a
b 3 + c 3 b2 + c2 b2 + c2 b2 + c2 a 2
3
< 2
1 < 2
a 2
< b 2
+ c 2
cos A = > 0 A < 900
a a a 2bc
3 3
( )(
2 2
) 2
( 2
)
a = b + c = b + c b bc + c > a b bc + c a > b bc + c 2
3 2 2
2
b +c a
2 2
b +c a
2 2
1 2
< 1 cos A = < A > 600
bc 2bc 2
Vy 60 < A < 90 .
0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin : 15 2 + 2 + 2 = 10 + + + 2007 . Tm gi
a b c ab bc ca
1 1 1
tr ln nht ca P = + +
5a 2 + 2ab + 2b 2 5b 2 + 2bc + 2c 2 5c 2 + 2ca + 2a 2
Gii :
1 1 1 9
p dng ng thc : + + . ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z .
x y z x +y +z
1 1 1 1 1 1
5a 2 + 2ab + 2b 2 = (2a + b)2 + (a b)2 (2a + b )2 + + .
5a + 2ab + 2b 2 2 2a + b 9 a a b
ng thc xy ra khi a = b
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
2b + c 9 b b c 1 1 1 1
Tng t : 5b + 2bc + 2c
2 2
. Do P + +
1 1 11 1 1 3 a b c
+ +
5c 2 + 2ca + 2a 2 2c + a 9 c c a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
+ + + +
a 2 b 2 c 2 3 a b c
Mt khc : 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ab + bc + ca 3 a + b + c

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6021
M gi thit : 15 2 + 2 + 2 = 10 + + + 2007 . Do : + +
a b c ab bc ca a b c 5
a =b =c
1 6021
ng thc xy ra khi : 1 1 1 6021 a = b = c = 3
+ + = 5
a b c 5
1 6021 1 6021
Vy max P = , khi a = b = c =
3 5 3 5
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Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca = abc . Chng minh rng :

a 4 + b4 b4 + c4 c4 + a 4
+ + 1.
(
ab a 3 + b 3 ) (
bc b 3 + c 3 ) (
ca c 3 + a 3 )
Gii:
1 1 1
Ta c : ab + bc + ca = abc + + = 1.
a b c
1 1 1
t : x = ; y = ; z = x +y +z = 1 . Khi ta c :
a b c
1 1
+ 4
( )
2
a +b
4 4
x 4
y x 4 + y4 x6 y6 x 3 + y3
= = = + 2 3 3
(
ab a 3 + b 3 ) 1 1
+
1 x 3 + y3 x2 x 3 + y3

y x + y3 x + y3 x 2 + y2 ( ) ( ) ( )( )
xy x 3 y 3
(x )
2
a +b4 4
x +y 3
x 3
y 2
x 2 + y2 x + y
2
2
+ y2
2 = + = .
(
ab a 3 + b 3 ) x + y2 x x 2 + y2 (
y x 2 + y2 )
x + y x 2 + y2 x +y ( 2 ) ( )( )
b4 + c4 y +z c4 + a 4 z +x
Tng t : ; .
(
bc b 3 + c 3 ) 2 ca c + a
3
(
3 2 )
a 4 + b4 b4 + c4 c4 + a4
Cng v theo v , ta c : + + x +y +z =1
(
ab a 3 + b 3 ) (
bc b 3 + c 3 ) (
ca c 3 + a 3 )
Hy xc nh dng ca tam gic ABC nu cc gc ca n lun tha mn ng thc sau:
A B C
tan tan tan
2 2 2 1
+ + =
B C C A A B A B C
1 + tan . tan 1 + tan . tan 1 + tan . tan 4 tan . tan . tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Gii:
A B C
t x = tan , y = tan , z = tan th th x , y, z dng v xy + yz + zx = 1
2 2 2
x y z 1
H thc tr thnh: + + = .
1 + yz 1 + zx 1 + xy 4xyz
Ta c:
x y z x y z
+ + = + +
1 + yz 1 + zx 1 + xy (xy + yz ) + (zx + yz ) (xy + zx ) + (yz + zx ) (xy + yz ) + (zx + xy )
1 x x 1 y y 1 z z
+ + + + + =
4 xy + yz zx + yz 4 xy + zx yz + zx 4 xy + yz zx + xy
-41-
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1 x +z x +y y + z 1 1 1 1 xy + yz + zx 1
= + + = + + = =
4 xy + yz zx + yz xy + zx 4 x y z 4xyz 4xyz
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: x = y = z hay tam gic ABC u.
Vn lin quan tam gic , hn cc em mt chuyn khc . Chc cc em n tp tt!!!.

Gp gi v Email: phukhanh@moet.edu.vn
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NHNG BI TON BT NG THC C BN TRONG COSI.
1
Cho n nguyn v n 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x +
xn
Gii:
n
x x x 1 x 1 n +1
A = + + ... + + n (n + 1)n +1 n
n n n x n +1 n
n x n
x
n so
n
x 1
Du ng thc xy ra khi = n x = n +1 n
n x
n +1
Gi tr nh nht ca A =
n +1
nn
1
Cho n nguyn v n 2 v x k > n +1 n . Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x +
xn
Gii:
n +1
Vi x k > n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f (x ) f (k ) x + n
k
0 x k + n 1 + n 2 + n 3 2 + ... + n 1 0
n
x k x k x x k x k k
1 1 1 1 1
(x k ) 1 n 1 + n 2 + n 3 2 + ... + n 1 0
xk x x k x k k
(x k ) 1 1 1 1
xk n 1 + n 2 + n 3 2 + ... + n 1 0
xk x x k x k k
1 1 1 1 n n
Ta c: n 1 + n 2 + n 3 2 + ... + n 1 n 1 < = n +1 n 2 < xk
x x k x k k k n + 1 n 1
n
Suy ra f (x ) f (k ) ng vi mi x k > n +1 n
1
Gi tr nh nht ca A = k + khi x = k .
kn
Cch 2 :
n
x x 1 nx x 1 n
Nhp : A = + ... + + n +x (n + 1)n +1 n + x 1
m
m x m m x m
x
n so ,m > 0
m
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x = k
n +1
Ta chn m sao cho: x 1 m =x = k n +1
m =
xn
n
x 1 nx x x 1 n
Bi gii: A = n +1 + ... + n +1 + n + x n +1 (n + 1)n +1 n +1 n + x 1 n +1
k k x k k x k
x
n so
kn +1
(n + 1) n 1
V x k > n +1 n nn n < k n +1 suy ra: A n
+ k 1 n +1 = k + n = f (k )
k k k
( )
Cho hai s thc x 0, y 0 thay i v tha mn iu kin: x + y xy = x 2 + y 2 xy . Tm gi tr ln nht
1 1
ca biu thc : A = 3
+
x y3
Gii:
( )
Xt x + y xy = x + y xy * .
2 2
()
1 1
t u = ,v = .
x y
1 1 1 1 1 3(u + v )2
( )
2
Ta c + = 2 + 2 u + v = u 2 + v 2 uv u + v (u + v ) = 3uv .
x y x y xy 4
( )
2
u +v 4(u + v ) 0 0 u + v 4
x 3 + y3 (x + y )(x 2 + y 2 xy ) (x + y )(x + y )xy x 2 + y 2 + 2xy
Khi : A = = = =
x 3y 3 x 3y 3 x 3y 3 x 2y 2
1 1 2
A= 2 + 2 + = (u + v )2 16 .
x y xy
1
Du ng thc xy ra khi u = v = 2 hay x = y = .
2
Cho x , y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

x 1 y 1 z 1
P = x + +y + +z +
2 yz 2 zx 2 xy
Gii:
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 2 y2 z 2 x y z
P = x + +y + +z + = + + + + +
2 yz 2 zx 2 xy 2 2 2 yz zx xy
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1 1 1 2 2 1
(
P = x 2 + y2 + z 2 + )
= x + y + z 1 +
2 xyz 2
2

1
(
+
xyz xyz
)
1 3 2 2 2 1 9
P 9 x y z .3 2 2 2 = .
2 x yz 2
9
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
2
Cho x , y, z l cc s thc dng thay i v tho mn iu kin x .y.z = 1 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
(
x2 y + z ) +
(
y2 z + x ) +
(
z2 x + y )
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y
Gii:
2x x xyz 2y y xyz 2z z xyz 2x x 2y y 2z z
P + + + +
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y
1
a = y y + 2z z x x = (2a + 4b + c )
9
1
t: b = z z + 2x x y y = (a 2b + 4c )
9
c = x x + 2y y 1
z z = (4a + b 2c)
9
2 2a + 4b + c a 2b + 4c 4a + b 2c 2 b a c c a b
Khi : P + + 6 + 4 + + + + + .
9 a b c 9 a c b a b c
2
Hay P
9
(
6 + 4.3 + 3 = 2 . )
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc ca P = 2 khi a = b = c = 1 .
Cho cc s thc khng m x , y thay i v tha mn x + y = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca

( )(
biu thc S = 4x 2 + 3y 4y 2 + 3x + 25xy . )
thi Cao ng khi B nm 2009
Gii:
Nhn xt: vai tr ging nhau (i xng) ca x , y .
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( )
S = 12 x 3 + y 3 + 16x 2y 2 + 34xy = 12 x + y x 2 + y 2 xy + 16x 2y 2 + 34xy ( )( )
2
1 191
Hay S = 12 x + y x + y ( )( ) 3xy + 16x 2y 2 + 34xy = 4xy +
2
4 16
2
x +y 1
V x , y khng m v tha mn x + y = 1 suy ra 0 xy =
2 4
2
1 1 3 1 191 25
4xy 0 4xy + .
4 4 4 4 16 2
25 1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca S = khi x = y = v gi tr nh nht ca S = 0 khi x = 0, y = 1 .
2 2
( )
3
Cho cc s thc x , y thay i v tha mn x + y + 4xy 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
(
A = 3 x 4 + y 4 + x 2y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1 ) ( )
Gii:
(x + y ) + 4xy 2
3
( ) + (x + y )
3 2
x +y 2x +y 1 .
(x + y )
2
4xy

( ) (
) 23 (x + y + x + y + 2x y ) 2 (x + y ) + 1
A = 3 x 4 + y 4 + x 2y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1 = 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
A = (x + y ) + (x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) + 1
3 3 4 4 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
M x + y = ( x + y ) 2x y ( x + y ) ( x + y ) x + y ( x + y )
4 4 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 2
2
4 4 4 4 2 2
2
2
Khi A ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) + 1 hay A ( x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) + 1
3 3 2 2 9
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
4 2 4
(x + y )2 1
( ) 9 1
2
t t = x 2 + y 2 , t A t 2 2t + 1,t .
2 2 4 2
1
Xt hm s f t = () 9 2
; + .
t 2t + 1 xc nh v lin tc trn na khong
4 2
1
9
()
9 1
Ta c f ' t = t 2 1 > 0 , t f t ng bin trn na khong ; + . ()
2 4 2 2
1 9 1
Khi min A = min f t = f = . ng thc xy ra khi t = ()
1
t ;+ 2 16 2
2
IM RI TRONG BT DNG THC COSI
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Bi ton m u : Cho a, b > 0 v tha mn a + b 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

1 1
P = + .
1 + a 2 + b2 2ab
Gii:
1 1 4 4 4
Li gii 1. Ta c: P = + 2 = =2
1+a +b
2 2
2ab a + 2ab + b + 1 (a + b) + 1 2
2 2
1 + a + b = 2ab (a b ) + 1 = 0
2 2 2
Du " = " xy ra . H v nghim. Vy khng tn ti min P .
a + b = 1 a + b = 1
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
Li gii 2. Ta c: P = + + 2 + = +
1+a +b
2 2
6ab 3ab a + 6ab + b + 1 3ab (a + b) + 1 + 4ab 3ab
2 2
2
a + b 1 4 1 8
Mt khc ab = . Vy P 2
+ 2
.
2 4 a + b a + b 3
2+ 6
2 2
1 + a 2 + b 2 = 3ab
1
Du " = " xy ra a = b a =b = .
a + b = 1 2

1 1 4
Li bnh: li gii 1. v li gii 2 gn nh tng t nhau, cng p dng bt ng thc + . Ti sao
a b a +b
1 1 1
trong cng mt bi ton m c n hai p s ? Do u m li gii 2 ti sao li tch = + ?.
2ab 6ab 3ab
chnh l k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc.
Cc bt ng thc trong cc thi i hc thng thng l i xng vi cc bin v ta d on du bng xy

ta khi cc bin bng nhau v xy ra ti bin.
1 1
Cho a, b > 0 v tha mn a + b 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + + 4ab .
a +b
2 2
ab
Gii:
1
Do P l biu thc i xng vi a, b , ta d on min P t ti a = b = .
2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1
Ta c: P = + + 4ab + + + 2 4ab. + 7
a 2 + b2 2ab 4ab 4ab (a + b)2
2ab a + b
2
4
2
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a 2 + b 2 = 2ab

1 1
Du " = " xy ra a 2b 2 = a =b = .
16 2
a + b = 1

1
2
Thao kho hai li gii khc :
Li gii 1:
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
P = + + 4ab + + 2 4ab. + 4+2+ =6+
a +b ( )
2 2 2
ab 4ab 4ab a +b 2ab 4ab 4ab 4ab
a 2 + b 2 = 2ab

1 1 1
Du " = " xy ra a 2b 2 = a = b = . Thay a = b = vo ta c P 7 .
16 2 2
a + b = 1

1
2
Li bnh 1:
1
Qua cch gii trn ta chn ng du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = nn dn n vic tch cc s hng v
2
1
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 7 t ti a = b = l ng , nhng bc cui cng ta lm sai , v d
2
(1 a + a a , ng thc xy ra khi a = 1 min 1 a + a = a ?.
) ( )
2 2

Li gii 2:
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
P = 2 + + + 4 ab + + 4 ab = + + 4ab .
a + b 2 2ab 2ab a 2 + b 2 + 2ab 2ab ( )
2
a +b 2ab
Mt khc
1
2ab
+ 4ab 2
1
2ab
.4ab = 2 2 . Vy P 4 + 2 2 min P = 2 2 + 2 ( )
Li bnh 2:
1 1 1
Thot nhn thy bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao? . Vic tch = + lm xut hin ng
ab 2ab 2ab
( )
2
thc a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = a + b .
a = b

( 1
min P = 2 2 + 2
2ab
)
= 4ab . H v nghim. ng thc khng xy ra , do khng tn ti min P .
a + b = 1
3
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a + b + c . Chng minh rng :
www.mathvn.com 2
1 1 1 15
1. a + b + c + + + .
a b c 2
1 1 1 3 17
2. a 2 + 2
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 .
a b c 2
1 1 1 3 17
3. a 2 + + b2 + + c2 + .
b2 c2 a2 2
Gii:
1 1 1 15
1. a + b + c + + +
a b c 2
1 1 1 1 1
Ta c th phm sai lm: a + b + c + + + 3 3 abc + 3 6 3
abc . =6
a b c 3
abc 3
abc
3
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 nhng khi a + b + c = 3 > ( tri gi thit ) .
2
Phn tch bi ton :
3
2
3 1 1
bnh nhn. a + b + c 3 3 abc 3 abc . t: x = 3 abc
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Khi : a + b + c + + + 3 3 abc + 3 = 3 x + . D on ng thc xy ra khi x =
a b c 3
abc x 2
1
x =
Ta chn > 0 sao cho: 2 = x2 = 1 .
x = 1 4
x
Bi gii:
1 1 1 1 1 1 9 15
a +b +c + + + 3 x + 3 4x + 3x 3.2 4x . 9x = 12 =
a b c x x x 2 2
1
2
1 1 1 3 17
2. a 2 + 2
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 .
a b c 2
Phn tch bi ton :
3
2
3 1 1 1
bnh nhn. a + b + c 3 3 abc 3 abc . t: x = 3 abc ,ng thc xy ra khi x = .
2 2 2 2
1
x =
1 2 1
Xt x 2 + 2 , chn > 0 sao cho: = 4 = 16 .
x x 2 = 1 x
x 2
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1
v s x 2 :
16x
15
16
1 1
1 1 17x 17
x + 2 = x + 16.
2
2
2
17 x 2
17 2
x2 + 2
32
.
x 16x 16x x 17
2
15 15 15
1 17a 17
1 17b 17
1 17c 17
a2 + ; b2 + ; c2 +
a2 32
b2 32
c2 32
2 17
2 17
2 17
1
17 17 17 17 17 17 3
15 15 15 15 15 15
1 1 1
a + 2 + b + 2 + c + 2 32 a + b + c 32 .3 a b c
2 2 2 17 17
a b c
2 17 2 17
5 15
1 1 1 3 17
a + 2 + b 2 + 2 + c 2 + 2 32 abc 17 32 .2 17 =
2
a b c
3 17 3 17
2
. ( )
2 17 2 17
1
2
Cch khc :
1 1 1
Chn : u = a; , v = b; , w = c;
a b c

Dng bt ng thc vecto u + v + w u + v + w
2
1 1 1
1 1 1
(a + b + c ) 1
2
a + 2 + b2 + 2 + c2 + 2
2
+ + + 3 3
(abc)2 +
a b c a b c 3
(abc )2
2
( ) a + b + c
2
1
Tng t trn , ta t x = 3
abc .
3 4
1 1 1 1 1 15 x 1 15
a2 + + b 2
+ + c 2
+ 3 x + = 3 x + + 3 2 . +
a2 b2 c2 x 16x 16x 16 x 16x
1 1 1 1 15 1 15 3 17
a2 + 2
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 3 + 3 + = .
a b c 2 16x 2 4 2
1
2
1 1 1 3 17
3. a 2 + 2
+ b2 + 2
+ c2 + 2
.
b c a 2
1
x =y =
1 2 = 1 = 16
Tng t trn . Xt x 2 + 2 , chn > 0 sao cho:
y 1 x 2y 2
x 2 =
y2
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1
v s x 2 :
16y
1 16
16
1 1 1 1 17x 17 y 17
x 2 + 2 = x 2 + 16. 2
1717 x 2 2
x2 + 2 32
.
y 16y 16y y
2 17
1 16 1 16 1 16
1 17a b17 17
1 17b c 17 17
1 17c a17 17
a2 + ; b2 + ; c2 +
b2 32
c2 32
a2 32
2 17
2 17
2 17
17 17 17
1 16 1 16 1 16 5 15
1 1 1 3 17 3 17 3 17
a + 2 + b + 2 + c + 2 32 a b + b c 17
2
b c
2
a
2 17 + c a 17 32 abc
17
( ) 17 32
2 17 =
2
2 17 2 17 2 17
1
2
1 1 1
Cho x , y, z > 0 v tha mn+ + = 4 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
x y z
1 1 1
P = + +
2x + y + z x + 2y + z x + y + 2z
Gii:
a + b 2005 1
2005
Cho cc s khng m a, b, x , y tha cc iu kin 2005 . Chng minh rng :

x + y 2005
1
a 1975 .x 30 + b1975 .y 30 1
Ton tui th 2 s 27
Gii:
Nhn xt : Cc a thc tham gia trong bi ton cng bc 2005 = 1975 + 30 , ng thi s m ca cc bin
tng ng bng nhau.
2005 2005
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng , trung bnh nhn cho 1975 s a v 30 s x
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1975.a 2005 + 30.x 2005

(a ) . (x ) ()
1975 30
2005 2005 2005
= a 1975 .x 30 1
(1975 + 30 )
1975.b 2005 + 30.y 2005
(b ) . (y ) ()
1975 30
Tng t 2005 2005 2005
= b 1975 .y 30 2
(1975 + 30 )
() () ( ) (
T 1 v 2 suy ra 1975. a 2005 + b 2005 + 30. x 2005 + y 2005 2005. a 1975 .x 30 + b 1975 .y 30 ) ( ) (3)
a 2005 + b 2005 1
T 2005
+y 2005
1
(
2005 1975. a 2005 + b 2005 + 30. x 2005 + y 2005 ) ( ) (4)
x
() () (
T 3 v 4 suy ra 2005 2005. a 1975 .x 30 + b 1975 .y 30 a 1975 .x 30 + b 1975 .y 30 1)
Du ng thc xy ra khi a 1975 = x 30 , b1975 = y 30 .
a m +n + b m +n 1
Tng qut : Cho cc s khng m a, b, x , y tha cc iu kin m +n m +n
. Chng minh rng :
x + y 1
a m .x n + b m .y n 1 .
Cho x , y, z l cc s dng tha mn iu kin: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

xy yz zx
A= + + .
z x y
Gii:
2 2 2
xy yz zx
Ta c : A = + + + 2 y 2 + z 2 + x 2 .
2
z x y
( )
p dng bt ng thc: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx
Ta c: A2 (y 2 + z 2 + x 2 ) + 2(y 2 + z 2 + x 2 ) = 3(y 2 + z 2 + x 2 ) = 3.
xy yz xz 1
ng thc xy ra = = x =y =z = .
z x y 3
1
Vy min A = 3 t c khi x = y = z = .
3
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 . Chng minh rng :

a b c 3 3
+ 2 + 2 2 .
b +c c +a
2 2 2
a +b 2
Phn tch bi ton :
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Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 , vy ta c th suy ra

0 < a b c < 1 hay khng?. Nh vy iu kin a,b,c khng chnh xc v du ng thc ch xy ra khi
0 < a = b = c
1
2 a, b, c 0; .
a + b 2
+ c 2
= 1 3
Ta thy mi lin h g ca bi ton ?. D thy a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 v b 2 + c 2 , c 2 + a 2 , a 2 + b 2 . Gi ta a

a b c 3 3
bi ton v dng cn chng minh : + +
1a 2
1 b 2
1c 2
2
V vai tr a,b,c nh nhau v 2 phn tch trn gi ta a n cch phn tch
a 3 2
a
1 a 2
2
3 3 2 2 2 b
a + b + c ) v cn chng minh
a b c 3 2
1a 2
+
1 b 2
+
1c 2

2
( 1 b 2
2
b .

c 3 2
c
1 c
2
2
Ta th i tm li gii :
a 3 2 1 3 3 2 4 8
a a a(1 a 2 ) a 2(1 a 2 )2 2a 2(1 a 2 )2
1a 2
2 1a 2
2 3 3 27 27
2a 2(1 a 2 )2 = 2a 2(1 a 2 )(1 a 2 )

D thy 2
2a + (1 a ) + (1 a ) = 2
2 2

2 = 2a 2 + (1 a 2 ) + (1 a 2 ) 3 3 2a 2(1 a 2 )(1 a 2 )
2 8
3 2a 2(1 a 2 )(1 a 2 ) 2a 2(1 a 2 )2
3 27
Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li.
Gii :
a3 b3 c3 1
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c . Chng minh rng : + + (a + b + c )
b (c + a ) c (a + b ) a (b + c ) 2
Phn tch bi ton :
ng thc cn chng minh a v dng :
a3 b3 c3
+ m (a + c ) + nb + + k (b + a ) + pc + + i (b + c ) + ja 0 .
b (c + a ) c (a + b ) a (b + c )
Gi s 0 < a b c . D on ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c .
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a3
T gi m hng gii : + m (a + c ) + nb 3 3 mna . ng thc xy ra khi
b (c + a )
a3 m = 1
= m (a + c ) = nb a 3 4
b (c + a ) = m (a + a ) = na
a = b = c a (a + a ) n = 1
2
Tng t cho cc trng hp khc .
Gii :
a3 1 1 3 a3 1 1
+ b + (c + a ) a . ng thc xy ra khi: = b = (c + a ) .
b (c + a ) 2 4 2 b (c + a ) 2 4
3 3
b 1 1 3 b 1 1
+ c + (b + a ) b . ng thc xy ra khi: = c = (b + a ) .
c (a + b ) 2 4 2 c (a + b ) 2 4
c3 1 1 3 c3 1 1
+ a + (b + c ) c . ng thc xy ra khi: = a = (b + c ) .
a (b + c ) 2 4 2 a (b + c ) 2 4
3 3 3
a b c 1
Cng v theo v ta c : + + (a + b + c ) . Du ng thc xy ra khi :
b (c + a ) c (a + b ) a (b + c ) 2
a =b =c > 0
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a +b +c = 1 . Chng minh rng :

7
a. a +1 + b +1 + c +1 <
2
b. a + b + b + c + c + a 6 .
c. 3 a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a 3 18 .
1 1 1
d. a + b + c + + + 10
a b c
Gii:
7
a. a + 1 + b + 1 + c + 1 <
2
( )
a +1 +1
(
a + 1 = 1. a + 1 ) 2
a
2
+ 1
=

( )
b +1 +1 b a +b +c
(
b + 1 = 1. b + 1 ) 2
= +1 a +1 + b +1 + c +1
2 2
+3=
7
2

( )
c +1 +1 c
(
c + 1 = 1. c + 1 ) 2
= +1
2
ng thc xy ra khi a +1 = b +1 = c +1 = 1 a = b = c = 0 a +b +c = 0 1
7
Vy a + 1 + b + 1 + c +1 <
2
b. a + b + b + c + c + a 6 .
Phn tch bi ton :
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0 < a = b = c 1 1
khi a = b = c = . Hng s cn thm l .
a + b + c = 1 3 3
T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch a + b + b + c + c + a 6 (a + b + c ) hay

1 1 1 1 1 1
3 a + + b + b + + c + c + + a +
S = a +b + b +c + c +a . 3 3+ 3 3+ 3 3.

2 2 2 2

Ta th i tm li gii : p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn
1 1 2
3 a + 3 +b + 3 3 (a + b ) + 3 3 2
= . (a + b ) . = a + b
2 2 2 2 2 3

Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li .
Cch khc :
1 a +b + m
(a + b ) m m 2 . Vn
1
Gi s vi mi m > 0 , ta lun c : a +b = by gi ta
m
d on m > 0 bao nhiu l ph hp?.
a + b = m
2
D thy ng thc xy ra khi 1 m = 3.
a = b =
3
Gii :
2
3 2 AM _ GM 3 (a + b ) +
a +b = . (a + b ) . . 3
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 AM _GM 3 (b + c ) + 3
b +c = . (b + c ) . .
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 AM _GM 3 (c + a ) + 3
c +a = . (c + a ) . .
2 3 2 2

2
3 2 (a + b + c ) + 3. 3 3
a +b + b +c + c +a . = .2 = 6 (pcm).
2 2 2
1
3
c. 3 a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a 3 18 .
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2
a + b = 3
0 < a = b = c
1 2 2
khi a = b = c = b + c = . Hng s cn thm l
a + b + c = 1 3 3 3
2
c + a = 3

T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch 3 a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a 3 18 (a + b + c ) hay
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a +b) + +
3 3+
(b + c) + +
3 3+
(c + a ) + +
3 3
T = 3a +b + 3b +c + 3c +a
3 3 3
.
Gii :
2 2
3 9 2 (
2 )
a +b + +
4
(
a + b = 3 .3 a + b . . ) 3 3 3
3 3

2 2
3 93 2 2 ( b )
+ c + +
b +c = 3
4
( )
. b +c . .
3 3 3
3 3

2 2
(c + a ) + +
3 c + a = 3 9 . 3 (c + a ) . 2 . 2 3 3

4 3 3 3

9 2 (a + b + c ) + 4 3 9 6 3
T = 3 a +b + 3 b +c + 3 c +a 3 . = . = 18 (pcm).
4 3 4 3
1
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = .
3
1 1 1
d. a + b + c + + + 10
a b b
Phn tch bi ton :
Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a +b +c = 1 , du ng thc ch xy ra
0 < a = b = c 1
khi a =b =c = .
a + b + c = 1 3
1
T iu cn chng minh ,gi ta a n cch phn tch vi mi m > 0 , ta lun c : ma + 2 m.
a
ma = 1
a m = 9.
ng thc xy ra khi :
a = 1
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
V th m T = a + b + c + + + = 9 (a + b + c ) + + + 8 (a + b + c )
a b b
www.mathvn.coma b b
Gii :
9a + 1 6
a
1
9b + 6
b
9c + 1 6
c
1 1 1
T = 9 (a + b + c ) + + + 8 (a + b + c ) 3.6 8 (a + b + c ) = 10 (pcm).
a b b
1
ng thc xy ra khi : a = b = c = .
3
Bi tp tng t
Cho cc s thc dng x , y, z v tha mn mx + ny + pz d trong m, n, p, d . Tm gi tr ln
nht biu thc A = ax + by + cz
2 2 2
Hng dn : Thc hin vic chn im ri : ax = by = cz =

2 2 2

Chng minh rng nu xy + yz + zx = 5 th 3x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 10
Phn tch bi ton :
Trc ht ta mi lin h gia 3x 2,3y 2, z 2, xy, yz, zx cho ta iu g ?, phi chng nhng hng ng
2 2
thc c dng : (ax by ) 0 (ax )2 + (by ) 2axby ?.
Phn tch :
ax 2 + ay 2 2axy .ng thc xy ra khi x = y
by 2 + cz 2 2 bcyz .ng thc xy ra khi by 2 = cz 2
cz 2 + bx 2 2 cbzx . ng thc xy ra khi cz 2 = bx 2

a + b = 3 a = 1

By gi ta chn a,b,c sao cho : 2c = 1 b = 2

a = bc c = 1
2
Gii :
x 2 + y 2 2xy .ng thc xy ra khi x = y
1 1
2y 2 + z 2 2yz .ng thc xy ra khi 2y 2 = z 2
2 2
1 2 1
z + 2x 2 2zx . ng thc xy ra khi z 2 = 2x 2
2 2
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Cng v theo v ta c : 3x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 2 (xy + yz + zx ) 3x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 10 (pcm).

x = y
1
2y 2 = z 2
2 x = y = 1
ng thc xy ra khi :
1 2 z =2
z = 2x 2

2
xy + yz + zx = 5

47 235
Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z tho mn x +y +z = . Chng minh rng : 3x 2 + 4y 2 + 5z 2
12 12
Phn tch bi ton :
235
Trc ht ta mi lin h gia 3x 2,4y 2,5z 2, x, y, z cho ta iu g ?, gi : 3x 2 + 4y 2 + 5z 2
12
c bin i v dng 3x + m + 4y + n + 5z + p k , ( 0 < m n p k = const )
2 2 2
Phn tch :
3x 2 + m 2 3mx, m > 0 . ng thc xy ra khi 3x 2 = m
4y 2 + n 2 4ny, n > 0 . ng thc xy ra khi 4y 2 = n
5z 2 + p 2 5pz, p > 0 . ng thc xy ra khi 5z 2 = p
5
x = 3
2
3x = m y = 5
2
4y = n 4
z = 1

By gi ta chn x , y, z sao cho : 5z 2 = p
m = 25
3m = 4n = 5p 3
25
x + y + z = 47 n =
12 4
p = 5

Gii :
25 25 25
3x 2 + 2 3. x . ng thc xy ra khi 3x 2 = .
3 3 3
25 25 25
4y 2 + 2 4. y . ng thc xy ra khi 4y 2 = .
4 4 4
5z 2 + 5 2 5.5z . ng thc xy ra khi 5z 2 = 5 .
235 235
Cng v theo v ta c 3x 2 + 4y 2 + 5z 2 10 ( x + y + z ) = (pcm).
12 12
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5
x = 3

5
ng thc xy ra khi y = .
4
z = 1

Cho 3 s thc khng m a,b,c . Chng minh rng : 1 + 3 abc 3 (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c )

Gii :
1 + 3 abc 3 (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) 3
1.1.1 + 3 abc 3 (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c )
1.1.1 abc
+ 1
(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c )
3 3
1.1.1 abc
t : T = +3
(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c )
3
1 1 1 1 1 a b c
T + + + + +
3 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 3 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c

1 a + 1 b + 1 c + 1 1
T + + = .3 = 1
3 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 3
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c 0 .
Tng qut :
( )
Chng minh rng vi mi ai ,bi > 0 i = 1, n th ta lun c :
n a1a2.......an + n b1b2.......bn n a1 + b (a1 + b2 ) ........ (an + bn )

1
1 1 1
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng : 1 1 1 8 .
a b c
Gii :
1 1 1 1 a 1 b 1 c b + c c + a a +b
VT = 1 1 1 = . . = a . b . c
a b c a b c
AM_GM
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
VT . . = 8 (pcm)
a b c
Tng qut :
x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,..............., x n > 0
Cho .
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ........ + x n = 1
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1 1 1 1
Chng minh rng : 1 (n 1) .
n
x x
1
x
1

........ 1
1 2 3 xn
1 1 1 1
Cho 4 s thc dng a,b,c,d tho mn + + + 3 . Chng minh rng :
1+a 1 +b 1+c 1 +d
1
abcd .
81
Gii :
1 1 1 1 b c d
1 - + 1 + 1 = + +
1+a 1+b 1+c 1+d 1+b 1+c 1+d
1 AM _GM bcd
33
1+a (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d )
1 bcd
3
(1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d )
3
1 + a

1 33
cda
1 + b
(1 + c ) (1 + d ) (1 + a )
Vy:
1 dca
1 + c 3
(1 + d ) (1 + c )(1 + a )
3

1 33
abc
1 + d
(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c )
1 abcd 1
81 abcd
(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d ) (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d ) 81
Tng qut :
x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,............., x n > 0

Cho : 1 1 1 1
1 + x + 1 + x + 1 + x + ......... + 1 + x n 1
1 2 3 n
1
Chng minh rng : x 1x 2x 3 ...........x n .
(n 1)n
Bi tng t
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a + b + c = 3 . Chng minh rng :
a b c 3
a. + + .
1+b 2
1+c 2
1+a 2
2
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a b c 3
b. + + .
a + b2 b + c2 c + a 2 2
a2 b2 c2
c. + + 1.
a + 2b 2 b + 2c 2 c + 2a 2
Hng dn :
a + b + c = 3
a.
3(ab + bc + ca ) (a + b + c) ab + bc + ca 3
2
a a(1 + b 2 ) ab2 ab 2
= = a a ab
1 + b 1 + b2 1 + b2 a
2
1 + b 2 2b 1+b 2
2
b bc 2 bc c ca 2 ca
Tng t : = b b , = c c
1+c 2
1+c 2
2 1+a 2
1+a 2
2
a b c ab + bc + ca 3 3
Cng v theo v : + + a +b +c 3 = .
1+b 2
1+c 2
1+a 2
2 2 2
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a.b.c = 1 . Chng minh rng :

a3 b3 c3 3
a. + + .
(1 + b)(1 + c) (1 + c)(1 + a ) (1 + a )(1 + b) 4
1 1 1
b. + + 1
2 +a 2 +b 2 +c
Hng dn :
a.

a2 b2 c2 1
+ +
b +c c +a a +b 2
Gii :
a2 b2 c2 1 a2 b2 c2 1
+ + ( + a) + ( + b) + ( + c) + (a + b + c)
b +c c +a a +b 2 b +c c +a a +b 2
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a 2 + a(b + c) b2 + b(c + a ) c2 + c(a + b) 1

+ + +1
b +c c +a a +b 2
a(a + b + c) b(b + c + a ) c(c + a + b) 3
+ +
b +c c +a a +b 2
a b c 3
+ + v a + b + c = 1 .
b +c c +a a +b 2

ab bc ca 1
a. + + .
a + b + 2c b + c + 2a c + a + 2b 4
Hng dn :
1 1 4
a. Dng bt ng thc + .
a b a +b
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c . Chng minh rng :

a3 b3 c3 1
a. + + (a + b + c )
(a + b)(b + c) (b + c)(c + a ) (c + a )(a + b) 4
a3 b3 c3 1
b. + + (a + b + c)
b(c + a ) c(a + b) a(b + c) 2
Hng dn :
a3 a +b b +c 3 8a 3
+ + a + (a + b) + (b + c) 6a
(a + b)(b + c) 8 8 4 (a + b)(b + c)
b3 b +c c +a 3 8b 3
a. Cch 1 : + + b Cch 2: + (b + c) + (c + a ) 6b
(b + c )(c + a ) 8 8 4 (b + c )(c + a )
c3 c +a a +b 3 8c 3
+ + c + (c + a ) + (a + b) 6c
(c + a )(a + b) 8 8 4 (c + a )(a + b)
4a 3 a3 b c +a 3
+ 2b + (c + a ) 6a + + a
b (c + a ) b (c + a ) 2 4 2
4b 3 b 3 c a +b 3
b. Cch 1: + 2c + (a + b) 6b Cch 2: + + b
c(a + b) c(a + b) 2 4 2
4c 3 c3 a b +c 3
+ 2a + (b + c) 6c + + c
a(b + c) a(b + c) 2 4 2
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Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z tho : x + y + z 3 .Tm GTNN ca

x2 y2 z2
A= + +
(x + y + z )
2
x2 y2 z2
+ + .
x + yz y + zx z + xy x + y + z + yz + zx + xy
Ta c : yz + zx + xy x + y + z .
(x + y + z )
2
x2 y2 z2 x +y +z 3
Suy ra : + + =
x + yz y + zx z + xy x + y + z + x + y + z 2 2

x + y + z = 3

ng thc xy ra khi: x = y = z x =y =z =1
x y z
= =
Cho ba s dng x , y, z tha mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

x5 y5 z5
S = 3 + 3 + 3 + x 4 + y4 + z4
y +z 3
z +x 3
x +y 3
p dng BT Csi cho 3 s ta c :

x5 y3 + z2 x 4 3 3
+ + x
y3 + z2 4 2 2
y5 z3 + x2 y4 3 3 z5 x 3 + y2 z 4 3 3
tng t + + y , + + z
z3 + x2 4 2 2 x 3 + y2 4 2 2
x4 1 y4 1 z4 1
+ x 2 tng t + y2 , + z 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Cng v vi v cc BT trn ta c
x5 y5 z5
S = 3
y +z 2
+
z +x
3 2
+
x +y
3 2
5
4
( 3
4
) (
+ x 4 + y4 + z 4 x 3 + y3 + z 3 + x 2 + y2 + z 2
3
2
)
M x 3 + x 3 + 1 3x 2 hay 2x 3 + 1 3x 2 tng t 2y 3 + 1 3y 2 , 2z 3 + 1 3z 2
( ) ( )
Do , 2 x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 3 = 6 x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3 S
9
2
Du bng xy ra x = y = z = 1
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Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

x2 y2 z2
M = + + .
(2y + 3z )(2z + 3y ) (2z + 3x )(2x + 3z ) (2x + 3y)(2y + 3x )
Gii :
13 2 25
(2y + 3z )(2z + 3y ) = 6 (y 2 + z 2 ) + 13yz 6 (y 2 + z 2 ) + ( y + z 2 ) = (y 2 + z 2 )
2 2
x2 2x 2

(2y + 3z )(2z + 3y) 25(y 2 + z 2 )
y2 2y 2 z2 2z 2
Tng t : , .
(2z + 3x )(2x + 3z ) 25(z 2 + x 2 ) (2x + 3y )(2y + 3x ) 25(x 2 + y 2 )
2x 2 2y 2 2z 2 1 1
M + + f ( x ; y; z ) min M = .
25(y + z ) 25(z + x ) 25(x + y )
2 2 2 2 2 2
25 25
x y z 3
Vi x , y, z l s dng v x .y.z 1 .Chng minh rng: + +
x + yz y + zx z + xy 2
Hng dn.
t a = x , b = y , c = z
Bi ton tr thnh : a, b, c l s dng v a.b.c 1 . Chng minh rng:
a2 b2 c2 3
+ +
a 2 + bc b 2 + ac c 2 + ab 2
(a + b + c )
2
a2 b2 c2
D thy : + + ( *)
a 2 + bc b 2 + ac c 2 + ab a 2 + bc + b 2 + ac + c 2 + ab
Bnh phng hai v bt ng thc:
2

( ) ( )
2 4
a + b + c a + b + c
VT 2 () *
2
=
2
a + bc + b 2
+ ac + c 2
+ ab 2
+ + 2
+ + 2
+

a bc b ac c ab

(a + b + c ) (a + b + c ) (a + b + c )
4 4 4

+ ab + bc + ac) 3 a + b + c 3 ab + bc + ac 3 a + b + c 3
( ) ( ) ( )
3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 2
( ) (a + b + c )
2 2
( V ab + bc + ac 3 3 abc 3t = 9)
t2 3t + 15 t 3 3 3.9 + 15 t 3 3 9
Ta c:
3(t 3)
=
12
+
12
+
t 3

12
+2 . = VT 2 *
12 t 3 2
9
2
()
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = 1 iu phi chng minh
( )
Tng qut : ta c bi ton sau: vi x 1, x 2,..., x n n 2 l s dng v x 1.x 2 ...x n 1
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x1 x2 xn n
Cmr: + + ... + .
x 1 + x 2 .x 3 ...x n x 2 + x 3 .x 4 ...x n x n + x 1.x 2 ...x n 1 2
Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c . Chng minh rng :

1 1 1 1 1 1
a. + + + + .
a + 3b b + 3c c + 3a 4a 4b 4c
1 1 1 1 1 1
b. + + + + .
a + b + 2c b + c + 2a c + a + 2b 4a 4b 4c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c. + + + + .
(a + b ) (a + c ) (b + c )(b + a ) (c + a ) (c + b ) 2 a b c
a d b b b c c a
d. + + + 0
d +b b +c c +a a +d
1 1 1 81
Cho x ; y; z [ 0;1] . Chng minh rng : ( 2x + 2y + 2z ) x + y + z <
2 2 2 8
Gii :
t a = 2x ,b = 2y ,c = 2z a,b,c [1;2]
1 1 1 81
Bi ton tr thnh : Cho a,b,c [1;2] . Chng minh rng : (a + b + c ) + + < .
a b c 8
Tht vy :
(a + b + c ) a + b + c < 8 (a + b + c ) a + b + c < 4 (a + b + c ) a + b + c < 2

1 1 1 81 2 2 2 81 2 2 2 9

2
1 a 2 (a 1)(a 2 ) 0 a 2 3a + 2 0 a 2 + 2 3a a + 3
a
2 2
Tng t : b + 3,c + 3
b c
(a + b + c ) + + + 9 (1)
2 2 2
a b c
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn :
(a + b + c ) + + + 2 (a + b + c ) + + (2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2 81
T (1) v (2 ) suy ra 2 (a + b + c ) + + 9 (a + b + c ) + + ( 3)
a b c a b c 4
1 1 1 81
ng thc khng xy ra . ( 3 ) (a + b + c ) + + < (pcm).
a b c 8
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Cho a,b,c l 3 s dng tho mn ab + bc + ca = 3abc . Chng minh rng:

ab bc ca 3
3 2 3 2
+ 3 3 2 2
+ 3 3 2 2

a +b +a c +b c b +c +b a +c a c +a +c b +a b 4
Trch http://www.maths.vn
Gii :
1 1 1
ab + bc + ca = 3abc + + =3
a b c
1 1 1 1
Vi a,b > 0 ta lun c a 3 + b 3 ab (a + b ) , . +
a +b 4 a b
v vi mi a,b ta lun c a 2 + b 2 2ab .
ab ab ab 1 1
2 + 2 2
a + b + a c + b c ab(a + b) + (a + b )c 4 ab(a + b) (a + b )c
3 3 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
+
ab ab 1
2 2
+ 2 2

ab(a + b ) + (a + b )c 4 a + b (a + b )c 4 a + b 2c
ab 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 2 2 + + . (1 )
a + b + a c + b c 16 a b 8 c
Tng t :
bc 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 2 2 + + . (2 )
b + c + b a + c a 16 b c 8 a
ca 1 1 1 1 1
+ + . ( 3)
c + a + c b + a b 16 c a 8 b
3 3 2 2
Cng v theo v ng thc (1) , (2 ) v ( 3 ) ta c pcm. Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 .
Cho tam gic ABC c 3 cnh : AB = c, BC = a, AC = b tho mn a 3 = b 3 + c 3 .Chng minh rng :

A l gc nhn v tho : 600 < A < 900 .
Gii :
3 2
b b b
a,b,c > 0 0 < b < a 0 < a < 1 a < a b
3 2
c 3 b c
2

+ < +
3
a = b 3
+ c 3 0 < c < a 0 < c 2 a a a a
< 1 c c
3
a <
a a
b 3 + c 3 b2 + c2 b2 + c2 b2 + c2 a 2
< 1 < a 2
< b 2
+ c 2
cos A = > 0 A < 900
a3 a2 a2 2bc
a 3 = b 3 + c 3 = (b + c ) (b 2 bc + c 2 ) > a (b 2 bc + c 2 ) a 2 > b 2 bc + c 2
b2 + c2 a 2 b2 + c2 a 2 1
< 1 cos A = < A > 600
bc 2bc 2
Vy 600 < A < 900 .
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1 1 1 1 1 1
Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin : 15 2 + 2 + 2 = 10 + + + 2007
a b c ab bc ca
1 1 1
Tm gi tr ln nht ca P = + +
5a 2 + 2ab + 2b 2 5b 2 + 2bc + 2c 2 5c 2 + 2ca + 2a 2
1 1 1 9
p dng ng thc : + + . ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z .
x y z x +y +z
1 1 1 1 1 1
5a 2 + 2ab + 2b 2 = (2a + b)2 + (a b)2 (2a + b)2 + + .
5a 2 + 2ab + 2b 2 2a + b 9 a a b
ng thc xy ra khi a = b
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
2b + c 9 b b c
Tng t : 5b + 2bc + 2c
2 2
1 1 11 1 1
+ +
5c + 2ca + 2a 2c + a 9 c c a
2 2
1 1 1 1
Do P + +
3 a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
+ + + +
a 2 b 2 c 2 3 a b c
Mt khc : 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ab + bc + ca 3 a + b + c

1 1 1 1 1 1
M gi thit : 15 2 + 2 + 2 = 10 + + + 2007
a b c ab bc ca
1 1 1 6021
Do : + +
a b c 5
a =b =c
1 6021
ng thc xy ra khi : 1 1 1 6021 a = b = c = 3
+ + = 5
a b c 5
1 6021 1 6021
Vy max P = , khi a = b = c =
3 5 3 5
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Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.

KIN THC C BN:

3. Mt s bt ng thc c bn thng dng:

CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

(A + B + C ) = A + B + C + 2AB + 2AC + 2BC

Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c ta lun c: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ac

2ac 2bd 2 (a + b )(c + d ) ( 1)(ac + bd ) (a + b )(c + d )

2 (ac )(bd ) (ad ) + (bc ) (ad ) 2 (ad )(bc ) + (bc ) 0 (ad bc ) 0

PHNG PHP LM TRI.

NHNG BI TON BT NG THC C BN TRONG COSI.

Cho x , y l cc s thc dng khc 0 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

nht ca biu thc P =

Cho cc s thc khng m x , y thay i v tha mn x + y = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca

IM RI TRONG BT DNG THC COSI

Bi ton m u : Cho a, b > 0 v tha mn a + b 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

Cc bt ng thc trong cc thi i hc thng thng l i xng vi cc bin v ta d on du bng xy

Cho x , y l hai s thc dng ln hn 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : P =

Cho x , y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

Cho cc s thc x , y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 0 . Chng minh rng :

Phn tch bi ton: D on im ri x = y = z = 0 .

Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 3 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :

Tham kho hai li gii khc :

Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n hai bt ng thc c bn

Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n vic i Bin Chng Minh Bt ngThc.

Du ng thc xy ra khi a 1975 = x 30, b 1975 = y 30 .

Cho x , y, z l cc s dng tha mn iu kin: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

Phn tch bi ton :

Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 , vy ta c th suy ra

Phng php tip tuyn:

Phn tch bi ton :

T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch a + b + b + c + c + a 6 (a + b + c ) hay

Chng minh rng nu xy + yz + zx = 5 th 3x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 10 .

Phn tch bi ton :

Cho 3 s thc khng m a, b, c . Chng minh rng : 1 + 3 abc 3

Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a.b.c = 1 . Chng minh rng :

Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng :

Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng :

Cho ba s dng x , y, z tha mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

p dng BT Csi cho 3 s ta c :

Cho 3 s thc dng x , y, z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn :

Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca = abc . Chng minh rng :

Vn lin quan tam gic , hn cc em mt chuyn khc . Chc cc em n tp tt!!!.

NHNG BI TON BT NG THC C BN TRONG COSI.

Cho x , y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

thi i hc khi A nm 2009

Cho cc s thc khng m x , y thay i v tha mn x + y = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca

IM RI TRONG BT DNG THC COSI

Bi ton m u : Cho a, b > 0 v tha mn a + b 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

Cc bt ng thc trong cc thi i hc thng thng l i xng vi cc bin v ta d on du bng xy

Cho cc s khng m a, b, x , y tha cc iu kin 2005 . Chng minh rng :

1975.a 2005 + 30.x 2005

Cho x , y, z l cc s dng tha mn iu kin: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 . Chng minh rng :

Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 , vy ta c th suy ra

Ta thy mi lin h g ca bi ton ?. D thy a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 v b 2 + c 2 , c 2 + a 2 , a 2 + b 2 . Gi ta a

2a 2(1 a 2 )2 = 2a 2(1 a 2 )(1 a 2 )

p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn

Gi s 0 < a b c . D on ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c .

Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tho mn a +b +c = 1 . Chng minh rng :

Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a + b + c = 1 , du ng thc ch xy ra

T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch a + b + b + c + c + a 6 (a + b + c ) hay

Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin a + b + c = 1 , du ng thc ch xy ra