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-- 26
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- 28
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- 29
 I
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 PERIODIC TABLE
GROUP
IA IIA iliA IVA VA VIA VilA ~ VillA ~ IB liB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB
1 2
H Metals Nonmetals He
1,0079 4,0026
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N 0 F Ne
6,941 9,012 10,811 12,011 14,007 15,999 18,998 20,180
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Na d Transition Elements AI Si CI
2~%5
P S
22,99 25,982 28,086 30,974 32,066 35,453
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 32 33 34
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ge As Se
39,098 40,078 44,956 47,88 50,942 51,996 54,938 55,847 58,69 58,69 63,546 72,610 74,921 78,960
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 52 53
Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
95,940 (97,907) 101,07 102,906 106,42
Pd Ag
107,87
Sn Sb Te I ~ ... (f)
85,468 87,620 88,906 91,224 92,906 118,71 121,75 127,60 126,90 131,29
I
56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 82 83 84 85 86
Ba La' Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Pb Bi Po At Rn
137,33 138,91 178,49 180,95 183,85 186,21 190,20 192,22 195,08 196,97 207,20 208,98 (208,99) (209,99) (222,02)
88 89 104 105 106
Ra Ac** Unq Unp Unh
1(226,03) (227,03) (261,11) 262,11) (262,12) .Gas -LJ r ~fI Atomic number
Atomic mass (g rnol')
*Lanthanides

(Rare Earths)

**Actinides
The periodic table of the elements.
I
N
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wlj-kJ1 ~IJ' dJAWI wljl...ill ~ 15~ ~I ~L:JI ;;j-'-"~I ~b l~iJ

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. lA)-8..L~1 3)~ ~.).) tL;:;) ~ 4~;~i~1 ~~\ tiJ~

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U:;-;> a......:9~1 0+.: ( 34 .. 1 ) ~J ' wl.).JJ1 ~ Ji 15)~1 ~~'}lIJ .)..I-.:JI

15).:01 0jjll
,( = ;;.).:01 ~ ) ~L.tJ1 ~ ;;.).:01 ~J 15.).:01 .)...wl
( (.)-" 273 .. ) ~ o~1

~ ~ d....U:i.rl1 ~l.;> ~ dJAWI w1jliJlJ ~.)~\ wl:J..Wl 0 i ~ <l.LAJ

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70 i
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- 34
~ :L..1)...uI) 'a-' oj '" Lj...ul Jj~1 ~ ~I'y\ ~\ ~La.ll J~ ~j

~yjl ~jj ~\..j 0A LAj wlj..W1 ".:u. ~ ~j' ~l.i....oJl ~I ~ ~I

. ( 35 - I ) ~) Jj..L;-J1 ~ FYI jA ~ l..dl.)~\ D)p ~).l jl

~ (.;~yJl ~jj J.O= ~I wlj..W1 ..u:L9 dl~o~' lIj ~I wlj..W1 ~\..j 0A LAlj
. ~(4,6)

(35 - I ) Jj~

.~'.lttA.h4j~ ~I . -
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~ ~! I ((jijtl
.
).

u-uJ-l...J-L... 'b!J..> ~.)~

,~~~-1 I u-u 0 AI;,a~.)~I~.)~-1
Sn ..>:~ 232
Mg I"~ 1,74
Bi -"-..sY;'; 271
Be I"~...>-! 1,90
Cd 321
I"~,)\S
Al 1"~.jJl 2,70
Pb ~~J 327
Ti . u..:i
I"~ -
4,54
Zn .ll:lj 419
,Al:.~~~-2 Mg I"~ 650
Al 1"~J11 658
Sb J~t 6,68
Sb 630
J~l
Cr 1".uS 7,14
Zn ..illj 7,14 ,~~.)~1~.)~-2

Sn ..>:~ 7,29 Ag ~ 960

Mn ~ 7,50 Au ~~ 1063
Fe ..u~ 7,86 Cll V"'l-:! 1083
Co ~.,s 8,60 Mn ~ 1254
Cd I"~,)\S 8,65 Be I"~...>-! 1328
Ni ~ 8,86 Ni ~ 1452
Cll V"'l-:! 8,93 Co ~.,s 1490
Bi U.pJ.:! 9,80 Fe ..u~ 1539
Mo .~
10,21 PI 0::-J~ 1773
I"~ ._.P
Ag ~ 10,50 Ti I"~~ 1820
Pb 11,25 Cr 1".uS 1849
~~J
Ta 16.60 ,A~jA)~t~)~-3
I"~w...:i

W ~ 19, I0 Mo I"~
..J...<...U
. .P 2622
All ~~ 19,26 Ta I"~w...:i
. _ ..:.-~-~,;.~
3030
Pt 21,40 W 3370
0::-J~ i-~)'
<, :--- </
-
- 35
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u.JjI..h....J 500 -
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- 37
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wt:......~1 wU~f 1500
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[.
cv

 ~~~ u~ 0.A ~ ;;I.."JI c.:u. JJ-='"j Nucleus ;;I~ 0A DJ.:u1 yS'~

uLjj~t'~ ul.k...i;J1 c:U ~j ( .l~~1 d alj;' 4 d)J..A ) <.Llli ~ Jj..G 4L...,
I
. L'A (<\1.A -
.. ~<'t'}/I ~j
J.ll....LJ- u~. 1836 ) U~-'.J'7"
. ~ .. 'I al~<::-l ~L ~ I .,I.,C'"
" - ~j
Electrons

;;.:ill~I
'J c-::.. ~
_. ~ 10-13 tI ~
.:r-'. 10-12 ~. J ...L4JDI.:q .Lo;.,
_ :T"-'..J-"='j
-
j-J-A~
'Lj9-lOx28

, Nanometer~yLj 0,1= Angstrom r~i A = ~ (~) 8-10 ~ 1#

u ~ wlj Protons wLjjiw0A l..4,Jj..l.;J yS'~ ~I 4J1y ~ DJ.:.u1 a..J:;S j.S"~j

~ ..L!Jj ~ Dj)k iS~j , 4 LJ1ulj~?11 ~ ~~ ~ J.lW ~JA

~ uljjij~\ .l..Lc. 0- LA.l...u:. ~ -Uj , ~I ~..Lc. Neutrons ul.jw~

1-:':
~
. .. ~ .: l\ )
i U~ L.~--.U~.)..)-7'
~.. .'I a..J:;S ~ u~
. ~ .: 'I a..l.:;S' J.l Luij . <G Ij ...L:>-Is-'I ~
. . - :. 'I

0-J~ Mesons 0~' a..b.....1.J:l uLjji~1 ~ ulj~I..b+i>Jj ( 1. 0.1 )~

0A J.llLi ~j Neutral ..l;;b ji y3L. ?'i'lj ~JA ~ ulj~lj , DIJ-'ll

. 0~?11 ~ ~ 300,)1 200

~lL.:; '}/ iSi <GIJj ~ d .~ !b U ,..,;.11 ~~I w~l ..lJ ~..::Ljj

( 4JLj~ .l...u:. ~)l:".>~ ) '-4-ijj ~ ~ ~l dJ.:.ulj. uLj~1 .l~ ~).lb1

4..L..~ l~' J...L..-.....d:ij. ~ ~~I w~1 L.....4J Isotopes ~'---..hi ~
1 e Unit electrical quantity ~L~ ~ D~j)~ 0~?1t ji 0ji~1
= ( L,PG ~i ) ry.".s 10-10 x 4,774 Elctrostatic unit ~L:L........~! D~j

. 19-10 x 1,6 Coulomb ( amp. sec)

J9i aJb. ,)1 ~ J...a:"J ~~.;-?ll ~I aJ.llLw" 0fi:i l.&J1~ ..l.> ~ DJ.:.ulj
. u Ljji..v-:J I .l...u:. = u \.j~t' I .l...u:. J.l=.: is i , ~ D..r"" ~ I.b
~ ~La.ll ~~ <L.,..,L...,i ~j (Z) iSJ.:.u1 .l..u.l~ ~ DJ.:ill j-al..-JI .l..u.llj
iSJ.:.u1 .l~1 ) ulj,JJ~1 .l~ ji ulj~?11 .l~ iSjL...: ~j , iSJj..u1 Jj~1

..>-""" l..W ~
.
92 ~ is~ r~IJ~1 DJj 01 iSi 92 = rWIJ~lj ( Z for H
,
= I ) = ~jJ~
. iSJ.:.u \ .l.w lS' ~ l.l...u:. 0fi= '}/ iSJ.:.u I 0jy Ij , ( 0ji.i>-:l 92 , 0~1

- 42
 ~'1
<.:r'"' i..S i;;~
-:'-. ." u,ij-J~Llo..i'u-o -lo..U:.'u-o chb.;;
_ '.).J-'-C' ~ . ~I
_ ~'..b-
. - :J-I U~I
_ _ _

. i..S'.).JJ1 -l..wl ~ i..SjL,..u:;:i ~i ~j i..S'.).JJI ~jj ~ Uk:;

: ~ ~ .ill.JJ j.A J-l.J

.~ljA'.)= E

. ;;'.).JJI ujj = w\.j~1 -l.u:. + w\.jji~1 -l...u:. =M

. i..S'.).JJ1 -l..wl = w\.jji~1 -l...u:. = P

17 =Z , 35,453 = A i..S'.).JJ1 uj~1 : '.).,KJI : Jli.,

35 37

17 CI & 17 CI : ~Lh.Lj1 (jA ~ ~

. ~~I ;;'.)~ ujj (jA /6 J-l4 ~j'.)~ i..S'.).JJ1 uj~lj

. ~j..i.A ul'.)j-l Spin u''.)j=A Jy-. ul'.)j-l: 31tas~

: dS..roJI(jA~.,.i ~ ;;1.11 Jy-. w\.j~?l\ -DyUi: uu..vA'~las~

( ~\.j ~ ) <1 J la.!.' ji ~'-l wl)..L4 ~ ;;Ipl J.P ~l'.)j-l a.s'J-> ( \ )

. Elliptical

. ( ~j..i.A ul'.)j-l ~ Jy-. ul'.)j...Ll1 ) Spin D'.)j=A Jy-. u~l JS'dSr-- ('7l)

..L>- ~ Ji4:! u~?ll u~ u '''Jb;' 4 J~ ~ ~ ~ J.S' dSJ-> u\ ~j

<1, !!"hi.tl (J""'I.,..;JI ~~ ~ Dl..L.L.aj .w.!'Y-l.u I~j' '.)j~ ~-l \ 'I! ,bi' 4 .wl~
w1'.)IJ..11 "~j . ;;lyJl ~ ;;~ ~ w\.j~?ll ~ '.)j..D .;JI wl)..ulj , w1j.1i1J
u'-lj..L>- ~ ~'.)...G..A 4.4..L:.\ ~ ('~I ~j I.JJ, -lj...wl ;;-l~ ~I ~ ~
w~ ;;'.)J--"'O ~ ( ~lS ) . Shells or coverfield with no sharp boundaries
,4,3,2, 1 -ll...u:.~~j K. L. M. N. O. P. Q: ~~~ ~j.A.J-2~ J.,.e ~
D~j-oy quantum theory (i..S'.).JJI..b~1 ) ~\ ~\ ~ ukj 7,6,5
~I '~j' ~ 41 ;;'.)L:.?ll ~~ l.S~\ -l..w~ ~ LA~l-l\...u:.~\
K j-A> w.c. ~I D~ '-;-l~1:9 , ;;Ipl 0-'=- u'~j ~~i ~ ;;1.J--L114...iW1 ~~?ll
~..J .)..L=A .....g)U JS' ~ ..:JW~~ .)~ ~ij (7) ji Q.JA u.~ij (1) ji
~I .)...wl n x 12 = 2 x I = 2 = n = ..:Jw~~1 .).u. K .....g)lill ~ 2n 2 o.u.L41.l

. l.AAj 2 x 3 2 = 18 ..:Jw~~1 .).u. M .....g)lill ~j , .....g)lill ~j = Jj~1

.....g~4 4J jAJ-:! ~ ..:J1)..lA ~ o.:il~ ...L:>- ~ ($~ ~~1.....g* JS'j

~Ij.) ~ ~I ~I ~~\ d.~~~\.JA .....g~1 ".:u j~j s, p, d, f
Sharp, Principal, Diffuse & : ~ ..:JL".~~I ".:uj , A~ ~I J.:!...k.-.:Ll1
. t:-Jl ... h .... .....g~1 ~~1 ~ a..bL...La1 ~ ..:Jlj.:.J1 ~j , Fundamental
( 45 ,44 - 1 ) ~j Jj~lj , 0, 1,2,3, = = ji ~L.:JI ~I .)..I..iJ4 4J j...AJ-:! ji
. ~yl ~~1..aJ1 ~ ~i ~

( 45 ,44 - 1 ) Jj~
J-,~I ~I .l.aJ1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
..u.J1 (..Jl~I~J) K L M N 0 p Q
L>J;.JI ~WI ~I .l.aJ1 0 o1 012 o1 2 3 01 2 012 0
U.uI~J) s s p s p d s pdf s p d s p d s

I I
2 2
3 2 I
4 2 2
5 2 2 I
6 2 2 2
7 2 2 3
8 2 2 4
9 2 2 5
10 2 2 6
II 2 26 1
12 2 26 2
13 2 26 2 1
14 2 2 6 2 2
15 2 26 2 3
16 2 2 6 24
17 2 26 2 5
18 2 2 6 2 6
19 2 26 26 1
20 2 2 6 26 2
21 2 2 6 26 1 2
22 2 2 6 26 2 2
23 2 2 6 26 3 2
24 2 2 6 26 4 1
25 2 2 6 26 5 2
26 2 2 6 2 6 6 2
27 .']5 2 2 6 2 6 7 2

- 44
 ( 45 , 44 - 1 ) Jj'~ ( ~Li )
JJ"-il ~I ~.J.aJ1 1 2 3 4 S 6 7
~.J.aJ1 K L M N 0 p Q
(...il~I~J)

,SJ.:.JI "';1iI1 ~I ~.J.aJ1 0 o1 012 o1 2 3 01 2 012 0

U..ilI,.,AJ) s s P s P d s pdf s P d s P d s

28 2 2 6 26 8 2
29 2 2 6 26 10 1
30 2 2 6 2 6 10 2
31 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1
32 2 2 6 26 10 2 2
33 2 2 6 26 10 2 3
34 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4
35 2 2 6 26 10 2 5
36 2 2 6 26 10 2 6
37 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1
38 2 2 6 26 10 2 6 2
39 226 2 6 10 2 6 2
.. J
26 10 2 6
..
.:JI.JI..I11 Ji.:::.
4d
46 226
47 2 2 6 2 6 210 6 10 1
48 2 2 6 2 6 210 6 10 2
49 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 2 1
50 2 2 6 2 6 210 6 10 2 2
51 2 2 6 2 6 210 6 10 2 3
52 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 2 4
53 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 2 5
54 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 26
55 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 26 I
56 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 26 2
57 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 26 I 2
~ }.:JI.JI..I11 Ji.:::.
58 2 2 6 26 210 6 10 2631)
: : : : ~ Sp, 6p
71 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 '" 2 6 3
2

!1}
I
72 2 2 6 26 10 2 6 10 14
: : : : f - - .:JI.JI..I11 Ji.:::.
2 2 6 26 10 2 6 10 14 I Sp, 6d
78
79 2 2 6 26 10 2 6 10 14 26 10 I
80 2 2 6 26 10 2 6 10 14 26 10 2
81 2 2 6 26 10 2 6 10 14 26 10 2 I
82 2 26 26 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2
83 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 3
84 2 26 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 : 10 2 4
85 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 5
86 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
87 2 26 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 1
88 2 26 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2
89 2 26 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
90 2 2 6 2 6 10 26 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
91 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 26 10 2 6
92 2 2 6 26 10 2 6 10 14 26 10 2 6 iJ I.J 1..111 Ji.:::.
93 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 26 10 2 6 6d, Sf
94 2 26 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
95 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
or; ("~~ 2 6 126 10 126 10 14 126
10 12
6 I
- 45
 ~ ~L.l~~ l.>~1 JS' d.S.,p-J ~J ~~ ~ eL1 t 10 ;2 ~ I-4AJ
. Quantum Numbers

. .....g)lijl ~j ~ J..lJ..j JJ~I ~I ~.u..ll = n - 1

Principal Quantum number

. )JJ.\ ~j ~ J..lJ..j ";WI ~I ~.u..ll = 1-2

Azimuthal Quantum number

~LUIJJ.1 ~J ~J ~J-l..j ((.>I,,~b jell ) cJ~1 ~I ~..uJ1 = m - 3

Magnetic Quantum number oj.:ul j~

\~~ "jy;t-A J.P l.>~?lIl.>ljJ~,,4-31 ~ J..lJ..j t-:t'yl ~I ~..uJ1 = s-4

. (~JI4.WI ":-lj~ ,,~I ca.;1) ~ JI
Spin Quantum number

I Rutherford (1911) ~. J~')~') i~

.;~ ca olyJl J.J-"" l.>~?lIl.>ljJ~ u.e. ~lLJl o~jUoJI ~.;-ll .;j-Al1l.>j\p

. olj-Ll!J wG~?l1 u::: ";G~tI ":-l~1

Ee
mrCD 2 = _
r
2

~ljJl 4.~1 = CD l.>ljJ...Ll1 ~ ~ =r .

l.>~~1 a.tO = m

. l.>~?ll ~ =e olj-Lli ~ =E
-
j~I.....gLo..jI O....L.J:, ~J:! <LJl ~! ~ Oj~ ~~ ..LA:! ~ ~j~j~j 1...I....:'A l.>1 ~!

~J. ;;j~.JJ.1 d..J~WI ~ ~ CD j~~ wGjj-AJ?l1 ~ jJ..G Lll ~ r

~ Oscillator ~~.J.A :.u: <LJljJ~ ~ l.>~?lll.>~ oJ..>-Ll1 d..:-c~~~I~1 J.J=.1j9

.ill.:uJ' rlJ...Ll1 ~ ~ r l.>ljJ...Ll1 ~ ~.ill~ ~J ' rlJ...Ll1 ~ <L~1.k 0A

: t!'YI l.>1 ~

- 46
 . ~l..b.11 a.:~ ~ ;;lyJ\ ~ Ijj~?11 ~ ui: ;/ji -
~WI l..::JS'j , ~lbJ ,,~J)L;.. Spectrum L:.~ uj~?11 ~ ui : ~L:i
.~~

. ~liIlj Jj~\ ~~ ~ Niels Bohr JJ7 k <l.m ~ ~j

I The first postulate of Bohr.)~ J.J'l1 io.4l1

, L. \ ~~ ,~ ~L.b 0A '. " !Ii'.; ji ~ u i Uj..l <\~ JjJ-.; ~)....l..A u~l JSJ
: ..illj ~j

mr? CO = ulJj..u1 rJ-L u~ ~~I ~\~ ~

nh
- ulJj..u1 rJ-L u~ ' ~\ ~ ~j
2n

. ( ~)li.l\ ~J ) Jj~1 ~I ..l...wl =n

. <.LW~ C<.!L:i =h
Plancks constant = ( 6,624 0,002 ) 10.27 Erg. sec
nh
(1) mr-ro = ul.si
2n

(2) mr3co2 = Ee ..1J~'j

Ja~ J..lL...L...o l.9~
- !bi.'j

2nEe
(3) r CO = : (.). i ~
-. (1) c.:r--
I ~ (2) -
~j

nh

2n mr Ee nh
= : ~ (1) ~ ~jLJ~j
nh 2n

- 47
 n" h2
.. r= _
4rr 2m
Ee
02
c-o ~L:D
. . I '.-"rj
r u.

. ()...J.I ~j) JJ~I ~I J...wl t:y c-o ~~ )...J.l ~ ~ u1(,;l~

I The second postulate of Bohr..)~ ~1.:i11 i-4!1

~lkJl D.:uJ ' ?\)...I.A ~1)...I.A 0A D~ ~ u~~l ~Lb ~ ~~I ~

: u1~ Spectrum ~ t.~ ;;jy..<' ~ J~

hc
E) - E 2 = hu , E = c=UxA
A

. u~~1 ~1J ~ ~I ~I wl)...J.1 ~Lb E2 ' E)

~y.1 J.,k = A J ~1.3/~ 10 x 3 j:~1

19
a..c.j-'-U = c
~ ~ ~I Jl ;;J~l ~lkJ\ 0A ~\..Ljl ( ~I ) j:~l t.~ JJy = U

~. ~1 ~Lb (,$j ~IJ~)lC~! ~).=...~)lC 0Ay;...<J1 ~ ~) u~~1

asj--='" wJIJjl )...J.I ~ ~ L..lS'J. <t...:KJ1 ~u. cJ:g )...J.I ~ ~~

. ( )...Ldl.IILm W1.~)~ ~yl ~Lb Jj:~ ~ u~~1

Jl, ;;lyJl ~ a.:4-J1 ~ UJ~~I ~ 'i \jU j~ ~~ 0A ~ ~ 0AJ

. ;;~ ~ ~~ ~ LA I~ ~~ 'i IjU

I Pauli's exclusion principle ~Jl:' i~

~\ ~Jl ~~\ J\.u.~1 ~ul LA;;jj~~~!(,$~ ~ 'i

~J ~ Jl ~I ;UlkJl ~ (,$~~I w~~1 0- LA ;;jj ~ u~! JS' ~
. d..r-- Jl D)...I.A Jl

, ;;lyJl J..P" D)...I.A ~ u~~\ ~ .;:JI u1jJ..u1 a.5..r-- ~ : ib.:.ul ~~

c!J~1 ~I jSj-A J.P wljl~'i Z~ ~ ;;jjJlu~ \ QS.!;!i( ~~..'i I~J

. u~~IJ ;;lyJl L.J:::!

- 48
 : Valence electrons jSLS:aluu~!

~~ ~I ~J ' DJjJJ ....g)GJ1 Ji ~JGJ\ )...u.\ ~ ~I w\.j~?/\ ~

~i ;;J~ ~ ~ d.:91.1. rl~~ JI d..:-'l~l w).kLi:"JI ~ ( ~l4W1 ) ~.l~

. IA)...I.A 0-A ~j.i ~ J..W

: Inert gas J.4~ljLa11 At\.>.

.)\...u.l ~ wl.j~?/\ 0-A J,.olS'J1 .l..wJ\ 4iIJ~ ~~ ~I wljl.iJ1 aJG.. ~

D.? UI.1. ~I JI )~I aJG.- ~1 ~ Octet (8) ~llA.l~ ~ JI ~JL;JI

w\.j~?/I ,,:U & ~ ~l:LJ~j , "~ J,.o~1 I~ J)l;..?/I jl ~l ~

-ill.:ll ~ .;~\ ~Lw1J ~L:9 ~ wljWI ,,:U u~ ul ~~j' 4:i1) ..lA 0-A
.alAL:..

: Ionisation ~L:al

4J "'~JL;JI....g>LiJI0-Awl.j~?/I .l-rb ji J~ ~1 ~I DJ~ J:....4 ~

alAl.>JI wljl.ill aJG. d.;Iu.::J w\.j~~1 .l~ llAlS' jl ~ d..ikl ~1 4L~

l.Lt.j (37 , 36 - 1 ) Jj~ ~l . ( ~1 .. u*~1 - u~.)~1 - u~1 - r~1 )

(LSJ.ill .l..wl) LSJ.:ll1 ~j3 ~ alAL>J1 wljli1J DJj4-J1 ~LWI ~ <Gj.,.b. ~

~1 ji J~ aJl.. ~ 4L.... ~1 aJ.ll...:LA 0-A ~~ ~ ;;J.:lll ~~ u l ~~j

"
0-A 'J~ ylL..u uJ:i jl~.JA uJ:i ~ ~ ~ w\.j~?/\ .l-rb aJl.. ~ 4.JA
. aJ.ll...:LA DJ~

: JliA

~L.-S ) u~118 = CI- 0.J>-AJ;tf J~ ( 17 =is.).:.L!t ~..L...sJ1 ) : ~I - 1

. (0~.)~t

~G..s ) ~u.J>-AJl 10 = Na+ 0~1 ~~ ( 11 iSJ.:.L!1 ~...l..Jt ) : ~-,=~~I - 2

. ( 0-':.'-'J t

- 49
 I The Series ~~~I ( ~I.,:al ) ~LwJl

~Ji .uJ' <LwJj ~ ( ~ ) ~~ t~ ~ ~Jj~1 Dj~ Djlj! ~

. ~I Jo~ ~j-I ~l:.>J1 ~~I 1885 r~ Balmer .rl~ i$j--'-"-I...,......JI (.JWI
. ~-rtl ~ i$..l11 ~ w4-.JA JI.,lo~ d..L.:,i F ~-rtl.rl~ d..L.:,i ,-:-,-j~J

: ( WL.uiJo
- ~
._) ~'11
-
D'" - q . "<G.I.)lA.A J-'"
~~ \,.T""
. ILJ. 1- - i ~
~ J

U = ~ = RH ( ~ - ~ )
A n IZ nZZ

~Jj~ ~~J.J-.J ~lj = R H : ~

R _ 21t Z me!
H -
hZ.c

. (~".ilj 0,1 ) r~~~ ~j-I.I J.,lo = .).).;<11 = U

. ~~l~~=c

(n.) u~?!1 4.LA~ ~l ~~I r U) Ji ~J~I ~\ .)1...lL~1 = n l ' n2

w4-.JA JI.,lo~ ~~ tL.....:. Dj~ ~ ~I..lo ~ ~ , (n.) ~I..ul ~1 ~)..;.JI

u! ~! Q ~)LiJ1 ~j 7 ~.;JI jJ~ ...L9 (n2) ui ~).L-J ' ~~I a.bWI ~

~ .:.G..J: ui ~-J ' DjWI ~ d.:.)l..a.ll aJWI ~ Dj.:ill.> Q Ji 7 ~..rJ1 I~

I~ ~q
~ ~
., i$i . J-"'.
ILJ aJ.)l.L.A ~ .. L~ ~ ~~
~
11~)U.
c.:r' 0-'" J\.Z.j'1\ ~
ul.......=.J1

.
u! ~! ()..l11 ~ Ji t71..lo ~ Ji )'pI)..LA ~1)..LA 0A u~?!1 J~I ~

.
IJ.J~

_ L..j
_~ .
lAJo
_ ~L.~ '1' i ~
~.j ..J~.)
_ I.~
~. .. a.....:ilLJl Y"~ll
Jo.L.:..

: ~ ~Jj~l0A ~lLJl w~ljLll fAiJ

d~,,,';;.'!1 J~ d..L.:,~1 J~ ~ Lymann u~ w~l,jLA - 1

n, = 1,n z = 2,3,4,S...
- 50
2 3,4,5,6... ~jA J~ ~ Balmer ..>14 <.::lltJljLA - 2

3 4,5,6... ~I~I ~ ~~I J~ ~ Paschen ~4 <.::lltJljLA - 3

4 5,6,7... ~I~I ~ L...:.~I J~ ~ Brackett ~I.H <.::l4JI~ - 4

5 6,7,8... ~I~I ~ ~~I J~ ~ Fund ...w~ <.::lltJljLA - 5

"* "* ~~

- 51
::r:
<J
II II II II
~ ~ ::r: C/)
<J <J <J <J
 , .<-:.u) ? . -~1
u.,....... ~.
.... ~,\1 d..u.....LlL.
,
J i.:G-b LA ~~u.
1.,'_ . ~L..a
~
. ' . jl..::J1J .:.u~

UUo ~~Ji ~~..J' (u~ ~ DJD~J 4 QI;,;jQ ~.4AJ~i~

tjJJ)~ ~J' ~ ~~I ulj:i~1 t~Ji ~ 18 1;,'; > 3 ~~ ~ e.b.Jy

~ j-~ LJ~ . ~ DJ.:..u:. lY"1~ ~~ ~'-~I -sj-4.l1 Ji ULbJI ".:u.

:: ~ UI "

~.,,.JL:J1 ~~J' ~LJI -sj-4J1 ".:u. j~J ~ ~IJ ).4Jj .u: ( j~l ) Jb)U
~JI r.: b .....::J ) ~~ ~1 4 J L..:.. UUo r'1~1 0-A ~I~I -sj-4.l\ ".:u.
~\.)JI -S~I ~ ~~J' "~Ji ~I ~ ~I.r'" Ji ( cGlJj J~~
Primary ~ ~Lui u~ D Jol..;UJ~1 I.:u.J . ..::JIJ.:ill ~~~I ~~I ~
~ ~ ~

. Secondary bond ~o ~IJ Lbl.;W) Ji bond

I Primary bond ~~~I ~l.H.> "JI

I Ionic bond~~i~~.)1

~ C~ ~l.i..ll ~jllJ ~L...JI ..::J~I ~ '-;-JjL:;uJ1l>A LLu,i F..J

,)1 ~ ~LaJI ..::JIJj JS'J. 4.JAJ 4L... ..::Jljj;!i .)lls3IJj e>:~ ~p ~LaJI
Stable atom D.) 0; If' 4 DJj ')l-si ~ D~ ULb ~i aJL..:.. ~ ~ ~ji ui
: dJAWI ..::Jljl.iJ1 aJ~

( He, Ne, Kr, Xe etc. ) Inert gases

..::JIJ.:JJ ~JL.;JI Li.1:.~1 u~ u1 ~ (45,44 - I ) ~J JJ~I ~\

, ~ ,~lj~! j-rb Ji J~.)! ~)U ( 8 = ~j~ ) l4ilj~l j~ d ! ';;(4

. dJAWI ..::JljWJ ~y ~ DJJ4J.1 ~LaJI ~ a.:-c.YI ".:u. ~J

aJG.. <l;t~ L ~)LiJIl>A u~1 j.;-!o ~1 ~ II = Z r'j;!j~\ : JL.i.A

. IO = Z uJ:-J1

u~)::l1 CUb <l;t~ M ~JWI o)li.l u~! J~')1 ~ I7 = Z J~I

, Na+~..9-A uj;!i.)! e>:~ <G~ ~JL;.JI u~~ "j.;-!o ~ r'j;!j~IJ' 18 = Z
".:u. ~~J CI- ~L... J.J..)jlS' uj;!i')l e>:b: cG~ ~JWI u~~ <lI~ ~ J~IJ
...s~ U~..J' 14 8.:;; .......:;, ~~~ J.,KJI uj;!i '-;-J~.)! r'j;!j~1 uj;!i ~ ~~\

- 53
 I

,
-
I

,--.,
I
-
,I 2 I
,I
I

I
1
(+\
~

: ;
I
t;,
z~
 / e~~
e: ~~')~
,,//'"'1 : Covalent Bond.!!~ .b~->'
//
f;l/
-'~'
""./~---"1II 7 18)--" L
3

.(:.~;!~ ~. i ~@~ \
! /" ~ \ ' .
?'! ,,,,i ;;J.:u I ul ~
'I
ul ~
'

" ri
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- 55
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. ~I ;;..lU (.))JJI ..l.uJI ~ ~..l~ '-;-U-"~ ~~\ ..l..lyJ ~.;JI

 I
o
r-
I
 I

--.)
 ~ Filters u~->11

~ ~~I ~Gi 0.A u'JJ~...LL! ~I ~~I ~ w~..>11 r\~"; ...";

~ LA w~..>1IJ' Monochromatic ( ...I..:>o-IJ 0.,J ) d..:JLA...v5'~JA ~I ~ J~~I

~J.:.ul j..u.J1 0.A ....L->-IJ j~ ~I ~J.:.ul u,j..u::. 0~ ~ J~ wlj.l9 0.A &~J '::Ill

. (Z = 28 ) ~10.A~.>-A.u J~"= (Z = 29) U""~I ~\. ,aq " . ~I ;;ju'

~ ~~I J~ ~ ~I ~JA')l ~~'::III ...1..:>0- ~j-A ~')1 ~..>11 ~...I+J..J

UlL.
_ ~I '::III d..i.A ~_ - aJ..;.I..>J1 a......:.~1 v--
'::IIJ ,<LJI 1(" ~ .. II
eu'J-" ~
- ~
( 72 .. 1 )

".:u.J' ~~G 0,15418 Ji r~i 1.5418 1.J.:J.>,.j~1 ~JA J~ Ka ;;J.--:JI

~~ ~ ~~ d...u.IJjJ d ';li>..1\ wlj,W1 ~ ~~I ~ LJ ~i ",II ~ d..A....:,~1

<l::..~

J(a

'1
~ / I
I

(i J,]1
/
I
/
/
I
I
I
I~ I

;~ J 1/
I J(a
I

,{ \~
I
I

J({3

L---J
l---~_
[(/3 I '-----
I I I

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

x (angstroms) II (angstroms)
~ .
C../~.J J5;J1 ~z-r..r~

(72- I) ~

.." ,I, .J,

?l" ";>!' ?j"

-72
 1\ 1\ \
\ 1\ \
\
1\ \ \ \ 1\ \
,\ \ \
1\ \ f\ \
[\ \ 1\
\ \ \ \ \ 1\
\ \ \
\ \ \

I
-..)
lj.,)

I
 4-i:-tJ.-.i.l1 ~I ;;~J ~ ~ J4J1 I~ ~J' ~ ~I ~J ~~
~~i) ~tJ.-.i.l1 d(.:: ,~,lI ~..h.W.U ~ ~i ~J Unit cell ~;,JI ;;~J

<L..wi.i ~ LA~J ' <GIS) 0-A uS'.) J5 ~ ~ ~ i..S~ ( ~~-4 i..Sjl~

u i ~ J.,s.:u.1 JJ..L;-JI UAJ ( 75 - 1 ) JJ~ ~lyiJl ~l d..:~1 ~ u~

CjJ-A ~Lill ~l.JYI.)~1 - ~I. ~ ~~WI ~ d.!,,,.:~.) F a...~ cLl~

J~I - Jt11 i..S..l~i J~I - ~I.)~I - ~Lill ~l.JYI .)~I -. ;;..L.LilI

o ~l4l1 c..r-u1..LuJ1 J~I - J..!r:ll ..l...LLLA

c:\J L...u;
. .1.-:-:.I.:>
J~
t.
r.:.J1 U"" L..:xl -
.C; - .f
J~ ~
~
_ i...L.a..A
. ....I..A.J ~I ~'l ~..:JI
_ 'j-"-' _ J 0

4Jp ~ ~I jSl.;J.\ ) (~GJ-:~I ) ~I.).:.JI ~~ ;;_1 4 ~I dJWI~,:g dj.U.l1

. ~ LG ufi.= ..l~ ~L:.:i ~J ( 75 - I ) JJ~I ~ ~y.l ~1y.1 dl ( ~1.)jJl

u~ ~L..i ~J Crystal Lattice d..:J.#1 ~l ~ J.l.b:! I~ i..S.)jJl ~.;:JIJ
. Crystal Structure L.4J1.)J-4 0Jp ~ ~1j..Lil1 ~

~)L;JI jl-rb UA ~ tl~i a..:i)lj ~ ,,~ ;;~y.l Lu...u.l.)..l ~ ~ .....B~J

o ~I dj.U.l\ ~ ~ ~ _)# ~I
\..il~ .:.G,.t ~~1 ;;J~ ~ ;;J)L::. ~ ulS) JL.=:L! ~1.)jJl ~~ u i : '~.JI
~-..9' ~I.)J 9 ~ dJ~ 4';" ;;..bo.y upl d.)jJl ..lJ.c. u~ ~I fi..)-A ~

. Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) ( J .~ 'r- ) <t.b....,j-;l j.fi~ 4.& tJ-'l' I~

, ,
~ ~Lol ;;JJ ..l~J UA ~~J ~I ulS) ~ ~1.)jJl ~~ ui: L~~
,
j..:.S'~ ~ ~J ~I ~i jSl..)-A ~ ~LAi ~~1 wl.)~ :G~t "jS..)-A
o Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) ( U"".w or- ) <t=b..... i Jo......j-;l

;;.)J Q:JJ.c.l4l1 fi..>-4:J ~L9 c..r-ul...l.....,.)~ ulS') ~ wlJjJ\ ~y:; ui : l_iH~

J..4:ijSl..)-A..b~ ~I .; '<');;4 ~ G~ Is II' ,;;1 ~ ~1.)J~)lj ~ ;;J~:' ~Lol

dS: I , '~, ~J . c..r-u1J-.uJ1.)~ d.j~1 D..L.l+Ll1 ~)Ujl ~IJ~I 0-A d.:i)lj

. Close-Packed Hexagonal (CPH) ( r- . U"" 0 rY ) ~..lj..4 ~L.L..,'

-74
 SIMPLE BODY-CENTERED FACE-CENTERED
CUBIC" CUBIC CUBIC.-:'. '"
o<."'8~'''90 a,.b,.c ~I~lb

SIMPLE BODY -CENTERED' SIMPLE BODYCENTERED

TF~RAGONAL TETRAGONAL ORTHORHOMBIC ORTHORHOMBIC
~~~\5tI,;dl>.... ~ J - ~1.l
~,-,~.~
....
.....~
C1(!:IJ,.'r::90 a=b,c o(=I1=~::90 bd:c

BABE-CENTERED FACECENTERED RHOMBOHEDRAL HEXAGONAL

ORTHORHOr>1BIC ORTHORHOMBIC I _;",~ .. '

\';:"';'-''&'\.I r ..
uc..::o .....~
~<..::1i:::>~ tti~J-,.....~
O(=n =1f*gO"
0(=",.~::90 a*bttc a=b=c ex.4ttl=/: '6=90"
=b.c

SIMPLE BASECENTERED TRICLINIC

MONOCLINIC
cJ..,J.' .. " '"
l\IOr-;OCLINIC
~~l~~
-.~J~
*n-* ~:: 90
,. r :: 90
_.b.c
O(.a II .. "
==
a *b=/>c

( 75 - 1 ) Jj..L;

-75
 J5' ~ '-;-l~ U::+: JjJ..~ C" tl~~1 "-U F~ (77 - 1 ) Jj~Jlj
O..L>-j

<1.l~ J.:l oJ..>.\j ~ ~ 'i l:~~lj 0lS.J~1 wI.Jj 01 .J~~ wI.J.:ull)-'l ~

cili.iS'j , wl.J.:u~ ~..l~ t\~~1 ".:u cd.>:!~ ~ l.LJ2> l.~j 0.Jj~1 ~)L;.JI ~

. (a) ( 1) ~1.JltJl ~I F JJ-bJ ~~ wl.J.:u1 ~ ~ J.,k Jj~~ 0j...L4

d.:i)LiJ1 F' 0-A ->~ wl>LiJ1 .J.AW ~ 0)U ..L.S'J.---o J:..h:i 0-A <1.ll.LJ2> l>""-:Jj
~l..b l':.i dJb.,r..:r-~ ~...b- . 1 q I ... ~ld Ie 1 _l.~
~ . ~ U <.7'< ~ r L..l<:Ut'~
'-" ~ V-' U ~
l.L.<S:Jj ~~.tl
::T'

wlj.1il1 "-Uj .u1.Jj 0:7 a..pL~ '-;-l~ ~l..b d.Jb. ~j ( 76 - 1 ) ~ ~4-4 o..>-='"

01~ .J.Awl1 0-A 0Lc.j--Ll1 0 1.uj CPH, FCC t~ 0-A ~)L;. ~.J.J4-.:Li (.;<JI ~

~..r:LJ \ ~ \.:, 0A u:-c- I 0:!-u ~ ~ ""=' L...:.:i <1.ll.LJ2>j ~)Wd.J ->.J.:u I r L.>..l.J '1~
~. ~.b1..;J~ t.h;J1 ~! ~
~ "
FCC wlfll 0A ..l..i...l=. ~I ~ )li..o l1JjG.
'.~ Liquid ~:....
\, ~../,-
~ I ,~
~..,.>-JU _
A i
w.:oc.J LW~ "t:'..
< ~~~~
ui.;
,0 \,
>.
eo
~
lti70"1' "
.. ~
. - ~.
~
a...4..Jo
. Ie
V-'->~
- - wLi.J..b
. ~
.
/~\\
"~
J'("
" 2550 f .J~ ;;~t:g jl ;;~ w~ ~ wlfll
0
I-
~ Bee'
2800"1:"---- .. Bee
~~(78-1 )~~I. (;r"'""I...I..<.u

d O' h II ~ ->~ i w 1.;--5 CL.L.u ;;;--S J5'

2OQO 3lHIU
iOUll
Ternperaiure. or OJ!).' "'f/~' ~ 0A '11 ~ ()l " ~;.! .... ;;J...>I~I

'.'~...r=JII-u).Aj' w\~1 ".:ub ~
(76 - 1 ) ~
d.-.Ul:J1
_ a....o..J.oJ
. I (j.J-9
- . a..:..Jl:J1 ~
.;L........L.IL

~I
. wI, .... ~ C" (j-WI r..:r-
.:;-;- ' ~ LAI< d.-.Ulill
-
a...4.....b.J1

wI~-
, .... ~ a..:..Jlill ~I

wi,~c ~
I~- ~ d

~ L~ ~ ~j~1 ~I wl~ 0-A;;~ J5' 0i ~ ~ ~)CL.;.I ~ jl ~j~1

FCC'U~
.c . ,., ...........::i
. _ 'j-'-' -:'1 U. <U '1\!j CPH A&
~ < ~
i.,:rU' L1\ 1...-L..J:i.
_ 'j-'"' -:q U. <~ a..:..Jlill a._oool.b.JI

wi,~c

. ~I~I ~I wl~ ~ Jj~1 ~I wl~ ~j LA~

4..,.k (0) I~ a...w.rt l ji (ex) d ,;., .i.:u11 ;;).r-JI w~.J..l ~ J.:~I.J.J4:i::J

~ (y) d..b....uyll ;;).r-JI w4-.J..l ~.J~ ~ BCC ~J-:l j.:.S'.;J wlj ,~~

. FCC ~?h ((i ...b....u.J;').:5y w'~ W~Q 0.J~

-76
 ,-..
+ ....
tNN
X ..
00-1
II '-' C. C1
I 0\+ l:~
--..l
--..l ~ 4.=
I X
NI_
'-'

() -:
n ~I

T
I
T
~I
I
I

" cr.

I I I I I
 wl.).:.ul ~1..)--4 tL...,.aji = x
LJ)L;.
~ ~':L:JL.:J I d...LJoJLJ
"

. ~ I ~I..L...JI .)j-4:...a I
wl.).:.ul ~1..)--4 tL....aji = 0

LJ)L;.
~ ~':L:J L.:J I u...J~ LJ
"

. ~ji ~ w1j..p~ ~&1.1

(78-I)~

r~1 BCC -huj-l~j-fijj wlj w~ ~ ~.)~ ~I wlj.LiJ1 ~i uAj

U::J~lj ~Ij u-o~.;Jlj ~Ij r~j-l~lj l,)-"6..LJ\ tAi . r~l:u:LJlj r~.~jllj

FCC ~?b,,!i -huJ:lj-fijj wlj w~ ~ ~.)~ i.S.:J1 ty.Jl0A ~ ,~.:Jlj

r~~lj rJ 2 ,,,jel\j cl.ijJl.)#~ ~I ~LL..uJ\ ~~.).Aw-ll ))-6 ~j

ji ;;.)I~I ~,)..\~..r.Pb~ IA.).#.)~ 0A w1j.LiJ1 ~..,Lgj' CPH G~~lj

<

j:LA ..b~ I ~ ;;).r"" w 4-.)..\ ...w:. _r=LJ I I~ ~ ~ ..,Lgj , l.b.J7"l Ji \j ~ ,.hi..d I

Polymor- r~.)w~1 ) ~ aJW\ ~.J..AJ ' Hysteresis J,J~ Uj.l..;! ..\_~_~.~a..1I

~ i.S.:J1 ~...L>JI ~ JWI ~ W" , ~l:Ll1 i.Si ( Allotropy ..r.wj-l~1 ji phism

. ( ..r.wj-l~1 ji r~')N~1 ) ~l:LlI_~I#

~J-...=>,. ) ~ l,)-" 906 ~.)..\ Uj..\ ;;)~\ w4-.)..\ ...w:. ~ ~\ ~...L>Jl:9

~..bo- ) ~ 1401 .)1906 ~.)..\ 0AJ ' BCC w~ ;;.)~ ~.)~ ( Ferrite a

.;I--6-~-;;1 ~.)..\ ~ 1401 J~j' FCC w~ ;;.)~ ~.)~ ( Austenite 8

aJ~ ~j a ~~ ji.A BCC wl~1 ,)1 ~[j ..\~ ( Ferrite 8 ~..L.> ) ~

. J--=l:Ll1

~I ;;).? ~.)..\ a,
BCC
906 Y >
FCC
1401 8 >
BCC
1539 ~-'l

--78
 I y~l.:'a ..y~I~C~!Jl.:J1 )~I~J~~

= c...;sLi j~ ~ jl~1 J.sJ ;;..>j f"1~ ~ .:.d..>.:J1 j~ 0 i ~..i)-----L-!.I 0A

-.>'..>.:JI 0j.,.Jlj , ">jj~~r ji <.:..I~Y j~ j..u.ll I.:J.A~..J ' ;;..>j 6,025 x 1023
. 55,84 = ~~
;;..>j 6,025 x 1023 ~ -.>'~ ~...J...:oJ1 ;;..>j f"1~

-.>'..>.:JI <.tjjj -.>'jL.......: ~...J...:oJ1 <.:..ILAI~ 0A j...l.c 0A j~.JA I.:J.A <.:..II..>.:JI j~ 01-.>'i
. 55,84 =
6025 X 1023
, = ~...J...:oJ1 l.r<' ~Ij f"1? ~ <.:. I I..>.:J 1 j...l.c
55,84
. ( 7,86 = ~~ ~.11 0jyl )

= (em') ~ <.:..II..>.:J\
23
6,025 X 10 X 7,86 j...l.c

55,84

. (77- 1 ~..> Jj~1 ~I ) ~..>j ~ -.>'~ BCC ~~ '4b. ;;~j J5j

: ~~ ~I j i Q2i j " ,11~ l:!)l;J1 j...l.c . "..

23
'4b. 102 1 x 42,7 = 7,86 x 10 x 6,025
=
2 x 55,84

,)#1 em ~ ( ~I F J..,Jo ) <.:..I1~1..>l.;J\ j...l.c 0~ y.T ~ ji

= ~42 ,7 x 102 1 = 3 ,5 X 107

f"~1 A2,86 = 10-8 x 2,86 = 1 =~1..>l.;J1 ji ~\ F J..,Jo . "..

7
10 x 3,5
~jilj 0,286 =

-79
 ~
~
I
N ~
I I
o
00
!-~ \ i
\ I -
\ 'L __
 (_1,_1,_1 )=_1 :_1 :_1 =_1 :_1 :_1
m n P OX 1 OY 1 OZI 1 2 1

:~2~'-:-l~~
2 2 2
-"
"
-,
,

1 2 1
2: 1 : 2

" (hkl)ji(212)ji

( ) U""I~~I 0:::' rl:!.)~1 ~j J.L:

D..l d..4l1 (001 ) XpY I ~~ ~j1y,1 ~y..uJ1.:! .)tLJ4j

( 100) YpZJ ~ ~ ~jly,1 ~y..uJlj

(010 ) X10Z j ~~ ~jly,1 ~Y..UJ Ij

. ~p~1 ~~I ~ FJ:! (80 - 2) ~j

~u:J (111) ~ d.:Jl.......:LA tk~ ~ dj).tijl l.::JL;iI..L>o.?I1 ~ ~.:JI ~~Ij

wl.).:J1 0:::' ~I~I ~I.)~I ~ji ~i ) Octahedral Plane ~~I ~~\

d.:JL........:L..A tk~ ~ Y , X 0-'..J~1 ~ ~.:LtI ~~Ij ( ~~I ~j ~ ~\

" Dodecahedral Plane ~~ ~'}ll ~y..uJ1 ~..J 110 ~ Z ";I..l>-?II ~jlj-I..J

~ '~lJj ~
l. -~I ~" j-4J- '}l ~
_" wLJ~ .. 1\ I~'u i ~
:.,.......-.) I.~ -~'I l.:u.l.7"""~~)L
::!j

ui ~'~j . ~~I ~ j-43 '}l ~I ~ d.:jly,1 w~I.)~ ..ill.:J (000) ~~I

"I -11 w l.J~
d..J:U.J-L .~ 1\ 1-
~~..J
~ I L. , I.": -
~..)-lj~
1. ~ .. ~ 'I r l:!.) i ~:U.,........
" d..J "I. ~'I w LJ~
. ~ . t I ~

I~... ~

~ji ,spi ~lj l>Aj , ( 82 - 1 ) ~ Set of Planes L:J~I ~lb ji ~~

. ~
l.7"""
L2.,)'"'"
t~l.L;. ~
~j
1.1_
~
wl.:J1
.)
"- a-gus-.l.7"""~
~..Jj-I
a.fj~ I .~~ t
~j
d..J"1
:U.A- ~" wLJ::!J-'-'-"A

~ j~..J Family of Planes w~1 D.)-'-"i wL::.~1 ".:u ~ ~..J ' J~I

.)-'-"i ~~j , ~,;J ~~I ~.) 4J d..Ii...J.\ rL:9.)~1 ~ ~..JL.:i w~\ ".:u

- 81
 x l<
,
~,
IQ
~~~:~~:~
100
l<l ~ e
'~ e:. 0 - .-. _
""
-~,
... o-:'''''T-M's
1 _.. _k _......- ci
I
~
..
I -s.1
~ I
N ----
N
N
00
s g---- 00 I
g"'; ...:...: - . '-'
N
-s. 'i
I 00

--"':(i"; I a '-'
> 3
-':~Q~t<lr... >l
 y
U:::' 4 \ '; q II ("u.)~1 ~ji wl.J~1

w4.~1 ;;..>--'-"1 ~ { } u-u1~1

I ~ I, '; 4,j ~ (all) , (110) ,(101)

. ( 85 , 84 - 1) ~ { 11O} ~-:;lS'

,
~ '.SLl!l~~ ~ - Ull:l

Miller Bravais ~1~1 ~t rU:U

: Indices
-y -z
J=..l..:i 4 02 o>JI ~ ~ d...4J-..rbJ1 ,,~
(83 - I ) ~
~
~)b
~
- d.....a...JL.......JI
I d....4.J.
..r--'" ~_
L t ~

.

L>--A 'i,~ a., a2 , a., a, 42'''21.) .)jb~) ("1...L~..:L.u,4 ..ill~j' ~I..L....JI ~I ("lJo..:,

. x, y, z ~L...JI dj)lill

. ( h k i I ) ..Il:aJ.lS' ~I u.:.~...9 ( 86 - 1) ~

...b-Ij -s~ ~ aJ, a 2, a 3 ~ d..j)L:i aJ, a2' a1, a4 : ~ ~.)~I wu.~'i\

. ~ JS' ~ -s..l~ (a.) ~LJI ~ 120 ~ d.:J1j.:

: ll...iA\

(0001 ) ;;~l..4J1 -s~ ~

(1100) ADEH Wl..4JI.)~1 ~Iy- ..b.i ~

(1210) BGIF -Sy.......J.1 ~

(1011) CEB -sjL.uJ.\ ~

- 83
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8"
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,
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t:I
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c: 8
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c:
rf"::"'1
<::l
r;C1
e;,
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J

C':>
~ ~~J ~
~
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......
o
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00
V1
I

.
1
[r ~

.~ f ~
'~ .~ ~
l
: [,:
~. ~t ~
 ~l :~ I~ 4~ .~
~
..... 70,
-
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=:>
1
~ -.,J
j 7'!
1::
1l' ~
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~
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IJ
1: 'J
......., ~ J
~
~. '~
J~
/'I
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.1 /'I :3'
IJ .~ ,--..
J
IJ Jj ~
~
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fIl .~ 70, 'J
J
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~
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r--
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s ~
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 [r
r
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~ ck~ ..LU:.j' "L:)l;. j~i U::.3 ~y.b.l.1 j.LiJ1 0A fA 0.01 jj~ ':i 4~

j..L1J1 wljj 0-A ( u.J-: i ) Djj ~ u~ <V O1.A <l:J1-.H j.Li.Il u..;gj ~..,.k L~~I
~~I 0A ~~I ..,.k ..u.lj t~ ~j\ '..,.! "I <I:J~ wuL.u....o ~ ~I~I

( in phase Uo~j Ij~ ) ~j.4i ~ ~I~ ufiJ ~~I ".:.u.j , a..b.]IWI

d :;.!9j d.:9~ ~I ~ w4-.JA ~ wlj.JJ1 ".:.u.u~ ..,Jl:Ll~j , ( 89 - 1 ) ~

c.jlS' \jl-'p--:JI ~ ~ ~~ w4-J-A ~ -S-'p-~I ~WI0A r~j' j.LiJ1

~
e, , ~WI acbk tor~Lw':il
. tLa...:J1 "L.:."jl
. IJ"". "d..JA~
z.r: ,.':'~"," wi,:"
r....--.:r- Loi wIj-U'
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':i ~)_;"Jlj ~l.uJ1 w4-y.1 ~ &I~I I.:u.j <VI r~ ~I~ cgfh d..JyG d...~~
~~ ~ J..r-JlulS' ji bkfh , Aceg lJ-l-JUI ':i.,lo -SjL..:i Ijl ':il d :;.!:;,.j (,;;~

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~ ~49 ~i -S.:.JI J..uJ.1 C" ~,...L..,~I l~ ~ )...IAJ.\ ~I J...ILA '-;-lL......:.. JL.i:i'}/:J

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Factors affecting grain size:

~:Ji ~ ~ ~ ~I .)! ~I 0A J~I 0i ~'}/ ~ l4-A

0::' J~\ ~~ cGi ~ 4 42 a....JI ~:J' wl..:i~t'l ,,~~ ~lj:J wLJ~,t'1 ..uji

- 110
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~ ~L..a.!1 uIJ~ ;;)..u....u~ ~,~ lSjJl.)--A~\ , :.. ,ol~ ..L.:>JI I~.H-~ ul

.(112-2,1)

u~ ( d.-:J4J1 .,~~ ulJ~1 J..J~S ) ~L;ijJ ~I ..u~1 w'1G., ~ Loi

, ~\ ~I ;;).r-- ~J..l UJ..l;;,>--& ~J...L;l a ,;.., c;'.1.A w4-J..l ~ ~ ...L.~I

~ w~4-:i'11 ~ a;;29..l w~ ~ \...a.A a,oc?W G ~ ~ ~ ~H::J~J

N
F ~I wl.S~1 ~ ;;..l~j-A CUWI "~J' ( 114 - I ) ~ yJL....aj\ ul.)~

(~yl ~\j-OJI ~ ~j-A ~ ;;).r"'-r1 JLa.::;j\ jAl...A) Chill Molds 4..w.\ ~I.PJ~
. u.sj.l\ Ji ~U~ ..ll:W.\ ~ ..l~ ..L9 ~I

G.- .G~
~

-.v..>,> i-L-.r:- CHILL COLUMNAR

CRYSTALS )
~..r-! o...J..J" ,.."",
CRYSTALS '/J

~ t!Y LARGE EQUI-AXEC

.0---,:",:-\/ :,.\...*
',JViAI CRYSTALS /.J~\~J~
PLANES OF WEAKNESS
OUE TO CORNERS

( 114 - 1 ) ~

- 114
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jAlLAj ~~I ;;)~ I , 000 I ')_\4_L.:3,j'jl ~ , d..jj j-ll j-;!;llLA : ~ w IJY:J I

,,~d o! .' b LIJ..u u:o..;---Lillljj..l.~-s.:Ll1 j-4~1 u~ ~ LJ-Aj - -s)~1 ..l.L4--:LJ1

ClIJ~ L.JA U~ 'j ;;~~ d.b~ wljY:J1 u i ~ t9lyl u:o) ~. w'j)L~'j1

W d <Co!! ,~,Il a.1~1 ~~I ..l~~1 ~ f'~4 ~ a.fj~ t91-J-A ~ a.ri~

d.h..a..j ~ J)L:;....;..)U j-o~1 UUJ1 \~ ~ ~J -.Uj . ~I a.........IJ..u1 ~ l~i

~'j ..L...L:-! ~\ ~ Line Jo..;. J~ ~ J~)Uj , Zero ~ ..l....~4

(2) Two-dimensional 0:~ Surface -s~ ~ J~)Uj , One-dimensional

~\y ~ wlJ.ill ~~ LJ:i..A (3) ..l~i a.1~ Volume (.;tq 0/ -J\ J)l:~'jlj
. ;;..lUI ;;).r-- ~J..l.~

'-:4,;:J1 ~ J~'jl uP w~l,,~L.JA~i J.4.e.~! J)l:G.'j\ ~ ~j

. ;;J.ill ~~~?/I

: ~tJl ~I ~ ~~I ~ u.p~ l..L.iJ.u,i ~I w'j~'j\ t:.'.~ij

I Point Imperfections ~ ~ Ji~JA ~ u'J~ '11 .. 1

( u.J:!i ) ;;J~ ~ u i ~ij ~ (.:9ly ~ ;;..lj.J.=A ufi:i ~jll w'j~'jl

~~ ..D~j ~ ~ u...l~j U:OJj-.i11 ~I 0-lpl ~ ~-J-A L.JA ~.L.lJL.ui

~j -s~1 ~-J-A~?T ~-J-A ~ ~L.ui (u.J:!i) ;;J~ ~ji ui ji I,~U,

. ( t.b;,J\ J-l~ ) p.T t9-~ ~

~\ L.JA u~ ~ ~L;ji ;;..lUI ~ (Vacancies) wl~\,,~ ~~~l

..D~ ~ltii wl~1 t....:...u ~ ji , ,~IJ#1 j-4-i ~L;ji ~jl\ y\~)U a...:~
"oiJ, UL:L....S' jj~ 'j La ;;..l~j . L4-.d..L~ji ~ ;;..lLc?/ dJj~ ~ c:::.dJ.:Ll1

tJ--.+i ~p UUoj' ;;J~ ~'jT;;~ ~ 1~lj ~~\ ~I ~ wlj...L..:J1

u.illl ~l ~Ltii w~1 ,,~ U;wJ ui ~ ~ . ( .:.J~ u~! ) Ve I~

~ ~..)-"l ;;)..r'" w~J..l LJ-A C'...ruJ 1 ..u~4 ji Plastic deformation wlj_LW

- 120
 c I...
---- -. .[-. r
t ,t: 'L 'b
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c:
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 4.:.;#1 d<J! ,~!ll ~ ~L....i ;;.J~ t~.P J:u..:i ~I ( 0-,=~1 Ji ) ~...riJ1 c.J.:u1 LAi

-sl ~ kS' . Substitutional impurity atom ( CL;u--.rC ) ~~ '4-!)l,..1 ;;.J:l ~

~U;, ~I~I c.J~ ~L....~I wl.J.:u1 ~I'p ~ ~ -si J:u..:i ( 0-,=i Ji ) a.d C.J~
~ dl~ Jl.i.., (I J ;;.j ~i ~:9.Yl w~~1 ~ji clJ~ ~1 ~L...a?Il;lJ ( CL;u~ )
~ ....L9 W. (di, or tri-vacancies) 0:.U-A~.Yl ~ aJ)U Ji ~-.rl.J~rI w~~

p i W.Yl J:u..:iJ I~~ ~~ ;:tS')] a<J! !~,1I ~ ~~I ~.Yl ~ ~"L....I ;;.J~
J)CL;..\ JJ.L;..;.~I I~ ~ :I~;J'''' ~ t:9j11 ~ ~~ ~ -spi wl.J~ ~1j-4

. ( 122 - 1 ) ~ Frenkel imperfection ~~

~"~~~/~ alOeCh
~';a'~() C) (laO
lJ(J~O<1 ~O(J<3~ ( 122 - 1 ) ~..:u

()<to<tO O<J()tI(J

0~)U I~~ ( ~I ~.Yl LJ-,=i ) Cation L.1J-:!:iLS .J~I ~G.o l~lLAI

J~l <L:k ~ dl~ LJ~ , L.P...)~' l.J:!~ s>j.A 0j~ ( ~I ~~ 0-,=1 ') Anion

l>A dl~ ~ Gj~Y5~1 jA?~1 J~~II.:uJ! Schottky imperfection ~~

. i I .,~ _! II-=--~I';; !~<' -I
LJ ~~ ~t.9j-4-;l
wl~I'
-. ~ ~. l:sL.:...i
- ~u: ~'....L9 W, u-l,~'
~ty

, ~"';;lS"J1 J.k:"J1 I~ ~ ~l ~.fi.:Li w~lA...i.i1 ~J~ 0J~ wGJ-:!:iI.s' ~

,,~J=.>.:i wljJ-:!:i~1 01 ~ wl.\yiJI.rf.J ~ (CaF2 ) c...J...)#\ ~ L!m J~

~KJI ~Lj 0"';;LS 0i Y ~\ l.:u ~j. ~~ t~ ~ w~~\ ~ '::J~lyiJl

-s~6.i ~l:i 0J-:!:ilS' ~ 0i <L:k ~H .>-"'~1 0~ ~KJI-S~6.i?1 0J-:!:ilS' IP-o J>.

. (122 - 1 ) ~ ;;~ ..D~-3 cGts:.4 ~KJI

dl~j '-s?i ~.p w~~1 L.:...;j ~ Structural ~I w~~1 ~1 ~1.~1

, Higher energy levels ~i ~I.b w~ ~1 wlj~~1 dS...r'" w~Ul-A t!'Y

- 122
 Micro- :a;;.:9.l ~J-A ;;')J-"'O ~ x ~ ~i ...uJ~ ulj~~ ;;.).#1 ~~ -ill~J

u~Lu:;,!J ~~jij4J1 .l1y,IJ -:ll11'~J ( Maser.-:.11 i~ ) wave radiation

. lS~ ~ ~L.L... ul.l.l~ ..;y.- i

: Importance of Point Defects~.JA~ ~~~~I ~i

~ ~ 0AJ' ~ljA ~ ul.).:.01 ~~ f"1..lo::U1 <I:J....:w '-""'1 u~)t:c;..~I,,~ ";.lji

cGi -ill~ )ljT ~i 0AJ. J)t:c;..~1 a..l.:..4j ~jA 0A a.:;~ u~l....<LA 100 J..-l ~.) ~I

cG~ , J~~~I l~ ~~ ( i.b. ~ "laA u~ ~t.:..... ) Dislocation l.o t.~\ fA 1~1

u 1.).:.0 I t.LoJi ~ ~I~~II~. 4.d_~Ji ~ d.jj..:L.c~ ~I.)~ ~ ~.l4

, J)U.;.'~I ~.J-A.)~ .uLAi ~~I ~...u ~j-A ~ f"\~1 ;;.)~~ F

~ !...cl~ b.~1 ~~ W' , d.:,.:",K:-t1 ul.l~.~ ;;.lUI <l.AJ l.4.o t.Li:i) -ill~~-,

: Lime Imperfections 4S:_~~1 ~ ( ~ ~ ) 4'b;" u~~1 - 2

cG~ t.)bj~1 ~jA-l-" Dislocation k~1 u~)t:c;..~I0A t.y.l\ I~ ~ ~

~ .)J4:-A y.-T I'~J J~~I ~ ~J..> ;;.).t4 0A l'~ 0::' .lJ..L=oJI ~ ;;.).t4 ~ J)U.;.\

~ U::J_)J~ ~ ~ .lJ..L=oJI ~~ J).l~\ ..b.. <G1..;i , J~~\ d..;t ~~

. J~~~I..;i ~l:J1 ~ ~~ ~ 4 J~~I ,-,,",J~I 4..a.h.L1~ ~~ ;;.).t4 J>I.l";~

~IJ .J,.~ I~ u~ ~ .h;.. ~..;i ~ t.~~~1 Ji J~~I '~ULS' I~!J

~ ~I l.A~ ~1J-4 ~ ( ulj.H~1 ) ul.).:.01 <t...:--9 tAi ~ (1) One dimensional
.)~ ..;.:.01 t.~~1 \~ t.1.,.ii J..>i ( 123 - 1 ) J~ ~.J-l-' misaligned 4:~~

~ L14i a 41.;,;;4 ~l$" l&.itsJ J..L;U W' Ji f"b f"LIo:ij\ f"--U:. ~ a.:;~ u~ ~ ;;.).t4
U~A 0A 0-J"')J~ L.r.;J~ 0::' ~Lo1..;.)~..;~ iY'~ Ji ~J ~~Ji

..;.)~ ,,;~w......o ~ JA iY'.;-1:. LA u1 lSi ~, w.....o..:i.1A '-""'1 -ill~J ' ;;.)3-4J1 ~ u 1.).:.0I

lS~1 I~ ui .)~I ~ -'p- 1.)~ ~ Ji extra half plane <L...:--k Jl..b: -.Dlj

~ -.:)1 ~1 d.-LJ.j ~ ~ ~ cGi ~1 a~.:!,~! II (~~~I ~ l:~~J-A ul$" ~I

- 123
 ~ JG.. ~I ~ :;)~I J,;.I.l (.T~ ~I ~~I I~ ~G.. ~3 ' ..b.~ ~#\
I~ ~ &k...3' ~j-A t~\ ,~~y j-A.;-S 4~ T ~J----> ~3 (1.) ;LA~l
J)l.:;....;.\ JA3 ' edge dislocation ~WI ~'j4.b.. ~ J~ 'j13 1~'j\
~~ ~ ~.l~I) wl).J...U IJ'~I ~~\ D..Lc. ~ ~.:uI..b.;J1 wr1~ j.S'~

. dislocation line t~'jl .b.. I~ ~WI .b.. ~ G~i~...3 ('-;-lbSJ\ ~

~ d~ Extrll-halfplane
U I J jJ,) of atolllA

~
. Slip or Burgeu
~_~,,-ved:ol'b
7,,.-
, . I' rJ-!!.r'\ Q.lV
nis l b//..'\
I ,._~ I

\'I~~Y11
L l~~d.ied.illl~~lion.
Iine &:f~JU.

BUll:erli circuit

~J!\.'M
.jU,

rC-YS \
Ji:-;t~)~atin!~ '--;">\b
'-3 ~

~ (J ~ (bJ lel

( 124 - 1 ) ~

~ t),k..j'jl ~ ~I Ublll ~ a,.!! ,~,\I ~ .ill.:u ~ ~..L<~

, ~ .l~l ~ ~i ~L.... JI......;j4 a.hC~ t~'j\ ~ J~ ~.:ul ..:Jl~WI
~ 3~ \~j , ~ .l~l ~ ~'f ~j-A JlA.i.i4 :;...lL~ ~ .;JI clti 0_~ ~

wl).J...U ~I ~y.....J.1 ~4- wr1~ ~i;J1 Jo~1 ~ ( ,,~'jl ) ~I, (.)"'~I

. ( 124 - 1) ~
- 124
~I .Iy2i ~ ~':J\ ..b. ~ lj~1 W5 ~\ I.:u. JI~ ~-J
, t~~n ..b. ~ (D~I) d..:-=WI ~1y.1 ~ "y~1 ~ uy...tl ~I ~j~)

.:I..l j.A~1 ,,~i ..lJ:.l.-;Wj et.Li.....,i wlJ:.u1 .k~ LSi L~ ~I ~':JI ulS' 1~1J
t~ ':J I ...h;J 1- .
~.
W' , ....JL., t~\ <GI II DJ u,\ (
(.To 0
"WI T
~
~~ ) T J-Aj-'
. 'L.

. I..;,.';.L."I W' ~ <GfiJ (I) ..b-Ij ~I

dJL:.. (.;r~ ji Non equilibrium a.,jj.jA ~ w':J)l:;.;'\ ~~ wl.L~':J\ ~j

. ;0#1 ~ ~ ~':J~ ~I ~, ~ ~lb uj:Wj , )~':J\ ('..lJ:.

, "':J#' .II..~ u.illl ~~ ~L:.JI ~':JI jl ~I J)t::O.':J\ \.:u. t '~';2J

. D..LA4JI J:JL...11 ~ ~Iy ~ wlJ:.u1 LS~G..j ('..Lc.j wl~\ ~ ..ill.iSj

p:"~~:1.o jl J':Jy':Jl ~ t~':J1 JY"" wIJ:.u\ ~ [j.>j.J ~I d.:2L.J.\ u-k~-J

~ ~L:.JI ~':JI ..b. u-k ~.I~ u~ ~I I.:u.j Slip or burgers vector (b)
. ( 124 - I )

I Screw dislocation ~~IJi ~~l t.~~t

ji ~yl\ ~':J~~.r-U~I ~j ~I wLc:.~':JllJAp i ty ~

;;J~ ~ ~I wL:.~':JllJA tj-LJI I.:u. i '~';2J ' Screw dislocation ~~l

~ Shear stress ~.I s-:-J ~~ DJy-~1 ul ~-J' (d Q J;.,;;Q ) ~

,,~':JI (.;~ L..lj:t p..'11 ~~Ij ,,~I ~ ~Ij:t ~ ~R U:O~ 1.A~ ( 126 - I )

..)) ~ ~ ~~I ~~Ij u-ki ,,)1 ~ ~ ..>-'-":!~I ~~I ~~I ~ ) ~I

~ ~~ Lj-AA DJ#llJA ~~I ~~I u~ u\ ji ( 124 - I a) ~ ~ (J.i....,1
~YJI t~':J1 ..b. 0)KkJ1 Fj-I-J ( 126 - I b ) ~ ~ ~j ~ LS~

t~':J1 I.:u. ~I~ ~\ ~j' Screw dislocation ~I ~ tj! ~

Jp wl.)~ Jlk1li F ~ ~")1 ...G.4i ~ J.:l ~ Uj.l ..b. ~ ;;.I...l=..A ~

Ulb <L~ u~ ~I ( 126 - 1 ) J.-.L.:u A B I.:r.JYJI~)U LS..r---b-LJ1...h;J1
.~I

- 125
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d.:J~1 d<J. ! ,~, JI "4-=i1 ~ ';} j';}j..j';}~ ~I wi ~)ll.1 LJAJ . CPH, BCC
. wlj..Lill

I~J. -; ~ ~~ D-JY71ILr" ~ w~ a..A.,Y ~ i ,~!;.! LG.JJI ~I aJ~ ~ LAi

.)! u~?l~ d..:..Il... wl-J.J45' ~I ,~~I wl-J#I J~ ,,~)G.. ,,4-=;1 ~

Ji ;;-JY71I,,~ (~L;_U~~ a..b~i ~) a C1J. a j ,,' Q..b~ Ji U:.~i

I~ \~ I JL4j ';} D-JY+JI ~ 4..A.,.,:J I Ci...4hL.1\ c,.j\..S' UJ.. ( 132 - 1 ) ~ ~~ \

LJAj ~G Lr" ';}~I ~ ~..l9 ,G~ D-JY71ILG~ LGJ.A ~ ~I rl..1o~W
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TWINNING
PLAN~5
1
~-,:..-.
----L 1 "-',,;;

Op/ical Fip,

~
01 i)p billld' (()

~..r""",~..rl...,ii

( 132 - 1) ~

-- 132
 : Bulk or Volume Defects ( :a _~~~ 1~~I ) J~ '.il

y~:. ->"L.,;~1I ~ ~ J! w~ \5J.:u1 r~~1 J~ ~ y~1 D~ ..Lt,j ~

Ji tJ~ Ji j.LiJ1 ~ wl~J rL......A ..l.H"J 04~-.J ' Macro ~I \5~1 ~

,
. ~~J wlj.LiJ1 ~ w~ ~Lji ~ L...uL... i y~1 D~ i !~,;iJ ,d;q,;"jQ ~Iy.:,

: u!j..l.4t1 ~ ~ u~~'.il.)J~
Role of dislocation in the deformation of metals :
,

41-,"~i ~ ~ ~ LA j.1.9 0A ;;~J ;;J.J-4 ...L1;J4 - )C...o - w~i \j1

~ # # #

, WI..l ~ ( G...J) Gj-A ~ ~4 ~Il~ i...L.:U ~~ d..iJJ-l1 ~ J~ dJ~

~J..L=>- ~ J..u ~I JJ--=-4 ~ 45 d.:.9I.~ J..=4j jjj....:-. ~I ~ ~ J~J

wl.:J-:L.......J.\ D~ wfiJ ;;J~\ ~ J>.1..l ;;..l~A w~ ~ ;;J#I J>.1..l J~~I

,
rL..Jo..j ~ {11O} , FCC rLJ.:....j ~ {Ill} wl.:~1 ~J ,wIJ.:u4 LA6...lj\ u,.;-si

w"X ( 134 - 2, 1 ) ~ CPH ~..ljJ.1 c..ru'1.L.tJI J~I ;;~~ ~ {0001} , BCC

(,)-J...,.s~ FCC ~ wlj.LiJ1 ~ ~ ~l r~ -uJ. ~L...ui ~ w~1 D~

. ~ ~ ~.II
cr: '.Y'
1(':.lll.Ll.1:i ~-~"~I
(..,l-"-'-"-'. jJ
~ ~
_ _. ~J
.. ... t . ll;; ~~I
~ J - ~'1
~ (J"'-'
<\.-:l!
f-':r
~ ~~ <ill..o?1 \5~ J~..;Jj.j: wIJ.:uI0A \5~ ~ \5.:u1 ( 134 - 2)

J~~'lll l~ ~I~?l rj)U\ ~I ~ '-:-'-'-"-=>- IjiJ L!:J~I ~ ~j..tl ~I

wi ~~ ~IJ wi ~ L!:Jy..uJ.1 ~ wlJ.:u1 ~,J d.:J.:u1 ~\jJ-l1 ~ ~~I J~4

,
10000 ~11000 ~ tJl..~)~ YJ~I '-'~ ~ a......~1 .LI.1:i J~ ~I I~

. ~1 JLi:J1 J~~~l 4 1 r~ ~ La t.b. ..l~J J..>-t-: \5.:u1 jA"Xl , ;;jA

\5..lJ= ~1 wlj.LiJ1 wlJ~ ~ w~~~1 ..l~J (,;,.11 \5?i;;j-A G~j-A"XI I~

~ t~~1 .h;. J.At ~ ~.;JI ) ( p ) 4~ ~ o~ IjJ..l u,"\.H"J

3~ j' ~ (610) j-=J ~
.;\" ~ \5.:ul (3 ~ / y -~ll
_. -bJ1 JoL ~--l\;;~J
y= \5i \-:--

~ -'~ ~ 10 ) ~ FJ ol2J\ D~ ..l1..lj:iJ ;;~~j.1iJ\ ~ ~

12
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I J..(jait~.h.~.~~' '.!\'QLttu~T~u~~~t.~

\8U(,~'; ...L.Lc. ,..: . dj.Lil1 ~ I$.JJI ~I 4 1~ ~j Ij.J.l wk~'il ~,....ill
~ ~ ~ ".

~~ .Ill ,<' il\ w4kc- 41 ~ LALA Ij.J.l wl.c.~,}!1 ~ W, W.JJ ~

C" ~.Y' ~ w41'5l1 ".J..&,l ~j-...:;jl ~ ~"""".J' Age or precipitaticn hardening

. .ill I ~L:, ()l '-;-l~1 t~ 4l:LJ1 ~I~~I ~ 4.:.;1~1 w)lAWI

'* * *

- 138
~ ~
8 .[~.
~ ~

e .
~ .\
~ <"'
'JJ

-
 : u.;.c.~')1 ufi:L:i ~\ w4S'yll ~ lJS.41-J

: loS ~WI }S~I ~~Li o' -43 uLPJoA ( a

~J..'l 4Jj'~ ~~: Intermetallic Compounds ~..LuuLPJoA l;r"lj

. Mg2 Sn ->=~Ij f'~1 JL..l ..'ll:a..11 ~~I u~l.4.I ~j D..'l...I=A J~u\ D)?

: Electronic Compounds ~~! uLPJoA ( b

~ t\~j dj)tj ,)1 ~ ~j , ~~I u~LiJ ~ ') ~..La.A w~jA ,:.;,A

~ ( ~JL..;J1 JI...u.1 ~ ~I wljj~?ll ) ~~I w\.j~1 t~ ~ ~I

: ~~ <Gfi-ll w~~I.~ ~I wlJ.:01 ..'l~ ~j. l.&K w1J.:01

3
Cu Zn, Cu. Sn, Cu, AI : JG.4 ~ ~ ~-J ( - ) ~ Jj~\ tr<J 1
2

21
Cu., Sus' CU 9 AI 4 : Jl:LA y ~ ~-J ( - ) ~ ~l:J1 t~~1
13
7 .
Cu, Sn , Cu Zn, : Jt~ E ~ ~-J ( - ) ~ cjl:J1 tJ~1
4

2 = -ilijJ\ ~~JI I = (J-"b..LJ1 ~~ Cu Zn : Jl:LA

2 = wlJ.:01 ..'l~ j 3 = w\~~1 t~ uP

3
~ ~ ~I . .
2

2 = ->=~I ~~JI ' I = (J-"b..LJ\ ~~ Cu., Sns : JI.i.o

->=~I wlJ.:0 32 = ( 8 x 4) , 'j"b..LJ\ wlJ.:0 I~~ 31 ..DlJA u1 ($f

63 = 32 + 31 = wl~~1 t~

39 = 8 + 31 = wlJ.:01 ..'l~

21 63
Y ~-= _=~I
13 39

- 140
 ;[
1::
[.
c-
t

+:>.
-
0A ~..j , yl.JJ.\ j-Lijlj ~I.:.ul j.LiJll:.'\J~ ~ ~l1:i ~j ~i ...I..iJ..j .- 5
: ~L:.. l:.,\J.:.u1 ~:>. ~l1:i
;~

~~~ ~~ ~ ji ~~I ~ ~L....l4 ~~I wlJ~ ufiJ: '~ji

( d...:bJ1 D..b-j ~ ~.JA ~ ) ~~\.:.ul ~I 0A DJ~ J:..:i ~ '/. 15 = I,~i

d.....:,..lj?/1 ji J~?/~ U~j.:.u\ 0A t~1 I~~..j" ~~I wlJ~ 0A DJ~' ~
. Subtitutional Solid Solution

4 a !';"j;o ~ t~ji ~i l..:-':!.:LlI wlJ~ J..------.=...4 ~I.JJ.I wlJ.:.u1 ~t.:; ..L-~j

a..H..>.JI ,,~~ ~j ~~ t~ji ~ ~?~I ~ ~ -Uj' (Disordered)

. ( 142 - 1 ) ~ Ordered or Super Alloy

ffiOOBtPIII o.ooo.oo.e)
O.OO.OO.O()

g~ ao.oo.o.OC)
dd7J2"oO. 0.000.0OC)
oOOoOOC)
~.
~
~l-~\.J
. . e":
Interstitial Solid Solution

eoeoeoe eoooeoo

oeosomo 0008000
eo.
0.0 - a
e 00.000.

oooeo
eo.o.o. 000.000

~
( cJ~..iJ,\;'j;y"ol-...:
~--=-
...
Subtitutional Solid Solution
( 142 - I ) ~

. B~wIJ~O . A~wIJ~

- 142
 .)LoIS ,
~..,..:~ 0~ ~ 4X1j' ;;.,)j...wt:...A ~ lJ-l~u....J1 LJ::ll1A> 0~jjJl ~ ~j

lj4j~ Yj.J: w~ lY'~lj ,-:-,-,,>jJ\ jiA (Complete) a141S ~ 0~~\

. ~~i.S~j?~\~

~I w\)~ ~ ~4 I~;;~ yl.:u1 ~l wi)::' 0~ 0 1 : ~[j

,-:",:!.:uI':JI)~ LJ::ll.i~ ~ ~ 0i..ill:i ubj",j ~ ( /. 59 ~ ~I ) '-:"':!.:ul

~:~Ij ~~Ij 0J-lfiJlj r~lj r~...r:Jlj r~lj ~j)~1 w\.)~ ~

LJ-4 tj-LJI \~~..J ( i.S)jJJt Jj~1 ~ ~j~1 ~~WJI ~l.aJ1 ) bL;.. r~lj
. ( 142 - 1 ) ~ Interstitial jili.::J1 jl jk:J1 04j.:u1

.;--::-C. jl :a ql;.,j;o d...4J~ ~.:u\ ~ ~I.:ul wl)jll,ji1i:LJ\ ji ~I 0~ ..L1lj

Limited Solid ;;.,)j.J...:o:.A d...4J~ ;;)~4 ~..u.: a.H...>..!1 j)~ ~ 04jjJlj. d ~ 1;.,-;;",

: c.;rll:J\ J~I .,)~ .,)j.J..>J,\ 04jjJi ~ lLI)..LJj Solubility

i.Si ~1~1 t 2b j " ,', ':1 LLji ~ i.Sy..l\ ~\ ~.).,) ~ ;oUI ~.Hit ~I~) liJjL,.. \~)

~ ;olo ~~1~1 liJjL,.. Y ~4j . .Hi~1 LJ-4 /. 4 ':1) '-:"':!.J: ':1 ;oUI 01 J:l.Hi~\ LJ-4 ~
~'=..9 13 LJ-4 ~t ~I~) U b j ,,,", ':1 ~ ~1 i.Sy.t.\ ~I ~).,) ~ .Hi~1
;oUI /.

;oUI 04J~ ~u 01 ~ ;;)~I ~).,)

LLji
.
tL.i:i)-:IJ )\ '..... ,i;q ~I ,,~~ -.Dlj.ll

0fi:ij' a141S ~1~1 d...U:ijA ;;)J-> w4-).,) ~ ~ ~ .,)I.,)j..:i ;oW] ~~I jl~)u
:r: :::
~L~ "r\-J 1-WI.wI (144 - 1) l<".~.. ~ ".l\ :_:l\ ,L.....:,b:;... -:;_1_
~ L._.~ ~ ~\,.T""F.r ~ j ~

~j , ( ;;~\ ) 04jjJ\ r..l. ~~ LJ::lj ( ~JI .,)j~ ) ~~I J=jWI 0fi:i

. ;oUI ~ ~I~ .>&ij .>&~I ~ ~I:l ;olo LJ::l u:J~ LJ-4 ~ ~

~~ I,S-! ,~,jl ~~~~ yl.:ul LJ-4 ;;.,)4..; u--k ~ J=jWI ...L:-Y..l9j

)~I alL.. ~ 0~ ':1 J~\ I~ jiAj Supersaturated ~I j~ J=jW4

j~ ~_).,) c.;rl) J.jL.... ~ ..LA4- ~ ,-:",:!~i Y ~ , ~j.A )~I alL.. ~ J.: ~I.,)
~I 0~9 , ;;~ Jj-bJ.I r)j ..LA~I ~I LJ-4 ;;J~ J~I ~ ~1 ~ " ,~! jll

':1j . ~~ ;r~ lS')J ~l ..b. ~ J.J.J.= lo Precipitate '-:-'-:'-"Y ~ I..1+: ..lA4-J1

~ ~-'-'J~I ji ~I j~ ji 0~jjJl r..,L.C. ji .,)j..l....:>.11 ji r~1 04j.:ul.) '..... j 4'

- 143
 ~ W'...A 4i o..LA~1 4=Jl.>. ~ ~La1J b~ l.!.Uj 01 J:l a..m_~.J1 J.:lWI
"~l.JA .II .;", (('lJ ' ...L-44 J.,.b-4 ji.,h ~ ~ J,a ~ ~L.tl ~ ~ J~
..lLJ ~ ~
. " .. .. ~ wl:I:I\
<.Y'"L....., I' ... , 1.1:.. 1\
..r--' u-">.P- j-:!Ll ~ ,]A ~

-"Pb ~~G"~.\..I-,j

, 4 ""rr
e:::,...t~'
:.,,;:-'$
'"

~.,.;,
IS. cJ~' .. ~ e:-'~

,~illWt~l! ~~l~~'~
c::......'&.. ,.

,.
-i:"')
0
'4100 90
~ 80
1111
70 60 50 40 30 20
~\
10 0
I I I ~-'~ 00II(1 j I I I I
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ~100

( 144 - I ) ~

J-u-\..;:j ~ o~ jAl~ ~ ~~ o..LA~1 dJWI ~ 0~j.:.u1 0! y.Sj ~S"j

<-;-J1.:.u1 wl.)jj '-:-'-:!.:ul wl.)j ~ \~ ~ ~ 'i .;;.11 ~I ~ ,wI.).:.uI ~

. o-lWI ~ ~ I~ ~ .~j~ ~ 'il 0~jj ~ 'i ~~ ('/. 85,)1 59l.JA)

1..>1~~ ~..>!J.:d I ~1jJ~1 U~I:A

Thermal Equilibrium Phase Diagrams:

w4-.)-l -l~ ~ wI bb;. 4 f'"""j3 ~ ~ a...u.1.)-l ..ill4--..J1 a...u.1.)-l u~?l ,G!

0~.;;.11 ~I ~I ...L<c.l.!.UjJ' ~).,bi ~ wl~ b~ ~...L<c..;;.11 o)y-JI

, ~L:; r\..lQ1J1 ~ ~I Jo.i..AJI )~I ~ LI.)...u1 ,,~,b2((,!ilj , ~.JI ~

. -l~~1 ~l.ti ,bb;. 4 ~ ~1.) o)y-JI ~J-lj ~1 j..:S'->=J1 ~ ~ ~)o, l.!.Ujj

~Ij ..u~1 w~ f'""".): ~i d,Jo ou. is)y-J1 u1jJ'il wlbbu "w..i~j

- 144
 I

+::>.
Vl

 I Gibbs' phase rule 4,)AJ .l.;.~ ...>#1 ~~(i

~ ~j' LA.I~j ..Li..l::. ).,k)l.J ~\ ulj.J~\ w~b...b.J..;i C.l..LU ~j

2+P-C=F : wr~ ~
. d......ulJ...u1 ,::...>.:i c.I~j-l1 )j-----b~1 .I~ =P ~,.

. d......uIJ...uII~ ( wl.j.l.\ ).)-'-O~ .I...L... =C

~ ~~l ~ Degree of Freedom ~I ji U)lJoJ! ~J.I =F
. d......uIJ...u1

IU~~

I Equilibrium ~lj:i~l - 1

System 'k~ ji a..o~ a:i ~Jl J..4i.;J1 ~ cpo- d.:9lk ~i aJL:,.. ,-,".2l

~Ij c)~1 ~J.ljj...:-S'~I0A cjb,! Il' 4 C.I...I..=-A~.vJo ~ LIJ..u1 ~

.~~Ij

I Phase (P) ...>~l - 2

.;JI .u\~j ~ ~~I ~ ~ d.,ji ~ ~~I . ~~I c.lUI ~~ j-.2l

4JWI ~ ~J:!...L9 d.,jj ~1 ~j-4 d.,ji j-lj ~Uu, W ~ ~ 0. ~~ ~

.<t.l d.:i)CJ1 ).,k~1 ~ ".:u.j ( J~I ) ~WI ji ( ~UI ) anwi ji ( ~I ) c,..1-44--\1

clJjJj .. ~jJ..L:+1lj ~~I "-~~ ~1 W~ ~ ~ ~ ~.;-ll I.:u.j

\~Ij ,',I-
Jy= ~j
-, IA~
~
. ~.:":I\
~ ~
("-~anW\4JWI.'-""""~~~c~.r':"
.. :-q~l ~~

anw\ 4JWI ~ Wj c..JjJ4I'UI.hl;.. Ij! Loi , F\ wr1J Jb.;J1 ~ JWI clJ.:Dj

\jl ~. UoJ..).,k ~ ~ lSjWI ..kj-lllS~.J ' ~'91 0. ~ ~ )-LS' u~
. 1~lj l~.,b ~ J.,bJ1 u~ ~UI ~~II '-:-':!jj

I Component (C) ...>11 - 3

, d......uIJ...u1 ~ ( ~ ~I ) 'k_~ d..iJ.1 w~~1 ji ).,k~1 .I~ wrA
,
~l.j~1 ~ ~...u u~ lS)po- u1j.JI all.> ~j j.jL. ~LA ~ ~ a.....b.; W~j ii ~

. ~,;:J4 ~UI ~j c~lj -ro t:" ( ...I.A~ ~L. ) ~Ij ~j ~ u\J~

- 146
3=P,2=P 1 =: P , ] =C .t.u

2=P 2=:C Cw.J+lOUI

]=P 3=:C J~+lOlA+~

]=P 2=:C lOLA+~

2=P 2= C Binary Eutectic ~~\~.;J

]=P 2 =: C ~~I~J~

I Degree of freedom (F) (U~j~-.>~ ) ~j ~ ~-.>~ - 4

j..:-S'y ~J..\J ~IJ ;;)~\ ~JJ.S ~ d.1.:l.4!1 J..oI~1 ..\~ )) ~~ ~y.J

-
~ ulj.:j~1 dJG. ...I:!~ l:..>~1 18j~:';j.'~! ~I (I d<~: !I.ll ~ d..hIJJI 045'.;-1\
L L:i 1~.J..>,j uyJ. \ r l.b1J \

J5.)-:!..w u\ ~ ~I J..oI~1 ..\~ ~~ 4\ a:g)lbjl 04-J..\ ~y.J u\ ~J

.)~)~I .J.:>.~ J~ J\ lO\...U.;..1 UJ..l7';\ rl.b1J1 ~ ulj.:j~\ dJL:,.. ~ ul UJ"\;;.J.:>. ~

I J.W. Gibbs' phase rule~.":.~-.>#j;;~l:iuL:W!

,p~1 ~I t"" ~ u\j.:jl dJL:. ~ "\R-Y P )~~I0A I~~ 4!JJ ul cYa~

. d.~j-4 C ~ ';~J~ J5u1.;\ C ol;..>-l~ J~ J5~j.$~1 ~ ~ <G\J
: ~ ol~ ~)G u~.;J utJ..\l..A L!.II..LA u\5' YJ

(1) 0 =Z : Y + X2
(2) 0 = Z - Z + Y - X3
. rll::~1 <UG. ...I:!~ .;\ X,Y ~ ...I:!~ ~~ ~ ~ ~..\W\ 0:3u u~
r\.h.;J1 J:~J' ~..\WI0:3u ~ 01~1.J.:>.~ L... ~ cYal~1 ~ ~j
~ (.>~~ ( ~\ ) U)lbjl 0A ;;.J.:>.IJ ~J..\ 4!JJ u~ ~T ~ J\ , LLi 1~.J..>,j

- 147
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( ..illL~\
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( 149 - 1 ) ~

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. ( 150 - 1 ) ~ ~iJ

- 149
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I 4:.U~1 ~~l..>l~~ l.S..>~1 ~!jJ~1 uU:~

Equilibrium Thermal Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys:

( Binary 0-J~ l>A i.5 i ) ~';;'!I ~I.ti c,..jlS' ..l~ i.Ll.j~1 ~ ~i:
..I'pj ~ wlb b;.. 4 ~, w~y.Il>A ..I....L.C. i.5~ ji ~~J jl Ternary 43)lj ji

wl..b.h;.J.1 ,,~~, ;;)..r---!I wL~J..I ~ ..ill~1 ".i....sJ ~I Phases )J_Jo~1

~ ~ ~jj ~\ JbLalj ;;~.I aJWI ~ )~~I ,,~ ~ ~jj ~I (~WI

, ~I w~y.Il>A 4:i1J-=S'y ,-:-,-,...jj D..l.A4J1 )~~I ~y~ ~, ;;J..A4J1

, ~ i.5~ ~I ~I Wu.:3j ~~ ~.J-U11 ~ ~j~1 ~J...u~ u.L...: i.5.:u1 jA~1

u.L...:i loS' , ~l4tlj ~~I l&.L.<>lp ~jjj l&3~~..1 [b.zw....lj ~I ,,~ l.J.:b.:ij

. ~I ;;~I ~ ~ i.5~ ~WI wl;;~:bj!l ~\ J~~l1 ~

uts' ~y.\ ..I~j ~ ~~I JyJ~1 Ji4:!' w\..b.b.J~ ~LtJ\ ..ill~1 ~J

, %lOOA (A~I) y.1 ..IRj U:W IjL...:(~I) ~~I.bJ1 ~~~ ~

J~ ~I ~lLJl LAi , %0 d..h...'UJ1 ,,~ .4c. B 4 UJ1~y.I-&y ufi..!...9

~I Jj->JI~...9' %OA ~j-llj %100 ~ B y.I..I~j~ (.;,...L:.uJ\

,
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uljj~~ ~.,D\ ~ L44-0 Joh;.JI ~ ~ ~\ .bJ1 J~I u~~Il>A

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CC) 0""J-ljL..s wLL~.J-;l ;;)~I ~J..I ~ ( i.5..1~1 ) lr-"i)\ Jo..;.,JI LAi

. CF) c.:~~ lj~ij

- 152
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. j)..LA~1 ~wt ~J lliL..JI ~wl ~ 0u.J.:.IJ1 ~u ~jA -- 1

AlG.J1 ~ 0u.J.:.IJI ~~J lliL....Jf AlL.:..Jl ~ 0~.:.IJI ~u ~...>-4 -- 2

. j)..LAWI

AlGJt ~ 0u.J.:.IJI .;iJJ~J llil.....J1 ~GJI ~ 0u.J.:ll1 ~u~...>-4 -- 3

. j)..LAWI

AJGJt ~ 0u.J.:.IJt .;iJJ~J llil.....JI AJGJI ~ 0u.J.:.IJ1 ~u ~...>-4 -- 4

. ~.!~...>:' JeW ~ j)..LA~1

~~ ~4SjA iJ-JjSj -- 5

I 1.4A~~.J~~I~~~~u:aI:; ..~U

~WI ~.J a.uUI ~W I ~ W~.:.ul L:t.L:i W~JoA I ~.J~l ~~j I

I :;..L4~1

Two Componets Completely Soluble in the Liquid and in the Solid State:

I ~~ i.J-:'A

~ LA J~ ~J~ w.-ll ;;)~I ~J...l:J J~yIJ l-4 d<.!! 'll ..l.J...>--;U ..L.i..c..Gl
-).U......) ~\J w:9J ~UJ..J.,Jo ;;Jj~ ~ d<.! ! ,,,II ~ ~ ($)~I ,..b..b.J.\

J.,bJ~1 J.,b w~ J.:~ ~ <G~ (155 - I ) ~ ( oJ 4~----::"'4 +) & '''';4

, '-;-'-'-ULu.l1 ;;~L:9 rl~~ ~I ;;)~ ~J.l .J4. J.,b JS'.H5'.;i .ill~J J ~I

.lJ~ ch;.J\..ill~ tk~ ~ ;~~I ;;)~I ~J.l ~ ~i ~ J-4:l..ill~J

ch;.J1 ~ \~! ( 155 - 1 ) ~I ~J' ( GF ch;.J\ ) UJ..J#I ~ ($~;\ J4J.\

~ ~

(GE) F1 0~ ( ~ ~ jSJ ~~ ) LA ~J U""~ ~ ~I ~)U.~ (GF)

J=uW ..ill~J' ~I J.,b ~ I~ (EF) ch;.J\J' I 4 ~..:al J.,b ~ ~

.J4. i~~~ ~I ~ .C ~
. ~y
d...b..;U ) ~
.........J.I ~ .C ~
~y
(G) d...b..;UJ
, ~I
. ~y
~ .C ~ (F) d..J.:...d.j

- 154
~)li ~~ I~~I ~Yj' ~I ~~ t'" ~I ;;.;I~\ hJ..l Ja.;..~)li
~I u~1 J~ ~ G, F ~I e.bL4..,-,-,~, ~~\ 1~..3 (~I ~ t'"
.~y.u

, - R. i ,
2

T1 c'
~ ----------------
,;t ___----T2
G ---'::v'""~"
-1\
- Q; \

H'~-- --- _; "-.. ~__ T

M--~"':~ -,,---"
L -
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-

I \ ...... -,
't'I m - --C--"--- -.- -.-- _.
l.
I~k>
l.> (l)
o 0_
~
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f
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t -
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._--+-
A Content of B u
B
.~ Time eJ-I'jJl

( 155 - I ) (.)5:..:"

dJWI (.~ rti 0~j~'~ ~I ~..I~ ~ (..:,.:JJ\ c.J.:,~1 d...c.~ dJL,.. ~j

~ B , A ~r 0A aJ~1 c.J.:,~1 d...c.~_<l 01 ~ ;;~l dJWl j o~1

lJ-A ( I 00 - X ) is i A lJ-A % X ~ ..u...,>-;W ...G.c. ( 155 - J ) ~ I~ ;; "f L...A~Y

~J..I (,,;,.J! ~ ~ 0,;LA J~ ;;)~I ~J..I (,Joc ?=jj";;J 8 I",ill dJL..J\ 0A B

~ X j~y-: ~j (D) ~y-: ul.>-:!-4 utiL,U1 IJ.;i ~ dJ~1 ~ ~ T: o)Y"

0A G..uJ::-l ~I ul~1 ,,:.u.j' (G) ~y-: ~.JI J~I 4.S'J ti ~Ij JL..o..a..j'.!l\

0A aJy:~ wI~ (D) ~~~ ~ ~ Jy~ 0A ~ J> B j..LiJ1 ji A j...LiJ1

J~ ~ ) L~ I~ ~~ aJ~ A 0-A ,~wlJ~ ~ ~I~ B ~ u\J~
~! J.-..:"j ~ T2 ~! TI 0A pi J..LL4:' Jc,~~\ ~ o)~' ~J..I ~j ( ..b-Ij

~ ~4JIJ uj~ ~ ;;~I JjbJl wl.;~ lrA ~ uP ~ Tz ;;)~JI ~.;~

: ;W~l
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G j.:S'~~1 JjbJl).40 EF
------------- - --
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F ~~ ~. I J ~.;
.1- 1\ 1.40 EG

(% 100 l.&!S' ~~l ~ GE ..h;J1 .;~~ )

u? ( D j.:5'~ ) aJ~1 .b.. JJi ~ ufi:".:l..,:J1 4J~1 wl.;.J4j1 u t F'IJJ

d ! ,,,;!~ .ill~J (B) pi wb~ ~~ -si ~ I~~I a..s'.;l:i A wl.;~~ ~

wl.;~1 ~I~j.:i T2')1 ;;)r-JI ~.;~ J::.~J ( 157 - 1 ) ~. (X) ~~I j.:5'ylJ

w:9.,J1 ~J Jj:.~ EF tl.;.:.uIJ ~1.1j.: EG tl.;.:.J1 u~~1 y~.)c. ;;~I

.t.1\
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(b)

( 156 - I ) ~ ( 156 - 2 ) ~..:.

- 156

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: 0.;1A~ LJ.:;l J~ lS~ ~J

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UA (H'B) )..l41~ ~I.:LJI ul..)3'11 J6. ~ ~.)JJI D.i.l2l ...w:. ~I ~ ..11..1..)3 ~I.:LJ~J

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~.)..1 ~l ~~ ~~ ~~ ~l..t..c~..J Cored Section ~~I

-L~
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V'~ t J A j ' . tJA I
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.).,bJ ' ..l~ LAIR (GE) .).,b ~ a<.!! ",1\ lSji~ (E) ;;)~\ ~.)..1 ...w:.J

. ~ LAIR (EF)
FE+GE=GF

- 157
(GE) )#1 ~ A ..rt l j..f,J-j = ~ ~I ~ A ..rt1j.:S'y X ..
(FE) )#1 ~ A ..rtl J..=S'y +

(EF) G + (EG) F = (FO) X ..

(EF) G + (GE) F = (EF) X + (GE) X

~\0-"

F-X EF
1;,
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=
GE
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4
+ liquid
Q Cl
Q,) E
E- To
+~-
"'5 21\' li
- -:------- Q "L
T6 a "'6 - - - - - - - - - - - - '-.: 6
" "'7

T7 Nunequilibriurn ":--- -----------

solidus 1""/
Bquilibrium
solidus

ioo :JO~\'.
Ni Cu
Wei~ht IH'I'('(,lll copper

Cl'~ Cl~
~

Liquid

- 158
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0 0 0 0 0
9
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:

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J#\ wlJ~~j ,~I J~I~: ~6~~,bb;'111~~4!..u

" d.:9)lhjI0-A ~Jj.si , ..l>-\~I

2:=I-I+2=F

. ~I JjbJ.1 ~ ~ JWI .ill,x;j

+~. J.I-
~- ) (.)-"-l. r
"l..:uJI...u:. - & I~Lr-'
d.-;i..b.1,.., l,.;;r-'j .. ~. o:1I ~GlI ~\ ~. l.<li

, U)lbJI0A ;;~Ij 4Jj u:..u ,)l.si I = I + 2 - 2 = F u~ ( .J Cl 7"; <I IJ~

~ ( 155 - I ) ~ T 2 ~l T, 0 A ~ ;;)r-JI ~Jj~ ~ ~ ~I~~~j

;;~I wIJ~I)-;f..fj ~j' G ~l C 0A~I)-;f..fj ~ ~~ l:J~1 C~ ui

. ,

T, ;;)~I ~Jj ~ X 2 ~1 XI ~I laS' u i .ill~ ~~ F j , F ~1 D 0-A

.si( C~~~J~jD j ..~;;~ wIJ~) ~).,b~'10-A ljG.A

w.jl..S' Llj -;;j~.,.t\ )~~'1 ~~j-lll ~ ':i ~G?JI ~ d<~.' ",1I ~.fj->-=-=~ <G1
~<G~)~~'1w':i~~j) ..~~1 ;;~~~~J4JII~~ L;..:w...,IJj
~ ~ , ~ ~118 '0 .! )~I~I ~ ~.illjSa..:9)lbJ1 ~Jj rlJ..~\
~ ;;j~.,.tl ;;~~I d.:9~1 ~J.I 6~1 ~ T I ;;)..r:'" ~Jj ~ XI as:~1
D 0A ~~1 ~ ;;~I wIJ~I)-;f..fj u~ , G ,)1 c 0A ~I JjbJ.I)-;f..fj

..l>-i G.w ~1J ujl..iJ~ Jo\..4b.':i1 l..i1~ T 2.)1 T, 0A ;;)r-JI ~Jj .ill.:Dj , F ,)1

~~~I ~ ~I~.fj~ u i rl~1 I~ ~ UA.:JI ~ ~ ~i~..J' )~~I

. ~ ;;)? ~Jj ~ .ill~j' )~~I j~j ~ ~~ ~ X 2.)1 XI 0A

J:1~ J~~I ~J..u .s~ d..:t~ ji ~ d..:~ 0Jp % ~L> U'tG.

. ( 161 .. I ) ~ u~j.:J1 d-Ati ;;~LA4J1

~ ~ ')1.b.b...t1 ~ ~ L~LJI,bb""'~ LAW ~l.hA w~WI D.:ub

j..Wl.S d..:4-LJ1 D~ ...Li....o::. d<~!,,, 1I ~_Uj W (N) .s~lj ~\ w~~1 .lj...L=o

" .s)? w~ .si , ~I

-- 160
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(161-I)JS:..i;,

: ~1y.1 ~ ,J.,wl D~L9 r"1~4

O=1+2-I=F 3 , 2, 1

2=1-1+2=F 5,4

I = I +2-2=F 7,6

~ A~'s:t a.J..jUlAIWI.~
I~ I.J lor' '-' w.1.9 .:lll wuL:u.S
'-'. l.)-A % UL:JlAIWI
_

13.J.A~IAI~I~u~.:ll1 ~~

Two Components Completely Soluble in the Liquid State but they

are Completely Insoluble in the Solid State:

d.Jw.J1 ~ u~j.:J1 ~~ 0-'P utjJ'il ,hh ;~ ~-':! ( 162 - I ) J " ,~,

. D..L4WI

~ j-~ <U~~ -Gi Rault's Law Jjjlj UyL9 U""L.....,i ...,.,kj d.JWI ,,~ ~

~~~'il I~~..J ~ Jj~1 ~ ;;)y~. ~j~ u~ p.1 ~ ~ ~llA

u4j.:J\ Lob ul~1 u~ ui Jo~ d1~j ) ~L:JI ~I 0A J:!~L4A ~i WS'
~~.j'il )...L4A ~1..u.J..J ( ;;~I aJWI ~ u4j.:J1 ~~j ;;~I d.JWI ~
. 0-'~ ~j.~luljj~1 (::A"~ ~I ~j~ ~

- 161 -
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~~I ~ ~J ( ~lj wl.).,.1~ ~ ) ~I J~I ~ ~ ~I wl.)~1

a.H.:oJ1l.>A ~I dJL... ~ Eutectic ~I ".:u. ~ ":1J u-oL..;.JI ~I <\.1 -s'j,jl

dJW1l.>A .illj,j ~~ J~ w":1L:.. ~...u..:i ~ J:' D..LA4-J1 dJWI ~1 D~~I

-4.;; ~1 ~ -s'.)~ -4.;; l.>A J~I ~ ~ -s'pi D..LA~ d..JG.- ~1 D..I..A4-J1

Eutectoid 4...L1..fi.:i~ Jo..'WI ".:u. ~ .:G~ J. ( D..LA4-J1 dJWI ~ )..r-=-.T -s'.).:>

, D..LA4-J1 )~~'l~! aJjWI )~~1l.>A J~l ~ ~~I a..b..a.i CO ~-:'~

. ~~"fij~4~LL

%80 ufiJ <1'2 ! ,,,II )~~'l ~ ~ Bk I ( 1631 ) ~~ t; ~

. T 1 D)p ~.).l ~ wJ.A...H %20 + ('",:~.llS'

: .r: -)
( X I~Y.J+ ~ I -L a.....s 20
.)~-

( A wl.)~ ) ...L4~I.)~ ~ 6

. B %100 ~ wJ.A...H (%26) ~~I Jo..;JI J~ ui .)~~

I (163 -1 )~.J#l;;~li~i

2=1-1+2=F ~IJ~~I

0=1+2-1=F ~I clJ.A>+JIJ ~I ('.J-:!A.l~1 ~ ~ J...i.c.

0=1+3-2=F E a..b..a.i J...i.c.

1=1+2-2=F ~I .k;.. ~ LA (~I + ~I ) ~~ ~I

- 164
IJ.)J"~J a.LjWI4JWt ~ ~~:.ut wu ~G.pJ-4: 'dtWt 4JWI
: ~.JA~t4J~t~~~J:.ut

Two Components Completely Soluble in the Liquid State but Par

tialy Soluble in the Solid State:

~j t~\ I~ 0A.ill~ )Yo~ -s)yooJl uljJ':l ,bb~Q ( 166 - 1 ) ~ U::-+.!

Ljl-;lj~ B ~ '-;-lj~ A j.W1 ut ~~4 ( 162 - 1 ) ~ ~L...JI aJGJJ d..;lL:......

o)..r"'-JI '4-..>,,) ,-"o';';"'..,jl LJS' J~~ ~ u4j .:J1 I~ , a ~ ..:JI..>~ L~ \~j...l.;oc.A

,-:-,..>l.L,: -s.:Jt ( 167 - 1 ) ~ BHC ( 166 - 1 ) J.S'-.:u HF 1 ~4 FJ-A ~ L.S

~ wb~ Gfi...4 B ~ A j.W1 '-;-lj~ ..d!j.$'j , o).r-JI ~..>,,) u:o~4 A ..>~I 0A

FJG, ZG 1 u~lj ZG 1 ~lS' o).r-JI ~..>,,) l-,,;"';';"'~I LJS' J~~ ~ u4j~

EF,H ~ Cb.LJI ~j' u4j.:ill ~I ,,)j..L-~ ~ ( 167, 166 - 1 ) ~4

wl..>.,J-;, L>--A Matrix ~) ~ ~jJ-A a 0A .::..d..>~ ~y ( ~~I ~..>~ )

~ ..:JI..>.~ ~y ( ~HI ...I.-> ~ ) ZGjE ~ a....:..L.J.1 ~ ~. ~J:

. ~J: ..:JI..>~ ~..d!.lS' ~jyo

a = A+B ~ = B +A

X Ju:' ~ ~ o,,)~.,.tl )Yo~1 y.uW J:..uUJ ~~I .h;.J\ o~u ~j

: ui ~ ~t o)..r-- '4-..>,,) ~

(% 100) ~ ~1..>yoJ.l c.:rk HZ ut ).~4Z ~~ ~ ..>Yo ..:JI..>.#I ~ _ XH

H~~a..>Yowl..>.#I~- XZ

<,.pGa;-11 .ill~ ~~ t.Jllll~ 0A ~ FJ: ( 167 - 1 ) ~j

'..H~lj

- 165
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( 166 - j ) ~
THE I!!:!-~ EQUILIBRIUM Ot"A"GfrAM.

D:~~&=..~
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The Tin- Lead E :n:

( 167 - I ) ~
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( 168 - 1 ) ~
 U~-.J~'-A-.J anWI A.tW I ~ W~:UI ~u r.)~J-4 I ~L>JI a.r W I
I ~_...-.s.-~ ~w Q.J-.\..> ~ ~~L:;rJ! AtbJ I ~ u~:U1
Two Components Completely Soluble in the Liquid State but Par
tialy Soluble in the Solid State With Peritectic Reaction:
. tyJI \,u 0-A ~.!..m_~.~~ .s).r-JI ul.j.:i~1 ~ (~ ( 168 ... 1 ) ~J ~I

ex ulJ~ ~ J..:.LuJI0A ~LJI ) ~ ulJ~ 4JP'J ex ulJ~ u~ 4JbJl ".:u. ~J

ex uIJ.,.t~~ ~ ~ u..,.s:JJ ' ( 166 . . 1 ) ~ ~I T , D)"p- ~J.l ..l1.. ~IJ
.. ~:...A JI4.p.s1 Peri ~)UI J..a~I0-A Peritectic ~..J-t':' ~ ~
: ~l:Ll1 U::'l:L..t\ .:G..G ~lL rL.a:~J

I ~l""tl
B J-*' ~1""twLu",,,,,ja...u.atIX~ul.",.t,a.rb.
~ AJ-*'. _. _ _. - ~.Ji

~I ( 1168 . . 1 ) ~ T, ;;)..p- ~J.l ~ l.A...l.::~J 4'.!! ",II ".:u.~...we.

~LuJ\ D...u:.111 ~J C 1 ...we. X ~I ~Jj..6,;.. C" J~~I.b. ~~ u....we.
~ .l1.lj.3J~1 ~ ~I ~ f..L;Li ex 0A ..::.d~ ul ~ LC I ~~I Jo.;,J~
ex uIJ.A' 0A N ~~ ~ %60 ~ ~1 ~ ~ ;;).r-JI ~J.lI-,,;"';;'.,j1 W5

~J.l ~l d1~ uJ.l ;;).r-JI ~J...l.:' ..6~~J T 2 ~~J.l ~ J 8 ,,,,;,, %40 ~~IJ

~~IJ F ~~ %70 ~ ~1 .ll.ljl ex ulJ~ 0A ~ LA ~ u i ~ T 1 D)"p

~ .C ... -\ LA~)tj
~J-J u J ~ .C ...
,G ~~ I'~. JI"l.A
J %30 . ~
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. ( FNL Jo.;,JI ) D).r-JI ~J.lI... ,,;"';;'.,j1 W5 B (.:~ ~I"; .l1.l..J.:! ;;~I ex ulJ.J-4J 1

~ ex ~I ~ ~~I .sl ~~I J..:.l..UJ~ ~ LA d.kJJ1 ".:u. ~ I..I.:U...J

.b. ~j .sf - J..:.Lw..l1 ~ ~J ' %30 a..I.:W 1~ ~IJ %70 D~I

I~ ~J~ ~G -l..+,t ~.sf - 41.PJ ex ulJ~ ~ - (.;i'.! j';~1 J.e~1

~ E F Jo.;,JI ulS' I~~ ECzF ~~I Jo.;,J\ L!1j~ .J...JY...J ' ~ ulJ~ j-'2>J J.c.LwJI

~ CzF ..h;.JIJ F ~~ ex u\J~ ~ ECz J#I u~ LA ~J 0"'~ ~I

. ( ex u\J~ 0-C- B jJ:9 ~ ~ ~ ~I ) ~ ulJ~

0A D~; a.h.S' ~...u ufi: 0~ J..:.Lw..l1 l~ ;;lS~ ~ ~I r~?J ~...J

~ ( )ti.... ~ ) ~11l JJj\ <Gy ~~ 0A ~ ~ d...u,~ ~~I .s~1 ~I

- 169
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. ( 172 - .I ) ~ ~ F~I yS'-.rl1 Jok"J,I ..ill~ J~

dJ~j A' B' j~ lSi o~1 aJW\ ~ Loti Li~j~ lJ~j~ B , A lJlj.Lill~

~i ~1 A' B' B" D' A" a...4hLl1 ~ oJ ~I aJWI ~ ~ Loti lJ~j~ul ~

.
~ B , A ~1l>Jfll 0A wIJ J1: i~ A" D' B" Jo.;,JI

o)yoJl ~J..\ lJj..\ l..AA lJ~jjjj 4=i~t:g

,
r..l.C ~ ~..\ ~\
u-e- o)yoJ\ ~J',) Jo~

J.,wl 0-A J~~I

J..:.. J4-1\ l.:u ~ ~ lSi. A" Alii D' d cbi II ~ A wl JJ1: Y-'-"~~' ".:u
. (A 0A ~wIJJ1: + B, A) 0A ~IJ~

. ,,' ... ~...ul-U

~c::,J~" -~
:J:'-ll

~ '"
1~A ~cJ~
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1,,\ 8"'~~

AI . - ~ ~B
-=".,;ff~ -to ~ ~~...:t; ... B
A+S A+S
A i /'
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B
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( 172 - I ) ~

~ wl JJ1: + ( B + A ) 0A ~ J~ B" D' Bill J4J.1 ~ JW\ ..ill~~j

I.~ -I, ''''0'
lSIB(>-Co fL.AL.4-l' "1 ~-A l-J
.1.11<~A"'D'B"'
-IJ ..,....-:-' u~ ~t 'I I: , . :~j'
~ \' B'I,..)--A

-Uj ( 162 - 1 ) ~ ~ F~I J.Jo..;.J.I jI~.hh;J1 l.:u 0A J4.u.~1l"~11 .:.G.l.:

~ lSi (166 -1) ~ ~ F~I.hh;J1 ~..ill~ ~ Oj~ l"~II.i~.:.G.l.:
R ~\J~j (a) ~IJ~
(fJ) 0J...A I..lJ~
' \..j~Jj a,(, ';?-.1.l1 oJlr-J1 ~~J..l ~ 04j.:.u1

- 172
J~Il.>-A B ~ A J~I r.:i: u,..LL.c.;J1 D' ~ ufi-lJ' ~L."yS':> W
dJW ..~~I ~ ~L:;.:j ( .s)..>-='" w~ ) ~D ;;j~ ;;).>-=>- ~Jj ~ ~I

a....b..."ij (." q fl';"~ D' ~ u~ , .s)..>-='" w~! ~l q ~I ~1 ~I LJA JL'i.:;j~1

I~ ~ J.ui ~I d<.!:fl,ll ~ Jik..3' ~j-tll ~.si Eutectoid ..LJ~HI

I . --'I ~ I .~l.4....b as~ ~ ...u-~'("~"'I wGu.b ~ ,<u...u--:("-:' .ILJ ..........5'-:'1
~ ~. ~~.:t='. ~ ~~.:t=' . . ~
'J-'"'

~tl ~!~l LJA ~ u~ .s.JJ1 ~:;jH4 'GJl...a.A yfi....u~1 ~
,I

. 1~~~wljuP;;~~

I ~, It .. tl ulbb;".1I.~t~ ~L~ttl ~~l ~ a.li41

. ( 161 - 1 ) , ( 159 - 1 ) Js:...:.. ;;~Ij ;;..L4-~1 dJWI ~ u4j .JJl : ~Jj

, ~~, - ("~, ~j - ~~, ~j - ~: .. !.m ~ ;;j~ ("l..1o.Jl 1~~..3

. u,~j ... ~~-("J:!...LJ~, ~~-~

JL:u ;;~I dJ~1 ~ u4j .JJ1(".J"C.j ;;~ctl dJG..J1 ~ u4j .JJ l : '~1:2

, ("~ - ~, ("J-!...)4 - ~: illJ.J.S' ("l..1o.Jl \~~..3' ( 163 - 1 ) , ( 162 - 1 )

. u,.)-t':'j ... ~j - J:!~ , J:!~ - u~ , ~~ - u-oL-oJ ' ~ - (".J-:!AjlS"

JL:u ;;~I dJL-..JI ~ jj~ u4jjj ;;~....al dJWI ~ u4j .JJ111.:J 1:2

~,~~-~, ("~_~.H-~: w1bb;'qj:;A. (167-1), (166-1)

- ("~,.,Ji , ("J': ,,,jt q - ("~.,Ji , ("~.,Ji - ~~..L:>- , ~~ - ~ , U-O~J

. u,~j'" ("~l:J::i -- ~~ , u~ - ~~ , J~
. ( 174 - 1 ) , ( 168 - 1 ) ~.:u (.:1<.:i<.:;.u-:J1 J.e,L.i:LJI: '~!;

: 4..L&A w~jA CJ-l-fiJ : b.L>

. (174-2)Js:...:.. .... ~ ~

. u,~j". ("J-:!.,~.i.<l - ~~, ~i - ~~

- 173
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01.
~+
Q..
0
~
_....-::c -,. - I ,=0
~.
~
~....
.~I"
 Atomic percent antimony

7()(, I
10 20 30 40 5{/ 60 70 80 90
-
I I I I I I I

6(){ I
Liquid
./"
~~
~ -
630 0 /
-'
- 1200

-:

1 1000 c~
.:I 500 I-"'"
;,
~~

.g 400
32r /'
V ~+L rl 800 -
~
300
I( /+L./ V~ 13~
l-
600
~

Eo-< \~/ 252 0 I t-

,3.5 ,11.2
, 400
I
3-
200I .
IX
, a+{3 -
I I
100U ! I I I I I I I 200
Ph 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Sb
Weight percent antimony

::.,) 2600 ~
0 1400
...
~
1300 2400 ~-
...,:::J ...,
...
<:<:
~ 1200 2200 ~
Q, 0..
>:: a
~
E-t
1100
1083 0
2000 5
E-4
1000 1 I I , ! I I I ! I I

Ni 1.0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 eu

Weight percent copper

- 175
 Atomic percent cadmium
700 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
I I I I I I I I I
650
- 1~!00

~500)
600I r--..,
-- -..::::i'f
:----....
f
~ ........
Liquid -111000 t:o:.,
o
-
~- +L ~ i
{4OO 1
i:l
~~ - 800 .....='
=
~
ex r-; 600 ""8
s
~300) 3210 Q;I

~ ~
,. ~, -
200 400
' .-.B ~-...
..
..
"
I
"

I
I

'Y
"

\\
"", -
I

l00~1g 10 20 30 40 00 00 '-70 sO 90 I C~ 200

Weight percent cadmium

Atomic percent cobalt

15000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 IOO
14951 600
1455
Liquid
II II
1300 a+L
200
11150
~ 1100 ...
..
.. ' . ..
~-
=' ex -: 800
~
J..
900
. ."
..
Cl>

.. .
-J HlO
.. -sc
. . ."
700
~
.. . )00
500
. ..
. ~
ex+(3 1-(3-=]

I~; ~~ ... ~ 00
_aCo
353 ! -I
300N i 10 20 30 110 50 60 70 80 90 Co
Weight percent cobalt

- 176
 Atomic percent lead

10 20 30 40 50 60 708090

noo
I
I
I I
I' 2000

woo
~
I II

L1 -
I

~a+ L 1

953
--- ... 41

..- -- L, + L.1:
,
- -- . ~
92.6 '{:.
1800

C,,)
900

800

!
,, r 1600

~
...
Q).

::
<Il
700
-+L,J i
I

1400 ;..

1200
t::I
~
Q) "'Q." 600
i
M
Q)
0

S
Q)

~ I
1000
500
-
1

- 800

400

-
327 0

300
3260
600

13----:.
200
t- a
1 I I
I
I I
a+.B
I

! I
I
I
I .400

~ ro ~ w ~ 50 60 ro M 00 ~

Weight percent lead

2000

1800

r-:
~ 900

0 1600 ~
Q,) Cl).

;; 800
"'::l"
"""...d 1400 -;
...
~ 700
9:1
e
Q) 1200 [
E-t eoc E-i

1000

500

400
800

Ag 10 20 3D 40 50 60 70 80 90 eu

Weight percent copper

- 177
 Atomic percent bismuth
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
350
3270
I 1i 600
300 ~
~ r-, ..J
Liquid
.2~
,
250
. ~-
500
a+L
o-'

g 200I \~ f--

t-32.2
I
,I L "(
I'
-fii
o

-too ;
....
a
21.5 ", -...........~ V ,..:...L 4i
I' ,;:;
~ iI 300 gE
I ,

150
I
/
E I
I
" P + 1, r---.... ~ V 124 0 I'
.ICJ I C3
~
I 33 55.5 . 99!.51 ~
100 I
."'(~'200
f fJ
f'
.
I
a+fJ-- I tJ+'Y : ~
I
50 I - 100
I

o
I
-
Pb 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Bl
Weight percent bismuth

- 178
 Atomic percent magnesium

oe
\..~+~
I I
~.
I 18+L ~ ..L J. I V; i / --1100

~500

.
"'d
~, 4001 - I / 14~9 331\ 'Y~' .\~-, ==:::1 . I 0'0 ~ \j e---/ SOC
ll)
E-c
3001
II QO+8 r:I "P~
I
I .. 0
A I I~ I Ld6O<

200' I I I Ii;... ,I ji I I I I \..J 40(

M 10 20 30 60 70
40 50 80 90 _

Weight percent magnesium

Atomic percent copper

10 ro 00 ~ 50 00 ro ~ 00
1600
1539" &..{I I I 1 I II I I

/' 6.5 'I Liquid - 2800

1500
~11 --::::;

1<Li"'1484"
1400

:6+..,.' --- <, - 2600

-
,!
- 2400

:,) l300 C::;

o 'Y+L o

~- 1200
'Y I I \ 1; = 2200 f
_
.;Z
f
I
I
I
I
lOO4u
97.2
<,
s:
.g
co.

~ noo 2000
:e
~ 1000

,
I
96-:::~~ J
,~100 I e+ L .... 1800

k-rt a +..,.
'Y+e lO~o E
A
900

~4 ~! ,no 1600

_ex I
a+f
r. ....
.....t
800
~?70
...:j'...... 760" . ....... . -... ..... . -..... 1400

700
:
~ 10 20 ~.4O 00 00 ro ~ 00 ~
Weight percent copper

- 179
 Atomic percent tin :"'.....hJJ ~__~l ~I
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

,N
llOO
083 2000
0 I -
1000 -:.. 1800

"1

\aL~! Liquid
\~
;2 25.0
900
\ 798~\i/
~
p+L 1600

...~800
)7551
\ - 13.<.11 I :--.~<.6
fJrrl r""': + L 1400

~ 700 ~ ~i \ 'Y ~
2!' aI / . \ &4no '" + t
58.6 1200 ~.
586 ~ 1 (I ~ r-,
~ 600 f---- l:i.8~\A'
a+"Y-~~D
~ ""Y + , ~ e'"
~ 15.6 _ :WI'--d '1+ t I I L
f'+ - 1000 8~
~ 500
I. 21.0/' ~
.., +0 e
-~+. ' : "'"
/ a +~ , - 38.2 59.0 415 '02.4 800
400)
/
,/11 3~nI I
32.6 ~ +~
2);
300, + ~- !I~ 232
600
I( ,I 37.2 I 60.9 J7 "-..\

) '" + 38.2 IRllo ~ + B 1- 186 ggnJ 400

200
. I, I +, ~
1 I
~I ~
I
18
.'
8-::

100

ell 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 00 Sn

Weight percent tin '"

l.j~-,~~,~

Atomic percent silicon

10 20 30 40 00 60 70 80 90

1500 -
14~ 26!'O
1400)
~v Z400
1300)
Liquid
./
V 2200
1200)
/'
;;'
/ 0
E
!: 11001 2000
V I
-!I ~
E
x 1000
) / ., 1800 ~
/ I
...:
/
~ 900) ~+ L ...:I 1600 i
800)
V ..:
~
700
660
L ,
I
1400

600 :~iY 577 0

~I 1200

iIlflJJ1.6
5OO"~-"--:-':::------='=,.---+':---;~--f=--:!-=
"'+11 II~ 1000
Al 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 00 ~1

Weight percent silicon

- 180
 Atomic percent aluminum ~-"'.JAJ~~'~ I

30 40 50 60 70 f 80 90

2000

1800

Liquid

~f

~\

i.' 1600

~800
0

a
J 700 a

6600

1400 ;:
s
~
.,E
1200 f-<
~

6001 46.5
9+ L
47.5

5001
9
9+_
~2 -i- 9

400

eu 10 20 30 40 50
I
60
I
70
I
80
I
90
\J.-\.1

800

Weight percent aluminum

Atomic percent beryllium

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1100
2000

1000
1800

900

1600

o
"0
0
800

g
.;:;
1400 ~
.;0
E 700
;;;
~ ~
1200
E 600
E
~ '"
~
1000

500

800

400

300
600

eu 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Be

Weight percent beryllium

- 181
 Atomic percent zinc

10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

2000

1800

1600

~
.."
.;;
700

1!
8. 600

E
~
500

iOO

10
20 30 40 50 60

Weight percent zinc

Atomic pereeet aluminum i~J...J4I~.:JI~1

60 70 80 00 .. 2000

1800

Liquid
900
1600

o0 .'i

!f 800
1400 ~
..

.3 a

~
K E:
....~ 700
"~
660
1200

600r _0 ............ - ..j 1000

500r ~2 ..H
B B+_
~8oo
400' " 50
60 70 80 00
10
20 30
40
eu
~. eight percent aluminum

- 182
 2000
3600

1800

a+L
I
600 1539 0
o
0
2800 ~
I

a5'
...
...eS
I
....
~
::l
f
a
2400 ~ .
::l

!
~ 8
iii 2000 ~
E-t
!--- !
1600

1200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Cr

2800

2600

~
o .
I I I I I --J 2400 0~
.-
~ 1300,
~ .
...QJ~~
~
~ 1000' d
.. . 0 ..
3. '91 770 "Y 1600 ~
=
~ ~
, 8
~
~ . ~
.... . 1200
600
.. ... .. ..
....... . ..
800
400
...
-- 3530

200Fe 10 2'0 30 40 sO 60 70 80 <io Ni 400

Weight percent nickel

- 183
 Atomic percent zinc

700 10 20
30 40 50 60 70 8090

~~' 419.5
l:WO

oW .. I 1000

_ 500

Q)

E
f: 400

I I I
a I I I I ---,--.......,. I __~ <, ~ 800

~ 3OO~t' aU ~ ~
bo.......-~'
; 31.6 ! 78
2001
400

. a+.B\
100 1 I I I I

Al 10 20 30 iO 50 60 70 80 90 Zn

Weight percent zinc

*" ~\< *"

"l

- 184
 ~~J

:,,~~tg loiJ~ .. odt ~~ .

t ( ~..bJ'1 .J~~) ~~Ij ~~ ~.Jl>:dl ~1j.3-t1 hh;r..
Thermal Equilibrium Phase Diagram of Fe-Fe3C :

wlA#1 ~lS' ~ ~"1\~ J)lk~\ ~ ..ill~\ tlyi ~i .b.h;J\ I.:u. ~

..ill~ t:" D~ ~.)...I.;l u~~ 0:!.JJ\ ~~\ d.....::>b.j uj-UJ~I ~~ ~I

~ ..,.:L.:)o. u~fll ~ J.:..bJ1 ..ill~ ~ ~ ~ ~j-UJj , ~Iyi ~~ ...L;,!..bJ1

4~ (,;j..u...ll yS'j-l1 ~~ u~ L..~ ~I , l..1j-J~ % 6,67 ..,.Jl ~ uj-J~

~ ~L..=o. \.S~ \.S.JJ\ Fe3C = Iron Carbide, Cementite ~~I ji J.:~I

I~ . I ' ,. .... II' I ~ or 6 67 I x 12 .. c ... .

~...\..J l1.Jt ....I..>..J cw..u...L.J ".J...A> jjL>o.J ~j' - / 0 , = UY~ ~
. . . (55,83 x 3 ) + I x 2 .
u-a ~I,>~I I.:u. ( 186 . . 1 ) P Fy..J' ~ ("I~l ~ ~..ill~ ~

4~ % 100, J.:..L,:.. % 100 u::..hh;.J\ -r>-I (.:Y~j , uJ-l.fijlj J.:~I ,k,b .. <l

o~ u-a ,~~ ~I ~~I ~ ~ ( 187 - 1 ) ~ ~j-J..J' Fe3C J.:~

, "-.:gLLa...DJl j D.l)LAl1 ~L::. yS'j-l1 I.:u. ..1..LJ..J. LJJ-:'.>5:..l1 u-a D~lj D.)j ~ J.:~ wl.)j

.~~ .l>:!-UI ~ 4uJ1 ~ w:~1 I.:u. .l~j ~~ J.:..bJI..ill~ u-01y.. ~b:ij

~i Yj u:' ;;'1 '" IIj J.:~l u:: 1~1 a co! C,.JI ~ --'"~ D.)~I ,,~ ~ Jo..b..;.Jlj

~ ~c.i.A ~ ~~ ~ uj-J.fijl ~ .u J:l ~~llYP F 1u-a ~

) ! ; c~ ( 186 - 1 ) P ~ Jo..b..;.JI ~ dJ~\ ".:u. ~j' ~I~ D.)~

u:: Jj"1l u 1b b:" <l~.J: ~~~I ~j' ~l~ (J.o~1 ) a .bii;!\ J.o~1
~~ Jb~ ~ \.S.JJlj , ~ l:~ D.)y.o ~.).#:! \.S.JJ\ Fe3C ~~Ij J.:..bJ1

~~I dJWI ".:u. ~ '4k ~) 4..:..>-"')1 d.....::>W\ a.:).r-JI w)LWI ~

- 185
 I
\0
00
\0
00
.' ~
 ~ .1..a.J..J' Jk:i: ":II 4:)..r--J1 ~~W\ ~ ~ ~J ( Metastable ~I ~

~L:'JI "~I LAiJ ' Stable ~I .hh;J.~ Jj~1 .hh;J.1 ~ cill.:uJ' I~

,b, 'c! ,.:lJJ , J:;j IC! 4.;-:-i:. ~J (~~I ) 0J-~\J ...t:~I0.:7 ~ (..b~\ )

. 4-:L-u,I.)~ J.:!L.....JI ab. I" ! II ~l..b..b>..ll 0A 0::- bb;. 4 wrll 4 4. I" :;j .)~ -.b..b.;.J I

~L; 0A 0j-J~ % 6,67 Ji Fe3C % 100 ~\ ij q ",II ~J~ 0.:7 JJ~I ,b b'>ll

,blo ;".1.1 I~J ' (DLTE) ~J~ !.Si ( ~~ % 25 Ji ) 0j-JP % 2,07 + ...t:~J

J-..l-4:~ (ABRE TXGA) .hb.lIJ' 'Ld~i ~~j-ll ...t:..l--:>- a :;bi 4 ~

. ...t:~IJ~I~

Fe3C

( 187 - 1 ) ~

aJLo..J\ ~ 04J.:u1 ("..L.J:.. dJL.:.. ~ !.S.:ul tyJl 0A ~ ..>-"'j-ll ...t:~ ,b b;. q~

,.t"\j~~
i,.;7j-J ~ A._~'1'L>A
'J ( ~ ) ~I...LLJI~~'A._~II~~,;;~I
~ ~ ~ ~ .

~'= !.S.JJ\ % 4,3 0~~ ~J ~ 1147 '. 4 ~3 ~.)~...LLc. ~J-:! 0~..J

. A. Ledebur ~~ wrll ~ Ledeburite ~I')J-:-:J.:.l

- 187
 JL.4:! lSyWl ~~I ui ~ ( U37)-5 %2,07 UA ~llSi ) ~\ ,lob;. ~ L~j

%0, 18 j.fiY:j u-u" 1493 o)J-"" ~.)j ~~ (l) ~ ~ ~...J-t:7 Jd_.i:L~ I to 10;. 4

( ~...:L.. J~ ) (..~I~ 8 ...l;!...L:.. j~jj ~~Ij B.C C. 0 ...l;!..b- 07 u.JJ...rS

~t.:j u-u 1539 ~I ...l;!..L....J1 )~I ~.)jj u-u 1392 D)~I ..:.A~.)j ~ ~
G 0

~I ,,:.uj , ( UJ7~ %0,08 j-.:!".S';.3 ) u-u 1493 D)-.r"'" ~.)j ~ u~j.:.J1 UA')~

. ".u ;;jj~1 Lz.....,1.)..J ~~ ~,~I ~

J~I ~ lSj.J\ (NIESOG) .JL~I ~ ,lob ;.t1 UA L4b...;J.1 ,,~~..jj

(Sir Robert Austen) 4;,,~,j<4 ~14.;~ Austenite ~l..LL.....,ji ~~ ~~I Y ~I

~.)..\ ~ CA:!l..ll.....,.)~I.)~ ~-'2j 8 ...l;!~ ~ ~-: lSI F.C.C ~~d<~.' ,~(.'

~ ~ d.l~ ..u.: 4.AJ---'-"y,1 -=J~U~~ j..L...=J..J' ~I ...l;!...L..:>JJ u-u1392 , 911

~j u-u 1147 ~.)j ~ UJ7~ %2,07 j.fi.;J ~1 ~l J~ U~j~ ~j ~i

0

. u..illI~I":~4-~j~~lw~WI~lS~JL~II.u

~ i.Sj.J\ tj-LJI UA ib b~ 4 JL.4:! NIETX ~I ,10 10;. 4 UA J.i...u.~:a'l ~~lIj

'7'-'-"..P-: ( ~l..LL.....,j~1 ) ~I J~..J.l..$ , D..l.A4-J1 :aJWI ~ jj..l=.A U~j~ (~.J-"

~ ~I a ~ J~ UA wl.)j~ ( GS .h;J1 ~ D)~I ~.)j u:o~~ ) <lLA

a Ferrite C-<:!I~ ~ I~j' UJ-:lfl1UA ~ w~ ~ "-;-Jjoi:...l;!~ 0-C ;;.)~

~ ~ ...,.........,~..J Y ...l;!...u.J LiJLuj 8 ...l;!~ 4,J~ lSi B.C.C ~~ 4.~~.' '~'.'

S ...lJJ~~1 ~ ~ u~.;J.I1 LTg~..J lS.,.iL:J1 CA:!~I d.l~ ~ Dj)k . b.h>J.1

~~ ~jj-LlI.JA ...lJP~1 l.uj (,>,,"723 D)~ ~.)j ~j UJ7~ % 0,83..HS~

~ r,;;,J1 C-<:!~Ij ~1~1l.>-~ w~ D.)~ ~ ~ lS.:.J1 Perlite c.-=";;}~
~ :;

~I ~j , ~ ~ ~I c...:....:i I~ 'C' '>"~ ~ (jJj1Jl.S' ~ ) 4-j-4-:L.A ~

~~ lS.:.J1 ( 189 - 4,3,2,1 ) (,~, ~II~ jJj1J1lSi Pearls d.....JS' uA <l.4-uJ1

,
. ~~ ~ ji .)~ ~ Jo,.b.J1 ~ ~1 J~ lS.:.Jlj \ lob;. 4 c,-:,,;;}~I

- 188
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- 191
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0A;;~ w:gj-ll ~ (~0-,~1 L:.JI.)~ 0~ - ~ ~~l ...I.J~~ ~'l ~

~~I ...I.J~~ ..ill.:.J ~lS:-J1 w:gj-ll ~ ~ I~l lAl. Diffusion .)~':I~ 1~1'p

.)~I I~ ~ JJL....:i ..ill~ ~.)j , ~I.JA ~ l...;u~ J1o:i L:.JI.).:.JI ,,~ 0~~ ~

4:i...w:.L:g F J~ 4:iL..:.W) clJL......... ~l ~ 0 i n b i ,,,j ~ ~I ':II u~~':I1

~IJ ~~YI.)~I0::-! ch....,J ~J ~ ~, ;;~J ~j:LA BCC ~.. ~

;;~)La ~~I ~~I ~I '-;-~ 0 i ..ill~ 0L:. 0AJ ' ~..>-:':-J 0~~ ~

~ 0.}Jfll L:.JI.)~.)~I ~ l~ ~1j-l14h1..J1 L:.JI~~?,I ~ ~>-"

;;~I ~J ~~I ~I "j.,<2l ~~ ~ , W\..4j1 ;;~I..>-:':- t~J~1

~~ ~ I~. ~)~I L:.J)L..WI ~ "p~ ~~ i.S.:.J1 Martinsite ~l.....,Lj.)LA

. i.S?1 L:.JG~ ,)! ~~IJ ~~I ...I.J...,r.UJ~ ~~J~I Jj~ ~'i

- 192
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Sorbitic

Austenite -Pear&'te
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( 20 1 - 1 ) jS:.i;,

- 201
 Mechanism of Bainite Transformation 1~~L:JI~~~

o)~ ~J..IUJ..I c..:~~1 ~j-A ,~1 ~I ~ c.:L.u...u,J~I0A J~I f:i:

4b.~ ~~ LS.:u1 ) T.T.T ~A ~J UJ..I LSi ( LS..u~~1 y.k11 ~ ) u-"550

. "fi~ ~ ~ ~J...ul,,~ UJ..I c.:'i~..,.3J J~I aJb:L.....~' ( ~'i

c.:1..L:l.;J1 ~J o~4--0 u-"550 a~J..IUJ..I u~ w..u..f: u~j-i c.:~LJIJ

. ~I c.:~1..;J1 ~J ~JUI J.rUJ1 ~J ' ~ ..ill~ UJ..I ~t=J1~1 'LS.,w1

Jo.,.b ~ i~ ~ , ~ ~ c.:'i~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ LS.,w1 c.,::~4JIJ

~Y UJ.fi:LJ1 I~ &J' ~I ~ c..:Lu.......J~1 ~ C-l~I0A;u;9..14.q.1 oj ,,,q
. ( ~...r
.. l\) Ic"
~~
a..wJ I ~ t;~
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ufi:i i..L-t-: ~ c.:1..L:l.;J1 ufi.J ~ \b.1 b?:j ~J2 (204 - I ) ~~J

~J~I~0J-l~I~~"L:L..CI~!.,! ,,,j.1 9 ( 204 - Ia)c..:1j .1 .;1\

~ (204 - Ie) a,b;;j q ;;J~ c.:~ Yt-'-"y L~ (204 - Ib) "-:0~J~1

c.uLwLJI~'i
_ _ . _ J (204-1d) t;> j!j;~!IIl--J,.J..L.U~ll.J~
~ _ '..r'. ~ ~ ~~.~'l
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(~trtl) c.:~JUI ~ LSj-;lJ ~ JJ....ij ~I ~ ~ ~ 'iJ LSj-WI~. ~I

. ( 206 - I ) ~ ~I . ~1y.J <lj'.1!b .. UJ.fi:LJ1 ~ ~ ~~ <lii 'iJ

LSj-;I! ~ ~ J~ ~I ~ ~...,:;, ~ ~I ~ LS.,w1 c..:~l.;J1 WJ..:L...:~

~I~IJ' <lj,.1 !bJUJ.fi:LJ1 ~1~U~ W( ~I..rtl) c.:L...uu:iJUI ~

. (205 - 2 , I ) ~J ' ( 204 - I ) ~ ~\ . 4.~~1

1~~JUI~~~

C-l4-S"j-A ~ ..,.3l...4.:;j\~.J-A~ J:' <GI~ ~ ~ I~~ ~ ~ c.:~JUI

0A u-':l~1 dJj ~ ui UJ..I B.c.c. c.:b...:!.4.lIJ F.CC l:!)L;JI LS~ G.;JL.u...u,J~1

~J' ~/u-"0 1000 0A ~i..,.31 ..u~1 ~~ tLi:iJ'i1 J...i.c. ~l,qi 0-" [~,

- 202
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1-4JJ' ~I c...:..j a.4iL:5.Jo:1! ;;.)~~ Etching ~I ~ ~ ~~~4

lS~UI .::..:L...i:i.)U1 ~ ~. Mempered Martensite ~l...4.l1 .::..:L...i:i.)U1 ~

u.'Y~tJ ("...L.A1 i'~ ! Ie' .:.. . . t~. t;l.j~!

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.:J.)~i:~J 0:4 uU U I ("u ...L9J ' .:J\..j~\ "ti.)* .:J~I ~J ~ ~
~! ~.,..~..ill.:1.l ~J' ~~ u.p~ ~~ ~l d.......1.)...uI,,~ Bain & Davenport
.::..:~~~\ ul ~ ...L;J' 4.)...LU1 ..u~\ .:J'i~ c..:~J~1 0A J~I ~JT

..u~JI ~.J-L"' ~l:~j4J ' ( J.5=1.}1 i'1~1 ~ ) i'~\ ..u~4 u.A ,to to;.t\
JS' u.t;~ ~W\ .:J~..>-l\ u~ ( a...ill..;J.\ Ji\~J\ Ji i'1~1 0A .:JI.)4i ("\~4 )

..u~L! lS~1 u.~J..b- ~1..u~1 ~..>-'"' ~L:)j4J '4 ~I ~ ~ ~~~\

l:k ;;)~ ~.)~ d.-: l 0A ~I ~J ' Quenching a29 ," i 14 ~.>J\ Jl i'UI ~
~.)~ -.:~ ~~~I ~~ Freezing ~ ~ ~Iyl ~ c..:rA ~\ ;;)J-> ~.)~~!

lSp.f ~~~j-A Ji ~.J-A lSi ~! Jbw: Jf J~ () UJ~ '4 Jo~~\J ' 4hJ1 ;;).r-JI

~.J-A'~ J~I ~ t;l.j~ ..ill.:1.lJ. ~\ ;;)j~ ~.)~ 0A '4-t...;g ;;.)I~ ~.)~ ~

J."..g ;;)~ .:J4-.)~ 0A <Ii.!;; ," i .. ..ill~J' ~10-A '4-t~ ;;)~ ~.)~ ~ .::..:L.u........J~1

aJJk..A, d.-: f ~ ~Iyl ~ M ~I J)G.J. ~.>iJ1 ;;)~ ~.)~~! GSE .h...>.ll

~II ;;)~ 4.)~ ~ d.j~1 ~~Ji .:G.~ UJ-l~1 .:JI.)~ 4:!..I..;U .)U;wjl
~I~ u~ ~I 42;; f!'ill0A '4-k ~ lS.:1.l1 c..:I..u....uJ~\ u~, ~L::J4J

? I .)J..b ~1.)~ 0A Transformation J~I l)#J Unstable austenite Ijods]
 ~.P ~I ~ <i.J1.>-=lJ '-:-lL....w..==.lj , J.J~I ~ <i).;-=lJ ..I~ ~I..I d...L.:>= ,0'

~..r-JI .b..a..LJL;l ~ ".:u. J~I ~ U~ , J~I I.:u. rj~ \5.:JI\5.;1..r-J wl+J~ 1

,

~ J~I ~j. U~~\j J:J.::o:lJ \5)~lut>J'1\ ,hlo;'~ ~ (A) j-<!yl ~j

J~I I~ ui ~ j ( ,,~ <i..lLL ~ \5jJl ) <iJ..A4-J1 alWI ~ -PI .J~ 1~1.J~

J~\ <i)"p- ~.J..Iu1\5i: J.J.J-illlj ~ ~~ ~ <i.J1y.. w4-.J..I (.;~ ~ '1

~jAL..hJ1 ~~'1II~j' J.J~I alL.. ~ ~ ~ ~I ;Ub. ~

al~ ~ J~I <i)~ ~.JJJ.)..AJ-:! I~j' Hysterises d.! .;1=e::J1 ji 19:!.~1

U.J-:l..PJl j ...L:!..L>JI ,hlo;'~ ,,~~, (Ar) J.J~1 ~j' (Ac) j...Ay~ ~~I

~ ~ ..ill.:.lS'j , J.J~\ "4-3\ .)3 (Arl) , ~I ,,4-31 ~ (Acl) PS ~c Jlb:

~ (Ac3) GS .h;.Jlj. J.J~I,~ (Ar2) , ~I al~ ~ (Ac2) Mo ..h.....;.J\

JljJ'1l alb. ~ Ar , Ac ..b~\ ~ ui ~~Ij , J.J.J-illl ~ (Ar3) , ~~I

.r=. ~10. ~~ ~ ~::Jj' ( 186 - I ) ~~ ~.P.JA W' (J;)~I

~ ~).L..J ' ~I ji J.J~\ d.c~ <i..l~ u\jJ'1\ ~~~ ( ~y~ ~.P

~ ..illj ~ ~..J ' ~ (Ar") U~ J.J.J-illl J.J.L4 ..Il:..Ij~ cGi ( 209 - 1 ) ~

U~ d..k.A J== (Ar.) .h;.Jlu~ ..u.J-ill1 J.J.L4 <i..ll:) )~~j , (Ar.) ~ ~

~i <i)..;-> w~J..I w~.J..I ~ ulj~ (Ar") j (Ar') ( LJ:-l..JI~ ~~ u~~

..ill.:.lS'j , J.J.J-illl J...L.LA <i..l~ ~L;.;,.j'1I\5..lA ~i ( 209 - 1 ) ~ ~-' ' L~~I

. c.:'1~ 1j.:S".;J \5..lA ,,)1 l.&l~j , c.:'1~ I j.fiy a..b.4.i ~ I~ \

~ c.:~\ wGl;U1 ~ 'p1.J.A ~ \5.:J\ ( 204 - 1 ).~ ~1 t~yL!j

~~ ~ ~~\ J~I ~I..>A ~~I ~ cGi \5~ c.:L.;:u..,j~1 w~ ..Ij~

~ w.:g~ u.~ J..u..o ..ill.J..5'j' ":JG~?1IlJ-lP J..u..o ui F j . a ';1;;'11 ...w~1

u.J.J~ "Ui ~ ~ <u:~ <i..l:!..L...C w4S..>.A lJ-Ip ~SU ..ill.:Jj , <i)~\ ~.J..I

- 208
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Isothermal Tine Temperature - Transformation Diagrams (I.T.T.T.) :

...I:!~ y Yb-ll ~I CJ.A ~j <.11...., 0-A w~ .:.G.~ w~ I D.:u. Uw:i

~~ ( AC3 J~ -.>""50 ) ~Lu.u.JYI ~j..l ~1 18;2 ~..u<JJ ' <t.l (T.T.T) -.:r.c..u.tl

~ a..i.Aji ~J ' (~I ~L.o_~1 CJ.A ) ~ ;;)p w4-j..l wl~ wlA~~ ~

~I ~ '4lc- I..LL:=. -S.:JI yS'..rlI:aJG.. J2 4~.:J ) ~UI ~ ~J ~y ~ J=:=1

-S.:JI -S.ul ...I:!~ w~1 ~ ~ . ( 4 al; ;.t\ d...i.Aj)U ~LJI wL.~JI ~

~I.,...;.JI j~~ Ji ~-.J 8 ":" 4 ;;jj-S'.JJ.I ;;)~I 4j..l ..Li..c. ) J~I <t...:Jl ~J
( 211 - I ) ~J' <l.Al.4i ~J Jj-~I ~J.! ~ ...I:!~ ( CJ.AjJl CO ~)lli.tl

.hb ~ ~J ( w~~ %0,83 ) (S...LJ~J:! w~p ~ w~1 D.:u. J>.I 0'::+.!

. Isothermal -Sj I-r-J I wl+J~ J~I wl)~~

~,~ -.>""723 J~ L. ~1 yl..l41ll.:u. w~ CJ.A..I...Lc. ~ ua~

J~I wi ~ ~1.3 ~ ~ -.>""500 ~j..l ~ ~ ~~j ("~ ~ l.4~

~~..1 ~Lu......uJYI yS'jA ~ ~. (211 - I ) ~A d.h.'i.i ~ Ll+.! ~

..r=-J:. c.:Lu......uJYI j.,Jo ~ JljL. ~I wlS' -.>""500 ~j..l J..i..c. 4..:-i1.3 ~ ~L;l <Gi

~ B ~ n wl~ ~ -.>""500 4j..l ..L.i..c. ~I \..L4.Ai lLji jJJ ' ~i:U....t1

~

~ ~jA~! cili~ J~ yS'..rllw~ ~ ~UI ~ dJ~ ..J.'-: ~ ~, (211 - 1)

-.>""500 ~j..l ~ wl~ ~ l,P~ (,.;JI ~llAiJ' .;u..;JlS' ~ -s.,k c.=~~

~~..1 ,~Lu......uJtJ -s.,k ~~~ (~-S~ 4-i~ ( 211 - I ) ~ C U:o.A.j

. ;;~I ;;~I D.:u. ~ ~~~ ~1 J.4~1 J~I ~~I (".uo

- 210
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~ "i cGl ~l 0AjJl UJ~ o)..roJ1 ~J~ ~ ~L."i J~I l.:u u:gjU..J . Martensite

~-4l1 ~:;I'p ~J~ J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ J:s ' i.S'- ~I w~,)-t1 ~ ~ ~...)..u

~ ~i J..oI~ o~ ~ u:g~ ~I Ms , 1\.1f (Start & Finish) J~I ~~J

~ ~>A J..i..u.~1 ~~I ~ .b)L..J. yLdt ~ a.b..1..J1 i.S?~\ ~L.JIJ U.J-l..)~!1

~Lu...~Ji ~Ij-;I ~L..:J....UI ~ ~ J:s' rL:i ~..........;JJ~ J~ ~ "i cGi (214 - 1 )
. Retained Austenite

~'il U)Lj1 ~~! Jaffe & Hollomon 0A-,",~J ~4 ~LaJJ ~i ~J

~ U;..I..JI ~WI HU ~ Ms ~L...LiJWJ J~I ~~ o).p ~J~ ~~

. ~..>=JI
M!' C C) = 550 - %c
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1

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- 10 . % Mo
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+ 15 . % Co
o 1,6 'I. 1,1 + 30 . % Al

(213-1)~

~L.....u..i:iJUI J~ ~~\ ~J~ l4iJ . ~J..Jt ".:u~~:.t..:~i u~ ~J

~1J (.)-"200 ~J' u~..r5 %0,2 ,.,1 I'" It (.)-"0 120 ~ ~-411 ~J~ ~ ~

~jJUI J~I ~~I 0).)0>' ~J~ ui (213-1 ) ~I ~ ~)L..J' U~~ %0,8

Mf ~.J~ 0 i ..ill~ 0A ~ "i 0i ~..J' ~-4l\ ...G..c. ~)~I ~J~ u..e. a..c.J-'-'"':' J~

- 213
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- 224
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- 225
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- 226
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- 227
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33900 2,0 Cu AI
60 000 0,5 Ni Fe . . 8
18 100 0,008 C Fe . . ex
33800 0,21 C Fe . . 8

- 228
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35,9 35,5 1,30 Al
31,2 41,7 0,09 Au
38,2 67,7 0,83 Co
34,7 47,1 0,20 Cu
33,0 59,7 5,80 a - Fe
37,5 67,9 0,58 8 - Fe
34,9 31,2 1, 1O Mg
31,8 92,2 0,10 Mo
25,2 10,2 0,24 Na
38,5 66,8 1,3 Ni
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~~tg ~t>J.4Lt

4:!>~tu~La1t
Heat Treatments

1~~II.!.U~I~J~~'pI~J.lQlt~~I~~W.1
Heat Treatments of Carbon Steels and Some Alloys :

~ ~I.r"" ~1--'j...J as: 2 ! ,,,II ji pi ~~ ~I~I ~~W~ ~

.<t......al
.P .
~ j.
i~I~L>
- ~.
'-~~L;.~':l'~...I.J
.
.. -.'1 j
=..;-:-'-'
~LJ
- .

~I - ~I - 4J.)WI - (~I ) u:..ihrl : ~ ~I~I ~)\.AWI c.i..b ~ij

. ~.J-!.~I yLdl ~ l.5~ ~l ~~I c:~~.J-A ~ ~ .)j;! ~j--'-"j .

~ ~)'y'j-S'Jlj ~I ..l:!~I0.::' ~~I j5: ~yflll.' I 1<>1~ ~.).3 , .... ;;llj

1.A.1J.A I~ ~ .)jJ.>. ~ ':l'1l.5~i~~ d.:1 JP.) Uj.) u'y'p % 2,07 ~i

: ~ LA

% 0,8 ..,Jl ~I - %0,5 ..,J1ufi.=LJ I

% 0,1 ..,Jl r~t.:::J1 - % 0,1 ..,Jl r~~~I-

% 0,25 ..,J1U"" b.J I

- 237 -
 .:>./ \.t) k~.c ;..,..6~
New grains
rolling forming

Q A~~,
I
13- ~A
~A ......,.;. .: 1~.l-1J.t
-:-",~ , , <:J.J ~I
c.~Co"" ~
.A.c:.~

Deformed
elongated
grains
'-'

(239 - 2) ~ (239 - I ) ~

~ a.;g~ ~ wl.\~! 0A.)1.Li 4?'b!l,l\ ~l:J~1I0t ~ \.iJ)L.,~\ ~ ~

"~\J;~I t~\J ' ~ w\.\~!...::.>.~ ~I ~ ~I ~41~1 ~ W::>

"~l..:-'"~, ~I ~ ...LfAJ1 wI.\~! p.;-:w ch:.J1 ~y..JJ' \~ 0fi: wl.\~?ll

Corrosion ~I JA~ ~ ...ill.uJ1 lib ~:.:; ~\..:;j~J w~1 .\J...l>- rl..~1

~..J' ,:.JI.\~?l1 "~tJ.jjj ~Y-" 0.A ~I ~ -ill.:uJ' ->.?I )~t ~ ;)J)'u

~II ~ ,,~W ~lS' d.;u1r>- a:gLb pi ~I..b:.~ ) u:..u::J1 ~I.)-A JJI ~ -ill~

~.H--:S Jo~ ~ ~~ 'i u: JLJ I0A ll....;J.1 "~J (~L;JI wl.\~?lI0A

0~~1 ylL:. ~ a..l.:i=b1\ .\1.\j.3 ~, ...LfAJ1 ~Jl..a.A JI D.\)Ld1

I Recrystallization.)~1 ;;~Lc! -2

0A ~~~'il ~ i~..;J1 u: JLJ 1~ ~ ~..iWI d...b..;J.1 ~I ,,~ ...uj

I-.L;U ;)-~ ~ D~~ wlJY-! ..uyo J~\ ;).\Lc.~ ~J' ~I..ul wl.\~?ll

,,~~.LiJ ' (j..W1 ~ a:gLb JI wl.\~! ~t ~oLu. ) w~1 .\J~ ~ 4:ilJ~l

. ~...l~1 wlJ..-:J1 w~4-:i~ 4J a:g),U 'i ;;.J..:~. Orientations wlA~~ wlJ~1

(.)'"'1y.,J\ ~ ~ ~~ J~I ;;.\Lc.!J ' ( 241 - I ) ~ J ( 240 - 1 ) ~

L J ~J.IJ ;;.\~l (.)'"'
. L';_~. :JI <....J~
. ~1- ~.illl
J ~. t l...4:iJL. L..:.,~t ~~\
_ _ _

wl.\4:~! J5 JY-FJI ;).\Lc.! ll....)-A ~ Jjj.3 ~l ~J' UTS (Rm) wl.\~~

- 239
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(243 - 1 ) ~
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(243 - 1 ) ~
a I< ,~! Q) ~1 .I.)~I ~

.)~I ;;.I~l ~J-;l ;;).p- ~.).I~! ~~I ;;.I~I ..b~ ~-' ' ( ~ w4-.)..u

~.).I~! J~.,JI ~ ~ , ~ I~J.I I.lA 0AjJI ,.P~-' LJ:.a-A 0Aj ~ <l..AkilJ
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~wJl 4.).1 LJ::-! U)LJ! (243 - 2) ~ ~.J-J-,. 0:...J.:aJ rj)U1l.>-AjJl ~

tU--'1 ~~ e~) w~L.J~ ~ ~ e~) w~1 ~J ;;).,;->-11 4.).lj

.(~1~~4)

i Rt>R2>RJ RJ
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(243 - 2) ~

- 243
<.>-"l...=.aJ 0:!..J:jJ1 ejl~ ~J.)j 0Aj 0::' U)LJI (244 - I ) ~ F..5:! ~I

d..:-:-- Li 0Aj . 0:!illl 0Aj .)l:!.)j~ (Rm) ,.:_d.)~~ <.>-"bJl d.Ajl...'iA 4 ~J ' ~I

G ~I ~ ~Y= 0:!illl ~ -l;' ~I..JI ~~I w~l ~ u~ , ,sy..1

N
. w~1 y.:, J...lLA = G :~

. w~1 wl:i~l ..uji J...lLA = N

0:!.li:LJ1 ~ ~ ~I ')Jl...;J1 ~ ~I ~J.) LAJj..l.;l ~ ~ ".:uj

w~1 ~ lJ'.:7 d.:9)W1 (244 - 2) ~ LJ::+l..J. 0:!ill l 0Aj j e)f" ~J.) "'~~

~ (~\ ) u..ill.1 uyfll ~ l~ ~ I ~ .)J~\ ~ ~I ~'::--J.)J

~ J.# D.)l..c.l 1..1.;Li "1 .)J41 1~ J!$:.1i.:i 4.::--J.) %7 0A J9i ~ <.>-"950 ejlf" 4.::--J.)
~ ~l:Ll~j' ~ .)I~~J~I ;;.)I..c.l wl:i~ll..1.;Li %7 ~j' ;;Jfi.lll ;;)y:-JI 4.::--J.)

I~ ~I ~Ijll .)~ u~ , %7 ~jl jj~ ~j' ~ w~ p ~ ~~I

d ;;~~.) w~lu~ ~ ~I ~ ~l:Ll~j , .)\.)j.: wl:i~)'ll.t2>...Lic.
'-5 , , i '.1 __ I .... 1 ~

1
If
t '0
j
24
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~

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o 20 40 60 80 25.
100
I I I
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;:~I~.......>
!
LOO 300
e !-YI~/,..l
(244 .. 2) ~ (244 - I ) ~

- 244
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h e- '--'" ~o L
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 Temperature, of
200 400 600
200 ,
Ii I I I I
- 25 .~

~ 150 v--...... o

.::::
00
s... 100
J
I

I
i'o" - 20 ~

-= 15
.::::
co
<:;

]
VI

"0

;:...
50
75% cold work
[ \ 0
- 10

5
~
Vi
"0
~

I hr anneal
f'o--: >
o) o
o 100 200 300 400
Annealing temperature, DC

J.9j-ll1 r~Y)u U:!..J:L!1 ;;)..p- ~j.lj t~1 ~ ~ ~)l.J1 ( 246 - 1 ) ~

~4 ..ll..::wJlj t~l ~ . ;;..b .'j CtL~ U:!JJ:i 0Ajj %75 ~ ~j4J1 ..".k
. (.>-,,'300 ~ ~ ~~~I ~ 0 1-l.;&: ~j4J1 ..".k
200 400 600
r I '1- IT" 1 1 l
60% cold work
I l.
~
z
:0 I I I
40%cold work
1 . ....orx
20'/0.coic
]
. ,
-t---fl",!<' '"
;::---+----1

300 400

~l ~ U:!..J:L!4 Zn %35 , Cu %65 ~~I (.)o"k.L1.J ~I ( 246 - 2 ) ~

;;~I..1J ~I ;;)..p- ~j~ ~~l ~~. %60, %40, %20 ~ ~j4J' ..".k
~lb 0~ ~I 01 ~1 ~~ l:aj' %20 ~ %60 ~.rll <U:9j ...u1~ )~I
l'Ai ~ I
(.}" =.; '.r"" ~lb
r ~-~
.. <11 ~
l.("~::u~
f-l L.>-Aj L. ,1.<~"'11 ~
~ , j
...L4J. u;'1~ 'lJ ~
- ~

~ .1<'::;11 'IS ,.1 W
_~()_i

-246
 --
b

c-.,
a ~ fl BB1 B
s s sees s
~ [lfi~~t1lJ
r1nrt ss :
tl a fi (b)
~ ~ fl
(a,

( 247 - 1 ) J~

O..ll:..H lSi ~#I ~2 : ,~,ll ~ ~11 ..lJ~1 ~ ~IIS..l.9:!

)l..5'J. lS.?i c:.dJ~ y J l..4.:LiJ c:..dJ.:JI v~ J..C.~ ~l ' wk~'~lI

.J.AuJ I o..lkllSi u1y':ll t~Ji ;;..lLu..u':l a.91.k ,)1 L~ u::JWI

I c>-.! ~JI ) ~..u:Jt tt~l

: ~i , tl~i OJ..C. ,)1 ~ u=.iliJ1 w4k-c u1 ~ ~ u G..~1

: Strees Relief Annealing ut~~~ta.tGl~.J.U - 1

~ 4JL.:.. ~ 4-c1~1 ~ ~ ..lJL~1 ~ ~I ..I~~I ~ IS~

~IJ~JI J2< ,~,i aJL.:.. ~ W , lS~i ~Ij-l \ ~12<'~ ~ )~':I\ Ji 0..1 4",," "

~ ..lJ~1 ~ d...i..i.L.LlIJ <.!J>L,.....~I ~J Deep drawing ~I ~ ,,n d...4J~

~J..l ~ IS~J ' ~I u=J.hl1 ~I ".i.~ ~ ~..J ' u.~J ( 239 - 2 , I )

<.!J,;--:w ~ ( Acj .h;.J1 ~ a,;",; ;'...i.." ~J..Ll1 o,:.u. ) ~ u.u650 ~ ~ o)~

0-" a..~WI wl..l~~1 aJlj~ ('l.:dJi w~J uJ.l:i ~ ~...rbJ~J' u~\ ~..l~
~:.
_ .. LZii,(7""~.r
~ . -1\ ~I
~ ..I~ (' Wli ~J J~ ~~~ ~11
(.:r"" ('
l.:dJ1 ~
~

d ~ ,~,U..l1 ~1..Ll1 wl..l~~IlJ-A ~ "-:-Lu-..ll "~IS~ wlS~1 ~J ' ('l=.U1

. ~.... h", ~ ~ ~ <.!J~I ..I~i ~ ..lJ~1 W';}..ll.A ~)G.;.\ ~

- 247
 I Recrystallisation Anneal-->~I;;).:ll..-:.!-J ~...u.::al - 2,

;;~~ w1.)~ ..uji ~~ ..IJL;JI (,;rk ~I 0A ~L;JI ..I~\ aJlj?I ~'

~\ J)L;.. d 4b,.t\ "

w1.).#I0A ":)~ ~I J)L;.. ~\ ~~ ( ~~..I )

. ~ lj ~ ,-~L.d1 d.jtJ.\ ua1y.. ~ ~j , ..I)~I ~

"
I u\S~1 ~..u:;J Homogenization Anneals ~~I~...uJj - 3

~4 c.ill~1 ...lJ~ ' ~I ji pi ~ ~ ~~I 0h ~ Sp.Jj

~j.....:..S'.;J ~ u:~ Dendritic Structure ( ~ ) ~,,:W.l ;~ .l~j ~L.;,JI ~

.r::-i:- ~I wlj ~I dlj ~ Fj. cl..-=-"+ll 0.A d ,;Ii ;.. 4 cb~ ..J.i.c Segregation

d ,o';;'...i...I.1 ~I 0A ~IRi ~ iY...j~1 r...w ~j , Cored Section ~i~1

. (159-1 )~w~I.lj,b.~ ~~~J.l~

<t.l~ 0A ~ ljJ\ u:...J:J4 ( ~~jl r-Lc. ) u-:~\ I~ 0A ~I ~j

. ~LJ.I JS' ~ ~j..:.S'.;J lj~ ~"'l?1 ~) ~li.A 0A wl.)~Ll\ J.l~ jl .)L...:w.;\

0A ~I ~~ Jfi.J.11 u:a.rW L~L;.. ~ wlS'~\ (,."k 4.1AW\ "~l~~j

c.ill~ Ij JAjJ I ~,b. w I..S'.J+'-"-A ~ I..,.Ej , 4=J) ;;.) L.:,?II J.:! LJ I 'L:J I~ 1w l.ll;l-":-?I \

~ -Lc.L....: ljJl ..IJ~I ~ ~I ,jA ~~ ~I ,,~ ~ ui ~ ~~I

. .l~ll~~1 ~c....r"'

I Full Annealing iJAL.t!t ~...u.:at -4

~ dljJj , ( G:!L.w....uji ) pl.))o ~l.))O 0A ~I jJ~ ~ t.-'I I~ ~

~ u:..J::J1 I~ ~Gj ~j'Jj' lP~1 tl~~lS' ..I.)~I ~ ~I ~.)~ <t.l :L~).L:.

~ ~ .h....uj'Jlj~1 ~ ~J4j' (l?~\ tl.~~\ ~~) ~~I J-UA

..J.i.c "-7 ,!;,,';"'?=..j,.J AC3 Jj-9(j"50 ) J1'4:l ;;)~I~.;J l...lJp~1 0A ~~I uJ:,~1

LdY-:;:; ~ ( fA 25 d.jbj ~ a....c.lu., wO..,~ ) ~I d.jbj ~ ~y:;;;...lA ~.)...Lli ,,~

t1~1.J ~,:(',:',t'...lJ':('~,tI", ~a..............l.JLoi. ,~tI . ~e.b.....,.l .. ':l

IT,... . ~ '-" ;.r--':t-::' l':U_l . . . U-.r-- ~ . . ,;--:-'"

'- 248
~ ~ ~ AC3 UA ~1 D)~I ~J~ ~~ ~ ) ACj J~ (,.>-,,050 D)~ ~J~

"~0;!.JbJl ~ ~ ~.J ' 0.;--4J1 ~ ...u-.>+JI ~ ~ (,.>-,,0780 ~ -.;1 ( wi! 2! >\1

~ JJ-'~I ~ DJ)L:. Sortness ~J..illl UA ~J~ ~I ~! w~~4 J~~I

. ~';-:JI ~ ('WI ~~IJ ~I...ul wl~~?l\ J5' UA ~IJ d 4J ~~ w~

. ~1.rlIJ ~I Ju CLJ~I ~ 0fi:l ~L... ~I-? d..LoL..... ~1 ~li.l! ~~

I Spheroidising Annealing ..)jOl:t ~..u:al - 5

~ ,J~-,:'~! ,I,.. I,.. ;.11 ~ UA ~~~I J:J--~ ~I,,~ ~ ~

, ~I ~J...u ~! (,.P";: -S.JJI j-A)/I 4 j~'y-I CL.:!' j;q .. ,II >J..A ,-!lL\J ' ( J~ )

, (,.>-,,0650 D)~I w4-Jj ~ -S~ >Jpl ~J" ~I w~T ~ ~ ~

UA ~l:L~1 d..LoWI ,,~ ...l..d.,.,,1:g ( l,y,0723 ~~~I ~J...ul UA ~1 -.;1 ) 1..>",0750

CG-l........A~)/ ~ ~1 ) J.A 0i..;t ~ D~ d.~lb ~1 aJb. ~ ~ ~.J:! 0 1

.( 196-1 )~( ~

I Normalising sf ~l.....tl

DJL:.?lII,~L.J1 D)~I w4-J~ ~J~ ~ I "'~ 0;!..J:i.l1 ~\ ,,~ ~

d..bWI ~~ j! . ...u~1 J...L.LA ~ 0;!..J:LJ1 (y:. ,,~ aJ~WI ~ ~J' 4-tl!

, 0..r4J 1LrA ~J-: ..1S'1~t ~I-*I ~ ~J-ij ~I~ ~I <il~ ..ill~J' ~ Cb.: ~~I ...u...r.LJ4

JWI j-AI l.cSj. WlS:.:-t1 ~1y.J1 ~ -S.JJ1 j-'~)/\ w~\ ~ ~ ..illJ..:j

~ ..ill~ ~ '-;-.:i~ ~1J ' DJ~.:u.1 ~j~1 (y:. ~I ~ <i.iJl..;1\ ~ ~ 0;!..J:i.l1 ~

~I~'I ~!l.&Jl..A:Li1 ~ ~ abWl,,~ ~ij' ~j g wlJ~ jl wL.......,...... '

D~1..b11 "~J...L.:UJ' aJ~WI UA ~-riJ1 ~ ~~ ~ -S.JJI-.>-4~\ ~~~\J
~~ w.? ,,,jl~ (0.J-;~ % 0,83 UAJ'iL...l) L",.L:J~I J~ ~I w~b. ~

D)~I'~J~ ~ .J.:~I tWJ~ w~1 ~ ~~ ( 186 - 1 ) ~ SE ch.>J\

"~~j' A L~~! aJ~WI ~ -s~j:i ~ ~l:J4J' ()~~I ...L:~ ~I )
. (250 - 1 ) ~~I. ~ ,--,",,780 ~~! ~4 ~ w~WI

- 249
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t . _ ', j 982' c
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C "::~Jl

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 : a.:JtJ\ J.rhl l -S..bo.H ~I Ji ~y.1 ...l;!~1 ~ -s~ r"WI I.:u. ~

. Case Hardening, "2';jtl.;tw,\'ojtl-1

. Surface Hardening o-~t,,,,tI "d,ojll -- 2

I (Case Hardening )....4..!1,;jtl.:''-7"... h'''tl.J_loL~Jl- ~-9i

: Carburizing ~..,.,..=:.Jl.;t, 02';jtl - I

~ ().J-I..;-SJI ~ i)JG.j ~ UJ-l..;-SJI ~g ~I ~I ~ r"..L~ i ,uiJ

cillj C i2 ~ ' uJ-l..JL... 1Il>A ~w,1 ~ ,,~ cilljJ ' ~I UJJ ~ ~I

UJJ ~~l a.JWI ".:u. ~ ~ '.'Jo/i"'2 ~I t"~1 ..u...>-P1~ ~~ ~I? llAl....A

..A#:'JI ~..J ' ,,~ ..u...>-P1' w"iJ..A..o tLi:iJ"iJ ' ~ 0",..PJ 1 ~ tLi:iJ"X I~ ~I

U.J:ly:='j-~ ~ A~ ~ ~ ~ J:!.:lL.L..o ~ w"i~1 cU='.J:l UJ:l~~

~ .~~ ( r"J-l..)l...;J1 wljJ-l~ i)J~ ) ~ ~J CO r"t..lo.c. ~J ~~ ~

AC3 1)-4 ~i i))..r'" ~J...uJ ( ~L.., 75 ) wLd...... i)..uJ JJ~I~..J' Ct...i.J..;-SJ1

-s~j o.UJ ' ( UJ-l..;-SJI ~Ij?l J:...l..>J1 a..At~~.;i ~ ~L.u.....,J~'1 J~J ~JJ )
[)Li wL.t~ ~ w"i~1 ~.J:l ~~ a...i:1fi.a Jlj-A r"1~~ ~ a..L.WI

J.,s'j.lI ~I ~J' (r".J:!J~IJ r"~lJ~1 ~~ ) Uy~~ ~ i)) ~ ''''';Q

C<.JYI ~ IJI ,...ill ~ ' AC3 ()A ...,.L:.i ~~ a..:.~b ,,,1\ ~I JI ,...,",11 ~ -s~

JIY"'~I ~ ~ JL.:i ~ ' ( ~I? wIJ~! l..:-'+'-":! ..l9 -s:01 U:-WI ..u~1 ~ )

. (280- I)~. "UI (~~~ Ac] J~~~ ~1..r11

: Nitriding ~t"utl ;;,)~I- 2

~ a..~~"il ~ <I.,j~ ' ~I~I a ..I:..L>JI ~ u-,:,~I u\.,JJj a.JWJ I~

~=u..J1 w~1 jj...iJ cilljJ' i)J~ -S?~I ~~I ~ d...AJ?oi 1,,11 wl.A~1

JJ~.~Il>A ~ ~ w"i~t e- ~1 ' ~I ~ J.J~ 0-l~ ~~~

, .>,,0525 ~ ~ i))..r'" ~JJ J..L.c. a...:.L.... 90 ~ tl:W d.L~ i)...u. NH 3 a....u...~ ",II
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0
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00
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 : Surface Induction Hardening ~t uG~4 ~hCf1tt l~ !..ojt! - 2

~I ~ ~I wlJ4-:Ll1 r-..1~ ~, ~L...J\ a ~ICl!l ~~ (.~J

wl..'i:bJ1 ~ ~ W~\ kJ-ULII a..-iJ...;Wl,,~ l:1j.A U--OJ' y.&1J1u--o 'i~ I~I

~~~ wl~ dJh wlJ43 r-\...GU.u,\ JJ..:. ( d..:-il:J1 ~ (.)-"1000 ~ ...L9 J~ ) ;It-... b,,,ll
~\ ~ ~I "~~J ' ( ~~~ MHZ ~1100000~w ) JL...:.

. ~~ (..r"b",ll ~I ~ JWI.jA L.S, :~I..rtIJ

I ~.)L:JI~J:.cS'a:J,,-=, ,JotLa:"JI- ~b

.d,.ojll ~ JtL4J\ ~ ~ liD4-uJ1 JS' ~ aLWI ",ul.S~ ut u:~

UJ~ j). w~J~ ~ lj..L1 ~ 1~IJs:.,;,j ~ , dJ;;;11 wlj.WIJ ":.JI~I ":J~W~

~I Jt ~I Ji a..L.ij..L1~ u~ i)i ~ ~I I,uJ ' ~J.J4i ;;~L.::.1 ;;)j.>- ~J~

J~ l.St dt .I.j 4 ;;~~ j..W1 Ji d<1! ", II ..lli.o..:iJ aJWI ",u ~J ' ~l .....!.bJ1 Jt
~J~I~~~ '1I,ojll~~~cGi'il'~\J~I~,~~

~I..) ,ej ;;1" , ~\ y..bJ1 u--o w\~ ~I ~J ~ .hd ~-'-" ufi1l

. ~l UJ~ ~....JI ~

I.)~I~~~!J 4)L:JI~J._""J,,-=, ,J_fLa-Jla~f

Strain or Work-Hardening Mechanism & Recrystallisation :

_1.1\
,j)J.J""7" ~
J"~ t~l a..:.,..:;-:>-~~:1 d..Jl.ill
_ t.~ .._
~
11
~ t.:r' [
~ -I-II'()A
lLIt r-.:r-"

bj..:-...H J~..J ~l ~lLi...A ~t u~ l.SjJl JL.....i.i'i1 uU ~ JWII dJ~J

~ ~..LC. ~l [~ 1LI~ t ~ lJAJ 41 j)_.~tll J.:!L..J1.r':"..H ~ (b) L2>JI..L-.4...0
~oo I~I. &~
__ 1.J . .. c ( I.~~.~) JI..A...UI ~
- - -.~... L....I wL.::.)l~'it .
.J-AJ LJ ~ ,~ ~ c..:r=-"'" ()A

~I ;;.,.b.y t~'il..b.;.. J~ LAllj..L4A (p)j.A~~ j)J~1 ~ wk~'il ~~J

- 282
 .)~(Qolj;",t~ ~)!I J~ )
(
3(~)

~I~~ -.;.)~I ~ -.;1 b~ D...l.:>-y Uj.:L.>J.\ wLc.~)!1 J::,~ ~~ JI

( J.,, t, "J I ~.L---.o )

2f--'""

d.:g[;S' .)J~J' ~l4i ~1..b:iA L....:l 41 ~ ~ .b- -')1u~.;I_UA u\.)-,!J..djjl ul:..l.A>J

, 4.:b-LJJ\ wl~~~\lJA "-:-'L;JI-';I , a..:,.illl D~_~\J doloill w 1.).#I ~ wLc)kj)!1

~ ~w~ wLc~)!llJA .)...wl I.:u. u1~ , 2\"""'.u/..h.;.. 310 ~! 210 ~.).LU
U~, D.)_~llJA ~ aJ-*",,:, l..a..)~ .:.G-b Ul,~ D.)~L9 U~ UIJ ' a..;:;~ j......J
lJA.) ol';'~ J91.)~ -.;15-10 ~ ~ ~ I ~ w\.)~ ~ ..uyJ.1 ~I J~I

, . ( Offset yield strain ~-,~I .b- ) %0,2 t~1 .b- J\.....djl

,)1 ~j u l ~ D.).#I ".:u. jiA ul a Ool 0 .... u::+=u ~ Jj~1 i ,,;, i1 l.L.a. 0.A
1.:u.')1 J~.,lJ ...I:!I~ ~ ,bolL"j.' )!1-.;;b: )! 0':J1 ~I J\.....dj)!\lJA -.;JI.l.\ I.:u.
. S J\.....dj)!\ 0.A .)...L4..l1

IJ..:,.. d.L:~
~
.. ("~ d..-JIJLJI
lJ~ ~
' ~~
. '-T"" " ~ wl.~)!1
: I: 'I '-T"" . 1~
d.:gL:L.5' lJ . L:JI
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. ,JWI ~
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IA". .L...
~
'I JLuj\ r.:r'<
. It <b.~ !.4J. .a..:,) L"i......
'I J ~Y'"'.

, 71 0 0:~ [JI..>---=D Annealed a..:,.illl aJW\ ~j ":Jb~1 ~...U..:L.A ~ ~ wl.~)!1

li~ ...u.ft..:!'~
I ~ l / :' ~ I 80l
I < ,,,I
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~ ~ ~ ~I...J.=.J "JI.A> lJ ~ ~,
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~
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.JA> wLc~)!1 ".:u. .)~~ ~I ..I.LJj u.illl ~~ wLc~".:J1 ".:u. ...I;!1j.:i ~ LA

~ J..L7-;! -.;j,J1 ( 284 - 1 ) ~ ~ -.;j,J1 Frank - Read JI.J.) - &I~~.J-J-: LA

,~-.;..:~~JL;..~!~~b~\ ~~j-4D.)~(284-a I) ~

~I)!\ ck.=... (284 - b 1 ) ~ Fj-lj

 --------:-. ,
-------:- -, ,
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u:
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- - A
- .
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l! YJI
~

(284 - 1 ) ~
7bZ

! ~
-- Precipitate
C_ particle
.

T
Y!TSinS 10( l
~

,,1 T
7bZ = 2Tsin 8

(284 - 2) ~

- 284
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 I Cooling Rate ...u...>+al J..1aA
D)~ "::J4J~ ~J~ ~ ..ill~J ' 0AjJl D~J ~ :;)~I 4J~ Jo~)...L..4..A

I Quenching Period (~~I...u...>+al) 4.!4",-JI3~

1._
~~.
\ I~ ~
" ...w'
~
-:II.h......., . ~ aJ:
_ 'Jr.r- ~ u-
.".1\ ~ ~ .
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. . : II
.:..:::1\ tJAJ-'

.~

I Quenching ( ~~I ...u...>+al ) 4 14 w -JI

~ Ji J~ ~ y:i~ ~ ~~I 0A ~ -.;.JJI ...w~1 J...I-L.A ~ J.I..b::

~ l~y~Y' 0lS' l..o J.,k ~~J Ji ~J ~ aJJ~ Ji ~ Ji aJ~1 (.)-OI~ ~

D)~I ..::J4-J~ ~ I~~.J-A J.!o..=l ( I q ,":,L..A Jy~ j:;...A ) 4 W \ D).r--JI ..::J4J~

. (~J~~J~)a:~WI

I Quenching Temperature 4j1W ct t 3..>1.. ~)~

. ~~I ...w~1 ~~ i~..;.1\ D)y>J1 ~J~

I Preheating'-:rtJ~I~1

..::JI~~.?l1 0A t~1 ~ ~ D~~I D).r--JI ~J~ ~1 ,,~~

. d.:J1~1

I Distortion ~ ,-;-,-131

. d.:J1Y'" dlAl..a.A a:i u.::. i ,~!;.! -.;.JJI aJ~1 ~ Ji ~~i ~ ~~~I

- 287
 : Sup - Zero Treatment ~13.J!.~.J~ W~ u~WI

u=o~~1 ;;~~ ;;)? w4-Jj...L~ ~j' ~ ~I a..LoW ~~ a..Lol-A

. ~~j~'1 ~I-,:, ~ ~ - (y'0 180 ~ ~

I Immersion Period ~13~1

. ~I.p-l a..b.J ~ ~LA ('b ~ aJ~1 ~ a..b.J ~ d.!,;";;j 11;;~L.iJ1

I Interrupted QuenchingA.h a-t! 1'4 .!a",-J I!

dclh <l J.J"'>-p ~Iy.. ~ u~, l,JljUl ~ J.J"'>-p ~j ~,~ J.J~ 44C
...b............l\.
_ 'Y (.T" ~aJ:~ll.JJ::,~~I~I.
~. u . (.T"
~ t.:.J.J'X
v- _ j~ ... :-:I\J...L.LA ~'j~

. ~I j7~ ;;)r-Jl w4-Jj ~~ ~ ~ ;;~L.iJ Jj~1

I Holding Period ~~~I ~j

LSjL...w:i ui ~ ~ ~ ;;)p- ~Jj ~ ~~ etJ~ ,L;.cj,,-: LS.JJI0A.)-I1

. dJ~ ~ LS.JJI LS)r-J1 ":-'-l~1 0Aj ;;yAIl ,,~~ 'Xj' ~Ij ~I ~Jj

I Soaking Periodl.S.J~I~...),7,-tiI3~

~~ 4.,1h11 ~I ;;).r-' ~Jj ~1 J~.,JI ~ ~ LS.JJI 0Aj.l1

d...L.a.l1
_ ~ . aJ6. wr9j
0 -. . I. : '. ;; I - 1\
~ J.r--
a.:...oj j II aJ:
<.:r. ~
.~.I\ ~ I. _.
0 ~ u i <.:r.
0 I\:aJ:
~
.~.II

~ ~.,JI ~ ;;)r-JI w4-Jj ($jl...u.J ~ ~I 0Aj.l\ u~ ~ji ,..l.:l-i 0A

. u~l ~ ~y..UI

I Direct Quenching 3~l:t11 A au,-til

;;)p- ~Jj Uj j ufi:i ~ ;;).r:'" ~'Jj 0A ~~ LJ.:I~I ~I ~ d..:L~

. a.:,."b",l\ ~'~ ACI ;;)p- ~Jj J~ ufi:i ~j a~#1

- 288
 I Heating Period ~I ~~

"':-lYk.l.\ ~..ul ,)1 ;;)r-JI ~.)...l:' J~yl ~ (~I ~...l:' .J....L.o (.;> ,~;;~\ u-ajJl

.a.r~I~~

I Total Heating Period w:>",ilt4.!I4jt ~~f

. ~)~I ~~Ij ~I u3~ t~

I Austenitising ~~.! ':l.I.U~~1 J~f

Ac] O-~.JI ~I u-a ~i ;;)~ ~.)..\ ~ ~ JQ~":l'lj a.r~1 ~

~ l..LL...,j
CLJ i (,,;r',II b
_ ~ j i l:Js'
_ <LW.J.
~ I.. - ': I
U::~ ~
.

I Overheating ..b~t ~I

wlu.~1
. _ Jo..lLj <Wk.
_. ~
l.-<3'.J--': ~ .:JI j-A ~I Ac 3 ..\j ~I ~~
~"~ ~I
~ . ~ WWI
I.T"

cLUj ~:)L:. ~j , ;;..\l.:...L!.1 ;;~I ;;~I ~.)..lJI ,,~ ~ a.r~~ JQ~":l'1 ~

..\.)41 1~ ~~ Ji d.....:>~ ~I..r"" ~~

I Sensitivity to Overheating ~~Iw:>",jlt~~t

~,;)!;;",il~ .12\.oill ~ .b~\ ~ a.r~1 4=..L;U~1 ~~\

;;..\)L~I ~L;:j ui Uj..\ I~ d.J~1 <lLA ..\~ ui ~ ~.:ul ~)~I ~..ul ulS'
< ' - II
.~~j ,.b.:
~
l\ ~
~
a.r.
~
:~. t \ ~~
~
c.J:9 a.:...:ilLll
.

I Extensive Holding ~ ~lftl ~~ 'if

, I~L~
'-tt-'.~.
J.llL;j ..\l:aJ.\ ~I;; I
~.J..r""
d..::....\
. .J~. ~ a.r.:~.tl.J JQLi.:o.":l'I;;.rr:
,,;,, J.t
y=

. ..\.)l.;J1 ~ ~~J ' d.....:>~ 4:u l..r"" a1.o~ cLUj [)lc ~ cLU~J

- 289
 t Burning ~ ~~t It

..\J~ ~~1 ~1-s..\j.: -S.:ul Ac] 4..>..u1 J~ D.)I~ 4.)..\ ~1 ~;. Cf! jli!

. ~~ ~ "'i -s.:JI.J-A~I, .::;l~1

t Annealing C.>oML.~t ) ~..u:al n

~.)...ul ".:u. ~ 4:t ~Li:u."'iIJ ~ D.)Ir'" ~.)..\ ~1 aJ~1 ~ ~~

~~ D..\L.:. ~ -s.:J1 LA..u..;-:Li J..:JI Dy..i.l

t Annealing Periood (.>oJ ~t ) ~..u:at;;~ III

. 0;!..ltJ1 D.)Ir'" 4..>..\ ~ t.,JI.,Jo 4 ~ ~I ;;y..i.ll

t Open Annealing ~Jf71==tt ~..u:at II'

~ aa,oj l 4J ~w.o ~J~I0A ~ t I~';.:!J' ~ D..\l:aA 0c:!...J:i ~~

.aJ~l~

t Bright Annealing ~~t ~..u:at .'

. ..> ..u Lr't'4L)

vA .
~"'i aJ :,0,.1\ - t.........
.:;---- c- ~
IA ~Wl.b L -- ...J:i ~,
~ I""'"' 0-:!
( ;;-L...6::.~1

t Annealing Temperature ~.u:at ;;j~~..)~

l.&-i:...J:i .~ ~1 I ~ ~I D.;I.r-J1 ~.)';l

t Full Annealing jA~t ~..u:at

0~"I ~lLA .J...J..;-:Li ~ AC3 ~r-JI ;;.)I-r=oJ1 .::;4-.)..\ J~ ~ 0;!..L1J~.

1.1.:0,0:
~ a...Lll
_. ~ . - ~. ~.:J~
_ ._. ~IA JJ- ~I

- 290
 I Process Annealing ","L:!S'~jtl ~...u:al

~..>..l .~ ~ ~ ~I jt j.l4U ..>..,.LfJ1 ;;.l~l D)J-'>' ~..>.l ..L<&. ~ 0:!..J:j

. .,illj Uj..l D)p-

I Intermediate Annealing ~~l ~..u:al

aJlk~ .,illjj , a4.!g..l ~ ~~ ~ ~ jt ~.P ~ aJ~1 0:!..J:j ~

. l'~~ L2....u....r.U ~, D""",,::,4-0 ACt ~~I ~..>..ul Uj..l D).J-> ~..>..l ..L<&. \~;.!;. ",j D~

I Isothermal Annealing 1.S..>!.J.:d I u~~ ~..u:al

l'lji l.:I~ <t:ll J~ D-FJ C';1~~ J~I ;;)~. ~..>.l ..L<&. aJ~4 Jo~ ~l

. ioS..> ~j J..lA4;l ...u...>+Ll 1~ Ac I 0-" ...u...>+Ll\

I Soft Annealing ~1~...UJ

ji 4J3~ G~tj Ac, D~~ ~~I ~..>..ul Uj..l D)J-'>' ~..>.l ~ ioS~

d.,jj..u a.~..>..l ~t ~1 a.J~~ J~yl ~~ ...u~1 .,illj ~ , 4J..P" ~..>bJl

. ~! J..ojt.lt ~
I Stress Relieving ul~~:'-il ;U1)!

~j' ~~I ~..>..ul Uj..l D)j-> ~..>..l..L<&.~, ~I..l~~1 aJlj)' 0:!..L1:i ~

Uj..l CJ,I..l~)'1 aJlj! ~ l'~ ...u~ .,illj ~ , ~ u..,o650 ~ ..ll ; II

..>..u (j;~ ~L..JI ~)LWI ji ~4L-1I0-" d: !1' ;<11 U""l~\ J:..L.Li ji )~)'I
U""~

I Core Refining ll_tl~ ~l u~ ~ aLtlaA

~! '7.JiU AC3 ~~I ~..>..ul J""';:; D..>l.r-- a~..>..l 0-" aJj ,~! 4.U ...u....r.U ~

~I..:J~I a a.!g..l yl4J1 ~ ~ ~ Ar) ~.r-JI ~..>..u10j..l D..>Ij-> ~..>..l

" ~.F=JI ~~ ~ ~ ufiJ

- 291
 I Normalizing 4t ~L....atl

Ac) 0A ~I jl AC3 ~yoJl ~j~ul 0A ~ ~I ~).? ~jj~! ~JI

. ~Ij l' I~ ~ J:.r:J cLUj tf'-: ( -S...LJP~I J~ ~I 4..lL.. ~ )

I Stabilizing...>~~l

cLUj JL..:i...A , oJil.1:L1l j d.L:4-:Ll1 wLifiJl ~j jl t:2 4 ~ ~-4 ~..J.2i ~c.

. (.)-"850 ~ ~w.:. c)~1 ~ -S.JJI Co:!Lu.....uj~1 ~ u.J~1

I Patenting ~~ I It

~ ~ ~-J" 4 QJ"..,JI ~y.Jlj L!J~~I ~ 4.d..u.:3 ~ Jjl..G:!..H:Uw

~~I ...LJ~I ~ AC3 (~I J.>JI J~ ;;).? ~j...u a ;;2 ,,~I ~y.J1 ji <.!J~~I

cLUj ~ ~
~ j
,a....JI~1\ j
.. .Y'"':)..
LJI ~
I~ 1.(.~lill
u= w~
.. I. -.:~ ~b:L..o
~j .
a...uJ1
.... ~
1..- ~
.

~ ~ ~lj..ill....J1 :)jJ-A~' ~~.#I0A ~~ ul..~i ~ O~Oj~

l.J:::l ;;).? ~jj ~ ~I ~l jl (,.,.a~."J1 j:LA ) ~~ ~j f'b ~ ~"~~

~I cLUj ~ ..L9j , ( a..;ll~ ~L~ ) l'1j-411 ~ ...LJ~I jl ( (.)-"400 j u.u500
.J..i...:' j.)-+J-J ;;...l.>.lj ;;j --4 LL1.L.u.J I 0A J...l..S' L.41.A ~ u1~ ;;.J 4 j (I' A ~ ;;)~

. jfi.:.Lt.1 f' k-J I

I Homogenizing ~~l n

( AC3.b;.J1 J~ ~I ~ ) 4...U:i..>-1.I ;;)~I w4-jj ~ -S~~..L1J ~~

, ~.,.c.JA~..}a ~~ L2....LJ~ ~, a1:~;;..J. ~j...ul c.:u. ...w:. 4..l~4 J;~~I ~

. ~I.JJ\ wlj~ ~~j ~ ~.Jji ~ cLUjj

I Electric Resistance Patenting ~l:'~I4AJl4tl:'~~ I .1

. ULJ .<:::.....l\ 4..A WLJ I .. :. ~I

- ..~j.~-
.. ~b..o ~~
~.-

- 292
 I Malleablizing ~g b -Jf

~J~ ,j~ ;;)~ ~J~ ~ C-o:!~1 ~ ~,~jJl J:~ 0:!..iLi ~

~ ~i...L9J' ~"pi dJlj! ~j~ qA Jo.:-"-"J ~ ~ ul ~-J'

.L.... ACj ;;)~

. U.J:l"p 1 '~~">-pb LSI UJ~ J:b ~J

I Hardening or Quench Hardening "jalft-t.tl:,".! ",ajtIJi ...L'lwa7Jf

~ ~..>-A J...J..>--iJ J~ ACI JI AC3 ~~JI ;;)y-:-JI ..:J4-_)~ c,\A J...J~I

. C-o:!l.........;J).A 0J~ aJ~1 ~).W.ij Jl ~~ I-A! ~lS' ;;~~ ~ J~I

I Hardening Temperature a.\_.j,t.Q,-JI3J~ ~J~

. J.!I.<'l;!l!...ilJ...J...,r.W J.;g dJ~1 ~! ~ c.,;LJ1 ;;).r-JI ~J~

I Dip Hardening ~y a.\ 'lloQ,,-Jf

~Jf).4 'ai4~~~~ 1.4 ... b!C,~.:i ~aJ~~ ~

. ~jA;;JI?~J~~J~

I Hardenability ..u.wa:af" _..l.:'Li

~-J ' ;;.!;; !C,;!lJ ~~ ~I.r-JI dJ~W~ 4:i~~ ;;~l:jJ ~\ ~Lg

. ~I ~I Jl Ja..r411 ~I dl~

I Oil Hardening ~I ~ ...Lf lwa7Jf

. .:....J-.J r b ~ J...J...>+<J~ ~ ~ ~

I Oil Hardening and Tempering ~:JI ~ ~t>ilj .i:! lloQ"itl

. .:....J-.J ..:JI-Ab. ~ ..l:!J+J~ ~ ~\.rJ ~ ..:J~

- 293
 I Air Hardening fl,1.J.&t1 ~ ...L:.d ~e.tl

~l ;;j\.r'"" ":'14-j..l UA ~I.wl ~ ...u...>+L1~ ~ ~ '4l~

I Air Hardening and Tempering fl,1.J.&t1 ~ ~_~Ja..jt!J ",' ,lloIlaoi.t1

.4 1.;J IJ ~I ;;)..P- ~4-j..l UA ~I.wl ~ ...u...>+L1~ ~ ~L:L~

I (~l- ;;~l...\:dl- ~..ut )J:.~tl;;.)~u~.)~~ J fl~JI

Hardening from Hot Forming Temperature

(Rolling. Forging Drawing Temperatures) :

UJ..l ;;~~ ~I ;;j1~ ~G:-j..l UA tJ~1 ...u...r-:UJ~ ~ ~ ~...c.

. ACI ;;)J-""" ~j..l UJ..l ;;..>!.r'"" ~j..l ~1 ~I ...l..t.;1LA...u...;-;Li

I Induction Hardening~lu!.>y:a~J.l~tl

, ~I ~LJ~I ~b~~ ~I ~~ ~ ~I .l.!' ,,,,jll ~~

. aJ~ I ~ ~ J.LlLLl.1 ~I ~:..u.:L11 J i

I Useful Hardening and Tempering Effect ~!.>11 J.!llQjtl~

~1 ~\~J LA~ ~J' l.:;-~ ;;~I ~, ~ UA ~\ )..LiA

~J ..lJ..L=ic.4 )...L.4A

I Core Hardening~l J d,03

~1 y.L'ill ~I Djl.r'"" ~j..l UA LA...u...;-;LiJ ~~ ~ aJ~1 ~ ~~

. ~ Ac, ~~I ~.J...Ll1 Uj..l ~j..l

I Surface Hardening ~l J I.lwa3

~j..l ~1 ~ ~\ D).r'"" CL:-j..l UA LA...u~J ~~ ..l.A..! aJ~1 4,a,j

. ~I ~ ACt ~.r-JI ~.;,...Ll10J..I

- 294
 s Double Quenching~J-tiotI;a ';;t!t-Jl

WA ..l.:!~1 L>A ~ l.S.JJI JJ~' 'oll ,... ill : c.J::'.,b~ ~fi.l.1 ;U~l ~

~.,:jJ1 ;;)-P ~J..l WA J..J~4 ~l..lll "ol' '''''IIJ' yl.41J \ oll.... ill ;;J\P ~J..l

.~

s Through Hardening J&LLa1 '"" J IlQ jtl

~1 aJ~1 ~Jt ~t L>A Jt y14Il ~1 ~I L>A al.l. i 4 r=u ~ ~

. ?':II ~J

s Useful Hardenability;;~l '""Jl.cjtl:aJ~Li

. l.4.,.b ,,' ~ L>A ~l.AA ~ ~ J.-J ~ ~I ~[:g

s Useful Hardness ;;~I;;J~IJ,4.c

~ ~~l J-U: Jt aJ~' Jt ~l ~ ~ ;;~I ~l Ji1..ij JI.4A

. ~ I ~joAD I~ ~ l.S.JJI .ll.ALJ I l.Sjl.us.A

s Blank Hardening Test ~!.>l~l ~ ~lj~l

;;~.A~' WA aJ~ yf9 ~ ~'..l~,!ij d..AJ l.4.. j:!..L..4.:LJ l.S~ JL;u.>\

..lbLll ~J' ~4 0-'A ~ l.S.JJ1 ~I~:. J~'J' l.Sr'!'-J..J' ~4 l;-,.. b,,,

. J~ 'Jl IoU ~ 4j~1 ~ U""1;9t ('1~1l.S~

s Extensive Hardenability.b~l ~IAJ~Li

. ~l ~ ~ ',iol;;",l .J.A.! .bl~p' 'oll. ...i!l ~;~I ~[:g

- 295
 I Hardening Intensity ~I~..ut

w~ ~jl .'2\'oill ~ ~ 4-:11 ~~~I 3.)~ ~~I...L>JI

. ~~ F1 jl (,blJl
I Susceptibility to Quench Craking".! a",-Jl:' ~14 _~l:'Li
3~~ ~I ~ ji ~I 3Jj':l ,;lji ~ ~ t~ .14tJo:; 4J~1 ~113

. ~1J.;g

I Through Hardening Plus Ternpering~I..>1IJJilLill ""' ,L'Q,-JI

. .. t~-; I .. ~. ~J\ )1-t..., .. I\ a..l.i.l..U..o ~., ~ ~

c:::-:--' ~. '< c--- (jA ~ ~ ~

I Water Hardening and Tempering~u.t~('_~~b:jtljloi.~f,Q-JI

. ~UI. ~..u
I.r" ~. ~
.. ~tl.J ~~ ... t~-;
c:=-:---'j
~ ~
- ~

I Hardening Plus Tempering ( ~1..>11 ) Ji .. ' ~JI

, ~I wl.)~"1 ~ a....jL"iA ~ d.~ d.:Jl:L.o ~i ~ J~ d.L~

d......i:iJ-A 3)p ~'.1.) ~ ~ ~ ~ IS.:.JI ~~ ,LlJ:~j

I Austempering ~~Ji~1.J.4

~ jl IS~ rk.. ~ dJ~j , ~L.l1 ;;)J->" ~J.) 0-A 4J~ ..u~ d..:-4c.
Lj)U1 cill:i J.,....w ~j' ~'1.H-~ ~ Jj ,0 ~ ~~I Uj.) ;;)~ 4.1.) ~

f"~lbs-J.-~I\
- -
~ f""'= ~
- d.=.....uI.:l.:.u....w:.4J:~Il.JJoL...ib.'11
.J ~ . f"~ ~.1
- ~UlJ.=:ill
j

. lSJL:-i.>.1 J...LL4 lS~ yoJl ;;)p ~.1...u ..u...>-;UJI ~

- 296
 l Martempering ~~..)Ut ~

~ JoLW~'1lj~ 0..!---.L..A j! [..L r b ~ ~.J~ <tJ~ ~ ~

J~ 3-~1 ;;)~ ~j...u ...w~1 d.l~ ~ ~ , lS)~1 ~~ fi;;~

lSj~\

l Tempering~t.>lIJi ~ ~~Jt

')jL..:J1 (.;7k JJ< .';.;11 j! ~I.r-JI a..1AlJ.1~ ~II ~ ~ ~ ~

~I 0j,~ ;;)~ ~j.)j ~I ;;)~ ~j.) 0::-:' ~ ;;)~ ~j...u dJ~j , rl=.1.l1 j!

..u~1 f~ ~,~;;~ ~j...ul o.:u ~ aJY'-.:.J~ Jo~'11 ~, ACj [~I

.~L.;..,J~

l Tempering Period (t _~~JI j)~

. ~ I
"I~';I\;;~'P d...:l..)
.j ~ . 'iJ.L
<lJ)G. <tJ~ . ~_ lS.:.ul(.)AJ-'
,~II Jot-
.:r-'

l Tempering Temperatures(t_~~JIj)..)~u~..)~

. ~I "lti! ~ ~~ <tJ~~ ~ ~I ;;)y>J1 U~j.)

l Temper Brittleness (t.:! .lb:i.tl ~ 4. "JuL:J1 Al~I.

~ J!' ~~ ;;)~ U~j.) Jl.hj ~ ~I u-e ~L;jl d..jl:J1 ~ u:o~'11

. ~I ~ ~ ;;)-~ U~j.) Jl.hj J-!L ,,~ ..u...>+J1

l~WIj)..)~I~..),~~~~I,. ~~it,.

Shorttirne Tempering at Elevated Temperature:

. ;;.)l:;~1 ~I ;;)'P ~j.) J~ ;;)'P ~j.) ~ ~ d.....!.YA ~ ~

- 297
 , Boiling ~tl

c..JjJl Ji ~I ~UI ~1.Ak> ~ ~~ ;;.)1 ~4-.).) ~ ~ ~ a..:..kc

.~WI

,Case Hardening.....A..I.itl

. ~ Ji ~ll ;;.)->=U Ji d..it.fi J>L;.. ()A F..JJ ~ a.~

, Carburizing ~~tl

J~ ;;..;1 '4-.).) ~ aJ~4 .kLu.:..'14 ~J' uJ-:I~4 ~I ~1~1 d.;~

~ f'~ Ji , l>J~ j~ Ji.o l>J~ ~J ~ d.l~J Ac} , AC3 '4-r"'J\ .)J~I

. l>J~ U~ Ji , J~ Ji , l>J~

, Cyaniding ;).J i I ",tl.

Ji J.J-9 <l;l Jo~'i4 d.l~J ' ~.~IJ u~..PJ1 ()A ~ ~I ~1~1 ~~

.)y..LAJ l>J'p-A..b..u.J ~ ACI '4-~1 ;;)~, ~4-.).) ~'J.) lj~i

, Depth of Case ~~I ~~

~.)..L;t J.b.ll ~\ ~ ~ aJ'i.ill ~I .,.:\,,.,;ll ~ ~i f'...Go:.~
. ;;.)~

, Decarburization ~14tt;!
. l+... b". ()A ~WI {~J' aJ~1 ~ UJ-:I#' ~ ~ a.~

, Depth of Decarburized Zone u~~1 ~ J!j11 ~tl

. ~b,,,ll a..4h.i.l1 u-o

.9~
, .
Ji GS' u~..F=J1 ellA Jlj.ll ~I J~t

- 298
 I Nitriding 3.3~f

.&y ;~ OJ\:.) ~ ( ~..u-=u ~ ~ .;i ) j~ ~j ~ ~

.~I~~~'

: Dry Nitriding~~f3.3~f

. ~~~L.;. ~ djli. ~ ;;j.;:w

I Salt Bath Nitriding r.~~f uLo~ 3.3~f

. ~~L.;. ~I o~1 L)\..A~1 ()-4 ~Lok. ~ OJ.;:w

I Depth of Carburizing 4:u~1 ~

J>b L~I~ ~ 0J-l~1 ~ ~ j\jy L>:JI aJ~1 ~ ()-4 ~I

. aJ~1

I Flame Hardening ~l.:' "'" d lAitt

. ';J~I ()-4 ~ ~1..G:J.u,L.;. ~ ~I ~I Ji ~\ ~ ~ ~

I Age or Precipitation Hardening ~>Jl:'Ji J..!fafll:' ""'fIlAitf

;;~1I J.:jW\ ~\.).At Jb.3 ~ ;;)~I ~.)j L~ ~ ~ ~I? aLl....A

.)~
"_,,11 M
C'.:L1.1 ~ ~
J . ~l
. J'.I_11
~
~.
L>A a....a.A..u.:LJI..1.Ll
- 4.j.C'-.1! a.........M1 r.J.r
..,......... -,,~

~4-.).)1 ~ ~ -uJ' ;;j~1 ~ ~ tL2:i) <li.c. i ,~,i.!J' oj-iJ1 ;;)r"" ~.)j ~

~
~
a.A..Ul5:..J.1
_. - I :.. '1 ~l....u:;
~.:r--' ( _ ~ill
'-" ;;.1 ~w
-
~. ~I ) _. ~'J-'1\ ;;') 1-1\
~

d ,,,,,bi.11 jl

: SolidSolution Heating ..1A~1 J~ ~f

. ~y.ll ~ljfil.1 LA..LL.::. '-;-lJ.:Li ~I ~:.;I~I ~.)j ~1 ~ ~

 I
8
* rrl
* I
 "",,~Wt uWt ..
~lltJt ~~J ~~t

~J~J

~t~~ ( ~~~t) ~~/ott

~Ij ~y..)':=""11 ~I: ~J ~.)) ~I~~ ~I ~ ~

. Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel ~~I

~ I.S-'~ J:J..:>. JAJ : ~I ! ~J ~~.)) 4;:J:~1 -.ill~1 ~

I.S~J: ~jJl J:J..:>.J. 0~~ %2 ~')1 J.....::W ~ ~J...GJ 0y~l0-A ~

. %4,3 ~ %2,5 lJ::! 0y'p ~ ~

1~~~I~I-\'JI

.)~~ ~~-J' ( J:~I ..>...:!:-l~) 0y..)':=""IIJ J:..l.>JIlJ::! ~ ~ bJ~ ~J

. ~I""":' ..LLiJ ~ I~J~ jJ~ '; ~.)~J ~~ ~I.)lo ~~ l.Sy...i ~~

: 0~#1 ~ y....=o- ~ ,)1 ~y.#1 yldl ~-J

. 0y'p %0,6 ,)1 ~ w~ ~ (a)

. 0y.P % I ,2 ,)1 %0,6 l>A b...l11 ~ (b)

~ ~W~I u.ol.P-J1 ~i 0~J: (303 - I ) ~j ( 302 - 1 ) JJ~

. d..i..J.tl bJ~1 ~ ~~PI ~I tl~i

- 301
 (302 - 1 ) JJ~

fit t~~tu~~~ .!LL...:at;)

0
,-;.~tt
~ ~.J.J~ .
0
..:::....ttulwatttt~oj
~ 0 0l&J
0

~~,... l.Jt:a.~1 ~ ~jA...lJ ..,l..:J1 tJ.i

~I~"JI~"J~ I HB~J:l Rm~l~ ~jJ.#1
HVJA!iJi 2f'A1;)j~ % DIN

. 4:l..ut~iJ~~JI!1~i1 15090 1550280= 0,05> Stoo *

.2;;J~I~jJ-~I~~-~~..,...L- 150-100 360~ 0,1= RSt 37-2

.W1I~I.."wJ:lI:8-~~~~..,...L- 160120 430~ 0,12 = QSt44,6

J~)'I~~~~t \ Jl,a jlt ~u~ 165140 600-500 0,35 St50

.as~I~;;~;'

. 3 ;;J.H"~j~~~..,...L-1 170-145 I 510~ 0,35 ZSt S2 - 3

.~~~J.:lI:8~~..,...L-1 160 450 0,15 CIS

~Jw - ~J.u~ - a..~I~L~.i.4,lh~,.",u..1 160 450 0,15 WStl8: 315

. ~jL>aU
~1j~J:l1:81200.180 690~ 0,35 C35V70

jr--IJ .:u. ,COtt i .ra , ub:al ....I...l.I.-:i I '1:8

...........tl
~ ~ c::-:-- IJ. v-: 300 700~ 0,45 CK45N

.1~j~;;~..,...L- 800~ 1,10 CHOW1

. ~~)'t4,.J~l'~~ .:,..u..1 240-165 850600 0,45 St60

I ~1-:a1;;~ltt~~1

- .;iLAj:iJ~1 ~..,...L- - .:u..,HS % 0,28 4 0,09C 9SMIIl28K

. ~~~~~- ~j41I~~J.:l1:8

J.:lu- J~~~~jA'4-~j>5%l~ 880~ 0,42 I 42CrM04V90

.~tJ~

~ ~ ...u...a..:,~ % 1,75 ~ ~t.Jj..,...L- 2750 0,65 65Si7k280

.Jjl.;Jl~

~~- ~~~~j>5J~%l~ 1,05 105MnCr5

.~L:.SlI~~IJ..w

'~P".t-A 0~ ..:..~Iy.\ J1l"'"'wl .~.....".....~ ..,.k ~l,. Jt .~.? ~ ~t..,..l.c .;.1 4,;.:..~ 0A J..J,! 0 1~'" Stoo *
.0?J~
- 302
 ~

~ '.
~~'6oo
~- 2
~40 - UJ
a: UJ
1
7 I ."A
n.1 I UJ
~ a:
0
Z

.~ ~

30 2001~
I ...J
...J
UJ
\!\' z Z
~ ~lOog201
~~ UI I
a:
co

'100
I

i:il
~20
~ 0
FE~
::::;:ay

SCRws SCREW DRILLS '::>AWS

Tlrv-.'Pl.l.ATE DRIVE TAPS ofAZoR~
LEVm, RAIL.5 DIES
STRuCt
WIRE
STEELS
ROPES
CHAIN AXLES SHEAR KNIVES
STAMPINGS GEARS BLADES BROACHE!:l
RIVETS SHAFTS COLD REAMERS
WIRE TYRES CHISELS
NAILS SOME HANO TOOLS

(303 - 1 ) ~~

~~Ilj4t.,.;J!J ~I ~ 1J.j-l~1 ~ ~ ~~I

441i;.J.t tt..~~t ul.A'~1 ~.J

- 303
 l~~~l~ltl~\~~

~, ~\ tl~i ~~ 4;~ ,:u....p ~ ~Jj~1 Jj..J1 ~ i~

. u-'l~1 ;;~I u\:':l.,J1 ~.illj l>'=- ~.iJI ~

DfN 17006 ~~I ~U~tl cl,~\.,J.1 ~I ~6ji c-:'""= ~Ui ~

( OJp ) <G)~ ~ jOl,?i ;Q)Ci u-t.t..asJl ~ ~ , ( Deutsche Indusrrie Norm)

, ~~\ iY"'1y.Jlj ~~I ,-:~.;J~ ~GJ\j , e:L:W~\ 4.4.,~ ~ Jj~1 jO~1

. ( 304 - I ) Jj~ , ~I~I ~l.ulj ~Ij ~ ~ .;:JGJI Lei

( 304 - 1 ) Jj~

I .. 'tl
~ I~ ~~ 1000.4.4
_ . .f,Q,J
f

j.:.Aj3

[ 4.: .J.:..l>J I j I.,J.I

f

f \ -t
I W~I V"'1y.J1 .=,~""
uLJlu
u4JWI t.T'k.S:J1
- - ~":q
. 'j-'-' j e: <
ULJlu
l:L:,':ll1
d
4.4., , I_
. r->

~ W dJlJ ~J ~J.)-=:' e:L::U~1 4..."i.J...rbJ jO~1 \~ ~ j-4.>:!: J,j~tl ~~Jl

. ( 305 - I ) Jj~

- 304
 ( 305 - I ) J.,~

~I~I
~I~

'~~JI..4A = A .~~~~~*~= E
. A.l.:JiL...J1 <;~I~~ ~ ~ = P .~~l.l-*~= I
. ~J41I~~~\.j = Q . ",.jl.l~I..,...,.aJ~ ~l.l-* ~ = LE
.,:".I.411~(J~)~~= R . .:".JJLA~i.J~~~ = M
,,":,,-,,,ut~~~J..L:i~~ =RR .~I-,,:,~ = Ti
~~ ~G....Ll ~\.j = S . '~'r--J I~>/!~ ~l.a.A = TM
. ~J41I~~ = T . ~I.wt ~~ ~l.a.A ~ = W

.~t~~~~= U . ",i':!-"'J,,!G..~I~~~~ = Y
. ~~WI <;J'r-JI u~J~ J.a.41 ~JI..4A = W
.~~\.j = Z

, Drop-forg a.wWI ;;~I..L>J~ ~ .Y.~ (St) ~ PSt37-3 jA-.rl\ : Jl:..A

. 2fA/wJ~ 370 = Rm ~ ~I ~ d..AJL.iA ~i w~ ~ ~J

Ji J..1;JJ~1 ~) ~~I ~I~ ..~111~ ~jA.J':!: ~Wt ~~l

. ~IJQJ';"'l1 ~.;;JI .ill:D., , ( t~\ ..L>

~t tly~ ~ ~I ~ ~Jo:l jA.) .. l..b~~ <;~~ wU<..a1 ~ ~..J

ui ~!)lj ~~I I~ ~J' d.:J1~1 wL:-JW.~ ;;~L..c. ~L...:i ";tJ ' ~~JI ~

~u ~ , ~I ~ UJ-l..F=J1 ~ ;;~L:j.~ ~\~jJ j ,,,.:=,It ...w:J1 ~ LJ~

r bU l ~~J ' ( 303 - [ ) ~ Deformability ~I d.-:l:'~J Toughness d",jl:a\

. Weldability

- 305
 , St44,3 , St44,2 , St37,3 , St37,2 w~1 ~ tl~1 JL..:i..t1 ~ ~j

o ~! ~~~ ['blJlj ';~~I u-"~~ ['blJ ~ l.&1S'St50,3 , St50,2

9,81 ~ <-:J~ 1~1 ~J-:l Strength := Rm ~I ~ ~jl..4A ..,.J1 St j..-4j:!

oj;'/' 1l~I~d..oj~~(~

::: 9,81 x 44 Rm ::: ....L.:.JJ ~I 4~ d..oj~ ~ ,,~ St44,2 j...A.;.11 : J\.i..o

....L.:.JJ ~I ~ J~ ..;.)! ~~ 2fA/uJ~ 430..,.Jl <-:J~ 0 2fA/uJ~ 431,6

. 2~.J ;;.)~I LS~ tj..LJI I~

Re = Yield Point t~1 ~ ul ~ ~~I ~I w'U.u.A w~L.:.. ~j

. E ~j-='- CO "P~ ~ l.:..u , ~L;.. ~I LS:1 ufi.:!

~ ~ LS.:..u1 ~\~ ~ ~?-'II~;-.:iJJ I.:u. ";~I ",~I ~j..AH ul ~_,

. ~).r-JI ~WI ~L:g Ji..4 \Y"1y.J1 ~ ;;~J-ll LSP ~I ~LaJlj u-,:,.P11

I ~~~, ~I .. ~-9i

\.:u, ufi...-J' J~ wl~ LSr'-1 ~~ a~1 ~ LS~I ~ ";J-:l.F=>-l1 ~I LS!

Britlle a.;~ '0 ;;II.)j ,,,SII <G..:-4L:9['..Lc. j:L.A ['I~)U ~l..c. \Y"lp LS~ (.~I

t. :~"'II
~j['
blJ U:'1.L:9j ,Deep Drawing ~
~. - -II ~LJo~~-J
0
I.~ ,~"'II 1.::. .Tracture

~ ~-J' Quality Steel ~ t~ ~I \.:u, ~ . j-l.,j..i.lI1:L:U~ ~l.Aji~1

j.A.r' I ~ ..l-.i7 C u-':'.F=>-ll .).r:-j ~ ~ J ~ St L.>-A -~ ~ C j.A.r' I d.J ~II ".:u,

45 <lJ4..J,I-q~~
%0,45::: 100 .;;...,I.r"""'.
1L:9.......L.aC45JWI ~
U:'.
I..... ~
IA4,100 ~
1

jl q jl k jl f ~~ Ij......) ~ , ~ ~ \Y"lp ~ ud l ..woo) 1~13 u-,:,P

. ( 307 - 1 ) J3~1 ~ 'l.4S'm

- 306
 .~

I
VJ
o
-..J
I
 - ~I : ~ <l...LA c.ill~ 0-Jp ~I ~ 4H.~.I! ~WI ~LWI GI

. lAl~J' rJ:'.Il.i..1l1 - r~lj2jl\ - ~#I - ~l - rj)-SJI - MJ~y.1

I ~t..!.UL..u
. .
J.~ VA ~~~t

'7'~! ~ Ji , ~ ua1p J-:~ ".)"p.:.J.1 ~I..WI u~l0-A L.P..r-iJ1

~.).1 ~ ~ J~I ~ is.J.J\ ~I ~J-A~ Ji, "J.:J.~ ua1p ,-;..L::J\

: ~ ~ ~ , Transformation J~I ".)~ ~ Ji , ~I ;;)..r""

. a.:,J..illl is J.A J \ a.:,..i>-I.I ..,b. ~~ W ~ I ua 1y.J I ~ (a)

. ;;)~I ~ d.AJ l.4AJ j:Sl:JIJ ~llli d.AJ l.4A ual~ ~ (b)

.t'.:J1
'-" ~
~L..cJ-l~~I l.:~~l\ ~ l,.)-'-"
~.
I~._) J~I
~
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. { Ct.J~1 0-A 4~ ~ ~ is~

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. ~L;..~.vJ;. d..A~~ 4..,-JI~1 <G)tAlL.. ~J ~I ~J-A ~ (e)

I ~I
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~. Us.tl-'Jb

: ~~j~l~..J

~ ~ .I~I ~ dl~~..J ' "...I Q ~\ ~L".JI ~ J.:J...>JI ~ YJ.:Li 0\- 1

. ( 302 .. 1 ) ~ ' ua1y.J1

. Cr C ~ Fe)C ~~I ~~ wl..l.::'.P 0-J.fij - 2

. Fe) W 2 J\ (Fe Cr) o ~ ~ ~~.J.La w~J-A 0-J.fij - 3

: ~ ' ~~I w'l..w,1 ~ .J-:?illli - 4

. (309 _. 2) , ( 309 .. I ) ~ Ac J.:W ~ (a)

. ( 309 .. 2 ) , ( 309 .. 1 ) ~ c..:'l~1 j.:S'..;J ~ (b)

0-A u..:L.u..L:i.)U I J \ c..:l..L:~1 0-lP f,j>U\ U-.>JI ...w~1 J...L.t....A ~ (c)

. ( 310 .. 1 ) JJ~ ~I , ~Lu....uJ~\

- 308
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550 ~%55 0,42

50 ~ %1.6 0,40
450 ~ %1,12 0,42
85 ~ %4,8 0,40
10 1"JJS %2,64 0,38

: Ji.o' ~L4tIj'4u.a.u~l> u~ ~ ":J~I

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. (cY'b1Jlj u~\j r~.,J~lj rj~~1

~ ~..1 ul....L:!-:'~ ..I.H"~ Creep Strength ~jJl ~j~ ..14..1..>\ (d)

. f-":..L~.,.I.I

- 310
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~I ~I~J ' Austenitic Stainless Steels ~I ;;).;--:"- 4.)..) ~ \j....;~

: ~ W' ~ i-UdJ f'Jl..4l1 ~t:U.uJ~\

. ;;':f".:hi;~ ~Iy.. eU ~ ( i)

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. ;; a.:"..) w~ll..~ ~ ~I~ ~w ~ , ..).)l.;J1 ~ J.='; ,~!;l~

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. ..1:!~ ~l.;J1 + 0.J-:lP %0.1 + ~ % 10 + ('.Jfi % 18 Steels

jA ('~I J~ 4, ~Ji ,,)1 ~I jJ~ jA ~l ~ 0i F1jJ

. J==:.b.JIJ i-UdJ d.Ajl..4l1 ~I '-:-31~1

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w4-J..) ~ J '<'~' (313 - I ) J..S~ (EC.C w)lS') 8 J~ ex J~ l~

i~ ('JWI ~~I ~I I.J.A tl_~i ~J ' ~~ wl.).J-4 ~ <\:..)W\ ;;).r-JI

: ~\p ~iJ ' Ferritic Stainless Steels

. i-UdJ ('Jl.4A ( i}

. c};->JI ~J..) J-Ul rJLa..o ('-;.J)

- 312
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- 314
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p .J~ Cu V"~ Co ..:..J.,.J-~

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~ I tj;>~1 L>-'

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- 318
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-=- ~ j:. ~ ~ ~
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(American Iron and ~...)-A~I ~Ij ...l:!.J..>J\ ~ j....:A~lj, ;'~i,a;ll ~ r\..hLl1

(Society of Automotive ..:.JI.)~I (.;r"-"~ d ~. Q ~j , Steel Institute = AISI)
~11 ~ 4J":l..L1J IOxx r~}::JI a.L.L rl..L~l.;> ..1.r:~j , Engineers = SAE)
~, uyfll ~.).c. I)........) u':l:'l..I xx u~'l)-11 u~ dl ",L"lI ,,~~ ~J..lfl\
.."..l...c. [080 ..IfiJlj u>!~ %0,5 4:' ~~.;S ~ .).c. J...l:! 1050 ..Ifi..1l JWI ~

. UYP %0,8 4:' ~j-JP ~

.).c. 4"::'~ ~ ~LwJI ~lU:. ~ ~ ..u.JJ)U ~L:l.l1 ~ ~llAi

~~l.,.tlj (Cr) rJP,Jlj (Ni) ~Ij (Mn) ~I t:..L...ui ~ ~LWI "~j , %5
~j , t.IY~\ "~..:.JI..I~ aJ":l..l (322 - I ) Jj..l~1 FY..J' (Si) u~IJ (Mo)

. ..IlWI ~yfll ~I u~ ..illj ~ ~~ , u>!~1 ~.).c. xx wl....~1 J...G

- 321
 (322 - I ) JJ~

~~l~~ttt~i~i

AISI ~F
~~l
SAE.Ji

* ..Ili..J1 ';Y..J '" 1\ ~I tl~i 10xx

. (di~I,:;'~w ~~Q) ..Ili..JI';j7.J'" II ~I tl~i 11xx

. (%2-1) ~.
. . . d..J 15xx

. (%0,3-0,2) M~JA d..;t 40xx

. (%0,25-0,08) M~JA' (% I ,2-0,4) f"Jfi d..;t 4lxx

. (%0,3-0,2) M~JA ' (%0,9-0,4) rJfi' (%2-1 ,65) ~ ~ 43xx

. (%0,5) M~JA ~ 44xx

. (%0,3-0,15) M~JA' (%2-1,4) ~ ~ 46xx

. (%0,3-0,2) f-'=!~JA ' (%3,75-3,25) ~ ~ 48xx

. (% I ,2-0,7) r Jfi ~ 5lxx

. (%0,1) rJ:..I~' (%1,1-0,7) r Jfi 4 61xx

. (%0, 15-0,08) M~JA ' (%0,55--0,3) rJfi' (%0,4-0,2) ~ 4 . 81xx

.(%0,25-0,08) M~JA' (%0,85-0,4) rJfi' (%0,7-0,3) ~ d..;t 86xx

. (%0,3-0,2) M~JA ' (%0,6-0,4) r Jfi' (%0,7-0,4) ~ 4 87xx

. (%2,2-1 ,8) LJ~ 4 92xx

. %O,xx 0J-'~1 ~ xx
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. 9'00,05 C>-" ~i

- 322
 (ASTM)ul~~~A.oJ~I~~~~I~~ltt~I~( 323 - 1 ) Jj~

~~~I~t jA.>!1
u~tJ~1
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I!.1.JL....::a,~ ~ ~..>1' 4_UL~
2
~~~
r . * ASTM
. [1.,Ji - t~i 42-50 (290-345) Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni 2 A 242
[1.,Ji . w~ t~t 42-50 (290-34~) Mn, Cu, Si A 440
. d'..!o'i w~ -_.
(I~i. w~ T~t - 40-50 (275-345) Mn, V, Cu. Si A 441
[1.,Ji - w~ t~i 42-50 (290-450) Mn, Nb, V, N 6 A 572 ('r,
01
[1.,Ji - w~ t~i 42-50 (290-345) Mn, Nb, Cu, Cr, Si, Ti 10 A 588 t:rl
I
a.b~i - [1.,Ji 42-50 (240-345) Mn 4 A 606
a.b~i - [1.,Ji 45-70 (290-485) Mn, Nb, V, Ni, Cu 6 A 607
.w~~wr 50 (345) Mn, Nb, V, Si 3 A 618
d ';""';~a 4i)..r-- w4-.)~ ~ w~ wld..b:9 46-60 (320-410) Mn, V, Cr, N, Cu 5 A 633
. w~-rJJ [1.,Ji 80 (550) Mn, V, AI, N, Ti 2 A 656
a.b~t - [1.,Ji 50-80 (345-550) Mn, V, Cr, Nb, N 4 A 715
American Society for Testing Material = ASTM *
 i.S~1 Stainless Steels i~ f'jL~1 ~I tl~i ~ ~~ j~ lL....jLAjt

~I~i ~ ~I ,,~~ u i l':' _)~, ( ~~Ij ~j~1 ) uL:.~ <\..LA l.jjJji

tl~~1 ~ i~ f'jWI 'p~1 ,,:-Jdl tl~i ~i ~ ~ ~ l.;Aj' ~~..)I

: ;LJl:;j1

. Austenitic Stainless Steel ~ji i..Ld..l f' jl..4A ~ - 1

. Ferritic Stainless Steel ~~ i..Ld..l f'jl..4A ~ - 2

. ~~!j ~ji ~jjj.o i..Ld..l f' jl..4A ~ - 3

Duplex ( Austenitic - Ferritic ) Stainless Steel .

. Martensitic Stainless Steel ~JLc i..Ld..l f'jl..4A ~ - 4

. J:=i.LJ t, ~I.! \, a; It J:. ~ i..Ld..l f'j l..4A ~ - 5

Pricipitation - Hardening Stainless Steel.

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~l...:L..A ~ j~ <Gi ~1 Rm ~I ~ <U.4j LU ~ cilljSj , ~L:. wljL~H

" ~I d.!;.!;-......,j~1 tl~~1 l.;A ~i Toughness

) g 'oj II ;uL... l.;A ~jjjJ.1 d<.! ! ,,,t! ,,~ ...u...r-:W ....l1.:. ~ i.S..r-=--i ~l.j l.;Aj

J~ u~ : Fusion Welding ~J~ 4l--"W ....l1.:. JWI .J4' W, 4L:. a..c:.)-'-L':'

~ J:. c.:L;:u...,j~1 ~1 JyUlJ ~1.S.l1 c:9"l1 cIJ L~ ~ 0 Ferrire ut, c.:1~ L~
~~! cill~ ~ ui ~j' ...u~1 JJ.LA ~ ~I o)y>- ~Jj ~ clJG..).c.
. ~...J I .;-:i:- w L:.1.b.4J I r W ~ ~ I~ l:;jj % 100

- 324
 II In
c.'
i ' ,f

f~ g~ VI
o
~
rr H f)
'~i ~
\~ o

h S:-'[
J;.

h
"[

~
~, ,f
t
t.C I
I
W
N
n
.L't
J ,<[-,~
~
J;.
Vl
I 1 -f II
V l:
tl t'
-----
w f'
tv ...Q
'"E
VI
I f ~:
~

'--' .~'~
tv
o
~
o
o
 J~l ...I.>~ ~~ ~bll ~~t~>al ~jS~...)
f't~".l{tJ~ ~t ~l ~I ~~I Ujj% y.\.watl
% 2 r .
l'-4 o-JJ:!J 2 r .
l'-4 o-JJ:!J (Fe~Wt)
- . ASTM
i~ f'JW .;u~y.L-
- ~!r-Jt ~W~ I~ "i - L~ ~~I 25 345 517 w~ 17 Cr, 0,012 C 430
.;;..,ljllt w~~1 ~ i"~
:l.....s....4.:i..;tt ;;...)~t w4...)~ ~ w"i\ Q ' j "'\ 20 345 552 w~ 25 o, 0,20 C 446
.J~ "it ~~ wuL;....,.,JI
i~ f'J W - -Lo~
~...) .
1'~1 - '~tJ.> \~1.ojlt J.:!lA L~ ~~I 30 276 517 ~+w~ 12,5 Cr, 0,15 C 410
.wlA~~w~1 ;;~I- w~1 Fo~
. A.....t~t wt~~1 - JAWt ;;..,ljlll ~~ 20 414 724 ~+w~ 17 Cr, 0,70 C 440A
5 1690 1828 Fo~
I'~I- ~!>--?Jl w~~l- w~1 JAt...-..A 13 276 759 ~+.J~ 17 Cr, 1,1 C 440C
.wlA~t 2 1897 1966 Fo~
 r'1~'.iIJ~JI~r'Jl:llI~It.I~I~4_~_U~I~I#1 (326 - 1 ) Jj~ - b'L3
J~' .J>~ ~~ ~W.I ~~l~.;al ~.JS~j
p"~'".i'J~ ~I ~, ~t ~~, Ujj% yL.aJ1
% 2
~
r- .
OJ.Hol
2
~
r- .
OJ.Hol (Fe~L:J') ASTM
i~ -.- i~
P'J W ~J.
. ~jL:1t ~ ~4 ~ - ww...al 60 276 759 0~ 17Cr,7Ni 301
. w~~'-' 4.W~1 ~ WI..ls.A 55 290 580 0~ 19 Cr, 10 Ni 304
, I
I.;.,';;,', 4 0.j-1..p101.S I~1 i"l.>..U ~1.9 ul..ls.A 55 269 559 0~ 19 Cr, 10 Ni, 0,03 C 304L r
N
18 Cr, 10 Ni, Ti =
("J
~WI ....I.s.:' ~I ut..u.A - ...b..i..4JI ~-,1 45 241 621 0~ 321 I
. i"l.>..U 5 X %C min
~ u~~' ~ ~~I ~1.".tt wl:llj..> 45 276 655 0~ 18 Cr, 10 Ni, Cb 347
. i"l.>..U ~W.I (Nb) =10 x Cmin
i~ P'JwJJ.-J-c,s-Jy ,.)JIo;U J.:'ll~
uGJI..WI - J'L-ll j)~1 - wLAlS:Jt - L.>"~I 14 1207 1311 ~ 16 Cr, 4Ni, 4 Cu, 17-4PH
. w~...>=JI ~~1- L I I I ~4 [0.03Cb(Nb J
 S Series 4U.~
~ r'~lV

v~

<
~&l o Series
..:..~ HSeries ,G' ->~\ WSeries..:,:.v../
I
. P Series ~~~ D Series
00
C'l
~' ~: L\ J: li" r')
~A~
I
':':"IJ-/ M Se~es
. TSenes
 (UNS) ~..wI~tl~i~l! ;',i,01

AISI UNS Tool AISI LJNS Tool

identification number steel type identification number steel type

.U1~~ .)J4JIJ&.~~ M series a...:.~ 4~c:.~~~

Water hardening
Cold-work steels MI* 1'11301 High-speed steels
WI 1'72301
M2* 1'11302
W2 1'72302
M3/1 Tll313
W5 1'72305
M312 1'11323
CL.!..J.l1 ~ ~4 .J.bA M4 1'11304
Oil hardening
M6 1'11306
01* 1'31501
M7* 1'11307
02 1'31502
MIO 1'11310
06* 1'31506
M33 1'11333
07 1'31507
M34 1'11334
.,~ ,.J.J~ .J.bA ~ M36 1'11336
Air hardening
M41 1'11341
A2* 1'30102
M42* 1'11342
A4 1'30104
M46 1'11346
A6* 1'30106
M50 K88165
A7 1'30107
Tscries a...:.~
A8 1'30108
1'1 1'12001
A9 1'30109
1'4 1'12004
AIO 1'30110
1'5 1'12005
tJftJIJ 0-,,:,#4 ~ 1'6 1'12006
High-carbon, high-chromium 1'8 1'12008
D2* 1'30402 1'15 1'12015
D3 1'30403 ~Jfitlyf
D4 1'30404 Chromium type
D5 1'30405 HIO 1'20810 LP-L.JI J.<. ~ ~
D7 1'30407 HII 1'20811 Hot-work steels
SI 1'4190 I uL...u.JIJ JJ.bll1'Jl..4. Ht2 1'20812
S2* 1'41902 Shock resisting H13* 1'20813
S4 1'41904 HI4 1'20814
S5 1'41905 HI9 1'20819
S6 1'41906 ~J jj ,,!~-,i t1yf
S7* 1'41907 Tungsten type
H21 1'20821
P6* 1'51606 c:.~I~ H22 1'20822
P20* 1'51620 Mold steels H23 1'20823
P21 1'51621 H24 1'20824
L2 1'61202 0""~~ H26 1'20826
L6 1'61206 Special purpose d.,~~JAtlyf
Molyhdenum typ
H42 1'20842
. 3~jll ~..iJ1 4..0~. = Unified Numbering System = UNS

- 329
 ~.1.atI~

tt~~lj~.J [ ~j~.JJu~WI~-!~

W5 , W2 , WI .UI ' " ","G.u..." W}

~~
07,06,02, 01 ..:ujJl~~u~ 0
- . - J~t
All ,AIO,A9,A8,A7,A6, M,A2 j:.1,W1~..w..#u~ A
.. - ~-.>~4t1 ~
07 , 05 , 04, D3 ,02 i"~IJ 0-'"'~4 ~ D

57.56.55,54,52,51 S ~!t~~

~J.>S" t1yI H19, HI(] } ~~

d!ii, '7'lj t1yI H39, H2O H J~I

~J..t:1.}A t1yi HS9, H40 ~L..jl~

, M3-2 , M3-1 , M2 . M I ~~.}A t1yl

~~I.c>",

, M36 . M34 , M33 . M 10, M7 . M6 . M4

M50. M46. M42, M41

TIS, T6, TS, T4, TI ~-.lj t'yi :}
~
~I.c

P21, P20, P6w~..ul~ P u~!Jy!t~

L6, L2~'~~ L ~l>,"';~i

- 330
 ( SAE , AISh..4..!; f,Q; ) ~~I ~ t.'~l ~l ~>i (33 I - I ) JJ~
\4jj % ~I.:!._=tl~>at.>-~ ..)A..)
~~
Co Mo W V Cr Ni Si Mn C ~tUi

- - - 0,20 0,25 - . - -0,60

W7-Wl
- - - 0,5 0,50 - - - 1,40 -

- 0,4 1,0 - - - 2,0 0,8 0,50

55-5 I
- 0,5 2,5 - - - - - -
- 0,25 -0,50 - - - -1,00 -0,90
-
07-01
- - 1,75 - - - - 1,50 1,60
- 1,0 - - -1,00 - - -2,0 -0,70
A7-A2
- - - - 5,25 - - 3,0 2,25
-0 1,0 - - 12,0 - - - -1,0
2,35 D7-Dl
3,0 - - - - - - -
-
- -1,5 -1,5 -0,4 -5,00 - - - -0,35
H16-Hll
- 5,0 7,0 1,0 7,00 - - - 0,55
- - -9,0 - -2,0 - - - -0,25
0,50 H26-H20
- - 18,0 - 12,0 - - -

- -5,0 -1,5 -1,0 4,0 - - - -0,55

H43-H41
- 8,0 6,0 2,0 - - - - 0,65
5,0 - -12,0 -1,0 4,0 - - - -0,7
- - 1,5 TI5-TI
- - 18,0 5,0 - -

-5,0 -3,5 -1,5 -1,0 -3,0 - - - -0,8

M36-Ml
12,0 8,75 6,5 4,0 4,0 - - - 1,50
- -0,25 - 0,20 -0,75 1,5 - -0,35 -0,5
L7-LI
- 0,40 - - 1,50 - - 1,00 1,0
- - -1,25 - 0,75 - - - -1,0
F3-Fl
- - 3,5 - - - - - 1,3
- -0,20 - - -0,6 -0,50 - - -0,07 P20-PI
- 0,25 - - 5,0 1,25 - - 0,30 PPT+
- 0,45 - 0,1 1,0 - 2,5 0,8 0,55 6G
- -0,20 - 0,10 -1,0 -1,8 -0,25 -0,35 -0,2
6F7-6Fl
- 3,25 - - 1,5 4,25 1,50 1,0 0,55
- -0,45 - -0,85 -4,0 4,25 I, I -0,35 0,55 6HI
- 1.50 - 10 5.0 - - 040 - 6H2

- 331
 I Ultrahigh Strength Steels~t ~AA.J~t~la~:atttt~1

Ji ~J-IJ-~..II ~I tl~i ~ JrW3 j! ~Ip ~ 3...LJ~ tl~~1 ".:u. ..L.Li

~ ~jLi '1 ~l:g wlj~! d..AJLiA ~ J~I ...LJ...)i Ij! ' u.fij J:>L..JI (p~1

rJWI ~I tl~i ~ ~ j..;.....G 4-AJL4l1 a....4jl..:g tly~1 "~J" ~L...JI tly~1

~~ ~ ~ ~..>-=J\ ~ LLc. ~ ~~I ~\J 3~\ ~J i~

. <.L4 L.:LJ I

tl~~llrA 4340,4140 AISI ~;j~1 ~1l>A ~fij wJL..J\ tly~1 ..:....:iJ

t1.
(.:r'.J-A.H ~ , ( 333 - I J J J>.. : ''',.~11.J ~..LJ..Ai
) ~. .. <""11 ~
J..LJ..~ I I a.....,J
A_ LitI ~l:g

jl"...J.l ~~I ~yl Y>J (American Society of Matals) AMS j.-o.>: t\:~~1 ".:u.
. 300M, D6AC , 6434AMS jj-'lY~ ~j3 ~ ;a 42,ib II w~..L...U.l1 ~~ J..J..:

01~i ~~ I 8 ,a '.'J' wL~J..r-6 ~ ~ ~ji a.....oWI tly~\,,~ JS'

. 43j~ ~ l>AJ ' 43J\..4j 0L~ ( VAR ~~\ ~ ~1.J..J-8S" (.)-";g ) aLyiA

~ ~~ t LiJ.)'1\ ~l:g w1j~.~ ~Jl.4A JyiJ y.j~ t\~~1 ,,~j.:~

..;;.11 w\j~~ a.....,J~1 4Lc. ~~I t1yi ~ "~l.5:.J\ J-A~\ , 4 L;. ~~

t~ ~ ,,~ d..AJWI ~l:g ~\ t1yi ~ W' . "LtU'11 J+.a:i '1J ~~ 0~

~)A ~ tly~1 ,,~~ ~ , ~J-I~I y1.d\ "j,p: l.A Jl1Ai 3~u:. J~

, ;a 2;2;; '''Ji ~ Ji;a .!;.! !t,;i.)l.A ~~ (~3jk, ~J-I..J ' Maraging 0.!; ;t~ ~

;a,a~~: .. 3)? w4-.)j..l.L.c. ~~ w1j~~ d..AJ l.4..c ~i ~ J~I..I.La:iJ

,
. ( (.)-"620 .. 428 ) ~

- 332
 ( 333 - 1 ) Jj~
J..!j'-J4~~I~~Jl44~~(Maraging)~I~tt~Ia:J~~I~I~J~~
~~'~I#1 Fe + % ~jS:.tI.)-lQl:Wl ~
Jl.Mj1
Ro,2 Rm
~L...a4.)-lQu.:. I
AI
I P, S
Mn
1 Si Ti Mo Co Ni
I
I
C
.. ,.
~1.A4.Q'
,
~t .J.> .J.> .J.> ASTM
2~/N 2~/N Ca Zr B I
% ~i ~i ~i A 538 '"
C"I
C"I
I
8 1400 1448 0,05 0,02 0,003 0,150,05 O,ol 0,1 0,1 0,250,1 4,54 8,57 1917 0,03 (200) A~.>4
6 1586 1655 0,05 0,02 0,003 0,150,05 0,01 0,1 0,1 0,50,3 5,14,6 8,57 1917 0,03 (250) B~.>4
6 1800 1936 0,05 0,02 0,003 0,15.0,05 0,01 0,1 0,1 0,80,55 5,24,6 9,58 1918 0,03 (300) C~.>4
 I 44I:..;.J: Iy,Lwat1 t I~~ ~I uL4:!.tb.L11 ~

~J' ~~ 'i y.L.a u-o F I J=.41~~9~j.UIJot..A~yk:.

~..>4J1 ~ ~I ~'0...u, ~I.r-JI ~4JW~ J~\',.,;II J.:lL:g.~, 0~fo:l~1

. ~I J4..u. ' 0;.WIJ

. %30-25 = 8 , 2fA/N 540 - 440 = Rm W~I <La15;'
J;.. ,;"; -~ tlj-i~I,,~ I ~j.tf~~_~~IJ._C...-~.tLo:' ""_..L~Lt f'lJwy.l.w:t

rl~i <\..LA ~ , ~ w1~ 0-J~1 ~ ~l:L.I.l ~iJ ' ~~I l+-"",I~

~pll.1 ~ Y-t:'\.j~IJ ~I ~JI ~k~J ~y.JIJ a.b~~IJ ~IJ ~~I
. ASt52 , ASt 42, ASt 35 ~I J:LA ~11l.irb-tl0-~~J
. H IV , H TIl, H II, H I tlj-i~1 J':.A: ~1.>11r.I.Jilj h;warl~Ji~

'i ~~.rS ~ .w:.lj-ii ~ I ~)!J.:dI4.lAWl:tj)J .!lwa:3~y.l.w:t

'u-.,o840 ~ ~~ c~k ~ . %0,3 ~ J.Jy 0~P ~ ~ .>~ (.;,$j~

c)~?lIJ ..>JL:..J.I c~i <G..o ~J' u,/600.0 ~ ( ~GlI ) t~ i.,., -,j\~..J

. ~j:J1 t..>~iJ ~~l c..Lq.c.iJ (j",~IJ

<i.;l0~ ~~ .>p.-iJ ~~ 'i ~Ij-ii ~ 11..4._J.i..-Jl:t ""I l~~

~WI ~ c~1 Ji c~~1 Ji ~ ta'on ~..><::"'l~ ~; %0,30 0--" ~i

.~I~I

F ~ ~l:a.tl ~ .>~ I Spring Steel ( u~~1 ) ~l~l ~ ..

~~ ~..J' (~%1 + 0~ %2 ) Ji (rJ:!..w~ %0,2 + r~ %1,5 )

~ u-o .>~i t1j-ii I.!llJA,J ' (j",o480 ~ ~I.r-'..J <..>-"860 4..>~ L.>-A ~j.J1 ~

~4-..>~..L-i.c. ~J' ~~ ~ (0~P 1,20 ~1 0,6 ~~p ~) U-:~lyJl

. ( ~~ ~ <..>-"300 ~1<..>-"0 170 ) d ,;.,;,~ c)~

- 334
wL:..Ll.1 ,.\~i ~ ~~ I w:'a;'~Ji~-.J-4'-~)!. ~~J.4~~

~j-A ,s..>->i sol?! &lyJ LS)..r-J1 I.A.~~ jAlL.o tL1:iJ~ ~ ~\ 0-" t1y! ~1

U-UjjJ J:~J ~~ ) ~j-A LS)P ~~ jAl..t.A I.,jJ f"~.,J~1..S' LS">->!..ill~ 0-" ~

~t ~!.1Jj J~ ( wL.S~1 ~ f"~~~1 <.!1~~ 0-" ~y....dl wl..jI~~1

. f"j~ %3,5 ,~%5 , ~ %12, UJ7~ %0,6: ~ LSJ-~I ~j~1

. f"~JJ~\ ~...L4i jAl..t.A 0-" '-,-LJ~ ~j u-u/fA/fA 410 X 21 = ~...L4i jA~ d.J

. u-u/fA/fA 410 X 12 ~ ~ LS~WI ~\ ~~ jA~!.Ai

0-" t1y! f"1~\ ~1 LSP' uL:->! ~ j--A~I ~~ -illj 0-" ~I ~j

'.
~.J-: dJ.iJj' u-u~1 ;;~! ji.A \~ u;,o":":"";" LS).r'" ~~ jAlLA 4J ~I
tl:= LS)_~ ~..l..-.4i jA~ j j JAJ ' Invar-Steel (invariable) ~\-:, ~J..r-UI t.,...~. tI
. ~ %35,6 ~ .s.~..J' u-u/fA/fA 410 X 0,9

~G~==~;rlj ~IJh (((~I ( ~~jo>o.Ul ) ..>JL:d. t ~t>-S ~t>S ~LlD

. f"j~ % 1,36 , ~ %0,5 , UJ7~ % 1,0 : ~ ~1.:aJ.1 ~ LS~J I ( w!.Vi 1)
100 ;;)j_:>- ~J~...LL.c ~ ~, u-u 810 ;;)p ~J~ 0-" CLJj..l1 ~ ~~ ~..J

. u-u 200 ~1

..w.c. ~.jJl ~I \~ f"J~ I (~j!lflJw )..>~I~~I.J-4yilD

~~ l)J7~ %0,2~! %0, 15 ~ ~WI ~ LSji=..!..J ' u-u'550 ~ ;;)p w4-J~

. f".92~~ %0,25 + f"':~JA %0,5

1~_~WI~

: ~"':!-JJ ~.J-l
. c.:r,Ii ~..J
~ .

. Soft magnets ~jA u..J u "2 h jt " ~ (a)

. Hard or permanent magnets ~I~ ~ u".!b;;" ~ (b)

- 335
 ji d.b.a.tl ~~ ~.J..\j <.:.I1j.LiJ1 (.:r"~ ~~I ;;..\~I ~ ~l:i ~)tL 1.!1~~j

~~ ;;..\~ <.:.II~ w~ CL..iJ.ll1 ;~I<.:.ll)..LiJu. Magnetic Hardness Lb~

;;..\~I~.;J ~j' d~ /I,~bi;l\ ~I'p ~ a.:;-b W~j' (~...u l5i) a....;~

~~ o~H ji ( ..\.J~I ~ J.:<,~,;l~) ~1...uI<.:.lI..\~?l1 tW.J4 ~~~l

. LA..w ~""""'j d.b.a.t1~.,......,~.;J ..ill~J' ~~4 ji ~4 j'l l5p..i

I Soft Magnets ( ~f ) ~o.\.Uf """"~t.b.l.i1f - 1

( d ~ ,,,_bit II ~lh1I~1 ~~ ) ~4~1 <.:.I\.S.r-l1j <.:.IIJJ~I ~ (".)?; '''~~

J-l~1 ~ ~ tly~1 ".:u ~ L,~I ..\1~lj. ~~I <.:.I'1yJ.1 Core ynj

<.:.II.JL.::<JI ~Li.a ~ ~4~1 ~j~ tL23) ~~ (d~ ,,,~b;;tI ~1...41lj)

w:.L..u %5 - %4 ~1 ....g~1 ~l\ J.:~l J~I l.:u ~ ("~-J ' d..:Jl~?l1

. d......U:;..>1I<.:.1I..\..\..>--=JI("I~-"1 <.:.I'1L~ (~~ J~ ji , &il.,:g.J ~ d\ ..ill~j

Permalloy ~ ~I ~j , <u..A:i~~ a:~l....Ul<.:.1)lAl...t.A d~ ~G. ..ill~ ..!.I~j

wi ....gj.J-L'.1 ~, I5p i ~lj 0Aj' J.:..u.. %21.5 + ~ %78,5 ~ I5J~j

~ ~~ "4-:i1 ~ ~~ ~I u-a1.PJ1 ~j , <.:.I1j..Wl d~ .~: bll U'~Iy.J1

d~ '''_ b it II a:~l..Q.j?lu. dj.LiJ1 ,.:.JI.J.J-4

~,1tO ,,~I ~ LA~i ti+J Permeability
J.L:. [100] 4 :.< II ~I ....1dJ---='"
:,' 15,000
dJ~ J)A t ; /1,1 ~j , ( 336 - 1 )
~
.......
It,_ d ,; ~i .1\ ~...u~ ) <.:.II.J#I ~~~
~.
~ ~I 0A ..l..l..;-;J4 Ji , ( j-:!-~lj
~., 5,:lQO
'-' ,,~I ~ ~U L> /I' _bit 4 d~
I' I I.L
e :)"JO <too 600 100 u..uL......u ~I l.:u ~ I.!1wj . <.:.I ".J~I
(~':"'-/.-,f ) .:t~~';"'~1 ;~:"il
Crystalloy ;;k....J.II5~~1 ..ill~\
(336 - I ) ~
w:..l.uJI..ill~ 0A~.P -'::J1.J.*

- 336
J.l~i ~ , ;, ,... j; ~I %50 , %50 ~...w.JIJ ~I -ill~ .ill~J ' ...l2...I...~.J1J

. (336 - 1 ) ~, ~I 41.!b j !<' 4 Glo~i

: Permanent or Hard Magnets ( ~to.\J'l ) ..lL.att, if! i.b.,l.i.tt - 2

d.:g~J ~i ~J ' ~~ ~I u-,:,fil l ~~ ~ ~.;-tl ~I ~I~i JJi

~1 c.~p t~iJ' .s~i U".!bi t 4 ~ JJ-'~ ~lIJ (;'e1 ,?"..zJIJ (".1P 1

%0,6: ';;~l.5' ~IJ ("~.,J~I ~ \5~ ~I ~I...LlI u".!bi .11 -ill~ .)~Yl

"~J' ~~ %25 ~ ~1....,g4 ~J" ~ %25, ("~yi %13 , u.J-!~

Alnico -ill~ ~ Jib..." ~1...Ll1 u".!bittl ~ ;UJ.)-L11 tl~~1 * i <Y' .ill~\

. 4tJG~~l~

~ u.A Fe3 Ni AI ~.J-A u~ , Alni ~ll ~ ....,gk.: 'i .;:JI .ill~1 ~J

~ ...l:!.b- JJ~I , B.C.C. ~)tS' ~.J-A ~1 ~J+Ll' ~ ~ \5.:J1 (j"0 J 900 ~

B.C.C ~ ("~y~IJ J~.:L.lIJ ~..bJ1 cJ::7 ,-;-<-,~I \5J~~.J-A ~L:LJIJ ' B.C.C

wlj ~~I "~J ' (Parameter) ~J~I d..lWI ~~ lA\:)G. F J.,Jo ~ ....,g)tL.:;.~
. (Maximum Hysteresis) Glo~'"~~ D'~
.. ("~~. ~ ~ ~ .
.~~...JA-l~

-ill~J ...l2~ Anisotrpy ~4-:i1 U""1y.J1 ....,g)tL.:;.1 <Y' D.) l..U..u,'i I ~i .ill.:lS'J

~..u...o J~ ~ (j"1200 D)~ ~J.) <Y' ,.:...4l1 LrA ~k ~ ~ 4.:~

. (Preferred Orientation or Texture) D.b-JA ~J ~1 wl.J.J4JI ~.iJ

~~ 4J '''Jb i'4 U""1y... ~ J~ ~pl '~<Y' D.)l...i.:L..,'i1 ~i -.ill~J

. (.s.?~1 wlA~'i1 ~ ~1y.J1,,~ ~ ";-JL....:.. ~ ) ";-J~.;-tl ,,~'il ~

-ill~.J1 ~ FJI ~"...;:; ,~,j:'ii ~J Alcomax 4-:k Jlk: -ill~1 "~J

Exchange ~\S..:.ll wljl~'iIJ D)~I 4).) tl...4:i) ....,gjj-!o ~ ~ .s~~1

. Magneto wlA~UIJ wl...Lly.1 ~ ("....G:.:Lu.::iJ ' d !<!~L..l.1 \5j-7J1 Forces

- 337
 LJ-A ~I Alcomax -.ill~ ~1 ( 1948 a.....) I"'~~I ~La~ ~i ..L9,

( i'2 II!.!bi i 0) '4-j-l1 ~J.J~ L ... Li.J , ~J..u.J1 ~i ~14.! I" .!biil\ Yi--"",Ip

. (Columax) ~4 ~~I -.ill4-uJ1 ~J ' 4~4

D.J.,...., LJ-A ~ ~I d1~J ' ~)4.jIJ ~.,.s..I1 -.ill4---u ~ \S?i t1yi L.!Jl..L..2.j
~ ~I tly~1 d1.l..5'J. ( ~~I J.}-> ee' OJ ...I;-!..u.J1 JJ--?= II! 0 ) JJ-~I
wljL11IJ ...I;-!~I ~\.!,,,'::""iJ ...I;-!~I LJ-A ~ ~ ~I tly~IJ wjAj...~.n, j.~l

. (Magnadur ~4 ~~l tly~l) L!~p..~1

I ~~luLi.;.y>aI~~~~

. t:Jl ~I~I wl.o~IJ i~1 ~~ Creep ~jJl d...oJ~ ~ ~j

: ~ 1..0 L8-O-AiJ

I ~..\:lIJ1 ~,"",j ~~ ( i)

I"'~~IJ';'ee' ~IJ ~~..9-tIJ ~~IJ ~IJ I"'~I ~ \S~j

. ( 339 - I ) JJ~ . I"'~~IJ

1~1~,"",j~~(y)

Nim , Nim 75 : tly~1 ~J ' ~-,~I -.ill~ \Si Nimonics 4-=k. JJ..b:!j
. Nim 80, Nim 80A , Nim 95, Nim 100, Nim 105, Nim 115 , 118

, (339 - I ) JJ~' a5'~4 ~ ~I Nimonics a...:.~ ~i L.!JL.L.4.j

.\ .! I 'a -; lIJ' ,->,,0 I 000 - 900 ..w:. 0-:!...Ll...:iJ4 t~ ~~I i~ ~JWJ
u.PJ' (J5.:.i11 CO I"'J-:!-L.oY~IJ I"'~~I w~j-A Ji ~l.i....::,i ,~~) ~J~4

.J....:JP' ~ Lo ~~, ~ ~j-A (~Iji) ~Ji ~ d_~ LJ-A Lo~ ~I

~ ~I ~~I-.ill4---u a...:.~J' I"'~\j.!jll J.J~J I"'~\j.!jll ~fiJ u-':I.)L-11

. ,->,,900 - 700 ;;)p w4-.J~ U;::I r1..G::L...u)U

- 338
 ( 339 - 1 ) JJ~

Ujj % 4'~.>1I~b~lu~j~UId..!.'b1~a..~i",tll.!.U~I~I~ ~,-:!".!4atl~~1

,. .
I~~IJ"=- Nb Ti W Mo Co Ni Cr C as'.:.""lt 1oSJ>s11 ~~l
~-lj u~>J' u~ - - 0,5 0,5 - - 3,0 3,0 C-O'-Mo-V
0,45 - - 0,75 6 - 10,5 0,12 F.V.535
0\
(f'")
u~>Jlu~ 1,2 - - - - 12 18 0,12 FCB. R 20 (f'")
I
u~>Jlu~ - - - 6 - 25 16 0,15 Timkin 16-25-6
~-lj u~>J1 u~ - - - - - 30 14 0,2 Tinidur
':'~>JI~ %1 2,4 - - - 74 21 0,04 Nimonic 80,80A
r~.jJl
u~>JI~ %4,4 1,1 - 5 20 58 11 0,2 Nim 100
r~.jJ1
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. aa.!,;...ul as~4 ~ ~ , ~J~I ~ ~ '1 j-l~ -:.s..b ..L9j

I ~=JI ~~i ~~ ( ~ )

1"'.,.1':"; '''ij' %25 M~j-llj %15 ..l..~..w.J1 dJWI,,~ ~ I"'.i)-SJI ~1 ~~

,,~..l..Lc. u.:...jJl d..AjlAA ~I~~i ~1, 0'.,01000 - 900 D).r-JI ..::J4-J..lI5..LQ ~

..::J4-J..l ~ ~~I d..ij ..llJ4 ~ ' ;} 4-iSJj' Jbl.:<J1 a...ojLu ~~ ..::J4J...u1

.. ~I D)..r-

1~~.J1I~~i~~(~)

%0,5 ..ll:a.l.1 ~ ~1 ~4) ~WL:...j a...ojla..o LY-'I~~ <.ill~I,,~

,>-.,0 1000 ~ t4i D)..r-- ..::J 4-J..l ..l..Lc. ( I'"~j l:L:J

I Cermets ~j.>. ~I ulp.;.tl ( J )

~~ J~I DJ.J--"A 0-A F ~~I ..llj-llj djLiJl tJ::.~ -bj)L;. ~j

. ~ ..l1J4:1 ~'p-J\ ..llj-ll J~ ..::J~~ Jo.J~ , (Sintcring)

. 70 A1 2 02 + 30 Cr: ~ij

. TiC + Ni + Cr (Binder) ji

- 340
4l-01..l~1 lSJ.AJ D.)fi.:Lt.1 ...ill~1 F L..o~ ~ (341 - I ) ~L:-:JI ~~IJ
a...;,t;...l\ D.;I~I w4-.)~ ~

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e J(JO
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Carbon steel
G.4'./~

(341 - 1 ) ~~~.)

~~ ~~ '*

- 341
 8~~

( ~t )~j.tt ~~
Gast Iron

~J w~IJ w.J-;l.PJ1 ~ tUj) ~ ~I ~ .>4'jJl J.:..w.. ~~

, ;;..I1..l>J4 ~ ~ , (Plasticity) <G,jJ..u <.>01y. ~ dJ~ ~J' <.S.?~I ~H~I

~ ~ ~I ~ JbJl wlS WL.o ..IJl..;J1 ~ Ji w.>L..J1 ~ ..IJ-'-'" ~ Ji ~""':! ":1J

, d..9~IJ Machining ~I ~":Jj ~ ~IJ ( Casting ~, ) ~4 ~

~) ~J' ykJl tl~i ~J~ ~ ,10.,;,,11 w\..I~)'1 J~lwl.,JJ d..;!~':' ~i

;;~ J~i ~ ~J"~ aJ~J j:i.A <.S~i wl~ ~ <UJ' 4.:J~1 clj~1

J.:~ ~ tl~~1 ~ ~J' <.S?-~I ~I ~L..J-;l ~ J~I ~ ;;..l..4.a.AJ

l.('.~.~ I . kW ...La.J.l.>J IL-WI L l.4.A ;;..I~I .l_~ ~l ..~.~q
.. j~
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aJ..~ Ji ..L.4.>J ;;~ <.>Olp <U ~~\ I.:u.J ' ( <.S..ILAj!l .>4'jJ\ J.:~ ) c~4

d 2 12 Q",j ~Ip <UJ ' t~ U"'~ ~ y.J ,~f j.U <.Si 0A ~l ~lj\j.:;..4l":11

JiA <.S~ ~I tl~~1 ~ ~ <.Sr>-t ~lj UAJ' Bearing Properties a-~

4-=i-il.::L.A~..>-: <.S.:.ul ..)-A~I , ~\ ~ ~Jl...4-4J a.,jJ..ill1 ~ (Nodular & Malleable)

. Corrosion ~I jA'-,"c J...i:t j.SbJl LJl.4.A ~ ;;J~

~ ~LW4 ;;~...L..:. ~":1~ (.;r~ jAojJl J.:~ f"1~' ~ l"'~ ~.J-;lJ

. ~Ir-JI cG~~J ' ~ J~J ' 4J4S'JA

- 342
 l~jJl ~-'>tl~l

, ~1~~?11 4.Ajl.4Aj D~~I ) ~\.p- ~ L~j~jJl J:...u. t1jli ~J...LO

UA ) r W I J:...w.J1 + D~..PJI ~jJl J:...u. ~ ~ tljl~\ ".:u ~j ( d...jj..illl

+ D~j~1 y..L.o..ll + ( Sorel metal J,J.J" tjl ~W\ u.;-4.l1 UA r W I J:...w.J1 ~L4i

c......u . .dl JL...o ut~~\ ~ ( Ferrosilicon ~ ) Fen-alloys a.:J:...w.J1 <..!.l:i~l ~

, Lime stone (~I ~ ) ~I ...l .d......<l.Aj (.!..l~1 ~ ~~j rl....G:.::u.u4' Cupola

V""' .'oj ':ill

I".:~ I'-ft-' ( r WI ...u..w...!w
~ d...j l.4A )
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.
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~.;jI..>---AjJl J:...u. c::~1 ~j , .)~Ij CL..l~lj U.J-:l..>==J1 ~ ~ <\..i..c.

~~~ ~ a..........;:;J-A ut;-9~1 ".ti uj.,Jj , ( ~I ) l'1J--811 ul..>..~i ~ u.J-:l.;-SJ1 ~

d...j.illl jlA ~L;.. t1jli ~ ~I~I~:cl1.:u , ~~j \ ill.!. ,';,ij ~L:.jl

~i:J'~ ~~ J\y-~I ~ ~ ~w~1 ul..~~1 ("~j' (Malleable)"

.
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. .
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c::1.:U1 ~ <..!.l:i~1 ~ ~4~1 ul..~~1 rl~I~..J . ~jJl J:~ D.)L.Al\

t1jli ~ ~ ~jJl J:...I.:>- t1jlt ~ ~~ , ( Malleable & Nodular ) tl~i

C::J~jJ~1 J:...w.JIJ ~I~I ut~~1 J:...u.J c......u....ul u~ J:...u. jlA 41 ~I ul~~1

. \.Gp..i ul..~i ~ ~ Ji d;.!aii ~l...J..J ul..~~1 ...I.:>-i ~ ~ J:..b YbJ' (Duplex)

4=iJl~ ~.)~J ~jJ ~ ~jJl J:...u. t1jli ~ ~ ($p..i ~w UAJ

u.J-:ly~~~I~jJl J:....w..Jt, u~IJ u~~1 ~~I~jJl J:....w.. jlA

. I.AA.J '" (~~($y,..11 )~I~jJl J:...I.:>-Ji CL..l~1 ~~IJ

0 1 ~ ~ 01 ~ 'Jl <1.,j1 'Jlj , Jj.bJt.,. ~ J..L.:g jl J.b J..o~1 ~ Lbk.. Malleable (*)

, ..s~.~I.J-">jJl ...I.:!..I....:lo- tly~ ~4 0..u ~.J-A J.:' J.J~ <1.,j! JI.;~ J.:'u ...I.:!...L..:-JI \j.A
. ~.r:i:-J 4.;Jk <Wjt..... 0~ ~

- 343
 J-o"l~1 ..l;!..b. t1j>1 ~ J..p-ji ~ ~I 4.1 4 '"il\ ~ '-;-l.)~ ~~ '1 ~'J

. ~ Iy..J ( ~.).,1 l:Ll1 ) .s>W I ~~ '-:-'-'-='

~ ~ ~ ~IJ J-o"l~ I ..l;!~' CJ::l (,;r'-"L.....u ~I ~)l:L..;. '11 UI ~~ 1(.)-<'J

U.J;l'p-!1 ~J:! ~ %2,07 ~ uj~1 ~ jJ~ '1 ~I t1j>Ul l u~~'p-!I

~I~ ~I "'~ J-o"l~1 ..l;!~ ~ Cl.J;l'p-!1 ~ jJ~ ~ l ..l;!~1 ~I ~I~

~ ) ~J--4 ~I ",.:u. u..F=JJ l ( %3,67 ~~! JI"p-~1 ~ ~ t.i:i~ ..uJ)

...w1~1 u~..P-l1 ~ u~ ( %2.07 = ~~ ul C<:!l..w...,J~1 ..l;!..L>J ~ ~ ~I

,
~ ..l;!..L>J1 w4+:-- CJ::l 4'; Ii;" 'l J~I ~ ~I~ ;;.)y..o ~ ~ ~'J:!..u

~I~ ~ ~ U.J;l.F=JI J~jl ~ l;L.,L,..,i I~J~ %2 ~..rll Uj<.11 lO II .s~J.=

: ~ tJ I ~ Lull '-:-'-'-='

Fe3 C + Si~ Y + graphite

: c<.: ~I~~! y~l..w...,J~\ J~ ..lJ~~j

Y+ grap hiHe .l:!~~> DC + grap hiHe

..LWJ l ( Fe3 C ..l;!~1 J...:,J....rSJ Fe ..l;!..L>J1 ) .s.;l~1 uj IjLJ I ,b b;,.'l ~...!I

u~J~IJ . ( Fe3 C ) ~l ~Ll 0A ;; , 'l ~..:J.I aJWI ~ u~J.:u1 ~~ E~Ij>~1

w4-.)~ ~ ~ ~L...JI ~Lw.....uJ~1 ) .)L...:11 ~G 0A ;;~I aJWI ~ ~JJ..>J.I

~ ~ ~J-t-'I ~J--4 0-lP ~ ( ..lJ....>-t=J~ ~'1J-:-!~! J~14WI ;;.;I~I

~! ~ ) Ledeburite ~~ ~~I l ,-"",1147 ;;.;I~ 4.)~J %4,3 Uj~..;---5"

..lJ~J-t-'1 ~J--4J Ledeburite 4~wl ~J--4 U~J l ( Ledebur <L...4....~

..l;!..L>J1 ~ &--b= G4-:-- u , J-o"lj-JI J..:J.....:>. ~ ~l.iJl w4S.;-l1 ~I ~ Pearlite

..l;!..b. u-ol-'p- J..:~ ~ aJ~1 ~ wl...:5.;-l1 ",.:u.J ' Eutectiferous ~jHI

. ~.,b.~! ~I ~ .(g~IJ_~~1

- 344
 , %2.J-~ 0. d 'ao ;'..L4 u~~ ~~j...l:..1-:>- t1yi ~L:;j1 ~ G~j

Wu.,.;., 4~ %4,3 ~.J:JI ~jA ~y.fi ~ l.~yi:i ~I ~jJl ...I:..b- t1yi -.!lJ.JS'j

~ Ljl~~jJl...I:..1-:>- t1yi ~ u~' dJjJ. (d 02 '09) d...:~\ ~I'p

~ ~~i ';1 ~I .lj~1 "~0A ~yl ~j , %3,75 , %2,5 0::' ~ Uy-F=JI

J...oI~1 ~i 0A ..L.Li D.l~~1 u~~1 ~ ' ~'+Lli ~1.0 tly~1 ~

~~..JI~.J-'" ~ ~ Ij~j-A ~IJJI->-=-c. uy..;-S-JI UI.5' 1~11.A J..:~ ~

~ DjYl~, ~ ~ ~ jl ( ~I~ ) ~ Uy~ 4 ~ jl Cementite

~ 1~lj.l1 I.pj:i i.Sy.-i jAlj-L LLJ~j. ~.JYj ~Yoj ./~~I ,,~ ~ ...I:~

: ~, J=:u-.JI I~ ~

. (u.#...11 ~ ~L;..) ~I~ jl i.Sy.-i ~~ .lyo-j - I

. d.S'~11 ~ d.,ulr-JI w)L,WI - 2

. ~j ~I ,,\.tii ~ ...I:.>-;UJI J...IAA - 3

( 346 - I ) Jj~1 ~ ~LJl ~jJl ...I:~ ty ...I:~ ~ jAl.,....J1 ,,~j

. Structure ~Iy..j ~.;i ~ ~A ~jJl ...I:..b- t1yl ~I 0::t:! i.S JJ\

: ~tJl.~1 ~ dJ i 2! t1yi ~Y LijT 41 JL.:J.I (.Jj~1 ~ .lJj LA ~ Dj)kj

I Chilled Cast Iron ~~j ~....L> - 1

~ ' a..5'~1 ~I F ~ ~~I ~jJl .~..L>JI 0A ~ ~Y ~

. i.S.lLAYI y~jJI ...I:~I 0-" ~I ~ ufi.=

I Mottled Cast Iron Ji.lJi~j ~~ - 2

~jJl ...I:..b- 0A ~) ~ i.S.lLAYI ~jJl -J.:..b- 0.A D~ wbLu. 0A u.A

~jJl 0-'1~)U 0::' 4.:J~1 ~ DJ~ ~ ~ t~1 I~ 01 J~I ~ ) ~~I

. ( ~I ~jJ\ ...I:..b- ~ i.S.l LA..,Jl ~Ij uA::~1

- 345
 ( 346 - I ) JJ~

f"t~~t J~JA~I~YI...y....\.:lo.~I.?Jtt..~l

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~~IJ
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l,..l".l,.lU~t 18 275 413 c,;w~

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~ ~.)-LA ~~%2.5
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J~~I~I~ 18 240 365 c,;w~

i.jw:JI
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A.J..u.J.:loJ I ~~1%1

Ja~t ~t...L.a..4 2 550 700 .

~ ~.)
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- 346
 wlJ.As ~~J 0 i '''2 \ '2 ~,..G ;;)~I 4J.) u:ol..A....:.:..jl.;tJ. I~ 8 'ai,~ ~~I
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1,3 (4,3-3) CY
w.:~Ji %58 =--- = =- - =
2,23 (4,3-2,07) CE

w.:l..1:L.........J~1 LJ~) %3 LJA ~i 1.1.J;l~1 ~ l'2i c I~ JljLA %42 ~~IJ

~ ~ ~~I ~J ~J' ( %3 LJA ~i LJ.J;l~1 ~ I~ LJlS' ...L,~ -S.JJI
;;J~.:J.I ;;)~I ~J.) ~J' (~2i(j~Ij..:.5~) %4,3 t..;rAJ S '0;1\ ~~)Y.J/ II
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~ -S.JJI ) w.:IJ.J-;':!~ ,)1 ~ ~I ~l.;t %42 ~ 01-s1 , ~_~ ~j-A

, ;"~";:J ' ( LJj-J~ %6,67 w.:llio ",lIJ %2,07 w.:l.1:w..uJ~1 LJA w~ <G1:l ...L:>- ~

,bb;' 0 ~ ~~ -Sl ) ~I ~ d;2i(j~1 w~.rll ~ w.:IJ~..L:ll1 ~

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~ ~ .>-:-A ~J ' ~ I ,~ ~IJ.J-;':!.J..:l11 J~' ( ;a ;; 25U ~ Ji ..b#

( .)~I ~;;~) ~-J~.) JS~ ~ ~J a4i~ ~J Lk# j-4-i.l1 -~ ~
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~ "iJ. ~ J 0 ~..;-AjJl ~,..L>. 0 1 ~ ,->",,01147 4J.) LJJ') ;;)~I 4J..L;J

~I~"il ')1.)J~1 w.:~J~1 JJ~ ~ , -spl ).,bi ~1 J~ -si u~~1

.h;.J1 ~ ) 0.J;l~ cGl.;tJ~ ~~ ~ ~r w.:~Ji ~1 ( 0Y.fi %2,07 ).#~ )
d1~J ' %0,83 w.:~J~1 ~~ (~ , (,j"723 ;;)..r-- ~J.).)1 J..u:.: wv=~ ( ES

~ ~i ;aj#\ w.:L:u.o....uJI ~,)')1 ~ (-Sylj) ~Lo1 ~ ~ ,~~

~J.)J (,j"723 ;;)~ ~J.) ~J ' ( ;;~~ ~L..o ~ "i-s' ) w.:'JJ--:,:...L:ll1

,)1 ~lj ;;)~ 4J.) ~ ( %0,83 j..:.5~ ~L... ) ~~I w.:l.1:w..uJ~I, J~
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- 348
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~jJl ..I;!..booJ Malleable C.I 0..ill\ ~jJl ~..boo 0- JS' ~ J~I 0-" .....g...L&11

~ j-~ Ductile (Nodular = Spheroidised CL) ( 0~1 ) ~I~\ -SJ~

~.)~ .)jj:i ;;~l..> .....gl~ ~L:g.) -si Flakes.)~ ~ ~ -S.:.ul ~I I.r:-JI

j.;..1~ tJ~ \ 88!!,~!i ~ d!j),I~I.)~1 ,,~~, ~K:J.I ~1y.J1 ~;;A

, r~IJ ~I wl~~ 'I a....aJWI ~Ip r..u.i..o 0~ ~~ ~I.r:-JI 01 ~1 ~ ...L.:...wl

'-;-l~lljy.j ~I ;;~UI ~ j~I-S?i d..p.~ 0-" ~ D~WI ~I~ t~1 "~J

t4:i~. (352 - 1 ) ~,.)~I .....gl."" ..w.e L2>,>-;S"Y ~l-S~YJ' wl~~'11 eb~

, .)~I,,~ .....gl."".)~, ~ ~I ~ ~...boJ1 d...aJ l.1l.a ~ JyiJ-J ~\

.)~I ~,~~~~~I ~i ~0-"J' D~UI.)~~ ~tJ~ -S~J

0.ill1 ...I::I~I ~ ( 352 - 2 ) ~ , .)~I 0-" ~~ w~ ~1 D~W\ ~\.P'-:'

I~JI -sJ.;S ~...boJI ~ (352 - 3 ) ~ , L'..l<.:; ~I~I.H~ Ji Malleable

e::.,jjj 0-'~ ( 352 - 1 ) ~ ~ J~-J ' Ductile or Nodular c.I. 0~1 ~...wl ~

~ J=.,W ~, -spi d..p.~ 0-"J' LA.)fi:i JI .)~:Lu'iJ1 ~ aJL.. ~ ~~'1\ eb~

.....gJ.}-Ll1 ~I ~ D~l..> ~J D.)~ ~Ip ~~ ~I~I.)~I ~Ip

. Vermicular graphite 4.:~JJ..l1 .)~~

<GI U:O.)-~I ( Fe) C ) C<:!~I.)~ 01 ~~I j-AjJ\ ~..boo ~y ~ L.;..b~

~ ~~ ~ u:ol~1 ..ill~J ' -Spl )~I ~1 cIJ~ ~ ~ -Si.);; j II! <I.)~

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jJ~ 0-'~ ~WI D).r-JI w4-.)~ ~1 C<:!~ll~~' Metastable ~.;--:i:.

\~J' ~I.r:-JIJ ~...boJ1 ~1 ~~ IJI~I P.b~1 aJWl ~1 J~yl 0-" ~

~~ I .JAjJI ~~ w lS'.J-;U-"A 0-" 0..ill1 ~jJl ~ ..l:>- w l.S'.J+-'-"A ~ l:;.j1~ iY'L...~ I ~
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. JI~~).ll wl.S~1 ~rUi '1 ~ dl~J' ((y,ol 153 ~~I ;;)~ ~J..\ 0A

c.:lu..."'Ji ,)1 ~~I ~jJl ..J.;!.J-,:lo. ~ ..\~y.1 c...:'1~1 J~ ~I ~l..t;i ~J

yb.il ]I c.:~1 0A I~~ DJJ~ ":-':!~ -s.:ul ( d.~J..u1 D.LA ~ wj.:L11 J.r-bJI jAJ )

w:..iliJ1 ;;)-.r"" 4J~ D~ o)~1 4J..\ ~"""':;J' ( w-,:,~IJ ~~I ,6h;. .,

wi ~.j ~J..ul D~ ~ o~J o~ ~~I J..~J' MaIIeabilizing Temperature

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~ J"ki ;;yAJ D~ w:...J::J1 o).? ~J..\ ~ w1.S'~~ JoL.w.. '1~J ' w-,:,~ %6,67

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w'p J 1 Fe3 C c.:~1 ~~ J~J Fe3 C ~L.,~I c.:~1 J~ ~ jk.:J1

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. ~i ..\~y.1 G.:!lLL...uJ~1 J"k')1 J#\ I~~.J ' J9.:.u.1

JI L:.I~ 24 ~ ) J,J...,.,h ~J.)1 [l:..:..:iJ I~:",~, ~ D~ Jk-::JI ~ .u.JJ

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,)1 w:...J::J1 ;;)~ ~J..\ 0A wl5~1 ..u...>-iJ ~J' r\.b:Lj1 ~ J~ I ? ~

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. ..u~I\ J)L;. ~yJ.1 c.:~";,? Jy0-3 ~ (c.:I~1 Ji G.:!'1~1 ) ..uP~1

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- 353
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~ Malleable aj.u ~j 4J..\~ l.>A I~ 1;..).::- ~ ~~~I u~ , o...lk

~ ~- ~I~I ~ ..\Y>:-.J-! ~\I1 jAjJ1l.>A ~\I1 ~lS~1 ~ o.;~
. ....I.1d1 G.;!l~1

I Types of Malleable Cast Iron w..illl~j.tl ~..,L,... t.l~i

I Malleable Ferritic C.1. ~~l w..illl~j.t' _Y..l> - ~jli

Mall eab Jising ~..lL..:J I 0)J----='" 4..~..>..\ 0-A u..ill\ ~jJ I J..:~ J..J->--;U .L.i...::.

-';J..J~~I J~ G.;!\j iq ((.11 L~.;i ~ '-.-.J~ -.t.m u~! Temperature

u~ cill~ ~~-3 ' Ar. ..h;J\ ()A o)~l 4..>...l:' ~I~~~ Hypereutectoid

ui ~J.)--Lllj. J.:.lA:. 4j..\ ji Arl o)~ ~..>..\ ...L.A..c. G.;!l~ ~ -';J..J~...9:! G.;!~

o)~ ~..>..\ ...L.L.c. J..:~I ~ ~~~ o..>~ ~ ~I ) -.;.#1 U.J-l-PJ1 ..\Y>:-j

~~I u~ , (,;".;~ J..J..;--;CJ\ J~1.L4 ulS I~~ , ~I~I ~~ ~ ( l>:J.b.l1

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. ( 352 - 2 ) ~ Ferritic Malleable u.illl ~~~ ~WI jAjJl J..:..b. ~

tj.JA ~..>t5' ~~I ..\~j ~ L...ILi ...l4aj ~~I t~1 1:U ~ .;...j~ u,
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LJ::A..HJ 0-:..J:lJ\ ;;)..>-> 4.1..\ ~ ~ J....A.t ';~I..;-AjJl ...l;!....L..> ..J..J~ ~

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~l::u..c~ Jb:LJlloU)S'~J' ~I~ ~1 Jk.:illLG..J..JP~1 L>A ;O~J LG..J..JP~\

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~~I a.bb.A LG.#I uj-;l..F=J1 ~ ~ ~Q ~I ;;).)-> ~.1..\ ~ yfi......J.h1 1

t..Al4i c.:JL..:j ( ~'}I~\ ~ ) ~~I L>A 4..~ ..\~J ~ aJ'}I..\ ~I~\ L>A

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j-4>jJl ...l;!...b- u~! Bull eye malleable L.>-JP i"j)U1 d:'L...J1 J..u.l.1 ~ ~I ;;.1'r>
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( 367 - I ) J5..C;.

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- 367
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00
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. (~Ji) ;;2j2"1.)~ J~ ~~ '-;-l~ ..I:!~ = OGL
. (.)Y"'i) LJ.J:l.F=J1 <lL.o JIj.A ~ , u:J.tJ~ ~l.LA '-;-l~ ~~ = OTS
. (~i) LJ..tJ.#1 <lL.o J\j.Aj , u:J.tJ4 ~l.LA '-;-l~ ~~ = OTW
. ..,.J1j9 ~ w~~ = OOK
. ..b..i.dl ~ w~~ = OD
. ~jS'->-,-1 .)p~ w~~ = OZ
. ;;..ll...Aw~~ = OH

: ~l:L.l1 ~I ~ ~.)i ~ ~I ~ LJI..dA ~ J~ ~J ..ill~ ~ ~t:

2~/i..>J~ Rm ~\ ~ LJW ~}'11 ~I j.A.;11

-
100 00-10
ISO . 00-15
200 00-20
250 00-25
300 00-30
350 CJO-35
400 00-40
450 00-45
500 00-50
600 00-60
700 00-70

- 368
 ( 369 - 1 ) J..~~

~~lA~l~jJl..y.J.>t.I~i~~ ~.JA~h ...4.,jda-JI

(4_IS::_u~1 ~I#Ij~~1.4o:!b-t1 ~..;JI )

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- 369
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: ~ Lo;;~ljA

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. d.-:JI-r-JI dJAWI D.:u ~ ~ ~1111 ~jJl ~I.b ~ dl~j . d,j37~ ~

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. I~.""l IJJ 4 ~I ~ Jlo= ~, J~ ACI .h;.J1 J~ ~J~ ~I ~ ;;)-.r-JI

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. ~.)I wlS'.;~1

: ~ ~ l.SjLo.)\ ~jJl ..l:!,.W d.-:JI-.r-JI w)LWI ~ j~l ~j

I Machinability ~lu~t~J..!;t';!jtl:a_J.}ll~-1

~1 ~4 JI~~I D.:u ~ ~ 0 i ~ u:...J.:Lllj' dJjWI jT U:!..J:J~ ~Jl

..u~1 ~ , w~L.., 4-2 ;;..J, ~J~I D.:u ~ J;L..i:'".>.~IJl ' (.)-"670-650 ;;)..r>- ~Jj

- 372
 ~l ' ~G~l\ J~'YI ~ ~ ~'Y~I J~ alAWI c~ ~ ~-J' ~~I

~ o.)-~ 0""930-900 ~1 u:JJ::J1 oj\.r-- ~J~I ~~ ~I~I J~'YI .lI.l..J.:! u1

LS~jj ( j.LJ...r,l 140-120 ~ ~1 c.l)L.aJ1 ~~ alAWI c~ ~ ) ~~I ..u~\

~'Yj~1 a ol;!.' J;~'YI ~ ~~..ill~ u'":1 ~ ~I~I ~ ..u~~ 0~'":1\ alAWI

. ~~I ..u....>+:J1 aJ~ ~ ~ ~jll o.l)Ldlj

I Wear Resistance ~~~l:t ~~I44jl.44 - 2

0""930-860 ~1 ~u , ~Ij ~J~ d-Ajl...4.t1 c~ ~~ u1 ~

euyl ~ aole ,,,j1Ij' %0,8-0,6 ~ <l;J ~I~ Uy.p ~ ~Lu...u.jl J~ ~1 LS.lJ:!
I~ a.~t~ ~j , ~I O.l~ ~L;:; O.l~ ~L......Li).A ~1 JyUJl ~ ~U\ jl

J\i11 ~ ~ alAWI c~ j:i.A LS~j" ..ill~ ..l.A:' ~..,1W1 o.l~1 ~J..J ~I

~j , LS~ 4l.L:. d-Aj L1A ~ ~y:! u1 ~:! ~I wlS.r-J.1 wLil~1 ~ ~

: ~~lS' ~j ~~ ~ ~I ~ alAWI

. ~.l 30 ..,.g 0""905-890 ~J ~\ (a)

. de,:9.l 30 0...\1 ~J..JI c~ ~ J;~'Y\ (b)

. ( 0""90-75 o)p ~J.l ) cP-WI eu.J..11 ~ ~\ (c)

. LSY':'J\ ~I.wl ~ ..u~1 J~l (d)

. ..u....>+:J1 ~ a.c.L..., oJ.l 0""220-21 0 ~ 4\~1 (e)

wl....:!1.4-L ~ u1 ~j , ~...r,l 500-450 ~1 d.-1AWI c~ ~ ;;.l~1 ~

. ~I wlJl:="J1 jl ~I f'1~~ d..:-~b !I' d..4.s~ alAWI c-41 ~l...::.A

I Strength~I~~)'I44jwtw.)t -3

;;~.a ~ alAWI c~ u1 Yj , 0""540-430 ~ ~I ~ ~~ LSJ-:-3

~ :~~~ ..ill~ I ;,.:,; ;..:; ~ <Gl 'Yl ' ~).G.. ~I jl t~1 0A <...f.l.PJ1 ~

- 373
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~ ~~~I ~ l5~1 vu~1 rl~1 j_~..J ' vu~1 ~ ~~' ,,,---81

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- 377
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, ( 378 - I ) ~ 1.~y.1J (.)-"b.LJ\ ~1:9 4 p..l~ lSi ~L.Ah>j

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- 380
 Atomi percent. zinc

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II r

32.6

1001 UI
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Weight percent tin Lt;-'.....r'~IG........:.

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(386 - 1 ) ~

- 386
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. (Y'6..LJ1 w~~ J~ ~ ...l:!~1 ~ ~ (Y'6..LJ1 U.A ~

F-e + Cu 504 ~. F-e 504 + Cu (8)

I ~~~I~~l:'J=r:aI~

Electrochemical Theory of Corrosion:

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. Electrolyte c..:JJ.>l=11 lfl j.ol".J1
Fe ~ Fe+++ + 3e- (9)

Fe ~ Fe+++ + 3e- (10)

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(412 - 1 ) Jj~
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~ i-.l.7..u 0~ .;.:.LJI ~l.::J1 JIJ-~I ~ ~j' a..lblj..l.\ 4JW1 f-I~~\

.~I~

~~j , Polar Slushing d .. b:;j,,,,, ~ jly f-k...,~ ~y Jj~\ tr l jlJAj

j~! ji dJlj! LAi. Nox Rust, Rust Ban, Tectyl 4.LA DJ..:...L.c 4.:JL;-.:i ;L-'l--L.LJ~

j~~ L~cgj ,-:-,j-Uoll f-1~~I0-C f-I~~I,,~ -)~! "7 ~-:-9 alblj..l.\ f-I~~I

wl~j j~l I~ ~ u~1 a.fL.A~1 UAj , L~ ji ~j-b.;J1 Ji 0::-~ 2 '" L..,~I

~l:i jL:~ 4:.~ ~~.j , ~Ij ~Ij jWI Jo..C.La ~ ~JI 4..AWI J:~I

. d..;>~.;Jlj ~7.!",L..,~1 ~ ,JIjJ.1 0.~..;-d1 ji u>.J.fi=J1 ~i

~ d..;>~,.;J1 UA ~I ~ ~~I ~'~I WL-..JI.;p. ~I ~~\ UAj

. ( J b.;J I ~ ~ l: J..a..L11 ..Go:. 4....a \..;. ) ~ l:"Jj d.-,.a.;-tl \ wl,.L:....,J I

- 443
(4_~IJ,J!jtl) J=I:aI~I~

.f'.....-';'t4J'-'" ~~
}.
11 _...:s. ~JI ;u.

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'it ~t~ ~' ]. -'
~J J.
~, 200C

- ~~\
'ij
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~
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%
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to 1.
-- - - -- - - - - - - -
.. p p p p p

E
B
P
P
F
F
F
F
P
P ..
F
r, I~ t ~ P P lo' F
P
F
F I ~G
P
.. .. ..
P P
p p
PF
FU FG G a p p
FO
G
FG
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F
f'
p
Fa
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a F I F

- - - - - - -I' - -P - -P- - -F --- -F - --- - - - - - - - --- -Y-rY

G P P a p p P F'
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G G 0 0 Fa
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P F F F f F P F G G
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---- - - - - --- - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - -'---1.

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I:
G P
P F P P G FG FG
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---. : -II-~--li :a !-:: Il:II:;~I:)
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-444
 (~Wt ) uljJ.4r1 rrJb"t

..,~ ~" "'<5'...e:;I.'l.. I j .1 1 "t.l~c=::-.~c>t>l.P(

~C>'" ~j.;.l~J'" \':1
i : . .?'.!I' _ - .

I

~ _ 6/0 lUo/~

t \'1
-.:. :-:>'oc _ "_

'~I.l'e~
'i:lJil.~.\
-\ ' I-I ':.i t~\~
l'~ . .'1. ~~~ ~I ,Q "'-
~J, cr.T~'~"\'
~ j\1 ~ -1'" \ ~~
.----r~t' !:3"~' :~:} r~~~~ r~ ~r G~_I_r ~~
Low-<:!lrboa olecl. _.bearth
4S0 . p ;:> p I' P p l' l'
Iron or wroUllbt iron
p p p Pf' F p l' I'
Copper .."""I 450
Cr-e~~i cteel p
p p II p p P l'
Hot bl},lvs.ni:oo iron And steel
C:\~vr~ed iron

(j:~y ~t
and

- - - - - ,I
leon
tr~l
350
370
~-9 5'0 I85til \-P- -
"
-I'
~_I_:"~_J_'- -'-'i'~~-'I--;--'I-;--
I I' P
F l'
E Il~lo. G G
l:i::,:~ ciccon iron G+ ,. " P F F
N~cr:.d cast iron
Ni.Cr...cu C::l!3t iwti "
.,
[i'
I
I .
H; FG a
Chromium. ,;:o:.1.8L. iron 9501 g~o ~~~~ ----:---1---_-1----1-----1----,-1--1
!
~:jckel nteel
480 p P

-~~U~-
LO\7 nickel p p
F P
Hiy,b nickel .soa F I ---_.-
- - ----
Ch."ornium steels
4 to 5% chromium 650 650 e-s l' P
P P P P
7 :5C 750 750 G G P
l't
12 to B% ehromium
B iO 8("0 800 G a G I'
I'
P o I 0t

G e p
15 to 18~? chromium
23 to 30~{; ehrotnium IOO~~O ~!_o... E G E I'
I'
---------
E F
G

Ci~';'"vm~ulI1
B-oiJ%
nickel cteele
et 1870
86O!150
P
p
G
r G
a
G
G
13-~~h /}oO
600
0
I E I
I
F.
I P
F
G

a G
G
13-S%. ~I% l,{o
1~-12%
18-3&%
I1000 970 I 970 G
p
p
F
G
0
P
G

r-
F'
F
G I': E P P G G F
Z:;"l~o/., I
~6-~'\%
11700
12 (J 0 1 200 I J> r aG <: G F. P

~~~hnmc,.~.d " e,~c;18a/I---I~-I-I--, 1-;--1--;--)- E~-I~-'--

--------I---y-~---'--
I .,
----,I"-----_.--------,
E
E
P
F
PEL
E G E
~; IU,
,~,.,'c :~o;'ci:,\,)' puce alekel
l"~i!:!t,:: v.U:,):..~
\I(!{}
70 0
ltCQ
IIroc I P
I>
G GE

E
OE G
G
U P G I G

5001~1iJO FG fG p I' G
!'.::..t"'ll ~(.'~s.'
l';iC'hr~"';r:~ 5O-.!.-j,~~c:, 7 5cll~;(j
i>
i'
G
G
FE

~'
G
F F
"

t'.r IG
I;;~:.!'".d. ! ,~~:~, t:t-.rOl:;;,,~:.l ,~10"! 'jJ:;O E n E
r~~~:::(,:~~ ~~,:~:~;:hromi'.lal G I' G
I I E I
U !
a l
a Fa
--1---[--:---[------,---
CC'J'[ '~('::-C!2a, i~t:i~ CO,pP!i" Fa p f' }O' I I'O l' FG FG
COl~pzr ~'YD
I~l-.n.r."
,. I ,... FG P I f.' P
P
FG
10'
P
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FG
F
1''0
F
"I'd.lin brcece

p;.~'uC"r t-..orn
.... P I'll.' l' ro P FG f'G
00.1,,,,,, hroc.,.,
.. 0 l' F G P G G
.. I'G P P FG P ~'G FG
A~~;iU..n broo;,

Ni~~ ..t:l 6~~~'C.~

IP F GPO I G
___~.~~~-- __
~J~_~
.. (i
}.d.~.ili':l1t.y ni~-:.:t:..!

L~~
~ll:f--. J r.;-,}J.:,J6 t.:;.....::; t2.4' L:- p~c:-~

",,:':;..).~~,J~p !:~';~L.J"";;...~ F~ q:,>J..i-~ ~--'~

-445
 A nodio End .y~e..~:r 37 4-6% chromism steel, type 50]
1 Lithium 01' [;1)2 (aceive)
2 Rubidium ~~3
J2-14% (;h:~,:')l!lm steel, typefl
3 Potassium 403, 41~\ L1;G (active)
4 Strontium 39 16-18 % cl.rorniam steel, type 441)
5 Be-Mum (active)
6 Calcium
'W 23-30% chromium steel, type 44G
7 Sodium
(active)
8 Magnc:~ium. and its alloys
9 Aluminum
,n Indium
;'~~ Tha.Iium
10 Beryllium
11 Uranium ,13 Cobalt

12 Manganese ;4 r"j:-:es;.~-iij c~s~ iron

13 Tellurium 45 5j)-50~end tin solder

14 Zm~ 4G 17% Cr-7% Nl steel, type 301
15 Chrcrninm (active)
16 Sul:or 47 18% Cr-8% Ni steel, types 302
17 Gallium 303, 30-1, 321, 347 (active)
18 11'00 (Fo-t~) -18 23% Cr-14% Hi steel, type 309
19 fGalVanized stcel ! (active)
20 Galvanized wrought iron 49 25% Cr-20% Ni steel, type 310
21 Al-Z:J-M g alloys (e.g.: (active)
AI-75S) 2 50 18% Cr-12% Ni-30/0. Mo steel,
22 j AI-High r~g alloys (c.g.: type 316 (active)
A 1:J..- ;:;; )
'2.... 0' 51 lIastelloy "C" (59% Ni, 17%
23 A)-JAJ'.., Mg alloys (e.g.: Mo, 5% Fe, 14% Cr, 5% W,
AI~8) 0.1% C)
21 IAluminum pl\1~ V~iY low per [y~ I..~;;l.;l

ccntage of alloying ccnstitu ~)~ "r.~;.l

cuts (0.~.: Al-53f::.) 1>'; Iron (Fe+++)
25 lAlcb:::3 5;) IlydrQf}?!.1
26 Cadmium 5;~ ./.. r.~ifl.";::Jny
27 A!-Si-:'>iG alloys (o.g.: AI-35G) 5',/ .
r~; ::,~-:lP.i.~)
ZS Al-Cu :,!!(,~,S (with or without [>8 A~.'~ni;;
small :;..Jditicns of lUg) (e.g.: 59 Ii"llmi:; metal (60% Cu, 40%
lJ..2'1S) i '7"J'\
1" -"-'. , b (at'
29 AICt! c<:l:J~'G (with or without 60 i ."l"'~:5an:::'<1 ronze 66.51'0
small :::'d;~ions of Zn) (e.g.: i
I
Cu, 1:;{,
r ,_,
ze, 6% AI, 4%
!~1-i~0)
30 Al-Cu-S: alleys (c.g.: Al.10S)
31 l\-lild steel
61 B i;\: .:,:;: ' brass (,vld. of ~% Sn
I to I;,lur.tr. metal)
32 Copper steel 62 ', : : " " ,1 ( .. -.f;- e)
1.;.. ':.-.:..t,,; iJ,l.,;.:.!...,
33 S.A.E. ~11() 63 ' '::'J;~j :~i.l.::% Cr (active)
34 S./i..::::;..11-i-O 64 !:i t;,me] (,{390 Ni, 13.5% Cr,
35 Wrought iron G% Fc) (active)
[
36 Caet iron 65 8\)% Ni-20% Cr (active)

- 446
 c;; n:I.r.;;telio~r "A" (W% Ni. 20% S7 i'i~cord (pnseive)
N!, <.:~% :,'f~" ~::rl% Fe, 0.1":'0 , ",
(H.I f ;{)~~) 1\~~.,2~~~>J (~~!' (!Je..."ii!h;;,~)
C) ~:'~l ! r}~: ~ ~ r:..:. . .:.-!.:'~
I
.""1,",
87 I :s:w.elb~.. '"3" f6:1% m, 3G'?o ~ . :1 Monel (70% Ni, 30% Cu)
lvlo 5~~) !!e} o.i ~:.~ C)
t
S.:, 12-14% Cr steel, types 403,
68 .J Yellow b,:.~'" (~.s-7G% C;:;, 410,410 (passive)
'B (t50-1.E~~) f:;~!, C.75-2.!j%
. Ph, bab,~~;;: ::?;~)
~"::.~ I! 1G--]8% Cr steel, type 4"40
(;':\S5ive)
69 i ..~chnE.1r~1ty
~3)~
b~...s...,
Z;:;, t '~J So)
(',"1 % C~~, 0"
.:"1;.1
It , ,_<r-
~

-
" '" 7'" N'
-r.-)
(;:--.. :3:;;-.,rc)
Iv _ 1 S te c,
1 t ype 301
<

70 I Aluminum bronze (add. of ,," ('"1 sor:: dc,' typos

.-, v us3~2.v:m~,'W4, ~;;:~~7 (P::'
/>: <>n' -,.

2-2- ~% Al t-o75 % Cu-25%

Zn ~,!loy) sive)
71 lRed brass (85% Cu, lli% Zn) G5 2:3% Cr-140/0 Ni steel, type
12 Copper (-ic) 309 (passive)
'/3 Oxygen 96 ~:3-30% chromium steel, type
'/4 Polonium 446 (passive)
75 Copper (~U8) 97 25% Cr-20% Ni steel, type
76 Iodine 310 (passive)
rr Tellurium 98 18% Cr-12% Ni-3% Mo steel,
78 (SiliCOD bronze (1.0 to 3.0% type 316 (passive)
Si) &
79

80

INickel-silver
Ambrae (5.0% Zn, 20% Ni,
99
100
101
Mercury
Silver
Lead (Pb+-r + +)
balance Cu) 102 Palladium
81 170% Cu-30% Ni 103 Bromine
82 C{ Comp. G-bronze (88% Cu, 104 Chlorine
2% Zn, 10% Sn) 105 Graphite '
83 I Comp. M-bronze (88% 0.1, 106 Gold (-ic)
3% Zn, 6.5% Sn, 1.5% Pb) 107 Gold (~us)
84 lSilver BOlder 103 Platinum
85 Nickel (paesivc) 109 Fluorine
'---"3 60% Ni-15% Or (passive) Cathodic End ~.y~

~~ ~!~ ~lf

-447
 c;,
Y~ ~ l'dl?,;.~~
(':.)/~~J!Y

4.1 ""Jh ~J8=;"tt ~t#t

I Metals in Electromagnetic Fields ~t.i.I.l.t.b.~~1 u~~ I ~~ u!).14t1

Electrical ~~~I ~~I ua1p ~ <t.........u1.)..J1 ,,~~ ~~

. Magnetic Properties d.1",.!hi.tl ua1y.JIJ, Conductivity

~~ w\~ 4j~ wG~G wGJ:!! ~ -.;~ ~LaJLg , 1....9~ ~ l.o5'

LJ~ ~ (.;>'!I.!hi. oJ! ~~~ J4=-... ~~LaJl ".J....l, ,jJ-~~J' ~~ ;;.J-~

J....I~I ~ij' cLw...,1.),j I..::.)~ I~ ~lb .:.G.bJ ' w~4J1 ,,~yl.:;:i ~~

: ~ 45~1 ".J....l, ~ y,; ~\
. ;;.).:ill ~).;.JI )...ul ~ ;;,j~y.1 ~LS::iJ\ wLi~l ~lb - I

. Spin L2..)j=A J.Y"" wL:.~?lILJI.)j,j ~.)-"'- - 2

. Hysteresis (.;>'''.16i. I IJ ~~.J-8s:J1 J~Il.:...::t~ -.;.:..JI Uk-.::JI JI ,-~~I - 3

I Electrical Conductivity ~y~1 ~~~t

~J . T(.7",1\'L.l~.l...J""'...')-6-=
, .)-"'- ULJ ~I ~.....:JI JL..a:i..j1 U\.,:g"~
... .rr: ~~LJ. ~ ,.<'1\ J.w-"l
_ .JjJ\

<lJ 4j.l.1 j-LiJ1 ty ~ ~.)-"'- d..As\.,:g ~jj:i ~I wGjys:J?JI J wL:.J:!~\ ~.c. ".J....l,

... I I.,.
~~~~
LaJI ~~
,:.. . t ( i~'
~
I ) f~. I'q2(,'a'(..:r~
n_ t ( 449 -
I') I :.
~...uJJ

. 4.;i~~1 l~y

wGJ:!i L....l ~~I w~ J....WI ~yILJ~ ~11I ~J:!~I ~~I (.~j

. ~I ~J ~ wGJj-~?lLg u-iJ~?l1 J:....:>J::JI ~ L..i . 4Yj\ a.~L..,

. ( d.,0l3 ~o i ) t y fi 19- J 0 x 1,602 = LJJ..rl-~?l1 4..L:~':;'

-448
 ~~~,.J,
.".;....v~...,11 .,.;~~.~
Conrfuctors Semiconductors Insulators
:1'
.r~ rk~ ~. \.~
Q \' V a'J' l'
.~
~ 1
!
.J:

lS
,\''!l
~~~.)
1 J
\1- ], 'f J: .~
~
t;oo,
& c::
E;
t:J
t:I~~,
., ~ 1 ~
u
..
~ 0'"

~
C,J

,,<:J~~ ~ Ct) ~ V; 2i :5l'e I ~ <'5

L- I I ! I 1 I I I - I. , I I
/0" to -4 fOoZ ,00 '0 1 10' '0' /O~ fCP fO" '0" ,~ ro 2rJ
ResistIvity, ohm.vm (log scale)
~->~"J V"'~ I'"'"' i".J 1~u..#I4.0.J1A.l.1

( 449 - 1 ) JS:":'

b..:=..ta I~~ ~ ~~ u~ ' 4 L ji 4.~ u~ ui LAl wlj~~\ ui ~j

o ..)-A.... I. -_~tI a.....L~
'JLJ ~..:r-'"' ".
.
.)-Aj-J...J ( 19-10 x 1602)
' . ~c"'~1
()~.
~.l",r"
A G.j~
.
I .~. Ie'!
~ (..J-->'-'
aJ."....-
:::11 ~I ~ (n);; -tl wljJj-'-'.
"j:.;------'
-SJ~I ~ . "I...J
~j-J Ij-JL.' ~
I. -~ "-~
.rr:
is.:01

. (mobility) /l J.W1~".r ~S'..;->JI ~l:9j (e)

(Ohm.m)' = cr ::: wl.J.C">-.~1

o := ne ).1 / w ljj),:j$J!::: 11

. ~ lj GJ~ / C:!.J-A.,;:u.::: /l

I ~~~l ~~l - ~Ji

, d..:jLill aJWI ~ Lo ~ ~ wlj~~\ d.S'...P" 0"uLi ~ ~I..;->J\ ~LbJI ~~

~JIJ' iS~~1 wlj~~\j w1J .:.w 1 ~~.tI ~1...Lb..............)U wlj~~ll.-.:a~~!

wlj~~~luj...:g! ~~~ ~ ~I U:O~ I~L~ l.lJ.:.u ~ ~ (450 - 1 )

~Ij 4y c.:.,.jlS' I~l ~L.JI ~\ ) 18i~! k.f, t~ ~>L: is':,d1 L.-9.)oJ\ ~! '7J~

tWJl~ ~~~I ~~I ~1..:9 ~1~j.3 ui ~\ lrj , ( 450 - 1 ) J~ ( ~~

J.:.....oJ..:.11 d. ~ :b uj...:g ! J~ a..:i ~j. wlj~~1 JoL...:.j ~~~j~ I~ c)~1 4J~

w.....:i ;;~I wlj~~\ ..J~ ~~ \~ ~~~I ~jill ~....uJ~ ~ ~.9=!~1

. wlj~~\ ~ JWI ~ ~ ~

- 449
 ctr-~ ~ ~-W=:--~-t
-B) ~ q:J-4)
+}- , cr;:4B ,)B <)
CR,/:B CR.. \ ~ c) --C+
+) ---(f) <f ~ w'GJf
~~it1r:p eI
+ + + + +
(n) (b)

No external elect. field In the presence of elect. field

.A;..o ~u~ J~ ~~ ~ ~t...~ J~ c:r9 .l~.jlt ~i:i

(450 - I ) ~

1~~~I~Q~I'-~~~

wG~l ) ;;->-.,JI wGJ..>AJ?l1 j~J.).c. GAl ';~~I ~-,lJl ~.L.QL;.. ~..j

~~ ~ ';~.J-+S' ~ ~ ~,j..W1 wG>:1 ~ (~j~?l\ jl..iJ1 JI j..~~1

I~J ' (#1 ~ ~y.1 ~I.~ ~ ~LuJI ':..lGj~YI u~ , lS~ ~

~ wG~?l1 d...S'~ J.P-: La ~l.c. ~>: ~ \j!J . j..W1 j;.lj ';LJ~ jL;i IS~

~..JI ~t..:; ~ ~ ) 4-:L.c.J-"-" ;;jl-:,lj ~ w~';; ~y.1 ~I ~ Ls~~\

, wG.J:!L: ~~ ~ r~ wGJ.-~Q?l1 c.J.Al ~J ' ~4.i ':I L<> ~1 ( ';l-;l~1

, lAljl~\ d..LuJ jl.;jj! ;;j~ ~ wLi.J:!)U 4~J ~~I ~lb 0-A I~j-~.~

, ( H = 12 Rt ) j~1 jj>l ~ d.:!.;1~ ULb ;;j~ ~ j..W1 ~ ~ La I.J.AlJ

~..JI ~ JjL,.:.l1 ) ~.? ~li:;1 ~ a~ ~l:i a..c.j-W' ~1 wGJ~)lI.~:LuW ul ~J

J..u..~ j..W1 ~ .)L.,;JI r..5~ ( wG.J:!~~ 4-->\~1 0-C. a~ ,~,~I L_~W!J ~l:~1

jAl..c. r..5IJ. ( rJ1 u~u ) ~I ( ~\ ) ~~~I L.~I..JI ;;.~\ t:'" '-;-U-Ul.u:! ~l:i

~~ j..W1 ~J!.A.A..u~ ~ wGJJ~)l1 rl~~ wlj-,=~I jl~l jl.;jjl ~~ ~J=

- 450

wlJj ..l~j ji (j.W1 ;;).? ~J..l tL2:iJ~ ) ~1y.>J1 wljl~'il >~. ~LJ~I

l#' j.Li.U ..lJ~1 ~ u.llJ1 ~I jl ~-,ll j.WI ~ ~.m~I.).Th 0A -s~i

uI t:-'"~ I~ 0Aj , ~~~ I ( J.:.t..::.yJl 44l.1l 0A J1Ai 15 i ) J.:.t..::.~J \ L j ~ ..uy

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~jj ~ ~ ~ ~ ~j 4.:9 LbJ1l"? U::7 ~\..cJ1 ~ 'j uljl.4lI~!:.79

~~~I ~J\ ~ ..w:. u'jj~ ulj~~1 ~ ~ ~ 4.r.c' ul~
, dJjWI uljJ.4l1 ~ o.J....1lj , cGA-f.-:g ~ 'O~ I~J....L>- l.f.1J~ jj~ l~! ~! ' I~)L.;JI

. (457 - 2) ~

l4i1)~ UlJo l"? U::7 ul~1 (J~r ~ 4Jj...c. ~)..\ ~ Jjl~1 U=!L~J
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. Jj.Ll1 ~:l7 ~ cJ1l

: Semiconductors u~..911 j)~~i

0 1'OJ).~1 ~~ ~I UAJ ' ~~~\)liJ1 ~y ~..\) u~y l.,4kl ~ ~

u~"t I oL......:;,~ . ~ ~ r. .
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~I~l ~ ~~I 4.:9LbJ\ l"1~1 ..w:.j" ~L;9j 'O)~I u~.)..\ ~

. 'O.r!OlLA ~~~ d.:glJo 01! ~~ jl ~ jl 1'~1;;~ (Y'l;9 ~

'OcU:.L..A ~~ IJJ..\ d..:J1~1 a:9lbJl (.pj:i u~~\ ,,~1 u~L:.. ~ (~J

0~1 4JG. ~J" ~lJo l"j-.> 0::' 'O~I d~l)~ ~ uLij~~1

~lJo l"? 0::' ul~1 ..L..:i ':J).L.a~1 o~i UAy.:...i ..\..Lc.j l"~~lj l"~iL,~lj

o~IJ" -b.A....9 ;;)~I ~)..\ t!'J-.

j
lA)j--t--C- uljj~~ ~ <lil ~)..J ~
r:-JI 3)J->- ~)..\ ~ ( 4J~ ~;;~ w~ ~I YJ ) dJjk .4.3 o.J....1l..:~){.....a~\

~L:9 ..\1..\j.3j' ~lS"~;. ,,,j 4;:;' 1<",' u~j-ll ~ UA L;-l~ 4.iS'Jj. ~..\Wl
. ).-8-'.a,j~\ 4..:.,.)..\ ~ ~)J-"" ~)..\ tLi3)~ ..l\jb~ ".J....1I ~~jj

2RI0 = n (n) ~J~~I jLiJI j-~..0 ~ ~Lu:i J.:.--..a~\ ::L~u 0 1f"\~j

o~i ~J' JjI~ 3~/0J.r=LS:.I! 7 10 =n ,3~1 u).l.<a-J-41J 3.r=wo/(jJ~!

. 0:..wI0;;.J....1I u::-: ,::,,~y.1
- 458
 ~ r~i....L...:i.;J1 w~y.1 <l~i tl..~i ~i L,rA L~ 0~..JIJ rJ-=.il.A~\J

~, ",~~I...bl..;Wj~4 ~I r~LA~1 d_)~ Jo+iYJ' ~~?1\ ;;~~I

)...Lli ~ ~ 4 l~ Lj~l 32 ~..l~ r~l.A.>-~1 ;;j~ ..:.Jl.iJ~l ) , ( 460 - 1 )

( Jlh.11 j.....i....aJ1 ) ~ a,(., ';;'...J.\ ;;)~I w4-j..l ~~J' ("p~1 a...:-c~j lSi ~jW\

. (jl..:-"ilJ ~l.i ~J:! ~ ~! ) ~~y\ <l;..g~ l>A ~yl ~ ~j~ I'.~LA~I ~

~ ~I~I U\.kJI <loU 0~ , (~I 3)~ a~j..u ) ;;)~I 4-j..l t~j4J

l5)J cGLS~ l>A .D~I ...b4Jj~\ wl.i~! J..>i ~~)l.b.i~ .Ll~1 Jo4i)~1 ",.!b?-..:L.!
r~LA~JI ~ dJ~ rl4i?J d...Aj)U1 :UlkJl t:l:WJ' ( 460 - 1 ) ~ ( lll~ JI ) ;;~
~i a.s:~1 3j4l1 c~J' ev 1,22 0~1 ~J' ev cJ~ 0J.>-.:DJ1 0,75 ~

JA.i ~ ~L;..
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0~?J I~ 3j4l1 coU ..l~jg . 3~1 ..:.Jl.i~~ ~ ~ jL;J1

lS~ \.:.t~J ' ~~I cG~ ~ lSpi ;;~ L5):i \ til; ,~,l .D~I ;;jJ~ ;;j~ ~

JL.il. ' ~'+.!~ lSpi ..:.J1~.D~;;.)-4 JS' ~J ' dj4l1 ~J ~l:u.o wl.iJ~?11

, wl~1 4...5'~ <l~1 ..lLA: wl.i~?J1 a.s~ <ll~1 0 1l:.~IYI LJAJ ' ( 460 - 1 )

~ ~.u.:uJ' 4..$'~1 3~1 ..:.Jl.i~?J1 ..l~ tA d~1 ~..LClSJ~ 0 i (~J

4.i~ wL~IJ)~1 <loU j~ ~J ' ( 0~! -;;.JA ) rlJ) ~ ~)I'~J:! 4 1 Jj-4JI

.-:JI J , un dSp ~~ (p 0~1 ) n yJlu, L~J..>I . jL:=J.1 w)l~l.i 31 w).lAb.
~ 3J).\..cJ' 3jW,?J1 ~ ~ 4fiJJ' /-lP a.5"~ ~~ (w\~\) P ~~
. ~~ ~ ~ J~I jL::JI 0~' , dS..>-...J1 c~1 ~ U:!.I~ ,..dJ~

J = ( n 11 n + P /-l P ) e = o e = jL;JI;;~ 01 lSi

e =~ / cJjg ";l;~1 J4J1
P : ~I.>=J.I ~ wlj4l1 ~;:.,

n =~I.>=J.\ ~ ;;~I wl.iJ)-.g)l1 'r.f,y

s =: ~.iJ1 ~L9

cr=(n~ln+p/-lp)e n = P \.4:L.. ~~ ~5J
 Free electron
}~. Covalent Va/en"e .;; ~~, Ge __ b~\
c::,.J~' bond Ge ~/ectrons ~ i;J.

-_!.- ~ - " Ge e-~- -;'0'8'~ -~'e Ge
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(460 -1 ) ~
 ( ;;j-A - u.~l ) c::j)-l ~yJl ~ ~I ;;).r-- ~j.l ...G..:: ~11"'.J-~1.A~1 ~

dJjJ ~j , ;;)..r-JI ~j.l tLa:ijL: ~yJl I.:u. .lI.l.J:!j , ('.~1.A~ ;;j~ 10 lO x 5 JSJ
tLa:ij')J\ I~~j , ('~lA~1 ~ ~ ~j.l ~ 1. 5 ~ dJ~ ~j . Jt-.~jjJl 4yU
~ L:..L..i uA!..L9 lS?i u~i ~j' ~j-ll~:u ('1...L.~Il.J-" ~ ..L9 ~~I
;;.J.:~I l~l.....=. .).:. L:..L..,i ....L...Wj ~I Thermistors dJG. ~ ~ ~I~I
ui ~~Il.J-"j , Ni O,Mn 2 0 3 & Co 203 ('h.:i--...3 J! ~ Impurities ~\.~I .l~.,J

~ ~ ~ ;;)..r-JI ~j.l tW)'-;l ( ~~ ) .l1..rbL: .lI.lj.3 J-:.JA~1 wlj-WI L j l:4..A

. ~i d.:9~ ~~ l~ uA! ~~')JI I.:u.j , cl)-Lo~,1 "L~Y W.ljjl L..6" ~AjW\

~ ~w ~I ~L:~I....-Jlj..ul ~ Thermistors w).L......o~1 ,,~I J~.l~j

..L9 , ~: lS..uj ;;j I~ I 4 j.l j-:!-i:i y i ~j--tJ l~ ~ ciJ)l~I .).:. L~Y
c
. u-u l 00 ~l ~

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b.lj~L: ,,\.jlj~ ~ J=.e J>.:i ) lSy>..i j.JA~ l.J-" w1j~ d.ilL..a~ y>..1 ~ ji ~;;

u~Lg. dJjJ ~Ij SlL:i...c u46-= U~lj ('.njl.A~lj (Substitutional

~ dJ.#...... <GcgLb ('y.. u1 ')JjL.:. .a:3 ' Covalent I.!J~I ebL:-ij')JL: <Gljj eb+i~
~ J..i..c wGj~~1 ~1 ~~ <LtJG. w~ ...... ~ ..L:>:-~ 'ij , wWj.rAJ~L:

ji u~jYI ji j j a'" all l.J-" i~ ~ jl:iT UI~~.1 cPJj (,.~L:.r4U1 ~I

j-A j~.;J1 ~ ui ~jj-Ll.1 0-""j . ( u~1 t:: :G.lj'?'L: 4':'" ,.IS' '-:Jj~ ) t~.-II
, (462 - la) ~~I, ~) u~1 ~ ~_)L.;JI .,)..1A ~ wWJ;;s:Jl ~~

~ d.J Wl5:A ~ ')J ( ";~1 ~~ ) j~1 ~ -..GljJl Uj..r:&J,?,L9 , ( 642 - l b)

u i Uj.l d... .:!ll.hl\ i"~ l.J-" ;;.J.:~ <u~ J~I ~1! .fb,;'" 2 ", Uj~1 ~1lLb ('~

[~L: ~ci d.:9Lb w~ ~1 JIZj)lJ d..JAyiJl uj~~1 I~~ ..I.~ ~l:JL:j , ~

('~j-lYI d.ilL..a) ~ ~ i..L:J.L:j' ~LJ~I ~I ~ ..Li~ ;;.J.:~I ~j.>J1

ui JjL.....i..;> , (462 - 2) ~, ('~1.A~ jl u~.....u f'J:!...LJYlj \"3-:14-1Ij uj)~lj

('~ lS~) .l~j ~ lSjJ\ j-AYI ~Ij u~l ~ lSi, .)).l; ('J-t-'..c.,JY\ j11l5:.:i

- 461
 Si : Si : Si : Si ai, ts ~ dJL....:,.. (.;r9 U L..bJI
... .. .. .'
Si : Si : Si : Si
- - }
I.J.A ~J' (uJ~Jl ~)
} JL.... a.:i ~ :L......o,J-..i.J1 ~
~~ @: ~~
Si : Si : Si : Si ~~} JL.LW)U ;;.IJ-.":,,j-ll wljJ.0SJ~

~~~, ~ ~ I ULbJ I W~-'-"-<l ,)1

(d~.;..G\; ~') J.=-+b.:i ..w:. Lj->J I ,..J.A j;.1.I
(462 - la) ~ (462 - l b ) ~ t~jJl I~J ' ~4~1 ~I

~ &b: w).L.oj-ll ,)~;" i 0-"

~p~~
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, (p) Acceptor ~~~\ j\.;-hJ1
~- - ) ~~I J..:lL..J1 JJ~I tJ-'l1 l-iJ
Si : P : Si : Si
-) ~~ j ~ ~ '-= Is.iJ1 ~
~i~s;
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js~ 'S:
f/., ;;

Si , S; \ } dJG.. ~. I~ ~a I)I~

&:M.&:& ~ } , ~IO')1 \;.J--=:- t4J (n) jl~

~~ @X0~.i ~~u~.rl ~~I "'::..A>c.~j
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(462 - 2 ~) ~ liA ~~S'~~ j i 0=) \.;-bJ I )l5

- . 'Ij-'-'
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, ~WI w4~.JJ1 wl~ a~".~bi.4..r&5J1 w4-j-l1 wl~j Rectifiers J~\ c:"'\..b.~j

~ L...i:i.rf.lj ~11"'4~Il>-c ~Ij' a,;.,.;:,... .J.I ;;)~I w4-)..\ u-,,4-~ ~j

ULb ,)1 ~~?Jlj 4.:J1~1 ULbJI j.J~j , d.L~ wl..:9~ ~J 4:i)..r-
~~I J=....ajLJI ~ 4:u...rJoj (.;r9 ;;~~I ..LoU.Uj' (a2,,!q~!l\ wl;:}~1 ) ~4-*

~~. ~I ....u...)~j ~jJl .l~j~j I"'J=-i~\~!"l\ ~~ij Photoconductors

- 462
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~-.r/-..~~Rj.c,. . ..!
~ J A-ror. ii:/ '1..~ 5 _
1)'
... . :~::o'c
,,~,-
.
C
U
.} ~_
C er> ~IU.-
2CI 3F
--
\11
--

U0 _' --1.... _

C1 ..L 1.
o 2;,0 500 O
';_YI ~,....,-' "C
TD
... i'-
r:?
- ., .-
11
10' 0
~ .J/-:J;~J:'J ",:~

(468 - 4) ~ (468 - 3) ~

*" ~~ ~\"

-468
 ~~J

u!).l4U'4J,uJh ~t ~t#t

Magnetic Properties of Metals

I (,.w-~l.itl J~ I ~ u~1

W4-J~1 dol ",.(bi' 4 ~I~ (.>"'olbi' 4 J~ ~ ~.I~J ~ wlj-LiJ1 ~

l.!.1.I~J' ~ ~I (.>"'olbi. l \ J4--11 u=o).~p'9l ~J ~I-,:! \ 8';"" !9, ~

p'9l ~~J dol"'olbi. l \ wl.l~Ji Diamagnetic d~"""'olbi' 4\:.1 ~ ~ J.1.b3

;;L...a........J1 tl~~1 .Dl..lA.J dol "'olb j.11 ~I.-JI wl~ -si Paramagnetic dol "'olb i.i..4I).:,
. Ferromagnetic "-:!...I:!~~

llj. ~JY'" (.>'''olbi' 4 J~ --41J3 u.e. aJ~.Ll~ ~~* ~ JS' J-.tj

4.i~ ! (Spin) L;lj.-LA ~ JY'" JJ-u ( ~~~I ~I ~L., ) L:JljJ~~1 ~lS"

wlj.W1 J$' u~J . .,)..u ~ u~~1 c.a JJ...I:! I~ol 'iu L'~ liilj ~ ~ Jl4i
~l..;U ~)lJ, dol '''olb j' 4 ~Ip 4J u~ u i F l.!.1.I~ u~, wl.i~j ~-S~

, 4 J L;J I dol '''olbi.11 w~4--1\ ~t:J ~J4-:ij ~~J 4:u-~b ~ ~I.,..>JI,,~

. ;;Jfi.:u.1 'd)Ul1 tl~~1 vll ~.4i ~I -S.JJI .J-4~\

I Diamagnetism 4_l.t.U_4.b i.i4~..u1 ~I~t

~~ JJ~..J' ~Jj->-JJ~ ~w~d.j~~uJ~~1 u i lj~~ui~.,

~ (.:r~i u~ ' vlJ~ i~ ~J . uIJJ..u1 ,,4-:i1 ".I~ ,,~I ~ ~.....u-:.Jo.:...u

.I~ (.:r'L:J~J' .I~ -SJ.J-=-O UIJJ..l;J ~J)~J! j-,~ ~ ~J~?ll wl)..l.41J

.I~J J..i.c.J ' ( 470 - I ) js:...:l. , ~ ~ ~>L..J ~ ~~I ~I JL:-JI

- 469-
~ -s~ dJJ~ 0~' ~JL.;. (.;>"' .:bj; ... J~~b c..~ tyJl 1:U1 LJ-4~

~J-A ~ ~'1\ C'" ~LuJIJ W>..b.i '";-l~ I.:u. ww~?lt ~Jj.l ~I..ul ~.r--JI
ww~?ll d)..LA ~ a.:gLbJ\ ~ tL2:i) LJ-4 ~jA dJ6. Jk.: -SjJlJ-AYI , l~ J..'\'
DJ~ ~ J~ LA I.:u.J . J~I ~ ~~?ll ~Jj.ll I.:u. ..l~H ~! ~~ l>-~ ~

~ J1..L:u-J. ~).~I J~I ~ wWJ~?l1 ".:u. ~ -S~l j.LiJ\ LA~~~L;:;

w~~ a.: 'n .:bi; 11..b~1 D~ ~L:U LJ-4J' 4.! II' .:bi; 4l:..l~LaJ\ ".:u.

"~~J' d.:,,,.:bi; ... l:..l(.)""I_p- <lJ~Ji~ ~ -s~ LA...Li.c. d....,~).~1

~~J' 4 J j wW~H d).Jo.A J\)J.A ~ -s~ ~I ~La.ll J.S' d.,~~L;.J1

U:::' ~Lu.ll ~L.;. ~ DJ)\....c. I~. wl)..ul ".:u. ..lJ...c. ~ IS;.! II,.:b;; "~!..l ~J..l

0fi.: ~Lu.ll I.:u. 0 i YJ ( wl.jJj-~?l\ LJ-4 w..l~ \j! ) DJjJ\ DI..,.uJ ~JW\ J~I
,
...~
, _. JUL.7
\", ....,\" \.. _11" 1 '" I -
4. "J:.r- ~J..l t~JI.;' d.: II'':
t.,
It
I ,'I
"\.2...u
~ ._1'
~L.>
"f-.,,,,,
j-lL......U 4J
"d-'~
~
'.
I~

-_.-
.s ~-----

:( ~3>-'---~

~-_.

1 ~-?----
~~

~ ~
.... -C:0
QJ

~ & <~~-

Fe ~~~
C:::!:3 <::0
~,..
C:.0 <:i:>
C:0
(") ~ <!'---3~

~-::",...... Wl ~..u. '

_ . v':::'~ ~-."'........ ~"

Nonmagnetic Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic

(470 - I ) ~

-470
 I Ferromagnetism ~~~w.tU"'l,I#t

...l.:!~1 j:<.A ,.:.dj...Li.l1 ~~ ~ D~ d~ ,,,~bis 4 ua1y.. 4J <-:.J1j.W1 ~ ~.s"2

~ u i ~j' a~ ((,~b;sll y\..b:g)U y~ ~ ("~.,lj..l4Jlj ~~Ij (.~Ij

W ~. ..u...L:>J1
-
'..("1
U~j .(
~ ~ ~ )
f..l~1..uIL~:III.~-.. I .
'"&;'
Jo..i:L:o..JJ ~
_ _ I"
,Y"'Y"

Ferromagnetic ...l.:!~1 ~l ~ CY...l.:!~ d....i..dl "~lA ~ ...L4..9, <-:.Jlj_LiJI ".:u.

l4;1 ~~ ~I wl)..ul ~ ~~ -=.dj.W1 ".:u. ~j' ..l;!..L'>JlS a~,,,~bjs'l wlj.1~ lSi

J.4..:jJ ~l..:Ll~j , ~I.)j..l ,,4-3 1~ J.4.:D ~..I~I wGjj--Al?l1 ".:u.j , ~..I~ wG.'J ,<::""11
ua1p D.).ill uJ ~L:J~j , ( 470 - I ) ~, 4J~ D...I.>j-A a~ ((,~b jill ~~J>-e.

, a ~ '" ~b is '11.)~1 aJG. ~ W ual.PJ1 ".:u. ~L.....S"1 ~1 ~L.JI Uj..l ~~

~..l;!~1 wlj.LiJ1 ~ wl.).:.Jlj, ~ I~,,~k.is'l aJWI db ~ ;;.).:.JI.)l.p.c.II~-9

~ ~ Magnetic Domains a~ ,,, ~bjs 4 0-J-9lj..l ji;;~ <':'ll...L:>-j ~ ~~

, (473 - I ) ~,( ~~ 3fAS-1O x I ~ ~ ~ w~) a~,,,~k.jsIlljtA~

0-J..J1j..J1 ~~ j.c u'" ~b is II "-".>-c- ,,~I ~~ \+4 ~lli......A ulJ::'.l JS'j

,( 474 - 3 - I ) J~i ,~)~ (,;;>((,~b;s'l J~~t:i ~j.W1 ~~ ~ 1~1 LS~~I

~ ~ ...\..:lo.1.,l1 u",~bisll ul~..J1 ~b d~ (('.lkjsll ("~I ~ lS.).:.J1 ~1~II.:u.j

~ u",~bisl\ ("yJl ~ji ~t;j~J' ~G~?l (,;.)~I ul.)j..ul ~L,p-.':; l>A a...a.~1

lS~ ".l~ lS.)~1 ul.)j..J1 ~ J.91~II.:u.j. WI.l I',,, .It.,i S 'I ~ lS.:u101~..J1

lS~1 ".:u.j , Exchange Forces ~WllS..PJ1 ~ , <W.lp a....u.&'l..A ji ;;.~l...AA

0-J..J Ij..uI 0-Jp .l~l .)...c. ~ ~L.=..J~j , ("~I ji ~I.':; JS' ~ JJ~

wljl~)U j...Li.l1 uarLi ...Li.c. 4J.,..,u.A ~..J lS~ L.5'W1lS..PJlj. ~ha11

lS~\ ".:u.lS~ -Uj' ~~I wljl~~1 ji (;;.).>-.,JI 4.)..1 tLi:i) ) ~I.~\

,wl.)jjJ d.!,,, ~k.j; 1\ ("j...-JI ~ ~~I~.) ~ ~.::J\ ~ F ~ <L......S'WI

;;.)j-5'.:.u I w 1j..lAJI Jo L..w....:..\ L.J-'l ~'= \.i.A.j . a.! ((t ~ b j ; tI 0-J-9 lj..J I u.P ~ (,) ~ ~J
. (475 - I ) ~, ;;)~I <-:.J4-.).l L.J-'l ~ .lj...l.> ~1 d.:,,,.:hj;ll ~:31~

- 472
 L S4~ I L cJl:J

-0 - ,e
N

, .
e 0 i i t + t
~ -- f t t t f
ri. + t
~
~

,~
- 0 f - t t t t 4 . t- l --+J-.
~ 10 - I

- -. f f + f t
@
+ + +
0 t f 0 f f t ~ t t t t L
-- I. "IAJI',
~
N cJ~ I J S~:;r
,,".Q~~~ I
f

~I I
Demagnetized Magnetized Magnetizer/ion
reversed
( 474 - ] ) J-U ( 474 - 2 ) J-U
1''71 -::-<0# ( 474 - 3 ) J-U

.:I
1 /licJ:rl~

COIx," ~.,r

~~~~,.)

(474 - 4) ~

~ ~~j 01 ~1 ! d 2 (I' 2b i 1) .-;1~ c.:9Y I ~ ..u.:i a..:~~1 wljl.cJl,

0

,(~I...I.A."a....c...~'i)I~I~wG~("1\
~ cr: _. :ll"' "fr' .) j~. ~ (I...
~ ~~)l' ._~_ ~
.J-:;-LJ.. L~.i..AJb
....
0i~! 4.:~~1 ual.PJI..ill~ ;;j~ (d.!,,,.!t... i;41).~I4..l6.) ~..I~ ~dj ~

~..J' ~I ~.)L.;JI u(l'2 b ii .t! J4J1 JIJ..>.:! JjjJ d.!",.:bi 9.A1.)l..;J1 ual.~I,,~

. eb.Q.;) 4.: ~~ J..:o:..Li11 <1..L.::> ly.. j.Wl

: ~~~! ~~ ~ 'S4.!,,,;;i ~ 4.:~J..~1 ..I1_~lj

. (db:."ll L~~ ~ ~ ..ill.:.Dj) U~\ ~ ..\Iy (a)

. (abji 4 lt ~.W ~ ~ -ill.:.l5J) aha.!. I ~ ..lIJA (b)

- 474
 ~ ( B a...b..i...t.l14jjj H aloj.~1 -Sj_~1l0~ ) a.h.Li.l.1 ~ ~J ~~j

~ d..1>..Li1\ ~jj jljj..:i abjiQI\ -S.J1 Ojl:.H cGI ~ 4..b...i.il.\~, OjU (475 - 1 )
~~ ( 475 - I a) ~ a to j i QII -s~1 ..:J.lIjjl ~ ,,~ jljj..:i ':l LJ::-tr-4 ..L:io

cJ.J.Ji 1:IU' (a J ,,' Jbi.1ICrJ..Jlj..u1 wLA~1 ..L:io-p,,~ -S.JJI ~l ...L> ) u..illl

,
a..b..L.a1 ~jj ~ J~I dl~ ~ ~ (475 - lb) JLiu ~)..Li abj. QII -s.J1
~ ~i~ ~ abji~1 -s.J1 ~ ~j' 4b:. QI\ -s.J1 J'w-.>..w..oJ1 ~1 ~ ~

jly.1 a..~ "~j , ( 475 - Ie) ~ , ,,~':l' ~ -...9~1 t-" <Luwi.j J:lW\ ~\
~.Li..I.1 J~ I tjl..b:i 41 ~1 ~ Soft magnet ( u..JJ I U "J b j; 1\ ) ~ I ~
y~\ a.._.d~ ~ ~li.A jl~1 "~j , Hysteresis J-l~ -SIUj j "'-:' ;;j~~1

a, ""bW\ Jo.,h;JI ~ ~ ~~ ~ ..4W .;<11 ~I.:~\ u)t~ ~..l.;!...L>J\

\~J ) a..:;~1kI1 ~ l..U Ujj lSi QS" ..1.11 .lI..~\ ,,~ l:1j..A UAj , ;;_~I w)t~

~ .11.,.1.1 ,,~ tl~i ~i~ ( o)y>- ;;j~ ~ ~ ~~ w':l~\ ~ ~La..... W~j

. Armco Iron ~\ ..l.;!...L>J1

IlQ

"
:\
~ ..+
B

H -1= -1.. B

b
"
'I
H
/
1'1 - H

1- I + c
- I +
N ~;.~
- I +
I \

IOJ (e)
<a>

(475 - I ) JS'-~

, ( ~I_ul U"Jbj ill) (476 - I ) ~ ISibi.Q ~ ~I jly.1 dJG. ~ LAl

c..i..J.J11~Jj' Bmax ~\ ..L:io- ~ ~\ -S~\ jl:jj~ jljj..:i ~I ~jju~

~ J:l ~~ ':l d..h.a.11 ~jju~' ~I~) j..Ai~,." k.,u..G d.hLW1 -s,..4J1

-475
c4-3'11 ~ d J '''Jhi. Q i.S~~:i ~ l+Jlj~j Br + ~l;J1 d J ," Jhi ..ll ~

~ dh;. Q,11 i.S~1 3..\~j' Br -~~I d 2 "'2I,.,j;.11 (.;rk ~ (....:c.. He - ,~\

, Bmax ~\ ..L> ~ Jj~1 (J'-&ll c4-=i'11 ~ ~~I J...Ai ~I "4-3'1\

~ a 2 '''2 hi.l! 0i..illj"S' ~ y:...u:J1 ~ ~I i.S.P-l1 ~ J...Lc i.S->-,;,\ 3.J-Aj
d...h.L.i.l\ ~ 01 i.Si He + dh;.4-4 i.S~ ~ ~ ~l.c. ~~jl' Br - ~y~1 ~

b~ ~ ~l..bJ1 ~ ~ ~l~ i.S.JJ1 Hysteresis 0J....,..uJI ~L....o: l.A~j

~I ..\Ij-llj , ( 476 - Ie ) ~ , l~1 ~ l.A.)--'oA~ (.;r""'J1 ( d..b~~1 };UWI

L:.~ ~ J:t ~ 3~\ w'1L~ ji w'1~ ~ '1 L~L;JI ".j.~ 4J

." ~
cr: '~.l\
J - "~I
. ~L;J\
.. c\.'
--0':'
(~ '..:r""
-:1\ ..\\.1\
Y' ~ ~i.
J WIJJI wLw....,.-Jo.L.i.tI
- ..

~ ~ ~ .l.)-;!-'-" LS, l.A~J ~#ll.ill4-UJj.G37j5'~

H /J
8

B...... ~
lQ
B. I -:"
,/
,
+ I I 11
I 11 115

+ + - I +
II
(b}
(el
(a) ~I..ul, ,C1 Ib.i.ll

(476 - 1 ) ~

wlj-WI )~ (.;>'" Jhi. Q J~.~ i.S.J.Th ~ ~j ~ i.Spi a...,p.w UAJ

~ ) ~4~ 4:.JL....o.c! wl}_::i ~.4J1 I.J.A ~ ..uy:; .G~ , ( "l~.r?U J:.u.<>~1 3~

.:.G.i ~j l.JJj. ( ~L4...Q ) 3)? l)l J~ (->-=-uJ.1 J4J1 ~ J...a-,",,\ \.J.A ..\.r:-.,J
~~ ~I \.J.A ~ ..\L:u.llj' ~L.a..c~1 w\}-;.UJI ".J.A ..\~j u .l.>J4 ..bl~'1\
A

~ e6= ~ -b~~1 I~ 0i.,Jj. c.b-Ij aM ~ tY' 'lJ-!;..t.;.11 ~l.4-"" lJ.. ~I Q

- 476
 ~)~j

U~4:!>~J8btt~t#t
Thermoelecteical Properties

I Seebeck ~ 1-4-4 - ~~I

~ , ~~ J....:>,.i J..i..c. ~ 0J~ ()-4 ~.JA ( f"L~~ ) JL.o:iI ..l~

;;~ u~! (8 1) ;;).r-- ~.J.l ~1 aJ~1 ~I~~I D.iA ;;}p- a~.J.l t!.JJ (479 - 1 )

a..h....u1.J-:l 4----u~ ~j , ~.J-~ ;;.)-....JI ~I~ ~I J..i..c. ...u~ ~~~ ~I.l

WI..u1 ;;~\ ~ jyiJl ~l ~ ~ ;;..u.,:J1 ~L,~I WI..ul ;;1lj . ';-=L~~L..i1:;-.

lJ::l ;;)~I ~.J.l ~)G;.') ~~)'I tLg.;.jW d~ J....o.JA JS' 0A ;;..uSJI a.;lL,~\
(8 1 - 80 ) ~ U'9.,.:Li ;;..u.,:J1 ~I~I a..L91..u1 ;;.11 ufiJJ' (8 1 -- 8 0 ) ,~~

Jj~1 J....o.,ll ~ ~~~I ~I..ul ;;.11 E 1 u~! J....o.,ll <\..1A t~Ij.UJ'1 ~j

~l..:<J~j , 4~ ~~~)l:G.. ') ~L:JI J....o.,ll ~ ;;..u.,:J1 E 2 l>C ' ;, I; .....3 () J.:~

LA~ ~I ~j , (E 1 - E 2 ) ~ ;;~I..ul ~ ~I..;JI ~~~I ~I..ul ;;.,AJI ~

;;.J I.>-='" ~.J.l ~ j~1 ~ U'9-'~j ;;.l~ ~ 0-Jj.Li.l (.7.4>j ~.~L.4-4J I

~b ~.,ll 0A..si ~ ;;)~I ;~.J.l t-'.J~ u_~ u l Uj.l ( 8, - 8 0 ) ~1)'----lo~1

,..:.Jl~.J.l U"'~ ~ ;;~LWI D.J..4> 0A .ll...W......u..J . ;;..u~1 ~~~I ~1..Ll1 ;;~;jl ~

L.J;'; ",II w~J.lj~IJ" Thermocouples ~I..r-JI wL~IJ.)j,)1 f"\..GU.uJ~ ;;)..r-JI

, Pt-Pt Rh jl Cu-Const jl Fe-Constantan jl NiCr-Ni wlj.Li.l1 0A ;;.lLilI (~ ~

4j.Jl...A.l.1 a.....b..i.j ~ ..s)~1 [lj.lj~1 ~I~i ~ji a"Q~ lJ.:-+.! (479 - 2 ) ~j

.~~~IJ(~\:~)

- 478
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, f"WIJ.~1 92 LJ.:.u1 ..l~1 ~ ( 31 ~ ) _~La.U LJJ..u1 JJ~\ ~ji

~.... a...~U~1 ~~I ;,;..b...l ~l..ill:i J).L;... L!.1J:l ..L...L;l ~~~I w~IJ

(;"-~ GSI ~I wLjJ:~1 ~~i 4 ~. 4 ~-7 J~l I.:u. ~ 1969 f"Lc. J~I

f"~IJj~1 d...1A~ wGJ:~1 tl~i U~ J-~ ... t:'-~ [~...L:!LAJ wI j ,~, ..)..1

~~'-c4 ~ 4.j.L'-4Y-bi '-:-l~~ U:;JI~ [lA..l:; ~ ~;;~ wu~

. Super Heavy Elements 114 ~ 104 L>-" \~...L.;> J4.:J1 ~L:e j--'-"'La..l\ 0-" -.G?i

(Universal L;r'l-'-'. ~l.,.ii ~~ ~I wGJ:)tJ ~ f"~1 1975 f'l.c. ~~

...L.i.L u~_~~ J , .... o.!j' f"t-JI ~\ ~.1.1 Linear Accelerator UNILAC)

Stable l:::..z""-"A I.~ ~I w~L.....:dJ ~ 7u.: .~I \~IA u ( 114) ~l\

(Long Half-live) J:ljb ~ u~;;~ I~ ufi.= ~ 0- J 4 . cGl.,.i J)LCl J~';;

~
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- 518
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- 519
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-- 522-
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- 523
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- 524
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- 526
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wUj-'l~.AJ ' Tranasition Metals d....:-ll...4..::U'::I1 wl~1 ..ill~j , w~.,.tl~~i

a..4.J...;-bJI,,~ ~j' \ 4 8 ,;~~<j (,j.)L~ ~1 4L...P"-~ -S"'p-~I ~yl wl.)l...4l1

-S)..r-JI ~L~lj ~ lro ~ I r~jlu~l ~ ~I~l a.....a......;-bJ1 ~ ~

~! "Jj..J.-;l -S..lJ:! -S.JJI j-A~I , ...l..>.l j uT(.:rg ~ ..ill~ JS' ' ~T ~ Decomposition
..ill~ a..l::LA i lro' ~~I J#~ ~\L.:i t l.k:L....u..t I ~ ~ ~ w I~ 0::' ..ill~J r~l

Jb.:J1 ~1~1..J~~~.-:JJ1 rl~I~..J ' Si02/AI ji Si02 fW SU wWj.....o

lro UJJI 4ALu.... J-=..:-.~ r~)' Gas Form jWI ;;)~ lro d....A...;J..>-1 1;;)_~~

...w.J~ [1...:;.:,)' ~l_~i -S~ L:.JG.j , u.H-uJ1 ~!.rS ' ufi..:.LJ1 ...w~ , ujS:.:LJ1

. r~~~lj f',~\j~jll ~L.::....ij , uj.)~1 -J..:J__6j , r~.,J1

- 534
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~"";IJI wlj.~ cit.\ JI...i..A , Brines ej..s'J-4 J:.I~ 0-A ~.;-:J\ ~L.ulj j.J...,b

,,~I.ill.J.S'j. wl~.,..i\..j ~ jj~ ~ ~).b.:91 d tAq~ w~';l ~.:u\j r..~. .)~lj

r.,:!d.b11 ~ / I/~." L>-"b.ll ...u..J~ ,,-;<,,L.::...;JI I.!;~ ()A J5' ()A w).L.o,JA
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I~j , a.".".1.j-A..>-+':- Agglomeration e~ w~ 0-Jp ~ ~ ..ill~j

e.)l~ r'~ r l4lt l.:u ~j. uJ.!1 ~ d.:~ '~j.> ~L...A ~~1 ~ '-;-Jy....,~1

, Ionic Bond ~~i 4:l ~I.;-:JI ~ w~ (;;JI ~l..uJ.1 ~~?1 ~.;-:J\ J;.b
.,,1 e..uI4J1 \a4~1 ~I ~ ~~~I J.:!.>L...o ~~?1 d.:~"'J1 J>hll w! ~Jj
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~ ~~IJ A~......ll ~.".J ~t.".t\ ) . :p.~~~ <Lil ~1 urn d.:.~J.>-SLo wl,k ..ill~j
U J.>-.-.11 ~.
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t)--'-A,j-J:J .... ~ ~I'<

~ _. w)L:.~1 e~

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J~t:l wl.r:-4 ~ J~t~..J' (~J-4 J.:U-.:o ~ ) <Lil.# llW j~ J.e.Lu

r~.>-:=i:ll ;;~ wLo.".b..i.A c::l:ljl 4:l ~i ..l9." , ~.,..i\..j 200 5 ~ rjL~ ~.)

, rJ-:!-....i.illj r~.".t~\j w~lj r~."sjjJll.)A ~~i tA Stabilised Yttrium

Jjl.".....11 ~ ~J;;,,,ll Functional Ceramics a~."J1 w~.;..;Jt ~ ~l..:Ljl..ill.J.S'j

Ferromagnetic i.S..I:!...t..=LU11 r,j-J..J4J1 C<.l.....,..e L>-"~IL..,j , (",j-J..J4J1 w\y..:L.i Jl,.A ~4~1

J:!->L.ul..A ~l..:Ljl ~4=-:Ij ,~.,..i\..j 150, 10 ~ wl..r~ .)~l.;t Bariumhexaferrite

a.:-l...:!-'-..S'~I.>-~ ~WI wL;.S'J-4 ~l:lj?1 ~~jJ~1 J>hll rJ ; ; ,"; ..l:!-'... ~~I

".:u rl~...,1 ~ ;;j)U , r~."J~1 ..w~~j w~\ ..w~." w~1 ..l-:!:I~ Jl,.A

- 535
 , ~i / ~i 0::;l d..plti wLAj-hiA ~ 4yl1J1 w~1 wl~ wWj.11 ~ J:~L..,JI

. ~ / ~i , ..l..:!-'...5'i '1 / ...L~i '1

j~'1f 0-A ...L.>.:iJ a.:-l~1 ~ J.1a:i ~l1J~ ~ , ;;~ J.>-bll D.=ut c.WlS' UlJ

.
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d.....4J~ J.:u , (.)~i J>.bJ ' J.>-bll "~;;.l~'11 ~ (.)~i ~l.j U-C'J

~ ;a a.! 'l.l f'L..A wl~ ~ tl.:Uj ~ Brine-Gel Method ~I~l - t.rlil d~1
'-~ ~j..G.A w~J' ~yl.j 50 ,~11 0-A wL..,~ ~->.,.:iJ ~-l ~ f~1

D.=ut ~ L;u~ .I1.,.t wliJy Ji w\j~ ("~lu~l ~1 U~?J4 4:i1~ ~

,
~~I w~p ~ w~j.';'JI0-A ~~ ;;j~ w~~ tw.i?J wl~1

J~I ~ (.~.J:l ) j:;..A ~.J-:l ;;.1'-.4 ("~~ uP ~I Organo Ceramics

0::;l ) ~...Ll1 ~U~ -lJ..I.:>o. ~ dl~ JS' , ~ ~ w~ 0::;l ( Polyvinyl alcohol

w~J" ~1 ;)~?JI ~~I d.~1 wljL-JJ ;;lbG:..A (~yl.j 2, 0.8

,
~ J.l.b:t ~I ~~I ~J ~~10::;l4L.zj'11 ~j.>J1 ..Il.,.....tI dL~ l:l:..I.:>o.

;;jJL,.J\ ( Organically Modified Ceramics) ORMOCER .H-""'.J.AjJ~1 wl~;";"

~ (.).~~ w~j..>J1 ".=utJ ' Fraunhofer ~*J'-~ ~j..o 0-A t\.;-L,;.\ ;;~L,,:, ~
".=ut~J' Hybrids ~ .I1.J.A D.=ut ~J' ~I ~ ~4- ~1~:. -lly

- wl.~~?J1 4..AJl4.A - ;;.l~1 ) 4W::. ~l4o U""'I~ w~j..>JI0.A a.~yJl

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dJj-~ d 2\2k'4.' ~~l.<J1 l+L~ (~..ill~ tAj , ~l.:ill ~jL:u ~ ..1:~ J~

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I Liquid Crystal Materials 4UUI ~,H.L:JI ~1.J11

(Mesophase~~I.J~~1)

SiLu.J1 jj-bj ..LA4J1 ~j~1 j#llJ:::l ~l.:4..:i..i1 )~I ..II.j-ll ~ ~OJ ~

cLlL......... ~ SiLuJI jj-b 0 1 ..l-,?..j ~ ;;)..r-- W4j..l J\..b.j ~ <Gi "ij () 8 '<'i1\)

~ Jlj.:i I.A ~I "ij , 4->~ cS.:J1 lOlLyl ~ ~ L,.ifi 0A ' d..:..Ilt.11 J~I~I

, ;;..lAWI .\'1 u. L:u..ill~.r,.;r-~ L'IL:"

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oL:-:J I wG.jll f"1~)ll 4ki i.S.:.uI.J-4~1 , ~..rF=J\j ~I L)""I.,..;,JI ~

~ ~ , Liquid-Crystal-Disphay (LCD) (~-AJI ~I~I ji) lliWI wlj-AJ~

System wl.A_~1 ~y~ J-iA i.Spi w"i~ ~j lliWI wlj-AJI ".:u j-I~

, ( Active Matrix Technology d..L:.l.-4l1 w~j~1 4~~ JL.A ) Technology

wl..l~Ij.SjS3j' Ferroelectric d..:~..l>~1 :aJ~WI w\j.~1 Ju ~I~ ..I1.,.t.1 ~j

..I1.,.t1 ,,41 ~;~I

. wL...I~\ (.;~ e-u~\ 0~)' ~\ c;:L:"W)'1 ~L.uj ~~ .~G.
. an L...J \ d..:j-AJ \

- 538
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: wLL~JI rUo:;.j\ d...:-c-y ~ <L.....~J tl~i d,j)\.j (JI) , Mesaophase ~j--ll

,be; ~ L.&!S'j' Cholesteric ~~jJj5' , Smectic ~ j , Nematic ~ \

~~ ~ rl~La D...lA4J1 dJWI ~ 4-:!k..::....iLS' ~I w~ ~~\ rua:.:.'J~

~ wu.,j.~1 ~UJ ~I t.J-Ll1 ~ . ~l d...:..k.c "Wi ~ rua:.:.'J1 I~ J)G.)

~L:JI tyJI (..:r~j' a:~WI Jjly.J1 dJL.:.. ~ ~~ ~ J!'Uj' ~jly.... ~~..b~

L.ua:.:.\ ';bi ~LAji u.:i ~ 0-4j' ~ ~-:' ,s)ji w~ ~ u.h~ ~\

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l.iil.S'~ ,,~\ ui '1) , ~~I wl.d..:-bJ1 ..s~Q (~ Wlj ~#l l.A.L~ ufi..!..J
tly~\ ",j,.,A, 1"',1 ;. ; ''';j' ~~ J~ 0';--':"'1<..)) ~ 0-A JA...:i..W 4..--A:- ,;.., .; ill

-liJ: ~) ! ':.J1~4Y'..r:a1 t1yi ~ ~ 0-4j ~ iSJ~~\ ..sjWJ.\ ~ ~-'~Jyy=J1

ulY~I-.J-:.i:U ~ 0-43' Order Degree rl..l::wj'J\ ~J~ ~..)) ;;)~I ~J~ t Li3)
(Thermochromer ..s)~1 ~.,.ul ~ I ;;j-A>~ Reflected Colours d , ",. ill
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. ..s.-?\ wlA~1 "-;-JL..=..

d.riLuJI d':!.)_~-;eJ1 ~\~ ~~'J\ l.P1~1 c~---&-: ;;~Li..:<.--,-,,'J\ ..Lu.: ~.

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wI J.J4JI ().A a...;,L:-:J1 wL.:....,..u1 ~ ~-,. uL:~1 ~ "I~\j LL:.U ~LJI

- 539


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The Macro-Investigation of Metals and Alloys:

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 ..

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