ANSUHI 10-1994 American National Standard for Centrifugal Pump Tests draulic Te 9 Syvan Way Parsippany, New fre 70545802‘Sponsor Hydraulic Institute Approved August 23, 1994 ANSUHI1.6-1994 American National Standard for Centrifugal Pump Tests American National Standards Institute, Inc.American 49val of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus and other criteria for approval have been me! - National _ oy ine standards developer Standard consensusis established when, in thejudgementol the ANSI Boardo! Standards Review, ‘substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. 7 ‘Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily Unanimity, Consensus requires that al views and objections be considered, and that a concerted etfor be made toward their resolution. ‘The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does ‘ot in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from ‘manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, o procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will inno circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard, Moveover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American ‘National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears e Con the ttle page of this standard, CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken penodically to reatfirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers =! ‘American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calls ‘or writing the American National Standards institute Published by Hydraulic Institute 9 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ 07054-3802 Copyright 1994 © by Hydraulic Insitute All nights reserved. 'No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retriaval system or otherwise without prior watten permission of the publisher. - Printed in the United States of Amenca GB RecyciedContents Foreword 16 161 1.6.1.1 1.6.2 16.24 16.3 1.8.3.1 1.6.3.2 1.6.3.3 1.6.3.4 16.35 16.36 18.3.7 16.38 16.39 1.6.3.10 163.11 1.63.12 1.63.13 16.4 1.6.4.1 1.6.4.2 1.6.43 1.6.4.4 16.5 1.65.1 16.5.2 1653 16.5.4 16.55 1.6.5.6 1.6.5.7 16.58 16.5.9 16.5.10 186 1661 Test Scope Odjective Types oftests .... Test conditions .. Terminology Symbols. Subscripts Specified condition point ..... Rated condition point... Normal condition point Best etficiency point (BEP) Shutoff (s0) Volume Capacity (Q) Speed (n) Datum Head (n) Power (P) Hydrostatic test Objective Test parameters Test procedure Records Performance test Acceptance criteria Witnessing of tests Acceptance levels Instrumentation . Test setup Pretest data requirements Records Calculations Solids in suspension Report of test Net postive suction head test Odjectve PageTest equipment Test procedure Suction conditions Records Report of test Priming time test . Testing priming time of selt-priming pumps Priming time conversion factor Determination of maximum developed vacuum by means of dry vacuum test Measurement of capacity Introduction Capacity measurement by weight Capacity measurement by volume Capacity measurement by head type rate meters Capacity measurement by weirs Capacity measurement by pitot tubes Other methods of capacity measurement Head — measurement Pressure tap location ‘Measurement of head by means of gauges Power measurement Methods of rotary speed measurement Temperature measurement and instruments Model tests Procedure Test of models at increased head 7 8 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 2 a 21 21 2 23 23 34 24 25 25 26 27 27 27 28Foreword (Not part of Standard) Purpose and aims of the Hydraulic Institute “The purpose and aims of the Institute ar9 to promote he continued growth and well- Doing of pump manufacturers and further the interasts of Pe public in such mattors Bette involved in manufacturing, engineering, distribution, ‘safety. transportation 2s thor problems ofthe industry and, to this end, among other things: ‘a, To develop and publish standards for pumps; » Tocollectand disseminate information of valuetoits members and tothe public: ¢. To appear lor its members betore govemmental departments and agencies Gad other bodies in regard to matters affecting the industry: 4, To increase the amount and improve the quality of pump service 0 the public; e. To support educational and research activites {To promote the business interests ols members but not (0 engage business ines ind ordinarily carried on for profit orto perform particular servos tor its rsmbers of individual persons as distinguished trom actviles fo improve the pusiness conditions and lavul interests of al of iis members Purpose of Standards 1. Hydraulic Institute Standards are adopted in the public interest and are Gasigned to help eliminate misunderstandings between Ihe manufacture’, the purchaser and/or the user and 0 assist the purchaser in selecing and obtaining the proper product for a particular need. 2. Use of Hydraulic Institute Standards is completely voluntary. Existence © Hyoraulc Insitute Standards does not ia any respect preclude member 'rom vaematacturing or selling products nat conforming to the standards, Definition of a Standard o! the Hydraulic Institute {Quoting from Article XV, Standards, ofthe By-Laws ole Insitute, Section 8 “An Institute Standard detines the product, material, process OF procedure with reference to one or more of the following: nomenclature ‘composition, construction, Simensions, telerances, safety, operating charactenstics, performance, quality, faling, testing and service for which designed.” Comments from users comments Irom users ol this Standard will be appreciated, t0 help the Fiydrale Pomme prepare even more uselul fuiure editions. Questions arising for Nt insti is Standard may de directed t0 the Hycraulc Insitute. It wil ree} ot conyeat stone to the appropriate technical committee for provision of a sutable answer it a cispute anses reyarding contents of an Institute publication or an ansiet seve teenth acuncn ncn shies tore Pero aoa et elerred to thd Executive Commitee othe Hydrauie Institute, which tnen shall act as a Board of Appeals.Revisions The Standards of the Hydraulic Institute are subject to review, and revisions are undertaken whenever it is found necessary because of new developments and progress in the art Scope This Standardis for centritugal, sealless centrifugal and regenerative turbine pumps of all industrial types except vertical multistage diffuser type. It includes detailed Procedures on the setup and conduct of hydrostatic and performance tests of such pumps. Several iethoddlégies to test éntitugal and vertical pump equipment are avaitable to pump manulacturers, users and other interested parties. The United States has. {wo sets of pump test standards which represent two approaches to conducting and evaluating pump performance. One, promulgated by she American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and designated PTC 8.2. Centrifugal Pumps, Provides for two levels of tests andis based on a detailed procedure thal produces Fesulis of alowlevel of uncertainty, The other, promulgated by the Hydraulic institute (Hi), designated Hi 1.6, Centrifugal Pump Tests and HI 2.6, Vertical Pump Tests, also provides for two levels of tests in which tne lest procedures are less restrictive The ASME Code relies on ine partes fo he test to agree belorenand on the Scope and Conduct of the test and does not specity how the test results shall be used to compare with guarantee, The ASME 1s especially suited to hignly detailed pump testing, whereas Hi Standards detail test scope, conduct and acceptance enteria, and are thus suited to commercial test practices. ASME Codes do not permit the Use of acceptability tolerances in reporting results, while the HI Standards do. It is recommended that the specifier of the test standard become familiar with both the ASME Code and the HI Standards before selecting the one best suited for the equipment to be tested, since there are a number of other dilferences between the two which may alfect the accuracy or cost of the tests, Both the ASME and HI Standards can be used for testing in either field or lactory installations. The detailed requirements of the ASME Test Code are intended to fFeduce the effect of various installation arrangements on performance results and are applied more to field testing. The HI Standard specilies test piping and more controllable conditions which is more suitable to factory testing. The Hi Standards do not address field testing. Surveys have shown that both ASME and HI Standards have been applied successfully to applications trom small chemical pumps (1 hp) to large utility pumps (over $000 np} Units of Measurement US Customary units of measurement are predominantly used and, where ap. propriate, Metric unit equivalents appear in brackets following tne US units, Sample calculations are shown with US uniis onlyConsensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass Method The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the standardization of centntugal pumps were contacted prior to the approval of this revision ol the standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the organization concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANS! Agrico Chemical Corporation American Petroleum institute ‘Amer. Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers Amer. Society of Mechanical Engineers ‘Amoco Oil Company Aurora Industries Black & Veatch BP America Brown & Caldwell Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. CH2M Hill Chiyoda International Corporation Commonweatth & DeWanti & Stows Dexter Corporation DuPont Engineering urametallic Corporation Edison Electrical institute Electric Power Research Institute Florida Power Corporation Florida Power & Light Fluor Daniel Freese and Nichols, nc. G.E. Motors HOR Engineering Holabird & Root Hydraulic institute Institute of Paper Science & Tech, John Carollo Engineers Matcolm Pirnie, Inc Manne Spill Response Corporation Min Proc Eng , Inc Mobil Research & Development Corp Monsanto Chemical Company Montana State University Monigomery Watson M. W. Kellogg Company Naval Sea Systems Naval Surtace Warfare Center Newport News Shipbuilding Pacilic Gas & Elecinc Raytheon Engineers & Constructors Riverwood International Georgia, inc San Francisco Bureau of Engine Siemens Energy & Automation Simons-Eastem Consultants Sordoni-Skanska Construction Co. Star Enterprises Slate Farm Mutual Automobile Ins, Co. State of California Dept. of Water Res. Stone & Webster Summers Engineenng, Inc. T. Hopkins - Consultant Tennessee Eastman Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Co US Bureau of Reclamation1.6 Test 1.6.1 Scope This standard only applies to tests of the pump unless stated otherwise The type of tesi(s) performed, and the auxiliary equipment to be used, should be agreed upon by the purchaser and manutacturer prior to the test. {is not the intent of this standard to limit or restrict, tests to only those described herein, Variations in test procedures may exist without violating the Intent of this standard. Exceptions may be taken if agreed upon by the parties involved without ‘sacatticing the validity of the applicable parts of this standard. This standard is limited to the testing of centrifugal pumps with clear water. The tests con: ducted under these standards shall be made and reported by qualified personnel 1 -1 Objective To provide uniform procedures tor hydrostatic, hydraulic, and mechanical performance testing o! centrifugal pumps and recording of the test results. This standard is intended to define test procedures which may be invoked by contractual agreement between a purchaser and manvlac. turer. Itis not intended to define a manutacturer’s standard practice 1.6.2. Types of tests This standard describes the following tests. a) Performance test to demonstrate hydraulic and mechanical integrity: And the following optional tests when specified: b) Hydrostatic test of press components, containing ¢)_Net positive suction head required test (NPSHR test); 4) Priming time test For vibration testing, see Hi 1.1-1.5, 1994, Centrifugal Pump Standards and for airborne SOUNd testing see Hi 9.1-9.5, 1994, Pumas - General Guidelines. 1.6.2.1 Test conditions Unless otherwise specilies, the capacity, nead etficiency, NPSHA and priming ume ave based on MiContalugat Puris Test 199% shop tests using water corrected to 68°F (20°C). It the facility cannot test al rated speed because of limitations in power, electrical Irequency or available speed changers, ihe pump mz, be lested at between 80% and 120% of rated speed Itis permissible on pumps greater than 300 horse: power to test at speeds between 60% and 140% of rated speed. 1.6.3 Terminology The following terms are used to designate te parameters or are used in connection with pump testings: 1.6.3.1 Symbols See Table 1.11. 1.6.3.2 Subscripts See Table 1.12, 1.6.3.3 Specified condition point Specified condition point is synonymous with rated condition point 1.6.3.4 Rated condition point Raied condition point applies to the capacity head, speed, NPSH and power of the pump as specilied by the purchase order. 1.6.3.5 Normal condition point Normal condition point applies to the point on the rating curve at which the pump will normally oper ate. It may be the same as the rated condition point 1.6.3.6 Bestetficiency point (BEP) ‘The capacity and head at which the pump etficien: cy (np) is a maximum. 1.6.3.7 Shut off (so) The condition of zero tlow where no liquid is flowing through the pump, but the pumps primed and operating 1.6.3.8 Volume The unit of volume shall be one of the following = US units: US gallon; = US units: cubic toot ~ Metric: cuble meter “ne specitic weight of water at a temperature 3 68°F (20°C) shall be laken as 62.3 10 per (9.89 kNim}), For otnHI Centelugal Pump Test — 1994 e0c'0 w so1ow ¥ 109) roc" sn puosesjorou~ puovesnooy ose wn so)0u owen punod (zed on snypjeg s00:6ep youvore $00,599 1 = ssojuotsuowp ssojvorsuowip zo ovow oiqnaqesBoir, eunwar | 100) s1an2yssew punod uzzo snoyporeus 219n9 yuusuoKe® SA Aypedeg ° veno8 snowsoreus 21909 puoresn00) agra Aypedeg ° isrco jomod ¢ $609 ennssoig @ ‘ - ss0juo}suowp sincesd 5 o0szs 20570 puoses;pasenbs 199) Ausoosia snewoury | cours earn a ssojvojsuowp - ssowvorsuowip {4 ¥0c'0 w sow 4 109) nsdn aroc'o w serous 2009) an 1 wa) eynumysuonniones oynuns/suouniones a ev0c'o w ou 190) H er0c'0 w : 994 4 usvo ont our ]qnapvoIMoUOI, 400} 21gnorspunod (ewwe6) 4 eroc'o sn pu0ses/pue2es/01eu puoses;puosesnes} 6 1 % . wwonied u ‘ a [ (209) 6 vse wus iow 0 ' - - jo}suoUNp ‘ones wa 10 10.0% (eva d zsv9 wu 1 sousu ovonbs vary o 2019¢ | voneeraay voninesaay wo, rawig udjeioavon Asowoisns sa soquiAs - LHL eigenHi Centrtugal Pump Test — 1994 Table 1.12 ~ Subscripts Subscript | Term ‘Subscript Term ‘ 7 mot Moior 2 Speci condition or prototype ot Operating temperature a Absolute oA ‘Overall unit atm Atmospheric ° Pump i > Barometric s Suction e Discharge ol Treorenica ovr Driver input v | Velocity 9 Gauge Vapor pressure max Maximum w | water min Minimum | i specific weight corrections shall be made using values from the ASME steam tables, 1.6.3.9 Capacity (a) The éapacity of a pump is the total volume throughput per unit of time at suction conditions. Wt assumes no entrained gases at the stated operating conditions. 1.6.3.10 Speed (n) ‘The number of revolutions of the shatt in a given Unit of time. Speed is expressed as revclutions per minute. Figure 1.121 — Horizontal unit (Single or double suction) (Double suction not shown) 1.63.11 Datum The reference line or center of the pump shalt rom which all elevations are measured. The elevation head (Z) to the datum is positive when the gauge is above datum and negative when tne gauge is below datum. ‘The datum elevation is defined as follows — For horizontal units, it shall be the center line of the pump shatt, Figure 1.121 — For vertical single suction pumps, it shall be the entrance eye to the first stage impeller, Figure 1.122. For vertical double suction pumps, it shall be the center of the impeller, Figure 1.123, Figure 1,122 — Vertical single suction pumpFigure 1.123 — Vertical double suction pump 1.6.3.12 Head (h) Head Is the expression of the energy content of the liquid referred to a datum. It is expressed in units of en measuring unit for head is foot (meter) of liquid: 1.6.3.12.1 Gauge head (My) ‘The pressure energy of the liquid determined by a pressure gauge or other pressure measuring device. (US units) ng = wane SNe) 2 20 = PL (Metric) hg = gaz 1.6.3.12.2 Velocity head (hv) The kinetic energy of the liquid at a given section. Velocity head is expressed by the following equa- tion: v 29) 1.6.3.12.3 Elevation head (2) ‘The potential energy of the liquid due to its eleva: tion relative to a datum level, measured to the liquid surtace or center of the pressure gauge. 1.6.3.12.4 Total suction head (hs) The total suction head is the algebraic sum of the suction gauge head, the suction velocity head, 4 yy pet unit weight of tiquid. The, land the suction elevation head: hs = hg, + ht Ze The gauge head is positive when the suction gauge reading is above atmospheric pressure and negative when the reading is below atmos: pheric pressure. The velocity head is computed for the liquid velocity at the point of gauge attachment. (On pumps submerged in an open sump or open wet well, where the suction piping is considered part of the pump: ns = Zw where Zw = Vertical distance of the sump {ree water surface [rom datum. 1.6.3.12.5 Total suction litt When the total suction head is negative, itis often called total suction lif. 1.6.3.12.6 Total discharge head (ha) ‘The total discharge head is the algebraic sum of the discharge gauge head, discharge velocity head, and the discharge elevation head. It 1s computed for the liquid velocity at the discharge pressure tap, and the elevation head Zz. measured at the pressure gauge hg= Mge* Prot Ze 1.6.3.12.7 Total head (H) This is the measure of the work increase per unit mass of the liquid, imparted to the liquid by the pump, and is therefore the algebraic difference between the total discharge head and the total suction head. a) Where positive suction head exists, the total head is the total discharge head minus the total suction head: Hehg=hs or He (Digg Pug Za) ~ (Ngy * Poa ® Zs) Combining terms, the general expression lor total head is:Ha (Mga~ Pg) + (Pag Pa) + (Za~ Zs) b)_ for pumps submerged in sumps Hm gg Nag Za~ Zu ¢)_ Where negative suction head exists, the total head is the total discharge head plus the total suction lit Since the complete characteristics of a pumping system determine the total head requicements, this value can only be specified by the user. 1.6.3.12.8 Atmospheric head (ham) Local atmospheric pressure expressed in feet (meters): 1.6.3.12.9 Effects of compressibility of liquid on total head In the preceding formulas, the work accompli in compressing the liquid has been ignored. To evaluate the total head more accurately when Pumping to high pressure, this factor should be taken into consideration. For most liquids, it may be assumed that a straight line relationship exists between pressure and volume. With this assump- tion, the above total head formula becomes: + (Mvg= Pu) + (Za~ 2s) Itis suggested that this relationship be used if the difference between yeand Ys, near best efficiency oint, is 0.2% or more, Example: (US units) Correction of total head for compressibility. Given Water Conditions: 5 = 380°F (suction temperature): Ps = 200 psig (suction pressure); 1a = 360°F (discharge temperature): pa= Reterence: Keenan and Keys, Steam Tables, «Thermodynamic Properties of Water, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. [At suction congitions: 700 psig (discharge pressure): Ps= 215 psia; ts = 350°F From steam tables, Suction specitic volume = 01800 1197 Hi Centntugat Pump Test — 1994 At discharge conditions: tg = 360°F a= 4715 psia: From steam tables, Discharge specilic volume =.01772 Pb Specific volume # 1/specific weight = 1/ then es pal ] ye (4715 - 215) x 144 21772 1809 «4570 4 1) This value should be added to the terms: (eg he) and (Zs - Zs) to obtain the total head. 1.6.3.12.10 Net positive suction head avail- able (NPSHA) Net positive suction head available (NPSHA) is the total suction head of liquid absolute, deter- mined at the suction nozzle and referred to datum, less the absolute vapor pressure of the liquid in head of liquid pumped: NPSHA = hs, ~ Pup where. +s, = Total suction head in feet absolute = ham hs or NPSHA = faim + he ~ Pop Example: (US units) A fourstage boiler tees pump having a 4.inch inside diameter suction and a 3-inch inside diameter discharge is rated al a capacity of 400 gom against a total head of 900 feet handing water at 240°F, and run: ning at 3550 rpm. The suction gauge reading is 21 psig and its tap location is 0.5 fee! below impelier inlet datum. 36 Paume 29° of Hy = 14.2 psia Note: specitic gravity of mercury = 13.58 anoHI Centntugal Pump Test — 1994 Note: specitic gravity of mercury + 13.58 and in psi = Hofliquid xs Pamin psi oat To calculate the net positive suction head avail able (NPSHA) to the pump in the field: 144 NPSHA = “(Pa Pap) + hs Pyp = 25.0 psia (from steam tables) Y= Specie weight = 59.1 pou. Velocity nthe rch inside diameter ucon 004.321 tat io = 10.2 fYsec Velocity head (hy,) = 29 : va 2 rere his = gy + hy, + Zs 2x14 hee +16- go7* 15° 52.3 feet nosia= 284 (r42-250)+50 = 26.1 feet 1.6.3.12.11 Net positive suction head re- quired (NPSHR) Net positive suction head required (NPSHA) is the total suction head of liquid absolute deter- mined at the first stage impeller datum less the absolute vapor pressure of the liquid in head of liquid pumped, required to prevent more than 3% loss in total head from the first stage of the pump ata specific capacity. 1.6.3.13 Power (P) 1.6.3.13.1 Pump input power (Pp) ‘The power delivered by the driver to the input shaft coupling. Itis also called brake horsepower. 1.6.3.13.2 Electric driver input power (Pmot) The electrical input to the driver expressed in horsepower (kilowatts) 6 1.6.3.13.3 Pump output power (Pw) ‘The power imparted to the liquid by the pump. It is also called water horsepower. Oxhxs (US units) Pw = “Ses Oxtxs (Metric) Py = S27 1.6.3.13.4 Pump efficiency (np) The ratio of the energy imparted to the liquid by the pump (Py) to the energy supplied to the cou pling, input shaft (Pp); thats, the ratio ofthe liquid horsepower to the brake horsepower expressed in percent Pw Nos Bi x10 ' 1.6.3.13.5 Overall efficiency (Noa) The ratio of the energy imparted 10 tne liquid by the pump (Px) to the energy supplied to the driver (Pmoi) expressed in percent. This etficiency takes into account losses in both the pump and tne drver = ee 00 Nowe Bx 1.6.4 Hydrostatic test 1.6.4.1 Objective To demonstrate that the pump when subjected to hydrostatic pressure(s) will not leak or fail struc: turally. For purposes of this requirement, the con: lainment of fluid means only prevention of its escape through the external surfaces of the pumps, normally to atmosphere. 1.6.4.2. Test parameters Each part of the pump which contains liquid under pressure shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test at not less than the greater of the following = 150% of the pressure which would occur in that pan when the pump is operating at rated condition for the given application of the pump, except thermoset parts. ~ 125% of the pressure which would occur in that part when tha pump is operating at rated speed lor a given application, but with thepump discharge valve closed. Due to the irreversible damage that can occur to the reinforcement of thermoset parts that are put under excessive pressure, hydrostatic test Pressure shall be 1.1 times the maximum design pressure. The manulacturer should be 16 verity thfough test ‘records that ad quate sampling was done to prove that the parts can sustain 1.5 times the design pres- sure. When a 1.5 hydrostatic test pressure on thermoset parts is requested, all parties should agree to the consequences of possibie ire- versible damage. In all instances, suction pressure must be taken into account = Components or assembled pumps: The test shall be conducted on either the liquid con- taining components or the assembled pump. =- Components: The test shall be conducted onthe liquid containing components such as the casing and end covers. Care must be taken not to impose pressure in excess of 150% of design on areas designed for lower pressure operation. Test flanges or cylinders can be used for isolating dilteren. tial pressure. ~ Assembled pump: The test shall be con ducted on the entire liquid containing area of the pump, but care must be taken not to impose pressure in excess of 150% of design on areas such as suction volutes or ‘mechanical seal areas. ~ Test duration: Test pressure shail be main: tained for a sulfcient period of ime to permit complete examination of the pars under pressure. The hydrostatic test shall be con- sidered satistactory when no leaks or struc- tural failure are observed for a minimum of 3 minutes for pumps 100 horsepower (75 KW) and below, or 10 minutes above 100 horsepower (75 kW). = Test liquid: Test liquid shall be water of oil having a maximum viscosity of 150 SSU (32 Csi) at test temperature. - Temperature: It the part tested is to operate at a temperature at which the strength of ‘material is below the sirangth of the material al room temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure shall be muliplied by a factor ob lained by dividing the allowable working Hi Centntugal Pump Test — 1994 _sttess for the material at room temperature by that at operating temperature. This pres- sure thus obtained shall then be the mini- mum pressure at which hydrostatic pressure shall be performed. The data sheet shall ist the actual hydrostatic test pressure 1.6.4.3 Test procedure ems to be tested shail have all the openings adequately sealed. Provisions shall be made 10 vent all the air at the high points on the item. The item shall be filled with the test liquid, pressurized, and the test pressure shall be maintained for the uration of the test, No leakage through the item tested shall be visible; however, leakage through the stutfing box packing shall be permitted. 1.6.4.4 Records Complete written or computer records shall be kept of all pertinent information and kept on file, available to the purchaser by the test facility, for two years. This information shall include: a) Identification by model, size, serial num- ber, b). Test liquid: ¢) Maximum allowable working pressures and temperature, 4d) Hydrostatic test pressure and test dura: tion; e) Date of test; 4) Identity of personnel in charge. 1.6.8 Performance test 1.6.5.1 Acceptance criteria The acceptance tolerance applies to the specifies condition point only, not to the entire performance curve. While pumps must be closely checked for satis: factory mechanical operation during pertormance testing, the degree and extent of such checking is independent of the level of acceptance toleran: ces. ‘The minimum number of test points for level “A shall be 7, and the minimum number for level “B* shall be 5. See Paragraph 1.6.5.3 for descriptions of levels A and 8. When testing at rated speed is not practical, test speed shall not be less than 80% nor more than 120% of the rated speed. It is permissible on 7HI Cenisitugal Pump Test — 1994 pumps greater than 300 horsepower to test at ‘Speeds between 60% and 140% of rated speed. Results are to be adjusted to rated speed. Any (greater change in speed shall be by mutual agre« ment. 1.6.5.2 Witnessing of tests The purchaser or purchaser's designated repre- sentative may witness the test when requested by the purchaser in the purchase order. WW 3 Acceptance levels The performance test has two levels of accep- lance, A and B, for the quantitative values: If not specified, level A will apply. a) In making level “A* tests, no minus toler ances or margin shall be allowed with respect to capacity, total head or efficiency at the rated or specitied conditions; b) Acceptance of the pump test results shail be judged at rated capacity and rpm with appli- able total head and efficiency as follows: ‘Under 200 7 (60m) 75%, 3% (0 102989 gpm (680 m'my Unde: 200 1 (60s) 3000 gpm (681m?) ard over From 200 ft (60 m) 10 $00 (115 my), any How rate 25%, 3% | 25%, | +s%.-0 15%, 38 S00 (115 myancover, |. 3%,-0 ay How ca Minimum eticiancy at ornox | 100 ‘rated rpm and capacity ou (For Level A, np = contract pump efficiency) (For Level 8, np = published, nominal eft ciency) i €)_ Alternatively, the pump test results may be judged at rated total head and mpm versus capacity as follows: Pertormance Tol ‘Acceplance level Capacity at rated total head ‘wirimim afcancy rated rpm and tla! head 4) Examples in US units follow for a pump rated 1000 gpm, 100 ft, 80% efficiency, water with 1.0 specifi gravity 1) Peritem b, level A at rated capacity and fpm, test total head range; 100 x 1.08 = 108 it max; 100 x 1.0 = 100 ft min; 2) Peritemb, level B at rated capacity and ‘pm, test total head range; 100 x 1.05 = 105 ft max; 100 x.97 = 97 ft min; Based on minimum etticiency 100/((120/80) - 2) = 76.9%; Test power range = 30.6 hp min; 34.5 np 3) Per item c, level A at rated total nao and «pm. Test capacity range at rated tolal head 1000 x 1.121100 gpm max; 1000 x 1.021000 gam min: Test power al rated total head and pm = 1000):100) | , (3960)¢.80) ~ Sea and 1100)(100) _ Coens 4) Per item c, level B at rated total head and rpm. Test capacity range: 1000 x 1.05 = 1050 gpm max; 1000 x .95 = 950 gpm min;‘Test max power at rated total head and rpm = (4080)100) (3960\(.769) ‘Test min power at rated total head and pm = 950)(100) «39 no: {960).80) * 90": 5) Note that the driver horsepower re- quired is dictated by the acceptance level Specified and the tolerances. =34.5hp; It itis necessary to dismantle a pump after the Performance test for the sole purpose of changing fotation or machining impellers to meet the toler ances, no re-test shall be required unless the reduction in diameter exceeds 5 percent of the original diameter. 4 Instrumentation Introduction Test instruments shall be selected so that they can provide measurements with accuracy shown in Paragraph 1.6.5.4.2 atb.e.p. Instruments need not be calibrated specifically for each test, but are 10 be periodically calibrated by the manulacturer or suitable party. Refer to Paragraph 1.6.5.4.3 for suitable interval between calibrations for perfor: ‘mance test instruments. 1.6.5.4.2 Fluctuation and accuracy Accapubie | Accuracy of the ‘Actual fiuetuation of | Instument Measurement | test readings 2% | 2% of the values of the values Capaciy , 2 | os Dittarenta head 20 10 Discharge head 20 as Sveton head 20 os Punp powerinp | 2.0 1s Pump speed oa 03 NOTE — Since efficiency itselt is a derived quantity, its accuracy may be computed from the other instru ‘ment accuracies listed in the table, applying the root mean square law. itis common practice to use the factual recorded test readings for computation of elliciency for {ullilment of the manufacturer's ‘guarantea and to disregard ine effect of instrument accuracy, 1.6.5.4. Suitable interval between calibration for performance test instruments Measuring and test equipment and measurement standards shall be calibrated at periodic intervals as listed in Table 1.13. Intervals shall be short ‘ened as required to assure continued accuracy as ‘evidenced by the results of preceding calibrations ‘and may be fengthened only when the results of previous calibrations provide delinite indications that such action will not adversely affect the accu: racy of the system. 1.6.5.5 Test setup This section contains general guidelines for pump test setup, to ensure accurate and repeatable tesi results. See Figures 1.124 and 1,125. The pump test may utilize, but is not limited to. the following: a) “Facility or purchaser-turnished driver. Depending on the method used to measure ump input power, efficiency data may be re: auired ») Facility or purchaser-turnished speed- change unit, if required. To accurately establish pump input power, efficiency data of speed changer may be required; €) A suction pipe or hose trom the booster pump. closed tank or open sump. properly sized lor the pump being tested. The flow into the pump is to be free from swirl and have a symmetrical velocity distribution; [—— Pamog connection 9 Raraiae: of satan J seas Pur i2s Dicrarye fora FO. wate wv resicce | ee commas beaters et Soe auncten Wan brad otibe raiced tbaieat Figure 1.124 — Test with suction lift (op— 123mHi Centritugal Pump Test — 1994 Table 1.13 — Recommended Instrument calibration interval) Capes Tomer (earned) ; vanity mat Torque bar weighing tans ome * tye | caiorated motor Veumetie tank oye | kW Transducer pate meters wattame-vot, parable Vente » viateamp-va pemenent Nozzle. » ‘Strain gauges © Orifice plate ” Transmission gear to $00 HP weir " Tanamgson gare above 500 HP Tutine tye [Boece Magrtic ow tye | Tashomaten aera Rotometer sw | eesycurent crag voy Propeller ty Electronic Not req'd utrasonie sre] Frequency responsive devices Presaure Vvating re toys Gourdon tbe (reszure 9200) Tm Brecon voy novmes | Protect toys ty Stiodoscopes sw | Transducers do |_ Torque meter (see) ty" Digital iniate [Temperature Power Beira aye Cyaramet wend se a 1 Gaibration is not required unless itis suspected there are cntical dimensional changes. 2) Unless electrical or mechanical failure 2) Yee inarrument manulacture’s recommendation i shorter shan listed 25648 4) A suction pressure gauge, compound gauge or pressure transducer suitable for measuring the complete range of pressures whether positive or negative; fe) A discharge pipe or hose with a pressure break-down (throttling) device; 1) A discharge pressure gauge oF pressure transducer(s) for measuring the complete range of pressures; 9) Throttling devices may be used for the Suction and discharge instruments, such as needie valves or capillary tubes to dampen out the pressure pulsations; hy) Ameans for measuring input power to the pump shall be provided and be suitable for measuring the complete range of power: 10 1) Ameans for measunng pump speed shall be provided: j) Test setups intended for NPSH testing shal be provided with a means for lowering the suction pressure to the pump, such as a SUC tion throttie valve (with optional screen OF straightening vanes), vasiabie level sump in 2% open system, or a closed tank with 2 mechanism to create a vacuum or pressure, ky Ameans for measuring the temperature o! the test liquid shall be provided: 1) The actual dimensions of the suction and discharge pipes where pressure readings ae fo be taken shail be determined so that proper velocity head calculations can be made; m) Flow measuring device(s)‘Thermometer Dampening Vatve Conta Vabs for ‘Trvttng Sucton Flow Materit Located in Suction Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge HtCeniniugar Purp Test ~ Dampening Device Flow Metar Located in Olsenarge sae Suragntenng Vanes Boost Pump may be insiates ‘ aeatonal suction pressure ‘stequced Rema sume, ace Prassute Valve © ‘Adjustable Choa Vane Hea excnanger, i equited Disenarge * wove Postion of nese ences maybe rversea Figure 1.125 — Open or closed tank 1.8.5.6 Pretest data requirements ‘The following data shall be obtained prior to the test run and written for the record to be retained fortwo years (see sample data sheet on page 12) a) Record of pump type, size and serial num- ber, b) To verity the liquid properties, the tem- perature of the liquid shall be taken before and after testing. Temperature readings should be taken more often when testing for NPSH or high horsepower pumps. ¢) Ambient conditions such as temperature and barometric pressure; d) Records of critical installation dimensions Such as tank internal dimensions, pipe internal dimensions and lengths, and liquid levels (submergence) relative to datum @) Record of driver data such as type, serial number, horsepower, speed range, amperage. voltage and efficiency; 1) Record of auxiliary equipment such as vibration monitors, temperature sensors, low fr high pressure monitors, leakage detectors, alarms, etc.: 9) Instrument calibration records and cor- fection factors in accordance with instru mentation calibration section; h)_ Identity and authority level of test person- rel in charge of tests; i) The actual dimension of the areas where pressure readings are (0 be taken shall be Getermined so that proper velocity head cor rections can be made. 1.6.5.7 Records Complete written or computer records shall be kept of all information relevant to a test and kept on file, available to the purchaser by the test facility, for two years. ‘The manulacturer’s serial number, type and size or other means of identification of each pump anc dtiver (if calibrated and used to obtain the pump’s etficiency) involved in the tesi shall be recorcec to avoid mistakes in identity, While these records apply to the complete unit including the driver, the standard itself applies only to tests of the pumpHi Centrifugal Pump Test — 1994 ‘Summary of necessary data on pumps to be tested ‘The following information should be fumished on pumps to be tested: General: 1. Owner's name 2. Plant location__________— 3, Elevation above sea leval__- 4, Type of service Pump: 1, Manutactured by 2. Manulacturer's designation 3. Manufacturer's serial number 4. Arrangement: horiz. ____ vertical 5. Inlet: single double 6 7 Number of stages . Size suction: nominal actual . Size discharge: nominal actual Intermediate transmission: 1. Manufactured by = ING rac see 5. Efficiency. Driver: 1. Manufactured by °2. Serial number 3. Type: motor___turbine __ other __ 4, Rated horsepower. 5, Rated speed. 6. Characteristics (voltage, frequency, etc.) — 7. Calibration data. Specitying rated conditions ‘The following information is necessary in specitying rated conditions: 1. Liquid pumped (water, oil, etc.) —_—_—_— 2, Specific weight 3, Viscosity at pumping temperature 4, Temperature 5. Vapor pressure 6. Capacity. 7. Total suction lift (Ry) 8. Tota! suction head (hy)________—— 9. Net positive suction head required (NPSHR), 10. Total discharge head (ha) 11, Total head (H) _ : 12, Output power (Px) 13. Efficiency (ng) —______—__—— 14, Input power (Pp) —__—___— 15. Speed Test intormation Test information should be listed substantially as follows: General: 4, Where tested 2. Daie —— 3. Tested by 4, Test witnessed by Capacity: 1, Method of measurement _ 2. Meter—make and serial number 3, Calibration data Head: 1. Suction gauge—make and serial number 2, Caliration data 3. Discharge gauge—make and serial number 4. Calibration data __ Power: 1. Method of measurement __ 2. Make and serial number of instrument _ 3. Calibration data, ee Speed: 1, Method of measurement — 2. Make and serial number of instrument ee 3. Calibration data 121.8.5.8 Calculations 1.8.5.8.1 Calculation of total suction head (hs) hae Nat Pt Ze 1.6.5.8.2 Calculation of total discharge head (hay . ham hoa Pret Za 1.8.8.8.3 Calculation of total head (H) Hehg-hs For definition of terms ang algebraic summation of the parts, see Paragraph 1.6.3.12 1.6.5.8.4 Calculation of input power ‘The brake horsepower (Pp), when measured by transmission dynamometer, is calculated trom the following formula: i 2nlWn__nt (US units) Pp = 2 590 ~ BBE at (Metric units) Po = 55 where: L = Length of lever arm in tt (m); W = Net force in Ibs (N); n= Pump speed in rpm: ‘t= Torque in pound-feet (Nsm), The electrical horsepower input to an electric ‘motor is given by: kw Fmot= o 748 where: KW = Electrical input power in kilowatts. The brake horsepower to a pump driven by an electric motor is: Pp = Pmot x "mot 16. “The liquid horsepower (Pu) is computed by the following formula: 5 Calculation of output power a) US units: Hi Centatugal Pump Test — 199 pounds of total head liquid pumped x in feet of ‘per min, Tiqui Pu = 33,000 When the specific weight of the liquid is 62.3, pounds per cubic foot, which is the value for water at a standard temperature of 68°F, then: on Pu 3560 It the pump is handling a liquid with different specilic weight, or water at a temperature result- ing in a specitic weight per cubic foot other than 62.3 pounds, the above formula must be cor- rected so that Pye HIS) w "3960 It pump output is measured in pounds per square inch, the formula for output power, regardless of the specific weight of the liquid, becomes: oe Pum a730 b) Metric units: Paw HIS) 366 1.6.5.8.6 Calculation of efficiency ‘The pump efficiency expressed in percent is cal culated by: p, * x 100 * "b= The overall efficiency of a motor driven unit ex: pressed in percent is calculated by: Pow nove hoo OF Now nox nmr 1.6.5.8.7 Plotting results The total head, efficiency and power input ave usually plotted as ordinates on the same sheet with capacity as the abscissa, as shown on Figure 1.126. 13HI Centrtugal Pump Test — 1994 fe ‘SPEED - APM Seance rrp Exceney Tous os Powe yure 1.126 — Pump performance {all data is corrected to rated speed} cr 1 1 Test of a full-sized pump at reduced speed 8 Testatother than rated speed In tests at reduced speed, the relative power loss in bearing and stuffing box friction may be creased, an effect which may be appreciable in ‘small pumps. The hydraulic friction losses may be relatively increased when the Reynolds number for the water passages is reduced, an effect which may be appreciable in small pumps of low specitic, speed. Therefore, these factors must be con- sidered in determining an acceptable test speed. In order to maintain hydraulic similarity with the jeld operation, the following relationships aie used for determining the head, capacity, power and NPSH at the rated point. These relationships which follow definite rules are known as the al- finity laws. The power relationship is based on the criteria that the etficiency stays constant with change in speed. 383 _(NPSH, PS NPSH, m where: Qs = capacity on test: Q2 © capacity on installation; Ay speed on test in rpm; “4 ing = speed on installation in (pm; H1 = head on test: “He = head on installation: P. power on test: P2 = power on installation: NPSHi = NPSH on test, NPSHe = NPSH on installation. Sealless pumps incur significant eddy current los: Ses which are affected by speed. Impeller input power varies approximately with the cube of rpm as they do in conventionally sealed pumps. Eddy current losses are proportional to mpm squared. Therefore the following power correction for speed is made: P2 = (Pr = ECr}(nainy)? + ECa(nasmn)* P1 = Power on test in bhp (KW) 2 = Power on installation in bhp (kW) EC) = Eddy current losses on test in bhp (kW). Eddy current losses, EC1, are normally measured by manufacturers during development studies. Values from these tests may be used in lieu of measurements during the contractural pertor- mance test. 1.6.5.8.8.2 Test of full-sized pumps at in- creased speed Under unusual circumstances, it may be Cesirable to carry out tests at higher speeds than specilied for the installation. This may be due to the limitations of available prime movers of cor- rect electrical frequency. In this case, it such tests do not exceed safe operating limits of the pump, all of the above considerations continue to apply. 1.6.5.8.8.3 Correction to rated speed For purposes ot plotting, the capacity, head and power shall be corrected {rom the test values at test speed to the rated speed of the pump. The corrections are made as follows: Capacity o-(2] a was: Heel] mHorsepower: Pe Example: With the same conditions as in the example of Paragraph 1.6.3.12.10, the factory test on the same pump is to be made at a reduced speed of 2950 mpm; with water at 60°F. What head, capacity and suction head should be used in the factory test? Applying the relationships given above. the head per stage to be used in the factory test is: 2950) Ae (af 22s (3e0] - The capacity to be used in the factory testis: 55 tt = [= a00{ 2259] = Qe orf = «oo{ 3 = 332 gpm since: os 0s Nagy = RAGE _ 3550400) ‘sce 0.75 0.75 2 He 225) then, 0s os ms (Q1) 2950332) Nag, = SQN - 29500992)” «1220 oT 45507 ‘The NPSH to be used in the factory test is: my 2950) NPSH, = a t ness as.1[ BF This will keep the specific speeds the same in the factory test as in the field installation 1.6.5.8.9 Temperature variations Variations in the temperature of the liquid pumped cause changes In the specific weight and vis- cosity, with resultant changes in the performance of the pump. Any reduction in specitic weight, as caused by an increase in temperature, resulls in a directly proportional reduction in output and input power: therefore, the etficiency is not changed, “ture will have an influence on effi Hi Ceninlugal Pump Test — 1994 Reduced viscosity of water at increased tempera- ncy. For pumps in the lower range of specific speed, such as high pressure, multi-stage boiler feed pumps and large, single-stage hot water circulating pumps, reduced viscosity will: — inctease the internal leakage losses: — reduce disc friction losses; — reduce hydraulic skin friction or flow losses. The net effect of a reduction in viscosity due to higher temperature will depend on speciic speed ‘and on the design details of the pump. Where substantiating: data are available, pertormance data from a cold water test may be adjusted to hot water operating conditions on the basis of the following formula Vor rarenft| where: a har Thr = Elficiency at test temperature, decimal value; Ther= Eticiency at operating temperature, deci- mal value: ver= Kinematic viscosity at operating tempera: ture, v= Kinematic viscosity at test temperature: x = Exponent to be established by manutac. turers data (probably in the range of 0.01 to 0.1) Example: (US units) Typical elficiency adjust. ment for increased temperature. A test on water at 100°F resulted in an efficiency of 60 percent, What will be the probable efficiency at 350°F? | 00000185)" sr to ct (0.2) (.868) 826 = 82.6%HI Centitugal Pump Test — 1994 Trermometer Oameening Vatve . Gono! Valve tor Pressure Gauge Trwoting Sucton Flow Meter Located in Suction ‘Sesktening Boosie Pump may be installed 4 acabonal sucvon pressure Is required anum io sump Pressure Gauge Acpssiable Spring Loaded ack Pressure Valve or ‘Agjusable Choka Vane Hat exchanger, it reais Dampening Device Flow Mater Located ia Discnarge Poston ot mace devices may be roversec in some setups Figure 1.127 — Suppression type NPSH test with constant level sump 1.6.5.8.10 - Specific weight variations If the test is run with a liquid of different specitic ‘Weight from that of the field installation, there will be a revision in required input power which will be determined, as follows: (oe = (Pp): x 2 y There is no change in efficiency. Seallass centrifugal pumps incur significant edey Current losses which are not atfected by specitic welght variations. Power correction for installa- tion specitic weight different trom test specilic weight is made as follows: Pe=(Pr- eon + EC; Where: P1 = Power for a specific weight on test in bhip (ew); 16 P= Power for a specitic weight on installation in bhp (kW); EC: = Eddy current losses on test in bhp (kW). 8.11 Viscosity variations Viscosity has a very definite etfect on the operat- ing conditions of the pump with respect to head, capacity, efficiency and input power. Pumps for viscous service, which are tested with water, will Fequire corrections to approximate the perfor- ‘mance with the viscous liquid. (See HI 1.1-1:5 Centrifugal Pump Standards). 1.6.5.9 Solids in suspension Solids in suspension affect the operating pertor- ‘mance of the pump in varying degrees, depending on the percentage and nature of the solids: No definite corrections can be recommended. 1.6.5.10 “Report of test All parties to the test shall be fumished a copy of the performance curve at constant speed. Ppeo 1.6.6 Net positive suction head test 1.6.6.1 Objective To determine the NPSH required (NPSHR) by the pump. 1.8.6.2 Test equipment Three typical arrangements ara shown for deter- ‘mining the NPSHR characteristics of pumps. In the first arrangement, Figure 1.127, the pump | supplied trom a constant level supply through Priming connacton | sere | (== psonai bat: spacing between sueton and ascharpe oat so Because or greater ans tines ina um ative hore ibe ameter nen soteng mutts reauced, 3 bates Shown's cued oa ve Figure 1.128 — Level control NPSH test with deep sump supply Gas Pressure Exchanger ow Oistroutor Coatng Got Suevon Figure 1.129 — Vacuum and/or heat control NPSH test with closed loop HI Centrtugal Pump Test — 1994 a throttle vaive which is followed by a section of pipe containing straightening vanes or a minimum Of Seven diameters of straight pipe to straighten flow. This arrangement dissipates the turbulence Produced by the throttle valve and makes pos- sible an accurate reading of suction pressure at the pump inlet, This simple arrangement usually is satistactory for NPSHR greater than 10 feet (3 meters), al though the turbulence at the throttle vaive tends to accelerate the release of dissolved air or gas from the liquid which takes place as the pressure on the liquid is reduced. A test made with this arrangement usually indicates higher NPSHA than that which can be expected with deaerated liquia. In the second arrangement, Figure 1.128, ine ump is Supplied from a sump in which the liquic level can be varied to estaclish ine desired NPSH. This arrangement provides an actual suction iit and hence more nearly duplicates operating con- ditions of pumps on water service. Care should be taken to prevent vortexing as liquid level is varied. The priming connection should be in. Stalled above the eye of the impeller either in the Suction pipe or on the pump. {In the third arrangement, Figure 1.129, the pump is supplied from a closed tank in which the level is held constant and the NPSHA is adjusted by varying the air or gas pressure over the liquid, by varying the temperature of the liquid, or by varying both. This third arrangement tends to strip the liquid of dissolved air or gas. It gives a more accurate measurement of the pump performance uninflu- enced by the release of air or gas. This arrange- ‘ment more nearly duplicates service conditions where a pump takes its supply {rom a closed vessel at or near its vapor pressure. It is also acceptable to test with a closed loop without the closed tank on the suction side, In each of these arrangements, water shall be used as the test liquid, Aeration shall be mini mized by taking the following precaution — submerged retum line: — reservoir sized for long retention time to allow air to escape; inlet line propery located to provent vortexing: 7Hi Centrtugal Pump Test — 1994 — reservoir battles to isolate inlet from return i — light pipe joints and stutfing boxes to guard against air leakage into the system. 1.6.6.3 Test procedure ‘The cavitation characteristics of a pump can be determined by one of the following procedures: Using one of the test arrangements shown, the pump is run at constant capacity and speed with the suction condition varied to produce cavitation Plots of head shall be made for various NPSH_ values. NPSHR values Q; - 100% cap, 3 Total head NPSHA Figure 1.130 — NPSH test with capacity held constant ‘As NPSHA is reduced, a point is reached where the curves break away from a straight-line trend, indicating a condition under which the pertor- ‘mance of the pump may be impaired. The degree of impairment will depend upon the specific speed, size and service of the pump. Figure 1.130 shows results typical ofa test for NPSH at capaci- ties both greater and less than normal. The 3% drop in head is the standard to determine NPSHA. Another technique for determining the NPSH characteristics is to hold the speed and suction head (hs) constant and to vary the capacity. For any given suction head, the pump head may be plotted against capacity. A series of such tests will result in a family of curves, as shown in Figure 1.131, Where the curve for any suction head (hs) breaks away from the envelope by 3%, NPSHR is established. When it is impractical to conduct test to the above criteria on large pumps due to size, capaci- ty oF facility NPSHA, a model test may be used to determine NPSHR characteristics. The relation 18 nese vanes ee 2 > (roa nos 3 3 ba lhl, Capacity Figure 1.131 —NPSH test with suction head held constant ship between model results and predicted ful size charactenstics is. described in Paragraph 1.6.13 Accurate determination of the cavitation point re- quires caretul control ofall factors which influence the operation of the pump. A minimum of five test points bracketing the point of change shall be taken, and the data plotted to determine when the performance breaks away from that with excess NPSHA. Any change in performance, either a deficiency at a given capacity, or change in sound of vibration, may be an indication of cavitation But because of the difficulty in determining just when the change starts, a drop in head of 3%, which is the standard value in determining NPSHA, is accepted as evidence that cavitation is present, The 3 percent head drop is based on the first stage head for multi-stage pumps. The NPSHA value required to propery establish the non-cavitating performance of a pump should be determined from prior tull-scale or model tests of the specific pump in question. If no such prior test results are available, a recommended NPSHA value of twice the predicted NPSHR, for rated capacities greater than 85 percent of the best efficiency point, or an NPSHA value of at least two and a hall times the NPSHR, for rated capacities below 85 percent ofthe best efficiency point, is recommended for maximum assurarice {i should be noted that the average pump will give non-cavitating performance at NPSHA values only 1.3 times the NPSHR value at capacities above 85 percent of the best efficiency point and 1,7 times the NPSHR vaive at capacities below 85 percent of the best etfciency point, Accord: ingly the test performed at constant capacity a5Defomance evan. Figure 1.132 — NPSH test with ‘capacity held constant shown in Figure 1.132, should begin with the on-cavitating performance NPSHA value estab- lished above, or greater. When testing with water, an accurate temperature ‘measurement usually is sufficient 1o establish the vapor pressure, but the degrae of aeration of the water may have a considerable influence on performance. Consistent results are more readily ‘obtained when the water is deaerated. Cases may arise in which the limitations of the factory test facilities may preclude the securing of sufficient NPSHA to produce the installation NPSHA. In such cases, the NPSHR can be ob- tained by an increase in the pump speed with a corresponding increase in pumping head and capacity instead of by a reduction in NPSH avail- able: a) ..Correction to specified speed for net posi- tive suction head (NPSH): ° NPSHe = (F] NPSH. where: NPSHi = Net positive suction head at test speed; NPSH = Net positive suction head at specified speed; 1m = Test speed in rpm; ma Specified speed in wpm; ) «= Test capacity 2 = Capacity al specified speed; b)_ NPSH — Experimental deviation from the square law. The altinity relationships detine the manner in which head, capacity. horsepower, and NPSHR vary in a cenisitugal or axial low pump with respect to spesd changes. It a pump operates at or near its cavitation limit, other factors also have an effect, and the limiting NPSHR value may vary other than as the ssqyare of the speed. Some ol these factors are thermodynamic effect on the vapor pressure of the fluid, change in surface tension, and test ditfecences due tothe relative air content of the liquia It the manufacturer can demonstrate that, with a given pump under particular conditions, an ‘exponent dillerent than the square ol the spec exists, such exponent may be recognized ang used accordingly. 1.6.6.4 Suction conditions The total suction head is to be determined as specitied in Paragraph 1.6.3.12.4 The NPSHA on the test stand shall exceed the NPSHR of the pump with sutlicient margin throughout the operating range to ensure that it will have no effect on the pump performance.See Paragraph 1.6.3.12.10 for a description of NPSHA. For pumps in ree-sutace systems, the approach imust be free of obstructions. Tho low towards the pumps must be uniform and free of eddies and vorices Intake structures should] be designed as described in the Hi 11-13 Contitugal Pump Standards 1.6.6.5 Records Complate written or computer records of all data relevant to the NPSH tests shall be kept by the test facility and available to the purchaser for a ‘minimum of two years (see sample data sheet on page 12), This information should include: 19HI Centrifugal Pump Test — 1994 a) Specified NPSHP/NPSHA; 'b) Height of suction gauge, above or below the datum line: €) Inside diameter of pipe at location of suc: tion pressure tap: @) Observed Data (each run); = water temperature suction pressure; = shatt speed; = discharge pressure; ~ capacity. e) Type of test setup; 1) Type of tlow meter and calibration; 9) Type, number and calibration of pressure gauges: = h) Note any abnormal observation (noise, vibration, etc.): i) Identification of materials at liquid end of pum, i) Type and serial numberof pump and driver; ky: Date of test; 1) Identity personnel in charge 1.6.6.6 Report of test All parties to the test shall be fumished a copy of the NPSHR curve or curves as described in Para- graph 1.6.6.3. 1 7 Priming time test Priming tests should only be conducted on pumps _ designed for this application. 1.6.7.4 pumps Testing priming time of selt-priming In addition to the standard performance tests, as outlined in preceding paragraphs, it may be desir- able {0 test selt-priming pumps to determine the priming time. For this test, the suction line shall be substantially tne same as that shown in Figure 1.133, Static it between the eye of the impeller And the liquid level shall not be less than 10 feet (8 meters). No check or foot valve shail be i Stalled In the suction piping. Jn making this test, proceed as follows: 20 Figure 1.133 — Suction line for static litt test = Start the unit. The priming time then shall be the total elapsed time between starting the unit and the time required to obtain a steady discharge gauge reading, or full flow through the discharge nozzle. During this phase of the test, the discharge pipe must be vented if the priming system is the recirculating type. This will prevent a back pressure from being devel- ‘oped as the result of the accumulation of gas. I the unit is equipped with a priming pump of the separate type, it will be necessary for the discharge pipe to be sealed with a column of water that will prevent air being drawn from the discharge side of the unit. 1.6.7.2. Priming time conversion factor Ita suction pipe is used which is dierent in size than the pump suction size, it is necessary to compute the performance for the normal size ol pipe Use the following equation: True priming time = 2 Measured priming time x | B¥me-suction size ‘actual pipe size 1.6.7.9 Determination of maximum developed vacuum by means of dry vacuum test, The test procedure is: With the unit in operation and delivering full flow, close gate vaive in the suction line.‘The reading on the vacuum gauge will hen be the ‘maximum developed vacuum. Tho gate valve shall be located on the pump flange so maximum yacuum capabilly can be credited to the pump. 1.6.8 Measurement of capacity 1.8.8.1 Introduction Any flow measuring system may be used for measuring pump capacity. However, it must be installed so that the entire flow passing through the pump also passes through the instrument jection so that the instrument can measure capacity with an accuracy of ¢ 1.5% at b.e.p. Capacity instruments are classified into two func- tional groups. One group primarily measures batch quantity; the other primarily measures rate ot flow. 1.6.8.2 Capacity measurement by weight Measurement of capacity by weight depends upon the accuracy of the scales used and the accuracy of the measurement of time. Acertifica- tion of scales shall become part of the test record, or in the absence of certification, the scales shall be calibrated with standard weights before or afer the test. Time interval for the collection Period shall be measured to an accuracy of one- quarter of one percent. 1.6.8.3 Capacity measurement by volume This is done by measuring the change in volume of a tank of reservoir during a measured oeriod of time. The tank or reservoir can be located on the inlet or discharge side of the pump, and all flow intg or out of the tank or reservoir must pass through the pump. In establishing reservoir volume by linear meas- urements, considerations shall be given to the geometric regularity (lainess, parallelism, round: ess, etc.) of the reservoir surtaces, dimensional changes due to thermal expansion or contraction, oF deflection resulting trom hydrostatic pressure of the liquid, Liquid levels shall be measured by means such as hook gauges, floats and vertical or inclined gauge glasses. tn some locations and under some circumstan- es, evaporation and loss of liquid by spray may be significant and may be greater than the effects ‘of thermal expansion or contraction. Allowance HI Centtugal Pump Tost —~ 1994 for such loss must be made, or the loss prevented. 1.6.8.4 Capacity measurement by head typo rate meters This is done by introducing a reduced area in the flow stream which results in a reduction in gauge head as the velocity isincreased. The gauge head ditlerential is measured and used to determine the capacity. The meters discussed in Paragraphs 1.6.8.4.1, 1.6.8.4.2 and 1.6.8.4. use this prin- ciple. Meters falling within this classification and ac- ceptable for capacity determination under this standard, when used as prescribed herein, are venturjs, nozzles and ortice plates. For any such meter, compliance with this stand- ard requires that a certified curve showing the Calibration of the meter shall be obtained from the Calibrating agency. This certification must state the method used in calibration and whether the meter itself was calibrated, or whether calibration was obtained trom an exact duplicate. When a flow meter is used on the discharge, itis Preferable to install it in the high pressure section between the pump and the pressure breakdown valve. If the working pressure of the meter is lower, than the pump discharge pressure at shut of, it may be installed downstream of the pressure breakdown valve, with a back pressure valve located downstream of the flow meter to insure that the pressure will stay above vapor pressure during operation and be free of cavitation in the high-velocity section of the meter. These precautions are stipulated to assure uniform tlow velocity within £ 20% at the meter inlet and stable flow at the downstream pressure taps. If there is a question as to whether or not unilorm tlow has been oblained, it shall be check: ed by a velocity head traverse of the pipe imme: diately preceding the meter to assure symmetrical velocity distribution within the pipe. The pipe for one diameter preceding. the upstream pressure taps shall be free {rom tubercles or other surface impertections which Would establish a local disturbance in line with these openings. The pressure tap opening shall ba flush with the interior of the pipe or meter element as appropriate and shall be free of burrs (see Figures 1.134 and 1.138). aHI Centnugal Pump Test — 1994 Table 1.14 — Straight pipe required following any fitting before venturi me in diameters of pipe eter ratio 8 (throat to Inlet diameter) | 0.4 | 0.5 ‘One standard shor radius | 1 | 2 ‘elbow Two elbows in same plane| 2 | 3 | 4 Itwo elbows in planes at 90} 2] 3 | 4 | 5 degrees and with ‘straightening vanes Standard Ci. tanged | 2 | 5 |7.5| 10] 19 reducer Standard Ci. tlanged | 1 | 2| 9 |45] 6 \creaser Globe valve — with ee cee straightening vanes Gate valve —0.2 open | 2] 4 | 6] 9/12 Gate valve —0.5 open. | 2 | 3 Gate valve —tull open | 9 [0.5] 1 1.6.8.4.1 meter Capacity measurement by venturi To insure accurate results in the measurement of capacities with venturi meters, certain minimum lengths of straight pipe are required upstream of the meter. Table 1.14 shows these minimum lengths, expressed in terms of pipe diameters. 1.6.8.4.2 Capacity measurement by nozzles To insure accurate results in the measurement of capacities with nozzle type meters, a length o! straight pipe is required preceding and following the nozzle, Tables 1.15 and 1.16 show the length of straight pipe required. NOTE - A centnitugal pump pumping directly into @ venturi meter should nave at least 10 diameters of straight pipe between it and the meter. 1.6.8.4.3 Capacity measurement by thin square-edged orifice plate Whenever possible, the orilice plate should be calibrated in place in the piping system by weight or volume. When this is not possible, a certilied curve showing the calibration of the orilice plate shall be obtained. This certitication shall conform to requirements given in paragraph 1.6.8.4 and shall, in addition, indicate the exact location and ¢ of pressure taps, which are then to be dupli- 22 cated in the test installation. To insure accurate results in the measurement of capacities with orifice type meters, a length of straight pipe is required preceding and following the orifice plate. Tables 1.15 and 1.16 show the length of straight pipe required, expressed in terms of equivalent pipe diameters. 1.6.8.5 Capacity measurement by weirs ‘This is done in open channel flow by allowing the liquid to cascade over a dam through a sharp crested contraction in the dam, which results in an increase in velocity at the contraction. The drop in liquid level at the contraction is measured and used to determine capacity The rectangular sharp-crested weir with smooth vertical rest wall, complete crest contraction, {ree over-fall and end contraction suppressed is acceptable for capacity determination under this standard. t may be used for either factory or lield testing Brass plug Nipple connects here 2 Approx. 2 rad. Figure 1.134 — Pressure tap opening Nipple connects here— Pipe coupling odin totin oe" Figure 1.135 — Welded on pressure tap openingTable 1.15 — Straight pi nozzle or orifice ipe required followin: plate meter in diameters of pipe HI Centrtugal Pump Te ny fitting before eter ratio § Whroat to inlet diameter) 02 [oa] oa | os | 06 | 07 Teo or wye within line flow é 65 es | 10s] 14 ‘One elbow, branch flow thru tee or wye, ar tlow trom | 6 6s 9 | 13 | 205 ‘drum or separator Globe valve — wide open a | s | os | os| 9 | ss | ar | Gate vai ide open ie |e] 6 | 6 [7s] as | 95] ‘Two or more short radius elbows or bonds inthe same | 7.5 | 75 | 8S | 105] 195] 18 | 25 plane Two or more tong radius elbows orbends inthesame | 6 | 6 | 65 ] 8) | 18. 2 plane | i Two shor radius elbows or bends in diferent planes | 145 | 16 | 175 | 208, 245 | 30 / $0 Two long radius elbows or bends in diferent planes | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 22 | 39 NOTE - A centritugal pump pumping directly into a noz pipe between it and the meter. For a detailed discussion of weirs, their construc- tion, installation and operation, the user is relerred to Fluid Meters, Their Theory and Ap- plication, a report o! ihe ASME Research Commit- tee on Fluid Meters. 1.6.8.6 Capacity measurement by pitot tubes Apitot tube is a double tube, one witnia the other. Capacity is measured by inserting the tube so that it points into the flow stream. The inner tube measures the velocity head and gauge head of the liquid, and the other tube with holds in the ‘outer wall measures gauge head only. The head differential is measured and used to determine velocity head which in tum determines capacity. Where it is impossible to employ one of the methods described above, the pitot tube is often 2le of ofilice should have at least 10 diameters of straight used. When the flow conditions are steady during the time required to make a traverse that has vatiations less than + 0.5%, the flow may be determined with a fair degree of accuracy. The procedure set forth in the ANS/ASME PTC 181-1978 Pumping Mode of Pump/Turbines is recommended. 1.6.8.7 ment Other methods of capacity measure When the methods of capacity measurement described above are not applicable, there are other methods not included in this standard which may be utilized, provides the accuracy of the instrument as described in Paragraph 1.6.5.4.2 can be demonstrated. Table 1.16 — Straight pipe required following downstream pressure tap of a nozzle or .¢ plate meter before any fitting in diameters of pipe eter ratio B ( 02 [0a [os] os [06 | o7 | 08 Gate valve — wide open fous] ts cal prose | axonal age | rr] pe wye fol Cet) coe | ep esa: Oe | ac 1 o | o} of} o | o | a5 | .4 Expansion joint o}o}ofofoj]ss|s 45 degree elbow o fo} oo] o}as|as] 4 | Long radius elbow or bend 2 |2s}2s| 3 |as|os | 4 Regulators, control valves, and partly throttled gate valves e|e}6]6|s6]6] 6 231.8.9 Head —me ‘The units of head and the definition of total head and its component parts are covered in Paragraph 1.6.3.12. 1.6.9.1 Pressure tap location 1.6.9.1.1 For level “A” tests ‘The taps shall be located in the piping a minimum of two (2) diameters of straight pipe belore the suction flange and after the discharge flange. Figure 1.136 shows a single tap connection. To provide uniform velocity before the suction pres- Sure tap, a straight pipe unyarying cross section of at least 5 pipe diameters in length as a mini- ‘mum shall precede the gauge tap, unless other- wise agreed to bythe pump manufacturer and the purchaser. To gauge Figure 1.136 — Single tap connection It the pipe friction loss between the pump suction fr discharge flange and the point of instrument connection exceeds 0.1% of the pump head, ad justment shall be made to the total head. The {iction factor used for the friction loss calculation shall be based on the appropriate roughness fac- tors for the actual pipe section. 1.6.9.1.2° For level “ ‘On pumps with tangential discharge, the taps may be located at the suction and discharge flange of the pump, provided V#/2g is less than 8% of otal head. tests ‘The following precautions shall be taken in form- ing openings for pressure measuring instruments and for making connection: The opening in the pipe shall be flush with and ‘normal to the wall of the water passage. ‘The wall of the water passage shall be smooth and of unvarying cross section. For a distance of 24 atleast 12 inches (300 mm) preceding the open- ing, all tubercles and roughness shall be removed with a fle or emery cloth, i necessary. ‘The opening shall be of a diameter from 1/8 inch to 1/inch (3 to 6 mm) and a length equal to twice the diameter. The edges of the opening shall be provided with a suitable radius tangential to the wall ofthe water passage and shall be free of burrs or ir gularities; Figures 1.194 and 1.195 show sug- gested arrangements of taps or orifices in conformity with the above. Where more than one tap or gfilice is required at a given measuring section, separate connections, properly valved, shall be made and separate in- struments shall be provided. When multiple openings (see Figure 1.197) are agreed upon as an altemative, they shall not be connected to a head-measuring instrument un- less there will be no more than 1% pressure variance between pressures at each opening. If pressure variance exceeds 1%, they shall be measured separately and averaged. All connections or leads trom the opening tap shall be free of liquid leakage. These leads shall be as short and direct as possible. For the dry- tube type of leads, suitable drain pots shall be provided and a loop shall be formed of sutficient heights to keep the pumped liquid from entering the leads. For the wel-lube type of leads, vent f——vent valve Figure 1.137 — Loop manifold connecting pressure tapsHI Cenirilugal Pump Test — 1994 Pg Zz Gauge 4 connection P9 + vind iv _— Gauge connestion Y_ _ __Datum v Pump —_— Figure 1.138 — Gauge connections Cocks for flushing shall be provided at any high point oF loop crest to assure that there are no leaks. Suitable dampening devices may be used in the leads. 1.6.9.2 Mi gauges surement of head by means of The definitions in Paragraph 1.6.3.12 apply to Figure 1.138 where temperature effects are neg- tigi ‘The quantities (Zs) and (Zs) are negative i the corresponding values are below the datum eleva- - tion, When the head(s) at the gauge connection(s) is below atmospheric pressure and the lead line is completely filled with ar, Zis then measured from datum to the corresponding gauge connection instead of the gauge centerline. The air-illed line should be drained before a reading is made. Manometers, pressure transducers and other prassure devices canbe usedin place of pressure gauges. However, the basic expression for total head and the placement of the instruments is the same, 1.6.10 Power measurement Pump input power may be determined by trans- mission dynamometers, torsion dynamometers, strain gauge type torque measuring devices or other sutticiently accurate measuring devices which result in measurement accuracy of £ 1.5% at the specified condition. Readings of power shall be taken at the same lime that capacity is measured. When pump input power is determined by trans- mission dynamometers, the unload dynamometer shall be statically checked prior to the test by ‘measuring the load reading deflection for a given torque and by taking the tare reading on the dynamometer scale at rated speed with the pump disconnected. After the test, the dynamometer's tare value shall be rechecked to assure thal no change has taken place. In the event of a change Of 1.0% of the power at b.e.p., the test shall de ferun. An accurate measurement of speed within £ 0.3% is essential, The use of calibrated dynamometers or motors 1s, an acceptable method lor measurement of pump input power. Calibration of the dynamometer shall be con- ducted with the torsion-indicating means in place, The indicator shall be observed with a series of 25HI Centritugal Pump Test — 1994 increasing loadings and then with a series of decreasing loadings. During the taking of read ings with increasing loadings, the loading is at no time to be decreased; similarly, during the decreasing loadings, the loading shall at no time be increased. The calculation of output shall be based on the average of the increasing and decreasing loadings as determined by the calibra- tion. Ifthe difference in readings between increas- Ing and decreasing loadings exceeds 1%, the torsion dynamometer shall be deemed unsatis- factory. Dynamometers shall not be employed for testing pumps with a maximum torque below one-quarter of the rated dynamometer torque When strain gauge type torque measuring devices are used to measure pump input power, they shall be calibrated annually, with their ac- companying instrumentation. After the test. the readout instrumentation balance shall be techecked to ensure thal no appreciable change hhas taken place. In the event of a change of 1.0% of the power at b.e.p., the test shall be rerun, Calibrated laboratory type electric meters and transtormers shall be used to measure power input to all motors, Calibrated electric motors are satisfactory 10 determine the input power to the pump shalt. The electrical input to the motor is observed and the observations are multiplied by the motor etficien- cy to determine input power to the pump shaft Noncalibrated purchased, furnished or facility motors may be used when agreed upon by, the purchaser. The use of transmission dynamometers and mofors that have been calibrated by acceptable methods previously covered shall be considered 8 giving the actual input power to the pump. 4.6.11. Methods of rotary speed measurement Test speeds for centrifugal pumps may be in the range of a few hundred to thousands of revolu- tions per minute. Since the pump test data will be taken under steady siate condilions, the maxi mum permissible shor-term speed tucivation shall be no more than 0.3%. The instruments shall also be capable of measuring speed with an ac- Guracy of ¢ 0.9%, The speed measuring methods described, therefore, are those which, at moderate speeds, will give a measure of the average speed over an interval of from less than 26 ‘one second up to two minutes, depending on the type of instrumentation. NOTE - The various methods and instrumentation are discussed in detail in Instruments and Ap: paratus Part 13, Measurement of Rotary Speed 1961, PTC 19.13. ‘The revolution counter and timer method, as its name implies, involves the counting of the num- ber of revolutions over an Intgrval of time. Amajor source of error is inexact synchronization of ‘counter and timer. In cases where this is automat- ic (e.g., digital tachometers), accuracy is achieved over a time interval of a few seconds. In the case where a handheld counter and stop- watch are used, the timing interval should be about two minutes. During this time the speed ‘must be constant, and slippage of the counter on the shaft must be avoided. The stopwatch shall be periodically checked against a standard timer. Tachometers provide a direct reading of speed averaged over a fixed time interval. Some types automatically repeat the reading process; hand- held units must be reset manually. The above comments regarding unilorm speed and slippage pertain here also. A tachometer shall be checked periodically against a counter and stopwatch Frequency responsive devices have the ad vantage of not requiring direct contact with the motor or pump shaft, and hence impose no addi- tional load on the motor. The vibrating reed type is useful only when the shaft is completely inac- cessible. Electronic units may be converted to read pm directly using a shaft-mounted gear and ‘a non-contacting magnetic pickup. Since normal ly the line frequency (waich determines the timing interval) is 60 Hz + 0.1%, the method is accurate to the nearest pm, as read on a digital readout The timing interval may be set as shor as 01 second, thus making any speed fluctuations readily discernible Most stroboscopes are limited in accuracy cue to vuacerainty in the precision ol the strobe Irequen cy. The only approach suitable for pump test purp9ses is 10 use the strobe fo determine moto slip under load relate to synchronous speec Using a stopwatch to lime the slippage wile uriv ing the strobe at line frequency (which is known to Ihe accuracy given above and can be deter mined with even greater precision for the time and location of the test).1.6.12 Temperature measurement and instru- ments Temperature shall be measured as close to the pump inlet as possible. The temperature measur. ing device shall have no effect on the measure- ments of pressure and flow rate. All temperature sensing instruments shall be Properly supported anc installed divectly into the liquid stream, When this is not feasible, wells filed with suitabi8 intermediate conducting materials may be used. Temperature may be measured by etched sem liquid-in-giass thermometers, thermocouples or fesistance thermometers. Thermocouples and resistance thermometers, when employed. re- quire potentiometric instruments 1.6.13 Model tests 1.6.13.1 Procedure In many installations volving units of large size ‘model tests are of great utlity. Even v:hen it might be feasible to test the large unit in tne laciory, 2 model may often be tested with greaier accuracy and thoroughness. By adopting a standard size o! model for various pumps, comparable performan ces can be obtained. The modes impeller snould be not less than 12 inches (300 mm) outside diameter The exact model-to-protolype ratio shall be selected by tne builder, Compansons between model tests are valid only when all dimensions of the model hydraulic passages to Prototype are accorgance win model-\o prototype ratio. Testing models in advance of final design and installation of a large unit not only provides ad vance assurance of performance but makes al- terations possible in time for incorporation in the prototype unit Not ail installations lend themselves to a practical model investigation, The pumping of water carry- ing considerable quantities of sand or other foreign material is not readily reproduced in model operation, This standard. therelore, is limited to the pumping of clear water, tree from abnormal quantities of air or solids, both in field installation and factory tests. The effects of wear and deterioration, the effects of free-surface dis turbances in open channel sumps. interference between neighboring units, and peculiar Problems caused by abnormal settings are Covered by model sump tesis, HI Cenuritugal Pump Test — 1994 The model hydraulic passages should have com- plete geometric similarity with the prototype. not only in the pump proper, but also in the intake and discharge conduits as specilied above for tests on full-size pumps. If cavitation tests are not avail able, the NPSHA should be such as to give ine same suction specific speed as the prototype As previously explained, i ine prototype NPSHR 1s known 10 be salely below the NPSHA, then 3 higher NPSHA can be used for the mode! tesis alihough tis preferable to maintam the same value. There is danger of ax separation destroying similanty relationships if tr2 absolute pressure reduced too low. Consequently, congen: Pumps should not be modeled It corresponding gamete: prolotype are Ds and De resi mooai speean; ana mocel cacac fesi neac A, must agree wh 'n ana 2, fo, & *[0,; 17) The ethciency of tne moael wii mot, on generar. o. exactly equal fo that ol the prototype In testing 3 model of reduced size, the above conditions being observed, complete nygraulic similarity may not be attained because of certain influen- ces. For example, complete geometric similarity will not be obtained unless the relative roughness Of the impeller and pump casing surtaces are the same. With the same surface texture in both ‘model and prototype, the model elficiency will te lower than that of the larger unit. Further, :t is generally not practical to model running clearan- es or bearing sizes. When such is the case..the ‘model etticiency will be reduced, When a high degree of understanding exisis be tween manulacturer and user relative to the com- Parison limitations encountered going from model to prototype. thought may be given to the prac licality of increasing the prototype etticiency on tne basis of model test results. However. this 2HI Centetugal Pump Test — 1995 should be done only by mutual agreement belore the job is let, on the basis of all the available test data of a similar nature Numerous comparisons of prototype and mode! efficiencies, with consistent surtace finish of ‘models and prototypes, are necessary for a given factory to establish a basis for calculating mode! performance to field performance. This calcula~ tion can be applied conveniently according fo the formula in use for turbines: namely ale) =n from actual The exponent (x) is to be determi data as described above. ‘The values for the exponent (x) have been found to vary between zero and 0.26, depending on relative surface roughness of model and prototype and other factors. Example: A single-stage pump designed 10 deliver 90,000 gpm against a head of 400 feet at ‘450 1pm and have an impeller diameter of 6.8 eet. This pump is too large for a factory test and, in place of such test on the actual pump, a model is to be tested at a reduced head of 320 leet. The ‘model impeller is 10 be 18 inches (0.457 m) in diameter. Determine speed and capacity for the above ‘model test. Apply the above relationships. or f6.8]/s20P 5 = 450/$4][ Sao] = 18250" 28 or The model pump shoulc tnevetore be cus speed of 1825 rpm delivering 3920 gam agains: a head of 320 feet. To check these resulls, # will be noted that ine Specilic speed of the protctyne is nye MON 28090220°° 5, : and the specilic speed of ne model wili be 1825 (3920)°* 32007 Ns = 1510 Therelore, the specific speeds are the same as required. 1.6.13.2 Test of models at increased head Under special and unusual circumstances, it may be desirable to carry out ‘aciory tests at nigher heads than the prototype head. This, for example. may be due {0 the limitations of available test motors or electrical frequency. In this case. ali of the above considerations continue to apply. The choice of using a mode! is based on balanc: ing the cost benefits of a smaller model versus the ‘manutacturing and test accuracies. In should be pointed out, nowever, that wiih a reduced-size model, coupled with an increase in head, the increase in speed corresponding to the head increase tends to minimize the change in Reynolds number; that is, the product of low velocity and linear dimensions of the model tends {0 approach equality with the same product ‘a the> prototype. This effect tends to restore dynamic similarity in model and prototype and to approach ‘equality of efficiencies and other performance factors. With increased head, however, the preservation of the same suction specific speed value in the model as in the prototype must still be observed, and this value will assume in- creased importance, requiring an increase in sub- mergence or reduction in suction lft in the factory test. “<& © ee Hi Centalugal Pump Test — 1994 The last mentioned requirement may result in another reason for the use of an increased head in the factory test. Cases may arise in which the limitations of the factory test setup may preclude ‘obtaining sufficient suction lilt to reproduce the prototype suction specilic speed. In such cases, the required value can be obtained by an increase in the pumping head instead of by a reduction in suction head or increase in suction litt, 29greater than that developed by the pump at its best efficlency point during normal operation, the runaway speed will exceed that corresponding to ‘normal pump operation. This excess speed m y impose high mechanical stresses on the rotating arts both of the pump and the prime mover and, therefore, knowledge of this speed is essential to safeguard the equipment from possible damage. It has been found practical to express the runaway speed as a percentage of that during normal operation. The head consistent with the runaway speed is in this case assumed to be equal to that developed by the pump at the best efficiency point ‘The ratio of runaway speed (nro} io normal spe 4 (n) for single and double suction pumps varies with specific speed. This relationship is shown by Figure 1.101. The data shown should be used as a guide, since it is recognized that variations can be experienced with individual esigns. It is to be pointed out that transient conditions, during which runaway speed may take place often result in considerable head variations due to surging in the pressure line. Since most pump- ing units have relatively lite inertia, surging can cause rapid speed fluctuations. The runaway speed may, in such a case, be consistent with the highest head resulting from surging. Theretore, knowledge of the surging characteristic of the pipeline is essential tor determining the runaway Speed. This is particularly important in case of tong fines, 1.4.5 Maintenance of centrifugal pumps 1.4.5.1 Wearfparts replacement 1.4,5.1.1 Wear rings "arps with shrouzed (enclosed) iy commonly fitted with wear rings in the casing ang possibly on the impellers. These wear rings make it possible to restore running clearances, to reduce the quantity of liquid leaking from the high pressure side to the suction side. These rings Sepend on the liquid in the pump for lubrication They will eventually wear so tat the clearance becomes greater and more liquid passes into the suction. This rate of wear depends on the charac: ter ofthe liquid pumped. Badly worn wearing rings will fesult in severe degradation of pump pertor: mance, particularly on small pumps. HI Centtugal Pump Operation — 1994 1.4.5:1.2 Wear plates Pumps with open impellers on erosive type ser: vice are often equipped with wear plates fitted 10 the casing or suction cover. They perform the ‘same function as wear rings. Some means of axial adjustment is usually provided in the pump design, 50 close running clearances can be main- tained. However, when extreme or uneven wear lakes place, the wear plate must be replaced, 1.4.5.2 Noise Noise is undesired sound energy. A vibrating structure will excite the air surrounding it, result ing is noise. For example, a vibrating steel plate can be felt as a vibration and heard as a ncise Many cures for vibration problems likewise cure a noise problem, Windage noise is another problem. Fans, cou: lings or any rotating elements are sources of windage noise. Still another noise source is the liquid tlow. The interaction of the liquid with the pump casing or piping will cause them to vibrate and, in turn, excite the air surrounding them, The more tur bulent the flow, the greater the vibratory excitation and the louder the noise. Further discussion on noise can be found in Para: graph 1.3.3.3 in the Design and Application sec- tion 1.4.5.3 Troubleshooting When investigating pump trouble at the jot every ellort must first be made to eli outside influences. I ine nertormance +s sust the corer! use and accuracy of insirunvé should first be checked. In addition, note! pump performance is substantially affectea Such fluid characteristics as temperature. sp Gravity and viscosity. 1.4.5.3.1 Little or no discharge tlow Lilie or no discharge from a pump may be caused by any of the following conditions: = pump not primed: = speed too low; ~ system head too high; = suction lift higher than that for which pump. is designed, = impelier completely plugged: 129e | { + HICentdtugal Pump Operation —~ 1994 = Impeller installed backward: = wrong direction of rotation; ir leak in the suction line; ~ air leak through stutfing-box; ~ well draw-down below minimum submer- gence; — pump damaged during installation; ~ broken line shalt or coupling: ~ impeller loose on shalt; ~ closed suction or discharge valve. 1.4.5.3.2 sure Insufficient discharge tlow or pres- Insufficient discharge {rom a pump may be caused by any of the following conditions: ~ air leaks in suction and stutting-boxes; ~ speed too low; ~ system head higher than anticipated: ~ insufficient NPSHA; ~ foot valve too small; ~ wearing rings worn: ~ impeller damage: ~ impetier(s) loose on shatt; ~ vortex at suction supply: ~ suction or discharge vaive partially closed ~ impeller installed backwards; ~ wrong direction rotation 1.4.5.3.3 Loss of suction Loss of suction may be caused by any of the following conditions: ~ leaky suction line; ~ water seal plugged; ~ Suction lift 100 high or insulfcient NPSHA, = air or gas in liquid; ~ suction flange gasket defective; = clogged strainer; excessive well draw-down, 130 —1.4.5.3,4_Excessive power consumption—.— Excessive power consumption may be caused by any of the following conditions: = speed too high; ~ system head lower than rating, pumps too ‘much liquid (radial and mixed flow pumps): ~~ system head higher than rating, pumps too little liquid (axial tlow pumps); ~ specific gravity or viscosity of liquid pumped is too high; 7 ~ shaft bent; = rotating elerient binds; ~ stuting-boxes t00 tight; ~ wearing rings worn; = undersized motor cable: ~ incorrect lubrication; ~ mechanical seal power consumption: = pump and motor operating in reverse direc tion; = impeller mounted on shaft with inverted orientation. 1.4.6 Pump vibration Ww Radial Vibration is the most frequent type of pump vibration andis the primary subject ofthis section. With the radia! vibration mode, also called lateral vibration, the displacement is predominantly in the plane perpendicular to the pump axis 1 Radial vibration 1.4.6.1.1 Vibration limits Figures 1.102 through 1.105 show the recom: mended acceptable untiltered vibration limits t+ Pumps with either journal or roling contract bear ings. Pump manufacturers have found, by ex. Perience and by theoretical analysis, that thers are no adverse effects on pump life or reliability due to vibration forces as long as the vibration amplitudes do not exceed these limits. The amplitudes shown are the overall maximum ob. tained without filtering to specific requencies and ‘measured on the pump as shown in Figures 1.107 through 1.112. I amplitudes at specific frequen: ies, such as vane pass frequency with multi- vane impellers are measured, they should be less than 75% of the unfiltered amplitudes allowed byHI Centritugal Pump Operation — 1994 = = 2 OF a E : zg : 2 : z e on § 2 on F é s ow 6 “a oa D150 ww ae a Pump speed - (pm Figure 1.102 — Acceptable field vibration limits for horizontal o vertical in-line pumps (Figures 1.107 to 1.109) ~ clear liquids. 131i li HI Centritugal Pump Operation — 1994 i can 1000 300 2000 00 1000 9 lun) wawaoeidsip Pump speed - rpm table field vibration limits Figure 1.103 — acce; clog pumps ~ Figure 1.108 for horizontal non 132g Overall displacement (un HI Centrtugal Pump Operation — 1994 os os on E = 02 x oles oo & co g vor 0 | w 0 eo tooo a Pump speed «pr Figure 1.104 — Acceptable field vibration limits for vertically mounted centrifugal pumps ~ clear liquids - Figures 1,1 10 to 1.112 133a HI Contrituga! Pump Operation — 1994 194 Disiance from base to) point of measurement (Lara) TERS Cienem] Shani) i ee ae iit “om a a rn oe ane Pump speed - rpm Figure 1.105 — Acceptable field vibration limits for all 'ypes of vertically mounted non-clog pumps ~ Figures 1.110 to 1.112 oa osRPA for clad ag for non-clog pumps. large range of pumps and applications. There- fore, the recommended vibration levels are to be used as a general acceptance guide with the understanding that vibration levels in excess of the curve values may require investigation and close watch, The first step in investigating high overall vibra- tion is to filter the vibration data to discrete fre- quencies and determine the source of the excessive level. The frequencies most influenced by pump operation are the rotating frequency (RPM), twice the rotating frequency (2X RPM), and the vane pass frequency (RPM X number of vanes). lf the vibration levels at these frequencies are below the limits allowed, the cause of exces sive vibration is probably outside the pump. Pos- sible causes include structural resonance, piping resonance, other operating machinery, etc. \Visrations in excess of the curve values may be acceptable if they show no continued increase and there is no other indication of damage, such asan increase in bearing clearance or noise level. Machinery vibration severity charts, published by various sources, should not be applied to pumps indiscriminately. They were developed for machines primarily subject to unbalance and misalignment forces, whereas pumps in many applications are exposed to very severe hydraulic, exciting forces. Furthermore, vertical motors are often mounted directly on the pump, which in- herertly results in a flexible structure. These facts must be and are recognized in this Standard. The displacement values on Figures 1.102 through 1.105 are for average overall vibration readings F.gures 1,102 through 1.195 assume’ 1) Operation under steady conditions at the rated speed(s) and at the rated points + 10% with no cavitation, or air entrainment; 2) Piping that is arranged so as to provide straight uniform flow into the pump and con- nected and anchored so as to avoid strains on the pump; 3) Couplings and components that are aligned with the pump manufacturer's recom- ‘mendations; 4) “Atoundation of adequate mass and rigidity with proper anchor bolts and grouting. Figure 1.102 covers horizontal and vertical in-line pur.ps pumping clear liquid. Figure 1.103 covers horizontal non-clog pumps for fluids containing clog-prone solids and slurry pumps pumping fion-homogenous slurries. Figure 1.104 covers vertical centrifugal pumps that are pumping clear liquids. Vertical wet pit cantilever and submerged bearing pumps as well as slurry pumps with piggy-back motors and V- belt drives should also use Figure 1.104. Figure 1.105 covers vertical centrifugal non-clog pumps. The location of the vibration probes for accep- tance testing is shown in Figures 1.107 through 1m. 1.4.6.1.2. Conversion formulas for vibration readings Conversion formulas {or vibration readings at a given frequency are as follows: jeroro niet? 3 2 696 x 10°F a= 2.704 x 10%6f Where: d =Displacement, peak to peak, in mils (0.001 inches); zero to peak, in inches per sec.; \cceleration, zero to peak, in Gs: Frequency, in cycles per minute. 1.4.6.1.3 Factors affecting the vibration 1.4.6.1.3.1 Unbalance of rotating parts and rotor balancing Unbalance of the pump rotor can generate high unbalance forces, result in excessive bearing and shalt loading and induce high vibration levels. The balancing method and the residual un- balance limits are as follows: Component balance shall be single-plane spin balance to ISO 1940-1973 E balance quality grade G6.3 (See Figure 1.106). When the ratio of the largest outside diameter of the component 135& 1 Saudia Pare Oprater~ 109 “divided ‘by the ‘distance beivie’t'the ‘correction ines Is less tharrsix, a two plane balanc: be required, Other grades may be used if agreed upon by the user and manufactur NOTE — In the specific case of impellers, the width js measured at the periphery, including the thick- ness of any shrouds but not the back vane. Balancing machine sensitivity shall be adequate for the part to be balanced. This means that the machine is capable of measuring unbalanced levels to one-tenth of the maximum residual un- balance allowed by the balance quality grade ‘selected for the component being balanced. Balance machines shall be calibrated at least annually. When specitied, calibration shall be done just prior to balancing, Pertinent aspects: ~ The,balance grade specified in thie above standard yields a level or residual unbalance in rotating components consistent with clearance fits between the impeller and shaft. Rotating assembly balance is recom- mended if tighter quality grades (e.9., G2.5 or G1.0) are desired. For those instances where non-clearance fits are applicable, agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser should be reached if a different component balance quality grade is desired; ~ Balance machine sensitivity is a function of the ratio of the weight of the part to the weight rating of the machine, (Above 100%, one must check with the manufacturer of the balancing machine.) As an example, a 100 |b. rated machine may provide adequate sensitivity and accuracy for a 10 Ib. part, but 2 20 Ib. feted machine would be much more Suited for the task; and a 3 Ib. part may not balance at all on the 100 Ib. machine to the quality grade required. Following are guidelines for the quality of balance Procedure, equipment, tooling and rotor geometry, giving both users and manufacturers 2 ‘common ground for discussing these issues that have been learned through experience. 1)_ Inherent balance and/or runout in balancer drive or balancing arbor. ~ The balancer drive may be checked by peri- odically rotating the drive splines 180 degrees alter a part has been balanced and checking the residual unbalance. It should be within 10% 138 ‘mm) total indicator movern 2) Keys/keyway geometry errors; ‘Special care must be taken to ensure that keys and keyways in.balancing.arbors are dimen- sionally identigal to those in the assembled rotor. Like the arbor, they should-be of har- dened tool steel, to resist error introduced through we 3) Excessive looseness between impeller hub and balancing arbor. The following guidelines are suggested, for ‘maximum looseness between balancing arbor and impeller. At no time should this looseness bbe greater than that found on the assembled rotor; Diameter rotor | Maximum looseness Journal (Giametral) impelter hub (1800 = 9600 bore~Inches | ¢< 1600 mm) |" mm) o— “0015 in. | 0015 in. 1.499 in. (38mm) | (038mm) | (038 mm) 1.5 (98.1 mm)— | .0020in. | 0015 in, 1.999 in. (50.8mm)| (051 mm) | (038 mm) 2.0(60.9mm) |” .0025in. | .0015 in, above (065 mm) | (.038 mm) NOTE — For those impellers to be run at 3,600 rpm ‘and having a straight radial clearance with the shall, the maximum looseness specified, while a practical limit, may not assure a G6.3 residual unbalance when removed from the balance arbor and mounted fon the pump shaft. In this case, a G10 specication ‘on impeller balance or a ro rnmended. 4) Removal or addition of material Material removal: This should be done in a manner that spreads the balance correction as evenly as possible over the surface. if a shroud 's uS#s, ie thickness removed should be no moro than 1/3 of the original, and the sub- sequent finish should be equal to the femainder of the shroud. Ifthe impeller vane is Used for balance correction, no more than 1/4 of the vane thickness should be removed, al- ways from the low pressure side. Removal by drilling and/or end milling should follow the same thickness guidelines, with appropriate consideration to o0 Center of gravity displacement -@ (nx 10°) acceptable residual unbalanca/unit of rotor mass wh ei om 3s a2 £5 i H = #3 $s 83 ao «38 3 o i 7 i i 1 \I = ay t oe 8 ~ oo 9m = Maximum service speed rotation (rpm) x 10 Figure 1.106 — Allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers ~ grade G6.3 137HiICentitugal Pump Operation — 1994 Material addition: Sometimes for very large TOOTS wt comes desirable to add material so that the shroudNvane thickness guidelines are nt vio- lated. This is permissible as long as impelier finish and discontinuities to flow are not radical and the method of material addition is consis- tent with requirements for mechanical integrity and material properties of the impellericom- ponent for the intended/specified service NOTE — The removal or addition of material to the impeller to effect the balance tolerance should be performed so as to preserve the impeller’s geometry and minimize any flow discontinuities, Unbatance of the driver, especially when it is ‘mounted on the pump, and unbalance of -cou- piling will have the same effect as pump rotor unbalance and require the same treatment Field balancing is an acceptable means for meet: ng guaranteed field vibration limits. 11 is some- times impractical to balance a pump driver assembly in the shop because of the size, speed, thermal conditions of the assembly, etc. Further: more, itis found that a shop-balanced assembly may produce different vibration levels in the field because of the dissimilarities between shop and tield foundation, job or test driver, piping, etc. 1.4.6.1.3.2 Natural frequency and resonance Operation of a pump at a rotational speed near or at vane-passing frequency or one of the lower natural frequencies of the structure can result in a resonant condition. Theoretically, the vibration ‘evels could become infinite, but the presence o! dampening generally limits the levels 10 several limes that sown on Figures 1.102 Pump manutacturers can calculate or deterine by test the natural frequency of the pump as ser ily. However, in a field installation the viva ing structure comprises, in addition to the pump, the foundation, the mounting, the piping and its suppo7s, a3 may include the river anc “iewoe shafting. The natural frequency of the vibrating structure is determined by the stiffness of the total structure and by its equivalent mass. It may there- {ore differ significantly from the natural frequency ‘of the pump alone. In the absence of any specific information, the pump manufacturer will assume thatthe piping is installed rigidly and anchored close to the pump connections and that the hold-down bolts are 198 securely embedded in a concrete foundation of ‘The system designer must give this proper con- sideration and must ensure that the natural fr. ‘quency of he system does not fall within the pump operating speed range. He also must be aware of the much lower slitiness of fabricated system structures relative f0 concrete and the problems associated with calculating stiffness of unconven- tional and composite structures. This is especially true in the case of verticaly mounted pumps in the water and wastewater markets where variable speed drives are employed. Horizontal pumps are relatively rigid with a resulting high natural {re- quency, and occasions where resonance problems arise are rare. 1.4.6.1.3.3. Hydraulic resonance in piping Vibration problems can be caused by hydraulic, resonance of the liquid within the pump/piping system, When normal pump-induced pressure pulsations are reflected by the piping systems and, ‘added in phase to the source pulse, the amplitude of the pulse is magnified. Resulting high pres- sures can ultimately cause mechanical fatigue failures in either the piping or the pump com- ponents, can generate unacceptable noise levels, and can cause vibration of the system com- ponents. Experience has shown that the following measures may prove effective in correcting hydraulic resonance: 1) alter the resonant piping, 2) change ine pump speed, I design cheractonstios of the pump, 4) insert a pulsation damper on the pumpypiping system, Moditications to the pump, piping or supporting ures, Mai co not change the pu'salicr response (hydraulic natural frequency) of the Pump/piping system will not correct the resonant condition, 1.4.6.1.3.4' Hydraulic disturbances Vibration is always caused by a driving force: Hydraulic disturbances in the pump may generate this force. Following is a list of some typical hydraulic disturbances:1) hydraulic forces produced between thedn- peller vanes and the volute cutwater or diffuser at vane-passing frequency: 2) recirculation and radial forces at low flows; 3) fluid separation at high flows; 4) cavitation due to NPSH problems, 5) flow disturbances in the pump intake due to improper intake design; 6) air entrainment or aeration of the liquid; 7) hydraulic resonance in the piping; 8) solids contained in the liquids, such as sewag: impacting in * ¢ pump and causing momentary imbalance, or wedged in the im: peller and causing continuous imbalance. ‘The pump manufacturer should provide for the first item in the pump design and establish limits tor low flow. The system designer is responsible for giving due consideration to the remaining items, 4.4.6.1.3.5 Other mechanical problems Misalignment of the shatting, damaged bearing, bent shatts, inadequate piping supports and ex: pansion joints without tie rods ace also frequent causes of vibration. 1.4.6.1.3.6 Effect of rigidity ‘The amplitude of the vibration resulting from a given driving force is related 10 the rigidity of the vibrating structure. For example, a conventional horizontal split case pump is much more rigid than a vertically mounted sewage pump. The same forcing levels of any of the above sourc expacted 10 result in significantly higher vib-a’ levels on the sewage pump beer the split case. Likewise, a short vertical sewage pump would be more rigid than a tall one, and lower vibration amplitudes would be expected. The higher flexibility of the taller structure, however, allows higher vibration amplitudes for the same etlect on life of the components. The vibration limits for the vertical pumps (Figures 1.404 and. 1.105) recognize this fact, allowing higher lovels for tall pumps. Ht Centstugal Pump Operation — 1994 4.4.6.2 Axial vibration ‘A centrifugal pump rotor may experience forced axial vibration, particularly when the pump is operated at capacities far removed {rom the best ffficiency point. Such axial vibration will con- tribute to the overall level of pump vibration Limits of overall vibration are published in thi section, “The forces causing axial motion may be produced either mechanically or hydraulically by internal or external causes, as for example by a misaligned ‘coupling between pump and driver or by pressure pulsations between the impeller shrouds and sta- tionary components. Both amplitudes and frequency of axial vibrations are significant parameters; the worst combination usually being high amplitude at high frequency. Uniess measures are taken to limit axial vibration, it ig possible the mechanical shaft seals may suffer early dynamic failure of the primary seal surlaces or that Iretting of the pump shatt or shaft sleeve may cause failure of secondary seals. Internal clearances for ball thrust bearings wil normally restrict rotor motion sufficiently to avoid ‘operating problems with mechanical shaft seals. Tiling pad thrust bearings may have sufficient end play to permit excessive roiur motion ‘The means used to limit axial vibrations are deter- mined by the pump manufacturer who must con: sider the contribution of the axial components to ‘overall vibration levels and to the effect of such vibration on the operating characteristics and reliability of the pump and its assccinied eauip ment 1.4.6.3 Torsional vibration Rotor torsional eriticals can theoretically De present any time there are two rotating mise: corrected by shatting wich +s 9at intnitely § This implies thai any pump corer coupled 10 @ driver has a torsional natural trequency. Never theless, torsional problems are rarely seen with centrifugal pumps. With most pumps, the connecting shafting stiff ness is 50 high that the torsional natural frequen- cy is well above the frequency of any exciting forces. Pumps with long vertical line shafts or flexible (elastomer) couplings have greater tor ‘sional compliance and lower natural frequencies, but the exciting hydraulic forces, primarily 139HI Centtitugal Pump Operation — 1994 generated by intpeller vanes passing the volute utwaterordiffuser-venes-have low-energy ievel ‘The vibration amplitudes thersfore remain low in stallations consisting of a pump and an electric motor. ‘On the other hand, when a pump is driven through a gear, the gear tooth meshing frequencies can excite high torsional eriticals, and inaccuracies in the gear can provide the exciting force. Similarly, engines can also cause high torsional excitations at higher frequencies. It is therefore recom- mended that gear- or engine-driven pumps be analyzed for torsional vibration. Computer programs are available for predicting the torsional critical spe ds and expected amplitudes. The mathematical models on which these calculations are based are quite accurate and yield realistic results. The analysis should be made during the design stage of the installation. Shifting of the natural frequency can be ec complished fairly easily by selecting a flexible coupling with proper torsional stiffness. The existence of torsional vibration rarely shows itselt in the pump bearing housing vibration. The gear bearings or housing may or may not show a problem. Thus pump shafts, couplings or gears can fail without the usual vibration monitoring ‘equipment indicating any danger. Rather complicated equipment is required 10 measure torsional vibrations. It may consist of strain gauges mounted on the rotating shatting with proper signal transmission devices, or tor- siongraphs based on the pulse gear train or seis mometer principle. Due to sophistication of this equipment, torsional tests are rarely run in the Volute type pumps with tangential discharge oc casionally experience pump casing torsional vibration, This type of vibration is usually caused by expansion joints in the discharge, that are not properly isolated by anchors between them and the pump. Tle rods may not provide adequate stiffness in some cases. Torsional vibration of this type can be measured with standard vibration probes, indicating the amplitude of the discharge flange in or against the direction of flow. 1.4.6.4. -Seismic vibration analysis For certain critical installations such as nuclear power plants, the pumps, supports, and acces: sofies must be earthquake-resistant. The design 140 i specifications to achieve earthquake resistance is a, ace of the equipment (defining how crtcal tho survival of the equipment is), a.id the charac teristics (acceleration response) of the structure ‘of foundation supporting the pump. Complete specification for earthquake-resistance requirements must be supplied by the customer. This includes: 1) the earthquake seismic criteria translated to forcing functions, such as accelerations, theirmagnitudes, frequency spectrum, location and direction relative to the pump; 2) the allowable stress and/or deflection levels for structural integrity; 3) the qualification procedure required to demonstrate performance (.., analysis, test- ing of a combination) and requirements of ‘operability demonstration during andfor after test 1.4.6.5 Vibration measurements 1.4.6.5. Vibration instruments Note that the primary measure of vibration is displacement in mils peak to peak The most appropriate method of measurement is electronic velocity or acceleration measurements taken at various frequencies. Where the values are significant, these measurements are in- tegrated in an appropriate electronic circuit to determine overall amplitude of vibration in mils. Direct measurement of velocity or acceleration is ‘not intendad by this guide. Such secondary meas- urements, including complete trequency analysis. are usetul in diagnosing vibration probiems, It should be noted that relatively high velocity or acceleration readings at high frequencies result in very small displacement values. 1.4.6.5.2 Location of vibration probes ‘The vibration probes should be located on both bearing housings of horizontal split or double case pumps, near the upper or outer bearing of fend suction pumps, and near the upper motor bearing of vertical pumps with close-coupled motors. Figures 1.107 through 1.112 illustrate the location in greater detail, Probes must not be located on flexible panel or cylinder walls, such as on motorend covers of vertical pumps. Such covers should be removed to allow measurements on a stiff part of the machine, Displacement measurements of the pump shaft, relative to the bearing journals, are sometimes taken with proximity probes supported on the bbare-bearing housing. Such measurements are HI Cananigal Pump Operalion — 1954 primarily useful as analytical tools, since they provide information on phase angles, vibration modes and frequencies. However, amplitudes are influenced heavily by the bearing clearance and oll film and are.normally larger than the housing vibration, They are not necessarily in conformance with the guidelines in Figures 1.102 and 1.103, 141142 HiConirtugal Pump Operation — 1994 Figure 1.107 — Single or multistage impeller between bearing pumps with axial (shown) or radial split case Figure 1.108 — Horizontal end suction ~ clear liquid or non-clog pumpHi Centitugal Pump Operation — 1994 ) Figure 1.109 — Vertical in-line centrifugal pump 143entntugal Pump Operation — 1994 — ay V3 v2 Figure 1.110 — Vertical separately coupled clear liquid or non-clog pump eeHiIContitugal Pump Operation — 1994 Figure 1.111 — Vertical clear liquid or non-clog flexible shafting driven pump 145HI Centttugal Pump Operation — 1994 Figure 1.112 — Vertical wet pit submerged bearing or wet pit cantilever ~ clear liquid or non-clog pump. 146Hi Centrtugal Pump Reterences and Source Material — 1994 1.5 Reference and source material 1.5.1. API-American Petroleum Institute API Standard 610, Conti gal Pumps for Gonoral Relinery Service ‘American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, 0.C, 20005 1.5.2 ASME-American Society of Mechanical Engineers An Experimental Investigation of Radial Thrust in Cenritugal Pumps by A. Agostinelli, et al ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, April 1960 ASME B73.1M-1991, Specilictions for Horizontal End Suetion Centrifug: Pumps tor Chemical Process ASME B73.2M-1991, Specifications for Vertical- In-Line Centritugal Pumps for Chemical Process American Society of Mechanical Engineers United Engineering Center 343 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 1.5.3 ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 0-323, Tesi Methods for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Methoo) ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187 1.5.4 CPB-Contractors Pumps Bureau Contractors Pump Manual Contractors Pun Bureau 13975 Connecticut Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20906 1.5.5 FM-Factory Mutual Research Corp. Factory Mutual Research Corp. 1151 Boston-Providence Turnoike Norwood, MA 02062 1.5.6 _1$O-International Organization for Standards 180-940-1973, Balance Quality of Rotating Rigid Bodies American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 1.5.7 NEMA-National Electrical Manutac- turers Associations NEMA-MG1-1993, Motors an Generators Navona; Bicctricai MManracurers Association 2101 L Street, NW, Suite 300 Washington, 0.C. 20037 1.5.8 NFPA-National Fire Protection Associa- tion instaliation National Fire Protect 1 Baterymarch Park Quincy, MA URZEI- 1.5.9 UL-Underwriters Laboratory Underwriters Laboratory 333 Plingsten Road Northbrook, IL 60062 1.5.10 Stepanoff Centrifugal and Axial Pumps, Second Edition by A.J, Stepanott John Wiley anid Son 1 Wiley Drive Somerset, NJ 08875 147