Professional Documents
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HNG DN N THI
MN
TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 2
TPTHTACGIA
6. PTS. NGUYN VN TN
7. PHAM K TH
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 3
MUCLUC
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 4
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 5
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 6
CU 34: Vai tro cua qun chung nhn dn va v nhn - lanh tu i vi s phat
trin cua xa hi. ........................................................................................................ 103
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 7
LI NHA XUTBAN
Thang 3 nm 2000
NHA XUT BAN AI HOC QUC GIAHA NI
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 8
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 9
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 10
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 11
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 12
Trit hoc nghin cu nhng quy lut chung nht cua tn tai va
t duy, giup cho vic nhn thc va hoat ng cai tao th gii. Trit
hoc Mac da vao nhng thanh qua cua cac khoa hoc cu th, nhng
no khng ly phng phap cua cac nganh khoa hoc cu th lam
phng phap cua mnh. Phng phap nhn thc chung nht, ung
n nht cua trit hoc la phng phap bin chng duy vt. Phng
phap bin chng duy vt i lp vi phng phap siu hnh.
Phng phap bin chng va siu hnh xut hin rt sm, t
thi c ai. Phng phap bin chng la phng phap nhn thc s vt
va hin tng trong s lin h, tac ng qua lai, vn ng va phat
trin. Ngc lai, phng phap siu hnh xem xet s vt, hin tng
trong s tach ri, khng vn ng va khng phat trin. Cuc u tranh
gia phng phap bin chng va phng phap siu
hnh cung la mt ni dung c ban cua lch s trit hoc.
Phng phap bin chng duy vt xut hin t thi ky c ai
(bin chng duy vt th s, mc mac t phat). Ch n khi trit hoc
Mac ra i, phng phap nay mi thc s tr thanh phng phap
trit hoc khoa hoc. Phng phap nay giup cho con ngi kha nng
nhn thc mt cach ung n, khach quan v gii t nhin, xa hi
va t duy va giup con ngi at c hiu qua trong hoat ng thc
tin.
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 13
co
3 h thng: Buddha (Pht giao), Jaina giao, Lkayata.
(Tiu chun cua chnh thng la tha nhn va bao v tnh
ung n tuyt i cua kinh Veda. Con ta giao th ngc lai).
Cac trng phai trn u t nhiu ban n vn khi
nguyn cua th gii.
Nhng trng phai co tnh cht duy tm tn giao cho rng,
khi nguyn cua th gii la Brahman - la thc tai duy nht cua vu
tru, la cai ma do o, moi vt sinh trng, cai trong o, moi vt
nhp vao khi b huy dit. Brahman tn tai vnh vin, va co khi con
c coi la mt v thn sang tao. Con ngi la mt b phn cua
Brahman, tc la Atman; mun tr v vi cai vnh hng, con ngi
phai tu luyn, phai thoat tuc Atman tr v vi Brahman.
Nhng trng phai co tnh cht duy vt cho rng, th gii
nay (k ca con ngi) c tao thanh t nhng yu t vt cht, tuy theo
quan nim khac nhau cua cac phai ma cac yu t o la: nc, t,
khng kh,... hoc tru tng hn la nguyn t. ng thi vi quan
nim nay, ngi ta con cho rng, linh hn cung c sinh ra t nhng
yu t vt cht, no mt i khi vt cht (th xac) b tiu huy.
2. Vn con ngi
Nhiu trng phai trit hoc n c ai cho rng, con ngi
gm hai phn: hn va xac. Phn xac co th b huy dit, con phn
hn la tn tai vnh vin, tuy theo "nghip" hay do tu luyn, do lam
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 14
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 15
ngghen a anh gia cao nhng t tng bin chng nay trong tn iu
Pht giao s ky.
Trit hoc n c ai co s pha trn, hoa nhp vi nhng t
tng co tnh cht duy linh tn giao, trong o, co nhiu vn ma ngay
nay chung ta cn phai xem xet; din giai nh: luyn yoga; lun hi,...
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 16
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 17
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 18
tnh ngi do tri phu...,). Cung co nha trit hoc cho rng tnh ngi
khng thin, khng ac, vn d gn nhau (ging nhau) va do "tp,
nhim" ma thanh thin hay ac. Ho cho rng cai ang s khng phai
la "mnh tri", ma la "nhn hoa".
Vn vai tro cua con ngi a c cac nha trit hoc Trung
Hoa c ai cp kha nhiu. iu c bit lu y y la, trong
nhng bin i su sc cua i sng xa hi ng thi, mt s nha
trit hoc a thy c vai tro to ln cua con ngi, cua nhn dn.
Nh quan nim: "dn la gc, xa tc la quy, vua quan la thng", hay
"dn co sc manh nh nc, lt thuyn cung la dn...". Nhng do s
phat trin tr tr cua xa hi Trung Hoa va do han ch lch s cua chnh
cac nha trit hoc ma cui cung hu ht ho u co quan nim v tnh
cht ng cp, nh mnh trong vn con ngi.
3. Vn nhn thc
Trit hoc Trung Hoa c ai t ban n vn nhn thc gii
t nhin, va nu co th nhn thc y cui cung cung quay v
nhn thc xa hi (th du: vn "ao" va nhn thc "ao" cua Lao
T,...). Khi ban nhiu n kha nng nhn thc cua con ngi, Khng
T cho rng thanh nhn khng hoc cung bit, qun t hoc th bit,
con tiu nhn hoc cung khng bit. Mt s nha trit hoc khac th cho
rng, du ke tr hay ngu cung phai qua hoc mi bit. Nhng nhiu nha
trit hoc cho rng, cai hoc, bit y la nhm lam theo "danh",
"phn" cua mnh.
Phep bin chng cung la vn a c t ra trong trit
hoc Trung Hoa c ai, th hin trong kin giai v "ao", v "Bin
dch". Trong o, ho tha nhn rng: Th gii vn ng bin i la tn
tai vnh vin, co tnh quy lut va nh nhng mu thun vn co cua
no. Nhng do han ch lch s, s vn ng, bin i o lai c coi la
mt chu trnh khep kn, khng co phat trin, khng co s i mi v
cht.
*
* *
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 19
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 20
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 21
ly tnh trong nhn thc. Ngc lai, Platn coi nhn thc v s vt la
khng xac thc, "m ti", ch co nhn thc v nhng y nim la xac
thc va at c bng "s hi tng" cua linh hn bt t nhng g
ma no a thy th gii y nim trc o.
- V quan im chnh tr, mcrit ung h ch dn chu,
con Platn lai cao ch quy tc, chng lai ch dn chu tin b.
2. Arixtt (384-322 TCN). - Trit hoc cua ng phan anh ch
chim hu n l Hy Lap thi suy tan. Cng lao ln cua Arixtt la
ch: ng a chng lai chu ngha duy tm khach quan cua Platn.
Trong hoc thuyt v tn tai, ng a tha nhn vt cht la vnh vin.
Song ng lai tach ri hnh thc ra khoi vt cht, coi hnh thc khng
co tnh vt cht, nhng co tnh tch cc, la nguyn nhn sinh ra cac
s vt cu th. Con vt cht la thu ng, no ch co th bin thanh
s vt cu th nh nguyn nhn hnh thc. Bc thang hnh thc a dn
ng n t tng duy tm v hnh thc cao nht (ng lc u tin)
bn ngoai th gii.
- Trong hoc thuyt v linh hn, ng a coi linh hn phu thuc
vao trang thai c th va khng bt t. Khng ch c th con ngi, ma
ca thc vt, ng vt cung co linh hn.
- Trong hoc thuyt v nhn thc, ng a ph phan thuyt
"hi tng" cua linh hn v th gii y nim cua Platn. ng coi cam
giac la c s cua nhn thc va ng chng lai vic tach ri nhn thc
cam tnh vi nhn thc ly tnh. ng co nhiu ong gop v lgic hoc.
ng a a ra cac quy lut c ban cua lgic hnh thc. Ngoai ra, ng
con co nhng t tng quy bau v mi quan h bin
chng gia cai chung va cai ring, gia quy nap va din dch, v.v..
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 22
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 23
phn tch. Tuy chng lai chu ngha kinh vin, nhng lai tha nhn s
tn tai cua Thng , tha nhn ly lun v "chn ly hai mt"...
- Hpx a tip tuc phat trin t tng duy vt cua B cn.
+ ng a khng nh ch co cac vt th la tam thi, con vt
cht la tn tai vnh vin. Do th gii quan siu hnh nn ng a phu
nhn s a dang v cht cua th gii, coi s vn ng cua th gii
vt cht ch la s di chuyn v tr n gian trong khng gian.
+ im tin b hn so vi Bcn la Hpx a kin quyt
chng lai chu ngha kinh vin va tn giao, ng khng tha nhn "chn
ly hai mt". ng ph phan hoc thuyt duy tm cua cact v "y nim
bm sinh" va phat trin cam giac lun duy vt trong ly lun nhn
thc. ng coi cam giac, kinh nghim la ngun gc cua moi tri thc,
song ng cung khng coi nhe vai tro cua ly tnh.
- Nu nh Bcn, Hpx ch ra phng phap c ban cua nhn
thc khoa hoc la phng phap kinh nghim, thc nghim v gii
t nhin, th ngc lai, cact lai cao vai tro cua ly tnh.
+ Trit hoc cua cact la nh nguyn lun in hnh, v ng
tha nhn co hai thc th u tin cung tn tai, c lp vi nhau:
thc th vt cht co quang tnh, hnh thanh nn th gii vt cht,
con thc th tinh thn co t duy tao nn th gii tinh thn. Quan im
o biu hin ro trong hoc thuyt v th xac va linh hn cua con ngi
lam cho trit hoc cua cact ln ln gia chu ngha duy vt va chu
ngha duy tm.
+ Chu ngha duy vt cua cact c th hin trong vu tru
hoc, vt ly hoc, sinh ly hoc; chu ngha duy tm th hin trong tm ly
hoc, hoc thuyt v tn tai, ly lun nhn thc.
+ Cung nh Bcn, cact cao vai tro cua tri thc trong
vic thng tr gii t nhin, trong s hoan thin ban thn con ngi.
at c iu o, trc ht phai hoai nghi tt ca. cact a
a ra mt nguyn ly duy tm ni ting: "Ti suy ngh, do o ti tn tai"
va coi y la c s cho moi tri thc.
+ Phng phap nhn thc cua cact, v c ban la phng
phap phn tch, duy ly. No oi hoi tnh ro rang va khng mu
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 24
thun trong cac thao tac t duy, vic phn chia khach th t duy thanh
cac b phn n gian nht va bt u nghin cu t cai n gian n
cai phc tap.
- Xpinda a chng lai nh nguyn lun cua cact, phat
trin chu ngha duy vt va chu ngha duy ly cua trit hoc cact.
+ Xpinda coi gii t nhin la thc th sang tao duy nht,
hay la Chua. Gii t nhin la nguyn nhn cua chnh no (Causasui),
no khng cn mt nguyn nhn nao khac. Ngoai t tng duy vt
bin chng trn, v c ban, th gii quan cua Xpinda la siu hnh.
ng coi: thc th duy nht co hai thuc tnh khng tach ri nhau o
la t duy va quang tnh; vn ng khng phai la thuc tnh chung
cua thc th; s tng xng gia mux t duy va mux quang tnh
(th xac) trong con ngi...
+ Ngoai quan im v thc th, hoc thuyt cua Xpinda v
mi quan gia t do va tt yu co y ngha chng lai quan im duy
tm, tn giao v t do y ch. Xpinda coi y ch bao gi cung phu
thuc vao ng c va ch co th co t do khi hanh vi cua chung ta
da trn s nhn thc tnh tt yu.
- Lcc a phat trin hn na cam giac lun duy vt cua
Bcn, Hpb, ph phan hoc thuyt duy tm cua cact v "y nim
bm sinh". Lcc coi kinh nghim la ngun gc duy nht cua y nim.
ng a phn chia y nim ra thanh "Y nim cua cam giac" va "y nim
cua phan t". Song, vn nay chu ngha duy vt cua Lcc khng
trit khi ng cho rng, nh y nim cua cam giac, chung ta tri giac
c cht th nht (c tnh co trc) va cht th hai (c tnh co
sau). Ngoai ra, ng con coi nhng cht th hai: mui v, mau sc, m
thanh, khng co y ngha khach quan ma ch la nhng cam giac chu
quan da trn c s kt hp nhng cht th nht theo cac cach khac
nhau.
- Beccli a li dung s dao ng trn cua Lcc chng lai
chu ngha duy vt, bao v chu ngha duy tm, tn giao.
+ Da trn duy danh lun cc oan cua Tmat, acanh,
Beccli a ph phan thc th vt cht cua chu ngha duy vt, coi y
la mt s tru tng trng rng, y mu thun, v ch co
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 26
CU 6: Trnh bay nhng t tng c ban trong phep bin chng duy
tm cua Hghen va chu ngha duy vt nhn ban cua Phoibc. S
anh hng cua nhng h thng trit hoc trn i vi s hnh thanh
trit hoc Mac.
1. Nhng t tng c ban trong phep bin chng duy tm
cua Hghen
- Phep bin chng duy tm cua Hghen la mt trong nhng
hnh thc c ban, la nh cao trong s phat trin cua phep bin chng
trc Mac, phan anh hoan canh lch s c bit, y mu thun cua
xa hi c va tnh cht hai mt cua giai cp t san c trc cach
mang t san.
- Quan im phat trin la t tng c ban, xuyn sut trit
hoc cua Hghen. Hghen a coi s ng nht gia t duy va tn tai
di nhng tn goi nh: "y nim tuyt i", "ly tnh th gii", "tinh
thn th gii" la ban nguyn cua moi hin tng trong gii t nhin
va xa hi. S ng nht gia t duy va tn tai theo Hghen khng
phai la s ng nht tuyt i, siu hnh, ma la s ng nht bao
ham s khac bit. Chnh mu thun gia ng nht va khac bit a
lam cho ban nguyn cua th gii "y nim tuyt i" co tnh tnh cc
va hoat ng. S hoat ng cua "y nim tuyt i" th hin qua ba giai
oan phat trin: 1) "y nim tuyt i phat trin trong long no va
v no. y la i tng nghin cu cua lgc hoc; 2) "y nim tuyt
i" phat trin di hnh thc "tn tai khac" - hnh thc gii t
nhin. y la i tng nghin cu cua trit hoc t nhin. Song, Hghen
coi gii t nhin khng co s phat trin, ma no ch la th hin (trin
khai) s t phat trin cua cac pham tru lgc. Cac pham tru lgc
c coi la ban cht tinh thn cua gii t nhin. Cui cung, "y nim
tuyt i" phat trin trong t duy la lch s nhn loai trit hoc tinh
thn. giai oan nay, "y nim tuyt i" lai tr v ban thn mnh,
t nhn thc mnh vi t cach la tinh thn tuyt i", th hin qua y
thc va t y thc cua nhn loai.
- iu ni bt cung la hat nhn hp ly trong trit hoc
Hghen la phep bin chng, trong o bao gm ca ba quy lut c
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 27
ban cua phep bin chng. Phat trin khng phai la mt vong tron
khep kn, ma la mt qua trnh chuyn t hnh thc thp ln hnh
thc cao do s chuyn hoa t nhng thay i v lng dn n
nhng thay i v cht, do cun u tranh gia cac mt i lp trong
ban thn hnh thc, do s phu nh bin chng (loc bo) cua nhng
hnh thc mi i vi nhng hnh thc cu. T tng cua Hghen v
vic moi cai u tt yu dn n s phu nh ban thn mnh co y
ngha cach mang trong cuc sng va t tng.
- Trn c s chu ngha duy tm khach quan, ngoai vic phat
trin hoc thuyt v cac quy lut va cac pham tru c ban cua phep
bin chng, ln u tin Hghen a nghin cu cac nguyn tc c
ban cua lgc bin chng. Chnh Hghen a t ra vn v s
thng nht gia phep bin chng, lgc hoc va ly lun nhn thc.
+ Hghen coi lgc hoc la khoa hoc v mi lin h bin chng
cua cac khai nim, la khoa hoc "m ta lnh vc t tng... trong s
hoat ng ni tai cua ban thn no, hay noi mt cach khac, trong s
phat trin tt yu cua no". Theo Hghen, s vn ng va phat trin
cua cac khai nim chu s quy nh bi nhng mi lin h tt yu
gia cac khai nim va bi nhng mu thun nay sinh trong ban thn
khai nim o.
+ Hghen con em lai cho ly lun nhn thc nhng t tng
bin chng. Ngoai vic ph phan tnh trc quan, nh nguyn lun cua
Cant v "vt t no" va hin tng, Hghen la ngi u tin a phat
hin ra c im quan trong nht trong qua trnh vn ng cua t duy
ly thuyt la i t tri thc tru tng n tri thc cu th. Hghen a
t ra vn v mi quan h bin chng gia nhn thc ly thuyt
va hoat ng thc tin. Theo ng, qua trnh bin i hin thc va
qua trnh nhn thc la mt qua trnh duy nht. Song, Hghen, hoat
ng thc tin ch la hoat ng tinh thn.
- Hghen cung tha nhn xa hi phat trin tin b va mang
tnh quy lut. Mu thun gia cai hoan thin va khng hoan thin la
ng lc cua tin b xa hi. S phat trin tin b cua xa hi
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Cho nn chu ngha duy vt nhn ban cua ng con mang nng tnh siu
hnh.
- Trong ly lun nhn thc, Phoibc a tip tuc truyn thng
cam giac lun duy vt, chng lai thuyt khng th bit va li t bin
tru tng. ng khng phu nhn vai tro cua t duy trong nhn thc,
nhng ng khng thy c vai tro cua thc tin trong nhn thc, nn
chu ngha duy vt nhn ban cua Phoibc cha
thoat khoi tnh trc quan cua chu ngha duy vt trc Mac.
- Nhng han ch cua nguyn tc nhn ban trong th gii
quan cua Phoibc con th hin ro trong vic nghin cu tn giao va
ao c. lnh vc nay, ng lai ri vao lp trng duy tm th hin
trong vic giai quyt vn tn giao va y nh a ra nhng nguyn
tc ao c chung cho moi dn tc, moi thi ai lch s.
3. S anh hng cua trit hoc Hghen va trit hoc Phoibc
i vi s hnh thanh trit hoc Mac
Trit hoc cua Hghen va trit hoc cua Phoibc la hai ngun
gc trc tip v ly lun cua trit hoc Mac.
Cac nha sang lp chu ngha Mac a k tha hat nhn hp ly
trong trit hoc Hghen la phep bin chng, cai tao no trn tinh thn
cua chu ngha duy vt, bin no thanh phep bin chng duy vt nh
la hoc thuyt khoa hoc v cac quy lut chung nht cua t nhin, xa
hi va t duy. Cung chnh nh chu ngha duy vt cua Phoibc a
giup Mac va ngghen oan tuyt vi chu ngha duy tm cua Hghen
va phai Hghen tre. Mac va ngghen a cai tao chu ngha duy vt
cua Phoibc phat trin ln mt hnh thc mi cao nht o la chu
ngha duy vt bin chng va chu ngha duy vt lch s.
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cua cac khoa hoc cu th. Cac tri thc cua cac khoa hoc cu th la c s
cu th hoa va phat trin trit hoc Mac.
Lnin a bao v va tip tuc phat trin trit hoc Mac trong
thi ky chu ngha t ban chuyn sang giai oan quc chu ngha.
ng cho rng, y la thi ky cach mang xa hi xa hi chu ngha va
cng san chu ngha, va ng a trc tip lanh ao, thc hin cuc
Cach mang Thang Mi Nga. Luc nay, khoa hoc co nhiu phat minh
ln, nht la trong vt ly hoc, Lnin a khai quat nhng thanh tu
cua khoa hoc, phat trin hn na chu ngha duy vt bin chng va
chu ngha duy vt lch s.
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hn hin thc khach quan. Song, s sang tao cua y thc la s sang tao
cua phan anh, da trn c s phan anh.
+ Phan anh y thc la sang tao, v phan anh o bao gi cung
da trn hoat ng thc tin va la san phm cua cac quan h xa
hi. La san phm cua cac quan h xa hi, ban cht cua y thc co tnh
xa hi.
Quan im trn cua trit hoc Mac v ngun gc va ban cht
cua y thc hoan toan i lp vi chu ngha duy tm coi y thc, t duy
la cai co trc, sinh ra vt cht va chu ngha duy vt tm thng coi
y thc la mt dang vt cht hoc coi y thc la s phan anh gian n,
thu ng th gii vt cht.
III- Y ngha phng phap lun
1. Do y thc ch la hnh anh chu quan cua th gii khach
quan nn trong nhn thc va hoat ng thc tin phai xut phat
t thc t khach quan. Cn phai chng bnh chu quan duy y ch.
2. Do y thc la s phan anh t giac, sang tao hin thc, nn
cn chng t tng thu ng va chu ngha giao iu xa ri thc tin.
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CU 11: Trnh bay hai nguyn ly c ban cua phep bin chng duy vt
va y ngha phng phap lun cua vn o.
I. Nguyn ly v mi lin h ph bin cua cac s vt va hin
tng
1. Khai nim mi lin h ph bin la khai nim dung ch
s tac ng va rang buc ln nhau, quy nh va chuyn hoa ln nhau
gia cac mt, cac yu t, cac b phn trong mt s vt hoc gia
cac s vt, hin tng vi nhau.
2. Ni dung va tnh cht cua mi lin h
- Tnh khach quan va ph bin cua mi lin h: Nh co mi
lin h ma co s vn ng, ma vn ng lai la phng thc tn tai
cua vt cht, la mt tt yu khach quan, do o mi lin h cung la
mt tt yu khach quan.
Mi lin h tn tai trong tt ca moi s vt, hin tng tt
ca lnh vc t nhin, xa hi va t duy.
Mi lin h ph bin la hin thc, la cai vn co cua moi s
vt, hin tng, no th hin tnh thng nht vt cht cua th gii.
- Do mi lin h la ph bin, nn no co tnh a dang: Cac s
vt; hin tng trong th gii vt cht la a dang nn mi lin h
gia chung cung a dang, v th, khi nghin cu cac s vt, hin
tng cn phai phn loai mi lin h mt cach cu th.
Cn c vao tnh cht, pham vi, trnh , co th co nhng loai
mi lin h sau: chung va ring, c ban va khng c ban, bn trong va
bn ngoai, chu yu va th yu, khng gian va thi gian, v.v.. S phn
loai nay la tng i, v mi lin h ch la mt b phn, mt mt
trong toan b mi lin h ph bin noi chung.
- Phep bin chng duy vt nghin cu nhng mi lin h
chung nht va ph bin nht cua th gii khach quan. Con nhng
hnh thc cu th cua mi lin h la i tng nghin cu cua cac
nganh khoa hoc cu th.
II. Nguyn ly v s phat trin
1. Khai nim phat trin
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"thun tuy" hoc phu thuc vao cam giac chu quan cua con ngi nh
cac nha trit hoc duy tm chu quan quan nim.
- Lng: la pham tru trit hoc dung ch tnh quy nh vn
co cua s vt, v mt quy m, trnh phat trin cua s vt, biu th
s lng cac thuc tnh, cac yu t... cu thanh s vt.
+ c trng cua lng c biu th bng con s hoc cac ai
lng ch kch thc dai hay ngn, quy m to hay nho, tng s nhiu
hay t, trnh cao hay thp, tc nhanh hay chm v.v.. Nhng i
vi cac s vt phc tap, khng th ch din ta bng nhng con s
chnh xac, ma con phai c nhn thc bng kha nng tru tng
hoa.
+ Cung ging nh cht, lng la cai khach quan vn co bn
trong cua s vt.
+ S phn bit gia cht va lng cung la tng i, ngha
la, co cai trong quan h nay la cht, nhng trong quan h khac lai
la lng va ngc lai. Do o, cn chng quan im siu hnh tuyt i
hoa ranh gii gia cht va lng.
2. Mi quan h bin chng gia cht va lng
- Cht va lng la hai mt i lp: cht tng i n nh,
con lng thng xuyn bin i. Song, hai mt o khng tach ri
nhau, ma tac ng ln nhau mt cach bin chng. S thng nht
gia cht va lng trong mt nht nh, khi s vt ang tn tai.
la mt pham tru trit hoc dung ch s thng nht gia
lng va cht, la khoang gii han, ma trong o s thay i v
lng cha lam thay i cn ban v cht cua s vt. im gii han khi
ma lng at ti se lam thay i cht cua s vt th goi la im
nut.
- S thay i v cht qua im nut c goi la bc nhay. o
la bc ngot cn ban kt thuc mt giai oan trong s bin i v
lng, la s gian oan trong qua trnh bin i lin tuc cua cac s
vt. Do vy co th noi phat trin la s "t oan" trong lin tuc, la
trang thai lin hp cua cac im nut.
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CU 16: Ni dung va y ngha cua quy lut phu nh cua phu nh.
Quy lut phu nh cua phu nh la mt trong ba quy lut c
ban cua phep bin chng duy vt, ch ro khuynh hng cua s vn
ng, phat trin cua s vt va s lin h gia cai mi va cai cu.
hiu c ban cht cua quy lut, trc ht cn nm c khai nim
phu nh va phu nh bin chng.
I - Phu nh va phu nh bin chng
1. Khai nim phu nh
Trong th gii vt cht, cac s vt u co qua trnh sinh ra,
tn tai, mt i va c thay th bng s vt khac. S thay th cai cu
bng cai mi la s phu nh. Nh vy, phu nh la thuc tnh khach
quan cua th gii vt cht.
2. Khai nim phu nh bin chng
Nu quan im siu hnh coi phu nh la s xoa bo hoan toan
cai cu, th trit hoc Mac - Lnin coi phu nh la s phu nh bin
chng - s phu nh co k tha, tao iu kin cho s phat trin.
- Quan nim v s phu nh bin chng nh trn tt yu se
gn vi s giai quyt mu thun va thc hin bc nhay. Chnh s ra
i cua s vt mi v cht phai thng qua vic giai quyt mu thun
(o cung chnh la bc nhay v cht).
3. Nhng c im cua phu nh bin chng
- Tnh khach quan th hin ch nguyn nhn cua phu nh
nm ngay trong ban thn s vt. o la kt qua cua vic giai quyt
mu thun bn trong cua s vt va cua qua trnh t nhng tch luy
v lng dn n s nhay vot v cht.
- Tnh k tha: Cai mi ra i trn c s cua cai cu o la s
phu nh co k tha. Phu nh co k tha - s loai bo nhng yu t a
li thi, lac hu, gy can tr cho s phat trin; ng thi cung chon
loc, gi lai nhng yu t tch cc va cai bin i cho phu hp vi cai
mi.
II - Ni dung cua quy lut phu nh cua phu nh
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nh, nhiu khu trung gian. iu o giup chung ta tranh c cach nhn
phin din, gian n trong vic nhn thc cac s vt, hin tng, c bit
la cac hin tng xa hi.
2. Quy lut phu nh cua phu nh cung khng nh tnh tt
thng cua cai mi, v cai mi, la cai ra i phu hp vi quy lut phat
trin cua s vt. Mc du khi mi ra i, cai mi co th con non yu,
song no la cai tin b hn, la giai oan phat trin cao hn v cht so vi
cai cu. V vy, trong nhn thc va hoat ng thc tin cn co y thc
phat hin ra cai mi, tao iu kin cho cai mi phat trin.
3. Trong khi ph phan cai cu, cn phai bit sang loc, k tha
nhng yu t hp ly cua cai cu, tranh thai "h v chu ngha", "phu
nh sach trn".
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CU 19: S thng nht bin chng gia ban cht va hin tng, y
ngha phng phap lun.
I. Khai nim ban cht va hin tng
1. Ban cht la pham tru ch s tng hp tt ca nhng mt,
nhng mi lin h tt nhin tao thanh mt th thng nht hu c bn
trong quy nh s vn ng va phat trin cua s vt.
2. Hin tng la pham tru dung ch s biu hin ra bn
ngoai nhng mt, nhng mi lin h o.
II. S thng nht bin chng gia ban cht va hin tng
Ban cht va hin tng u tn tai khach quan, la hai mt
va thng nht va i lp vi nhau.
S thng nht o c th hin ch:
- Ban cht bao gi cung bc l ra qua hin tng; con hin
tng bao gi cung la s biu hin cua ban cht. Khng co ban
cht tn tai mt cach thun tuy, ngc lai khng co hin tng
khng phai la s biu hin cua mt ban cht nao o.
- Ban cht va hin tng tng ng vi nhau. Ban cht b
tiu dit th hin tng do no sinh ra sm mun cung b mt theo. Ban
cht mi ra i th se co cac hin tng mi gn lin vi no xut
hin.
S i lp gia ban cht va hin tng c th hin ch:
- Ban cht la cai bn trong, hin tng la cai bn ngoai. Cac
hin tng u biu hin ban cht, nhng biu hin mt cach
khac nhau, di hnh thc cai bin, i khi xuyn tac ban cht.
- y la s i lp gia cai tng i n nh vi cai thng
xuyn bin i. Ban cht cua s vt tn tai trong sut qua trnh tn
tai cua s vt. Ch khi s vt mt i th ban cht thay i va nhng
hin tng cua no cung thay i theo.
- Ban cht su sc hn hin tng, v ban cht phan anh cai
bn trong, cai tt yu cua s vt; con hin tng phan anh cai ca
bit, nn no phong phu hn ban cht.
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CU 23: Con ng bin chng cua qua trnh nhn thc chn ly,
nhn thc hin thc khach quan.
Chu ngha duy vt bin chng coi nhn thc khng phai la
s phan anh gian n, thu ng, ma la mt qua trnh gn lin vi
hoat ng thc tin. Qua trnh o a c Lnin ch ra nh sau: "T
trc quan sinh ng n t duy tru tng, t t duy tru tng n
thc tin - o la con ng bin chng cua s nhn thc chn ly, cua
s nhn thc hin thc khach quan" (V.I.Lnin: Toan tp, t.29, Nxb.
Tin b, M.1981, tr.179).
Theo Lnin, qua trnh nhn thc trai qua hai khu:
1. T trc quan sinh ng n t duy tru tng
a) Trc quan sinh ng (hay nhn thc cam tnh) la giai
oan u tin, gn lin vi thc tin va thng qua cac giac quan
trong o:
+ Cam giac la hnh thc u tin cua s phan anh hin thc
khach quan. S vt, hin tng tac ng vao cac giac quan, gy nn
s kch thch cua cac t bao thn kinh lam xut hin cac cam giac.
Cam giac la hnh anh phan anh tng thuc tnh ring le cua s vt,
hin tng nh mau sc, mui, v, rn...
+ Tri giac la hnh thc k tip sau cam giac. Tri giac khng
phan anh tng thuc tnh ring le, ma phan anh nhiu thuc tnh
cua s vt, hin tng trong s lin h gia chung vi nhau: tri giac
c hnh thanh t nhiu cam giac kt hp lai. Cung ging nh cam
giac, tri giac phan anh s vt, hin tng mt canh trc tip thng
qua cac giac quan.
+ Biu tng la hnh thc cao nht cua trc quan sinh ng.
Biu tng xut hin trn c s nhng hiu bit v s vt do tri giac
em lai. Biu tng la hnh anh v s vt c lu gi trong chu th
nhn thc khi s vt khng con hin din trc tip trc chu th.
Con ngi khng cn quan sat trc tip s vt ma vn hnh dung ra
chung da trn s tip xuc nhiu ln trc o. Do o biu tng,
nhn thc a t nhiu mang tnh cht gian tip. Biu
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tng la khu trung gian gia trc quan sinh ng va t duy tru tng.
b) T duy tru tng (hay nhn thc ly tnh) la giai oan cao
cua qua trnh nhn thc gm cac hnh thc khai nim, phan oan,
suy ly:
+ Khai nim la hnh thc c ban nht cua t duy tru tng.
No phan anh, khai quat nhng c tnh c ban va ph bin cua
mt lp cac s vt, hin tng nht nh.
Khai nim c hnh thanh trn c s hoat ng thc tin, la
kt qua cua s khai quat nhng tri thc do trc quan sinh ng em
lai.
+ Phan oan la s vn dung cac khai nim trong y thc con
ngi phan anh mi lin h gia cac s vt, hin tng cung nh
cac thuc tnh, tnh cht cua chung.
Co rt nhiu loai phan oan khac nhau: phan oan khng
nh, phan oan phu nh, phan oan ph bin, phan oan c thu va
phan oan n nht.
+ Suy ly la qua trnh lgc cua t duy tun theo quy lut
nht nh tao ra mt phan oan mi t nhng phan oan tin .
Tnh chn thc cua phan oan kt lun phu thuc vao tnh
chn thc cua phan oan tin cung nh tnh hp quy lut cua qua
trnh suy lun.
c) S thng nht gia nhn thc cam tnh va nhn thc ly
tnh.
- Nhn thc cam tnh khac nhn thc ly tnh ch: nhn
thc cam tnh la giai oan thp, phan anh khach th mt cach trc
tip, em lai nhng tri thc cam tnh. Ngc lai, nhn thc ly tnh la
giai oan cao, phan anh khach th mt cach gian tip, khai quat em
lai nhng tri thc v ban cht va quy lut cua khach th.
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- Nhn thc cam tnh va nhn thc ly tnh la hai giai oan
cua mt qua trnh nhn thc, da trn c s thc tin va hoat ng
thn kinh cao cp. Gia chung co s tac ng qua lai: nhn thc
cam tnh cung cp tai liu cho nhn thc ly tnh, nhn thc ly tnh
tac ng tr lai nhn thc cam tnh lam cho no chnh xac hn, nhay
ben hn.
- Quan im cua chu ngha duy vt bin chng v s thng
nht gia nhn thc cam tnh va nhn thc ly tnh hoan toan i
lp vi chu ngha duy cam ( cao vai tro cua nhn thc cam tnh) va
chu ngha duy ly ( cao vai tro cua nhn thc ly tnh).
2. T t duy tru tng n thc tin
- Nhn thc phai tr v thc tin kim tra, khng nh
chn ly hay la sai lm. Ngoai ra, muc ch cua nhn thc la nh
hng cho hoat ng thc tin cai tao th gii.
- Quay tr v thc tin, nhn thc hoan thanh mt chu trnh
bin chng cua no. Trn c s hoat ng thc tin mi mt chu
trnh nhn thc tip theo lai bt u va c nh th mai mai.
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CU 25: Chn ly theo quan im cua chu ngha duy vt bin chng.
I- Chn ly la g?
- Chn ly la nhng tri thc phu hp vi hin thc khach
quan va c thc tin kim nghim.
Khac vi chu ngha duy tm coi chn ly la chu quan, chu
ngha duy vt bin chng coi:
- Chn ly bao gi cung la chn ly khach quan. Chn ly khach
quan la nhng tri thc ma ni dung cua no khng phu thuc vao con
ngi.
- Chn ly la mt qua trnh, v nhn thc cua con ngi la mt
qua trnh.
II- Chn ly tuyt i va chn ly tng i
1. Chn ly tuyt i la tri thc co ni dung phu hp hoan
toan vi th gii hin thc ma no phan anh. Co chn ly tuyt i, v
con ngi hoan toan co kha nng nhn thc ung n v th gii
khi no co y u cac iu kin.
2. Chn ly tng i la tri thc phan anh ung hin thc
khach quan nhng cha hoan toan, cha y u. S phu hp gia ni
dung cua no i vi khach th c phan anh la s phu hp b phn,
mt s mt nht nh.
- Tnh tng i cua chn ly biu hin ch no phan anh s
vt tn tai trong mt pham vi co gii han, trong nhng iu kin xac
nh v khng gian va thi gian, v con ngi hoan toan co kha nng
nhn thc c th gii, nhng khng phai nhn thc din ra mt ln
la xong ma la qua trnh i t cha bit y u n bit y u hn v
s vt va hin tng.
3. Quan h bin chng gia chn ly tuyt i va chn ly
tng i
Chn ly tng i va chn ly tuyt i u la chn ly khach
quan.
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sut lao ng nng cao, quan h gia ngi vi ngi trong qua trnh
san xut thay i th moi mt cua i sng xa hi cung thay i theo.
II. Vai tro cua phng thc san xut i vi s tn tai va
phat trin cua xa hi
1. Phng thc san xut la g?
- San xut vt cht c tin hanh trong nhng iu kin tt
yu nht nh:
+ iu kin a ly. +
iu kin dn s.
+ Phng thc san xut.
Trong ba nhn t o th phng thc san xut la nhn t
quyt nh s tn tai va phat trin cua xa hi.
- Phng thc san xut la cach thc tin hanh san xut ra
cua cai vt cht trong mt giai oan nht nh cua lch s.
2. Phng thc san xut va nhn t quyt nh tnh cht, kt
cu cua xa hi, quyt nh s vn ng, phat trin cua xa hi
- Trong mi xa hi, phng thc san xut thng tr nh th
nao th tnh cht cua ch xa hi nh th y; kt cu giai cp va tnh
cht cua cac mi quan h gia cac giai cp, cung nh cac quan im
v chnh tr, phap quyn, ao c, trit hoc v.v, u do phng thc
san xut quyt nh.
- Phng thc san xut quyt nh s chuyn bin cua xa hi
loai ngi qua cac giai oan lch s. Khi mt phng thc san xut
mi ra i, thay th phng thc san xut cu a li thi th moi
mt cua i sng xa hi cung co s thay i cn ban t kt cu
kinh t n kt cu giai cp, t cac quan im t tng xa hi n
cac t chc xa hi. Lch s xa hi loai ngi a bit n nm
phng thc san xut k tip nhau t thp ln cao, tng ng vi no
co nm xa hi cu th: cng san nguyn thuy, n l, phong kin, t ban
chu ngha va cng san chu ngha (ma chu ngha xa hi la giai oan
thp). Do o, lch s xa hi loai ngi trc ht la lch s
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cua san xut, lch s cua cac phng thc san xut k tip nhau
trong qua trnh phat trin. Vic thay th phng thc san xut cu bng
phng thc san xut mi din ra khng n gian, d dang. o la qua
trnh cai bin cach mang. Phng thc san xut mi mun tr thanh
phng thc san xut thng tr th phai trai qua cach mang xa hi va
gn lin vi ch chnh tr.
T o co th rut ra kt lun: Cai cha khoa nghin cu
nhng quy lut cua lch s xa hi khng phai tm thy trong oc
ngi, trong t tng va y nim cua xa hi, ma la trong phng
thc san xut cua xa hi, trong mi giai oan nht nh cua lch s.
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CU 29: Hnh thai kinh t - xa hi. S phat trin cua cac hnh thai
kinh t - xa hi la mt qua trnh lch s t nhin.
I. Khai nim va cu truc cua hnh thai kinh t -
xa hi
1. Khai nim hnh thai kinh t - xa hi
Hnh thai kinh t - xa hi la mt pham tru cua chu ngha
duy vt lch s, dung ch xa hi tng giai oan phat trin lch s
nht nh, vi mt kiu quan h san xut c trng cho xa hi o
phu hp vi lc lng san xut mt trnh nht nh va vi mt
kin truc thng tng c xy dng ln trn nhng quan h san xut
o.
2. Kt cu cua hnh thai kinh t - xa hi.
Hnh thai kinh t - xa hi la mt xa hi cu th co kt cu
phc tap, gm nhng yu t c ban nht la lc lng san xut,
quan h san xut va kin truc thng tng trong s lin h tac ng
qua lai.
- Lc lng san xut la nn tang vt cht - ky thut cua mi
hnh thai kinh t - xa hi. S phat trin cua hnh thai kinh t - xa
hi xet n cung la do lc lng san xut quyt nh.
- Quan h san xut la quan h kinh t c ban, quyt nh tt
ca moi quan h xa hi khac, la tiu chun khach quan phn bit
ch xa hi nay vi ch xa hi khac. Mi hnh thai kinh t - xa
hi co mt kiu quan h san xut tng ng vi mt trnh nht
nh cua lc lng san xut.
- Nhng quan h san xut cua mt xa hi cu th hp thanh
c s ha tng, trn o hnh thanh nn kin truc thng tng xa hi,
ma chc nng xa hi cua no la bao v, duy tr va phat trin c s ha
tng a sinh ra no.
Ngoai nhng yu t c ban cua xa hi trn con co nhng
quan h khac nh quan h dn tc, quan h gia nh v.v..
II. S phat trin cua cac hnh thai kinh t - xa hi la mt qua
trnh lch s t nhin
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 90
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 91
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 92
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 93
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 94
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 95
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 96
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 97
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 98
va nng lc sang tao cua con ngi, hoan thin ban cht con ngi th
xa hi o c coi la tin b.
III- ng lc cua s tin b xa hi
1. ng lc chu yu cua s tin b xa hi la lc lng san
xut. Lc lng san xut phat trin se thuc y nn san xut phat
trin, t o thuc y tin b xa hi. Trong lc lng san xut, con
ngi la yu t quan trong nht, cho nn xet n cung, bt ky s
tin b xa hi nao cung la do nhn dn lao ng trc tip thc hin
va do o nhn dn lao ng la ng lc chnh cua moi s tin b xa
hi.
2. Khoa hoc, nhng t tng tin b ong vai tro quan trong
tac ng manh me n s tin b xa hi.
3. Li ch, trc ht la li ch kinh t la mt ng lc quan
trong i vi s phat trin san xut thuc y tin b xa hi.
4. Trong xa hi co giai cp, u tranh giai cp cua cac giai
cp tin tin chng lai giai cp li thi a va ang tr thanh mt
ng lc manh me thuc y s tin b xa hi.
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 99
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 100
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 101
- Tuy theo tnh cht cua mu thun va kha nng giai quyt
nhng mu thun o, ma quan h gia tp th va ca nhn co th
c duy tr, phat trin hoc tan ra.
- Nhng tp th bao am s n nh v t chc va phat trin
cua ca nhn th tp th o se c cung c va phat trin. Tp th bn
vng la tp th c xy dng trn nguyn tc: Kt hp hai hoa li
ch, nhu cu ca nhn vi li ch, nhu cu tp th; s tng tr theo tinh
thn hu ai; hiu ro va thc hin ngha vu i vi tp th; bnh ng
trong tp th; tn trong tp th va cac quyt nh cua tp th, co y
thc trach nhim trc tp th v hanh vi cua mnh; tp th lun lun
quan tm n ca nhn, n vic thoa man li ch va nhu cu chnh
ang cua ca nhn, n s phat trin tai nng va phm cht cua ca
nhn v.v.. Xy dng mi quan h ung n gia ca nhn va tp th
cn phai chng hai khuynh hng: tuyt i hoa tp th, bt ca nhn
phai hy sinh mt chiu; va khuynh hng tuyt i hoa li ch ca
nhn mt cach cc oan theo chu ngha ca nhn.
III. Quan h gia ca nhn va xa hi
1. Xa hi la san phm cua mi quan h gia ngi vi ngi
va no c xac nh trn bnh din rng, hep khac nhau. Ngha rng
la xa hi loai ngi (toan nhn loai); ngha hep la nhng h thng xa
hi nh quc gia, dn tc, giai cp, chung tc v.v...
2. Mi quan h gia ca nhn va xa hi la mi quan h bin
chng, ma nn tang cua mi quan h nay la quan h li ch. Xa hi la
iu kin, la mi trng, la phng thc li ch ca nhn c thc
hin. Xa hi cang phat trin th mi ca nhn tip nhn c ngay
cang nhiu nhng gia tr vt cht va tinh thn do xa hi o ap
ng. Thoa man nhu cu chnh ang cua ca nhn la ng lc lin kt
moi thanh vin xa hi va la muc ch cua s lin kt o. ng
thi, mi ca nhn trong xa hi cang phat trin v th lc va tai nng
th cang co iu kin gop phn mnh thuc y xa hi phat trin. Vai tro
cua ca nhn anh hng ti xa hi tuy thuc vao trnh phat trin
nhn cach. Nhng ca nhn co nhn cach ln, nhiu tai nng, co trach
nhim cao vi xa hi, thc hin tt ngha vu i
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 102
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 103
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 104
- Ho la ngi trc tip san xut ra cua cai vt cht va cua cai
tinh thn cua xa hi - nhn t quyt nh s tn tai va phat trin cua
xa hi loai ngi.
- Ho la chu th cua hoat ng cai tao cac qua trnh kinh t,
chnh tr, xa hi.
- Li ch cua qun chung nhn dn va la im khi u va
la muc ch cui cung cua cac hanh ng cach mang.
- Trong bt ky thi ai nao, qun chung nhn dn cung la
ngi sang tao ra lch s. Nhng trnh sang tao cua qun chung
nhn dn n mc nao la tuy thuc vao tnh tch cc, vao tri thc
cua qun chung v t nhin va xa hi, vao trnh t chc cua
qun chung v.v... Tt ca nhng cai o la phu thuc vao phng thc
san xut, vao ch xa hi. Vai tro sang tao cua qun chung nhn dn
ngay cang tng cung vi s phat trin cua xa hi. o cung la mt
quy lut phat trin cua xa hi.
Trong s nghip xy dng chu ngha xa hi nc ta,
phat huy manh me vai tro tch cc, sang tao cua qun chung nhn
dn, ang ta chu trng i mi toan din, xy dng mt h thng
quan h gia ngi va ngi th hin quyn lam chu cua nhn dn trn
tt ca cac mt cua i sng xa hi; ng thi ra nhng bin phap
co hiu lc ng vin nhn dn tch cc tham gia cuc u tranh
xoa bo moi hin tng quan liu, tham nhung, vi pham quyn lam
chu cua nhn dn cua nhng phn t thoai hoa, bin cht trong b
may ang va Nha nc, ly lai long tin trong nhn dn, lam cho nhn
dn gn bo vi ang va Nha nc.
2. Vai tro cua v nhn - lanh tu
Trong mi quan h vi qun chung nhn dn, lanh tu co
nhng chc nng chu yu: nh hng chin lc, sach lc trn c s
nm bt nhng quy lut khach quan cua cac qua trnh kinh t, chnh
tr, xa hi cua t nc va thi ai; t chc lc lng, giao duc,
thuyt phuc qun chung nhn dn hng vao giai quyt nhng vn
then cht nht, t o, co kha nng giai quyt co hiu qua nhng vn
phc hp, tng th cac nhim vu cua t nc
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 105
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PTS. TRNG VN PHC (Chu bin) 106
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HNG DN N THI MN TRIT HOC MAC - LNIN 107
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