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Recomanacions ERC 2015 Resum Executiu PDF
Recomanacions ERC 2015 Resum Executiu PDF
RESUSCITATION
COUNCIL
CCR
Consell Catal
de Ressuscitaci
Monsieurs KG, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 1.
Executive Summary. Resuscitation (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.038
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
2
Recomanacions per a la Ressuscitaci 2015 del Consell Europeu de Ressuscitaci (ERC)
Secci 1: Resum Excutiu
Traducci oficial autoritzada al catal del Consell Catal de Ressuscitaci (CCR)#
Koenraad G. Monsieursa,b,*, Jerry P Nolanc,d, Leo L Bossaert, Robert Greif, Ian K Maconochie, Nikolaos I Nikolaou, Gavin D Per-
kins, Jasmeet Soar, Anatolij Truhl, Jonathan Wyllie and David A Zideman, en nom del Grup de Redacci de les Recomanacions
2015 de lERC**
Koenraad G Monsieurs
Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium and Faculty of Medicine
and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. *Autor para correspondencia
Jerry P Nolan
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK and Bristol University, UK
Leo L Bossaert.
University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Robert Greif
Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Ian K Maconochie
Paediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and BRC Imperial NIHR, Imperial College,
London, UK
Nikolaos I Nikolaou
Cardiology Department, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
Gavin D Perkins
Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Jasmeet Soar
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
Anatolij Truhl
Emergency Medical Services of the Hradec Krlov Region, Hradec Krlov, Czech Republic and Department of Anaesthesiology
and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Krlov, Hradec Krlov, Czech Republic
Jonathan Wyllie
Department of Neonatology, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
David A Zideman
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
3
** Grup de Redacci de les Recomanacions 2015 de lERC
Gamal Eldin Abbas Khalifa, Annette Alfonzo, Hans-Richard Arntz, Helen Askitopoulou, Abdelouahab Bellou, Farzin Beygui,
Dominique Biarent, Robert Bingham, Joost JLM Bierens, Bernd W Bttiger, Leo L Bossaert, Guttorm Bratteb, Hermann Brugger,
Jos Bruinenberg, Alain Cariou, Pierre Carli, Pascal Cassan, Maaret Castrn, Athanasios F Chalkias, Patricia Conaghan, Charles
D. Deakin, Emmy DJ De Buck, Joel Dunning, Wiebe De Vries, Thomas R Evans, Christoph Eich, Jan-Thorsten Grsner, Robert
Greif, Christina M Hafner, Anthony J Handley, Kirstie L Haywood, Silvija Hunyadi-Antievi, Rudolph W. Koster, Anne Lippert,
David J Lockey, Andrew S Lockey, Jess Lpez-Herce, Carsten Lott, Ian K Maconochie, Spyros D. Mentzelopoulos, Daniel Meyran,
Koenraad G. Monsieurs, Nikolaos I Nikolaou, Jerry P Nolan, Theresa Olasveengen Peter Paal, Tommaso Pellis, Gavin D Perkins,
Thomas Rajka, Violetta I Raffay, Giuseppe Ristagno, Antonio Rodrguez-Nez, Charles Christoph Roehr, Mario Rdiger, Claudio
Sandroni, Susanne Schunder-Tatzber, Eunice M Singletary, Markus B. Skrifvars Gary B Smith, Michael A Smyth, Jasmeet Soar,
Karl-Christian Thies, Daniele Trevisanuto, Anatolij Truhl, Philippe G Vandekerckhove, Patrick Van de Voorde, Kjetil Sunde,
Berndt Urlesberger, Volker Wenzel, Jonathan Wyllie, Theodoros T Xanthos, David A Zideman.
Traducci oficial autoritzada al catal del Consell Catal de Ressuscitaci Cardiopulmonar (CCR)
Copyright declaration
European and Catalonian Resuscitation Councils 2015. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the ERC.
Disclaimer: The knowledge and practice in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is evolving constantly. The information provided in these
Guidelines is for educational and informational purposes only. This information should not be used as a substitute for the advice of
an appropriately qualified and licensed healthcare provider. Where appropriate, the authors, the editor and the publisher of these
Guidelines urge users to consult a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis, treatment and answers to their personal medical
questions. The authors, the editor and the publisher of these Guidelines cannot guarantee the accuracy, suitability or effectiveness
of the treatments, methods, products, instructions, ideas or any other content contained herein. The authors, the editor and/or
the publisher of these Guidelines cannot be liable in any way for any loss, injury or damage to any person or property directly or
indirectly related in any way to the use of these Guidelines.
Els Consells Europeu (ERC) i Catal (CCR) de Ressuscitaci 2015. Tots els drets reservats. Cap part daquesta publicaci pot ser
reproduda, enmagatzemada en un sistema de recuperaci, o transmesa en qualsevol forma o per qualsevol mitj, sigui electrnic,
mecnic, fotocpia, gravaci o daltra manera, sense la prvia autoritzaci per escrit de lERC.
Descrreg de responsabilitats: Els coneixements i la prctica en ressuscitaci cardiopulmonar evoluciona constantment. Linformaci
que es proveeix en aquestes Guiess s noms amb propsit educatiu i informatiu. Aquesta informaci no pot utilitzar-se com a
sustitut del consell dun provedor de la salut degudament qualificat i autoritzat. Els autors, leditor i el distribudor daquestes Guies,
urgeixen a lusuari a consultar a un sanitari qualificat per al diagntic, tractament i resposta de les seves preguntes mdiques quan
sigui adient. Els autors, leditor i el distribudor daquestes Guies no poden garantir precisi, adecuaci o efectivitat dels tractaments,
mtodes, productes, instruccions, idees o qualsevol altra contingut del texte. Els autors, leditor i/o el distribudor daquestes Guies
no poden ser fets responsables per qualsevol prdua, lesi o dany que tingui una persona o propietat, directa o indirectament,
relacionada dalguna manera a ls daquestes Guies.
Translation declaration
This publication is a translation of the original ERC Guidelines 2015. The translation is made by and under supervision of the
National Resuscitation Council: Catalonian Resuscitation Council, solely responsible for its contents.
If any questions arise related to the accuracy of the information contained in the translation, please refer to the English version of the
ERC Guidelines which is the official version of the document.
Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding to the European Resuscitation Council and have no legal
effect for compliance or enforcement purposes.
Aquesta publicaci s una traducci de las Recomanacions ERC originals de 2015. La traducci est realitzada per i sota la super-
visi del Consell Catal de Ressuscitaci (CCR), nic responsable del seu contingut.
Si surt algun dubte relacionat amb lexactitut de linformaci continguda en la traducci, si us plau consulti la versi en angls de les
recomanacions de lERC, que sn la versi oficial del document.
Qualsevol discrepncia o diferncia surgida en la traducci no s vinculant per al Consell Europeu de Ressuscitaci (ERC) i no t
cap efecte jurdic sobre el seu cumpliment o execuci.
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
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Poltica de conflicte dinteressos per a les Guies 2015 de lERC
Tots els autors daquestes Guies 2015 de lERC han signat declaracions CI (Annex 1).
Agraments
Moltes persones han donat suport als autors en la preparaci daquestes guies.Particularment agram a An De Waele, Annelies Pick,
Hilary Phelan i Bart Vissers de lOficina de lERC el seu suport administratiu i el coordinar gran part de la feina dels algoritmes i les
illustracions.Tamb estem en deuteamb Rosette Vanlangendonck i Lucas Nolan per la seva contribuci aledici de les referncies.
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
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Recomadacions per a la Ressuscitaci 2015 del Consell Europeu de Ressuscitaci (ERC)
Secci 1: Resum Executiu
a Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
b Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
c Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
d School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
e University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
f Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
g University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
h Paediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and BRC Imperial NIHR, Imperial College, London, UK
i Cardiology Department, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
j Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
k Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
l Emergency Medical Services of the Hradec Krlov Region, Hradec Krlov, Czech Republic
m Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Krlov, Hradec Krlov, Czech Republic
n Department of Neonatology, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
o Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
1. Resum executiu
2. Suport vital bsic i desfibrillaci externa automatitzada1
3. Suport vital avanat de ladult2 112
4. Aturada cardaca en circumstncies especials3
5. Cures postressuscitaci4
6. Suport vital peditric5
LA RESPOSTA
7. Ressuscitaci i suport de transici de nadons en la sala de COMUNITRIA
parts6 SALVA
8. Maneig inicial de les sndromes coronries agudes7 VIDES
9. Primers auxilis8
10. Principis de formaci en ressuscitaci9
11. tica de la ressuscitaci i decisions al final de la vida10
El que segueix s un resum de les noves visions i canvis LInternational Liason Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR,
ms importants en les recomanacions per a leducaci en www.ilcor.org) inclou representants de lAmerican Heart
ressuscitacides de les darreres Guies de lERC el 2010. Association (AHA), lEuropean Resuscitation Council (ERC),
lHeart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC), lAustralian
Entrenament and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation (ANZCOR),
En centres que compten amb recursos per comprar i mantenir el Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa (RCSA), lInter-
maniquins dalta fidelitat, es recoman la seva utilitzaci.No American Heart Foundation (IAHF) i el Resuscitation Council
obstant aix, la utilitzaci de maniquins de menor fidelitat of Asia (RCA). Des del 2000, els investigadors dels consells
s apropiada per a tots els nivells dentrenament en els cursos membres de lILCOR han avaluat la cincia sobre ressuscitaci
de lERC. en cicles de 5 anys. La Conferncia Internacional de Consens
Els dispositius de retroalimentaci de directrius de RCP sn ms recent va tenir lloc a Dallas el febrer de 2015 i les conclusions
tils per millorar la freqncia de compressi, profunditat, i recomanacions publicades daquest procs constitueixen la base
descompressi i posici de les mans.Els dispositius sonors daquestes Guies de lERC de 2015.14
milloren noms les freqncies de compressi i podrien tenir
un efecte perjudicial sobre la profunditat de la compressi A ms dels sis grups de treball de lILCOR de 2010 (suport vital
mentre els socorristes se centren en la freqncia. bsic (SVB), suport vital avanat (SVA); sndrome coronria
Els intervals per al reentrenament diferiran segons les aguda (SCA); suport vital peditric (SVP); suport vital neonatal
caracterstiques dels participants (p. ex. llecs o personal (SVN); i educaci, implementaci i equipaments (EIE)), es va
sanitari).Se sap que les destreses de RCP es deterioren en crear un grup de treball de Primers Auxilis.Els grups de treball
uns mesos desprs de lentrenament i, per tant, les estratgies van identificar els temes que requerien ser avaluats i van convidar
de reentrenament anual podrien no ser duna freqncia a experts internacionals per a la seva revisi.Igual que el 2010,
suficient.Encara que no es coneixen els intervals ptims, el es va aplicar una estricta poltica de conflicte dinteressos (CI).14
reentrenament freqent en dosis baixes pot ser beneficis. Per a cada tema, es va convidar a dos revisors experts per dur a
Lentrenament en habilitats no tcniques (p. ex. habilitats en terme avaluacions independents.El seu treball va ser recolzat per
comunicaci, lideratge dequips i en papers de membre de un nou i nic sistema en lnia anomenat SEERS (Scientific Evidence
lequip) constitueix un complement essencial a lentrenament Evaluation and Review), desenvolupat per lILCOR.Per avaluar la
de les habilitats tcniques. Aquest tipus dentrenament qualitat de levidncia i la fora de les recomanacions, lILCOR va
hauria de ser incorporat en els cursos de suport vital. adoptar la metodologia GRADE (Grading of Recommendations
Els operadors dels serveis dambulncies tenen un paper a Assessment, Development and Evaluation).15 A la Conferncia
jugar influent, guiant als reanimadors llecs en com realitzar de Consens ILCOR 2015 vren assistir 232 participants en
RCP.Aquest paper necessita entrenament especfic de cara a representaci de 39 pasos;64% dels assistents procedien de fora
proporcionar instruccions clares i efectives en una situaci dels Estats Units.Aquesta participaci ha assegurat que aquesta
estressant. publicaci final representi un procs de consens veritablement
internacional.Durant els tres anys previs a aquesta conferncia,
Implementaci els 250 revisors delevidncia de39 pasos van revisar per parells
Sha demostrat que la revisi autocrtica centrada en milers de publicacions rellevants, per respondre a 169 preguntes
lactuaci i basada en dades, millora lactuaci dels equips de especfiques de ressuscitaci, cadascuna en el format estndard
ressuscitaci.Es recomana encaridament la seva utilitzaci PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome). Cada
pels equips que manegen pacients en aturada cardaca. declaraci cientfica resumeix la interpretaci dels experts
Shan de fomentar els sistemes regionals incloent centres de totes les dades rellevants en un punt especfic, ms les
daturada cardaca, ja que hi ha una associaci amb recomanacions de tractament del grup de treball de lILCOR.
lincrement de la supervivncia i millora del pronstic Ledici final de les declaracions cientfiques i dels tractaments
neurolgic en vctimes daturada cardaca extrahospitalria. recomanats es va completar amb una revisi final per part de
Sestan desenvolupant sistemes nous per alertar els testimonis les organitzacions membres de lILCOR i pel consell editorial, i
sobre la localitzaci del DEA ms prxim.Sha de fomentar publicades a Resuscitation i a Circulation com 2015 Consensus
qualsevol tecnologia que millori la celeritat dadministraci on Science and Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR).16,17 Les
de RCP per testimonis amb rpid accs a un DEA. organitzacions que formen lILCOR publicaran unes guies de
Salvar una vida requereix un sistema. [http://www. ressuscitaci coherents amb aquest document CoSTR, per
resuscitationacademy.com/]. Les organitzacions sanitries consideraran tamb les diferncies geogrfiques, econmiques,
amb responsabilitat en el maneig dels pacients en aturada en sistemes dactuaci, i la disponibilitat de dispositius mdics i
cardaca (p. ex. Sistemes dEmergncies Mdiques, centres medicacions.
daturada cardaca) haurien davaluar els seus processos per
estar segurs que sn capaos de proporcionar les atencions De la cincia a les guies
que garanteixin les millors taxes de supervivncia que es
poden aconseguir. Aquestes Guies de lERC de 2015 es basen en el document
CoSTR 2015 i representen el consens entre els membres
tica de la ressuscitaci i decisionsal final de la vida de lAssemblea General de lERC. Sn novetat en les Guies
de lERC de 2015, les Guies en Primers Auxilis creades en
Les Guies 2015 de lERC inclouen una discussi detallada dels parallel amb el Grup de Treball de Primers Auxilis de lILCOR
principis tics que sustenten la ressuscitaci cardiopulmonar. i les Guies en cures postressuscitaci. Per a cada secci de les
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
11
Guies de lERC de 2015, un grup de redacci fou assignat per demergncia abans del collapse duna vctima permet que el
redactar i aprovar el manuscrit abans de la seva aprovaci per servei demergncies mdiques arribi ms aviat, si pot ser abans
lAssemblea General i el Comit Executiu de lERC.A les rees que laturada cardaca hagi ocorregut, el que condueix a una
on lILCOR no havia dut a terme una revisi sistemtica, el grup major supervivncia.24-26
de redacci de lERC va realitzar revisions especfiques de la Un cop produda laturada cardaca, la detecci preco s
literatura. LERC considera que aquestes noves guies contenen fonamental per permetre lactivaci rpida del SEM i la rpida
les intervencions ms eficaces i de ms fcil aprenentatge que iniciaci de la RCP per part del testimoni. Les principals
poden ser recolzades pel coneixement actual, la investigaci observacions sn, absncia de resposta i no respirar amb
i lexperincia. Inevitablement, fins i tot dins dEuropa, les normalitat.
diferncies en la disponibilitat de frmacs, equipament i personal
requeriran adaptacions locals, nacionals i regionals daquestes 2. RCP preco per testimonis
guies.Algunes de les recomanacions formulades en les Guies de
lERC de 2010 romanen sense canvis el 2015, b perqu no shan Linici immediat de la RCP pot duplicar o quadruplicar la
publicat nous estudis o perqu les noves evidncies des de 2010 supervivncia desprs de laturada cardaca.27-29Si sn capaos, els
simplement han reforat levidncia ja disponible. reanimadors entrenats en RCP, haurien de donar compressions
torciques juntament amb ventilacions.Quan un alertant no est
Suport vital bsic en ladult i desfibrillaci externa entrenat en RCP, loperador telefnic demergncies mdiques
automatitzada hauria dinstruir-lo en donar RCP amb noms compressions
torciques mentre espera larribada dajuda professional.30-32
El captol de suport vital bsic (SVB) i desfibrillaci externa
automatitzada (DEA) cont lorientaci sobre les tcniques 3. Desfibrillaci preco
utilitzades durant la ressuscitaci inicial duna vctima adulta
duna aturada cardaca. Aix inclou SVB (suport de via aria, La desfibrillaci dins dels 3-5 minuts del collapse pot aconseguir
respiraci i circulaci sense ls de dispositius que no sigui un taxes de supervivncia de fins al 50-70%.Aix es pot aconseguir
mecanisme de protecci) i ls dun DEA. A ms, sinclouen mitjanant laccs pblic i disponibilitat in situ de DEA.21,23,33
tcniques senzilles utilitzades en el tractament de lennuegament
(obstrucci de les vies respiratries per cos estrany).Les Guies 4. Suport vital avanat preco i cures postressuscitaci
per a ls de desfibrilladors manuals i linici de la ressuscitaci a estandarditzades
lhospital es troben a la secci 3.2 Sinclouun resum de la posici
lateral de seguretat, amb informaci addicional en el captol de El suport vital avanat amb maneig de la via aria, medicacii
Primers Auxilis. correcci dels factors causals pot ser necessari si els primers
Les guies es basen en el Consens Internacional sobre la Cincia intents de ressuscitaci no tenen xit.
i Recomanacions de Tractament (CoSTR) de lILCOR 2015 per
SVB /DEA.18 La revisi ILCOR es va centrar en 23 temes clau La necessitat crtica de lactuaci dels testimonis
que han portat a 32 recomanacions de tractament en els dominis
daccs preco i prevenci de laturada cardaca, RCP preco i de En la majoria de les comunitats, el temps mitjdes de la trucada
gran qualitat, i desfibrillaci preco. demergncia fins a larribada del servei demergncies mdiques
(interval de resposta) s 5-8 minuts,22,34-36o 8-11 minuts fins a una
Aturada cardaca primera descrrega.21,28Durant aquest temps la supervivncia de
la vctima depn dels testimonis que inicien la RCP i utilitzin un
Laturada cardaca sobtada (ACS) s una de les principals causes desfibrillador extern automatitzat (DEA).22,37
de mort a Europa. En una anlisi inicial del ritme cardac,
aproximadament 25-50% de les vctimes dACS presenten Reconeixement duna aturada cardaca
fibrillaci ventricular (FV),19-21 per quan el ritme es registra
poc desprs del collapse, en particular, en llocs provets de DEA, Reconixer una aturada cardaca pot ser un repte.Testimonis i
la proporci de vctimes en FV pot ser tan alta com 76%.22,23El gestors de trucada demergncia (teleoperadors demergncies
tractament recomanat per a laturada cardaca per FV s la RCP mdiques) han didentificar laturada cardaca amb promptitud
immediata per testimonis i la desfibrillaci elctrica preco.La per tal dactivar la cadena de supervivncia. La comprovaci
majoria de les aturades cardaques dorigen no cardac tenen del pols carotidi (o qualsevol altre pols) ha demostrat ser un
causes respiratries, com lofegament (entre ells molts nens) i mtode imprecs per confirmar la presncia o absncia de
lasfxia. Les respiracions de rescat, aix com les compressions circulaci.38-42La respiraci agnica pot estar present fins en el
torciques sn crtiques per a la ressuscitaci amb xit daquestes 40% de les vctimes en els primers minuts desprs de laturada
vctimes. cardaca, i si es reconeix com un signe daturada cardaca,
sassocia amb majors percentatges de supervivncia.43 La
La cadena de supervivncia importncia de la respiraci agnica hauria de ser emfatitzada
durant lentrenament en suport vital bsic.44,45 Els testimonis
La Cadena de Supervivncia resumeix les baules vitals necessries haurien de sospitar laturada cardaca i comenar la RCP si la
per a lxit de la ressuscitaci (Fig. 1.2). La majoria daquestes vctima no respon i no respira amb normalitat. Els testimonis
baules sapliquen tant a les vctimes daturada cardaca primria haurien de sospitar una aturada cardaca en qualsevol pacient
com daturada per asfxia.13 que presenti convulsions.46,47
i demanda postressuscitac
preco da ures i
t ju C
en
em
da
RCP preco rillac
i preco
eix
fib
es
Recon
id a
- Pe
ev
td
rp
ve a li
ta
re
n ir P u
latu
ra d a c ard aca e r re s t a u r a r la q
ar
on
Pe ci
P s rq u un
er g
u a ny a r t emp el c
o r tor n iaf
Figura 1.2 La cadena de supervivncia
Les taxes de RCP per testimonis sn baixes en moltes L112 s el nmero de telfon europeu demergncies, disponible
comunitats.Les instruccions de RCP assistida per telfon (RCP a tota la UE, i gratut.s possible trucar a l112 des de telfons
telefnica) milloren les taxes de RCP per testimonis,56,59-62redueixen fixos i mbils per contactar amb qualsevol servei demergncies:
el temps fins a la primera RCP,57,59,62-64augmenten el nombre de una ambulncia, els bombers o la policia.El contacte preco amb
compressions torciques realitzades60i milloren els resultats del els serveis demergncies facilitar lassistncia per loperador
pacient desprs duna aturada cardaca extrahospitalria (ACEH) telefnic en el reconeixement duna aturada cardaca, la instrucci
en tots els grups de pacients.30-32,56,61,63,65Els operadors telefnics telefnica sobre com realitzar la RCP, lactivaci dun servei
haurien de proporcionar instruccions de RCP telefnica en mdic demergncia / primer interventor, i en la localitzaci i
tots els casos de sospita daturada cardaca a menys que una enviament dun DEA.66-69
persona entrenada ja estigui realitzant RCP.Quan es requereixen
instruccions per a un adult, els operadors telefnics haurien de Comenar les compressions torciques
proporcionar instruccions de RCP amb noms compressions
torciques. Si la vctima s un nen, els operadors telefnics En els adults que necessiten RCP hi ha una alta probabilitat duna
haurien de donar instruccions a les persones que truquen per causa cardaca primria. Quan el flux sanguini satura desprs
realitzar ventilacions i compressions torciques. duna aturada cardaca, la sang en els pulmons i el sistema
arterial roman oxigenada durant alguns minuts.Per emfatitzar
Seqncia de SVB en adults la prioritat de les compressions torciques, es recomana que la
RCP hauria de comenar amb compressions torciques en lloc
La Figura 1.3 presenta la seqncia detallada pas a pas per de ventilacions inicials.
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
13
En realitzar compressions torciques manuals: profunditat de compressi al trax daproximadament5 cm, per
no ms de 6 cm en ladult de mida mitjana.81
1. Administrar les compressions al centre del trax
2. Comprimir a una profunditat daproximadament 5 cm, per Freqncia de les compressions
no ms de 6 cm en ladult mig Dos estudis van trobar una major supervivncia entre els
3. Comprimir el trax a una freqncia de 100 a 120 min-1 pacients que van rebre compressions torciques a una freqncia
amb el menor nombre possible dinterrupcions de 100 a 120 min-1. Freqncies de compressions torciques
4. Permetre que el trax es reexpandeixicompletament desprs molt altes estaven associades amb disminuci en la profunditat
de cada compressi;no recolzar-se en el pit. de les compressions.82,83 LERC recomana, per tant, que les
compressions torciques shaurien de realitzar a una freqncia
Figura 1.3 Lalgoritme de suport vital bsic / desfibrillaci externa automatitzada de 100 a 120 min-1.
(SVB/DEA)
Asseguris que la
vctima, vost i
qualsevol testimoni
estiguin segurs
RESPOSTA Sacsegi la vctima amb cura per les espatlles i pregunti-li amb veu
forta: Es troba b?
Comprovi la resposta Si respon, deixi-la en la posici que lha trobat, si no hi ha perill,
de la vctima intenti esbrinar quin s el problema i si s necessari busqui ajuda.
Revaloril amb regularitat
BUSQUI UN DEA Envi alg a buscar i portar el DEA, si est disponible. Si est sol, no
deixi la vctima, inici RCP
Envi alg a buscar el
DEA
Figura 1.4 Seqncia d'accions pas a pas que ha d'utilitzar el provedor entrenat de SVB/DEA per tractar els adults vctimes d'una aturada cardaca.
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SI EST ENTRENAT I Desprs de les 30 compressions, obri la via aria utilitzant la manio-
S CAPA bra front-ment
Utilitzant la m del front, pinci la part tova del nas amb els dits ndex
Combini les compres- i polze
sions torciques amb Permeti que la boca sobri, per mantenint el ment elevat
les respiracions de Faci una respiraci normal i colloqui els seus llavis ben ajustats al
suport voltant de la boca, assegurant un bon segellat
Insufli laire sostingudament dins de la boca mentre observa si el pit
puja, durant 1 segon, com en una respiraci normal. Aix s una res-
piraci de suport efectiva ##
Mantenint el cap basculat i el ment elevat, separi la seva boca de la
vctima i miri que el pit baixi a mesura que laire surti del seu interior
Agafi aire amb normalitat i insuflil de nou en la boca de la vctima,
fent un total de 2 respiracions de suport efectives. No interrompi les
compressions ms de 10 segons per fer les dues respiracions. Desprs,
sense perdre temps, torni a collocar les mans en la posici correcta
de lestrnum i faci 30 compressions torciques ms
Continu amb les compressions torciques i les respiracions de suport
amb una cadncia de 30:2
SI NO EST EN- Faci RCP amb noms compressions (compressions contnues a una
TRENAT O NO POT freqncia de 100-120 min-1)
FER LES RESPIRA-
CIONS DE SUPORT
Figura 1. 4 (Continuaci)
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QUAN ARRIBI EL Tan aviat com el DEA arribi:
DEA Posi en marxa el DEA i colloqui els elctrodes sobre el pit nu de la
vctima
Posi en marxa el DEA i Si hi ha un altre reanimador, shauria de continuar la RCP mentre es
colloqui els elctrodes colloquen els elctrodes sobre el pit
Segueixi les Asseguris que ning toca la vctima mentre el DEA est analitzant el
instruccions de veu/ ritme cardac
visuals
Si no est indicada una Reinici inmediatament la RCP. Continu com indiquen les instruc-
descrrega, continu cions de veu/visuals
RCP
SI NO RESPON s rar que la RCP sola reinici el cor. A menys que vost estigui segur
PER RESPIRA que la persona sha recuperat, continu RCP
NORMALMENT
Signes de que la vctima sha recuperat
Si vost est segur que es desperta
la vctima respira amb es mou
normalitat per segueix obre els ulls
sense respondre, respira amb normalitat
colloquil en la posici
de recuperaci (veure Estigui preparat per reiniciar immediatament la RCP si el pacient es
captol de Primers deteriora
Auxilis)
Figura 1. 4 (Continuaci)
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per a un sol reanimador en la ressuscitaci dun adult.Diversos (com a excepci) els DEA estan installats en un entorn on s
estudis observacionals han reportat resultats lleugerament poc probable que estiguin disponibles o presents els reanimadors
millors desprs de la implementaci dels canvis de les guies, que entrenats, el propietari o el distribudor pot optar per canviar la
van incloure el canvi duna relaci compressions-ventilacions de configuraci a noms compressions torciques.
15:2 a 30:2.103-106LERC segueix, per tant, recomanant una relaci
compressions-ventilacions de 30:2. Programes daccs pblic a la desfibrillaci (APD)
RCP amb noms compressions La installaci de DEA en zones on es pot esperar una aturada
cardaca cada 5 anys es considera cost-efectiva i comparable a
Estudis observacionals, classificats principalment com a altres intervencions mdiques.125-127El registre dels DEA daccs
evidncia de molt baixa qualitat, han suggerit lequivalncia de pblic, de manera que els operadors telefnics demergncies
la RCP amb noms compressions torciques i compressions puguin dirigir als que realitzen la RCP a un DEA proper, pot
torciques combinades amb ventilacions de rescat a adults tamb ajudar a optimitzar la resposta.128 Lefectivitat de ls
amb sospita daturada cardaca de causa cardaca.27,107-118 La del DEA per a vctimes a la llar s limitada.129La proporci de
confiana en lequivalncia entre RCP amb noms compressions pacients trobats en FV s menor a la llar que en llocs pblics,
torciques i lestndard no s suficient com per canviar la prctica per el nombre absolut de pacients potencialment tractables
actual. LERC, per tant, recolza les recomanacions de lILCOR s ms gran a la llar.129 Laccs pblic a la desfibrillaci (APD)
de que tots els que realitzin RCP haurien daplicar compressions poques vegades arriba a les vctimes a la llar.130 Lactivaci de
torciques a tots els pacients en aturada cardaca.Els reanimadors reanimadors, propers a la vctima i dirigits a un DEA proper,
entrenats i capaos de realitzar respiracionsde rescat haurien de pot millorar les taxes de RCP per testimonis33i ajudar a reduir el
fer compressions torciques i respiracions de rescat, ja que es pot temps fins a la desfibrillaci.37
proporcionar un benefici addicional per als nens i per aquells que
sofreixen una aturada cardaca per asfxia111.119.120 on linterval de Senyalitzaci universal del DEA
resposta del SEM s prolongat.115 LILCOR ha dissenyat un smbol de DEA senzill i clar que pot ser
reconegut a tot el mn i est recomanat per indicar la presncia
s dun desfibrillador extern automatitzat dun DEA.131
Els DEA sn segurs i efectius quan sutilitzen per llecs amb s hospitalari de DEA
mnim o cap entrenament.121Permeten desfibrillar molts minuts
abans que arribi lajuda professional.Els que realitzin la RCP han No shan publicat assaigs aleatoritzats que comparin ls a
continuar-la amb la mnima interrupci de les compressions lhospital dels DEA amb els desfibrilladors manuals.Tres estudis
torciques mentre es colloca un DEA i durant el seu s.Els que observacionals no van mostrar millores en la supervivncia
realitzin la RCP shaurien de concentrar en seguir immediatament a lalta hospitalria a laturada cardaca intrahospitalria en
les instruccions de veu quan sn emeses, en particular, reprenent adults utilitzant un DEA en comparaci amb un desfibrillador
la RCP tan aviat com sindiqui i reduir al mnim les interrupcions manual.132-134 Un altre gran estudi observacional va mostrar
en les compressions torciques.Els DEA estndard sn adequats que ls a lhospital del DEA es va associar amb una menor
per al seu s en nens majors de 8 anys.122-124Per a nens entre 1 i taxa de supervivncia a lalta en comparaci amb la seva no
8 anys utilitzar pegats peditrics, juntament amb un atenuador o utilitzaci.135 Aix suggereix que els DEA poden provocar
en mode peditric si est disponible. retards perjudicials en linici de la RCP, o interrupcions
de les compressions torciques en pacients amb ritmes no
RCP abans de la desfibrillaci desfibrillables.136Es recomana ls de DEA en aquelles rees de
lhospital on hi hagi un risc de retard en la desfibrillaci,137perqu
Continuar la RCP mentre un desfibrillador o un DEA est sent lequip de ressuscitaci trigui diversos minuts en arribar i els
portat al lloc i collocat, per la desfibrillaci no shauria de primers interventors no tinguin competncia en desfibrillaci
demorar per ms temps. manual.Lobjectiu s intentar la desfibrillaci dins dels 3 minuts
del collapse.A les rees de lhospital on hi hagi un accs rpid
Interval entre comprovacions del ritme a la desfibrillaci manual, ja sigui per personal capacitat o per
un equip de ressuscitaci, la desfibrillaci manual ha de ser
Aturar les compressions torciques cada dos minuts per avaluar utilitzada en lloc dun DEA.Els hospitals haurien de monitorar
el ritme cardac. els intervals collapse-primera descrrega i auditar els resultats
de la ressuscitaci.
Indicacions de veu
Riscos per als provedors i les vctimes de RCP
s crticament important que els que realitzin la RCP prestin
atenci a les indicacions de veu del DEA i les segueixin sense A les vctimes que eventualment no es troben en aturada
demora.Els missatges de veu sn habitualment programables, i cardaca, la RCP per testimonis molt poques vegades provoca
es recomana sajustin dacord amb la seqncia de descrregues i danys greus.Els que realitzin RCP no haurien, per tant, de ser
els temps de RCP esmentats amb anterioritat.Els dispositius de reticents a iniciar RCP per por a fer mal.
mesurament de qualitat de la RCP poden a ms proporcionar
informaci de la RCP en temps real i indicacions suplementries Obstrucci de la via aria per cos estrany (ennuegament)
de veu o visuals.
A la prctica, els DEA sutilitzen sobretot pels reanimadors Lobstrucci de la via aria per cos estrany (OVACE) s una
entrenats, on la configuraci per defecte de les indicacions del causa poc freqent per potencialment tractable de mort
DEA hauria de ser una relaci compressi-ventilaci de 30:2.Si
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accidental. Si les vctimes inicialment estan conscients i
138
Fer RCP durant 1 minut abans danar a buscar ajuda en el cas
responen, sovint hi ha loportunitat dintervencions precoces improbable que el que realitza la RCP estigui sol
que poden salvar la vida. Comprimir el trax almenys un ter de la seva
profunditat; utilitzar 2 dits en un lactant menor dun
Reconeixement any;utilitzar 1 o 2 mans en un nen de ms d1 any, segons
sigui necessari per aconseguir una adequada profunditat de
LOVACE habitualment sesdev mentre la vctima est menjant la compressi
o bevent.La Figura 1.5 presenta lalgoritme de tractament per a
ladult amb OVACE.Els cossos estranys poden causar obstrucci Les mateixes modificacions de 5 respiracions inicials i 1 minut
de la via aria lleu o greu.s important preguntar a la vctima de RCP per al reanimador que est sol abans daconseguir ajuda,
conscient Sest ofegant?. La vctima que s capa de parlar, poden millorar el resultat de les vctimes dofegament.Aquesta
tossir i respirar t obstrucci lleu.La vctima que no pot parlar, modificaci hauria de ser explicada noms a aquells que tenen el
t una tos feble, est lluitant per respirar o no pot, t obstrucci deure especfic de latenci a vctimes potencials dofegament (p.
greu. ex. socorristes).
Animar a la vctima a tossir ja que la tos genera pressions altes i Guies per a la prevenci de laturada cardaca a lhospital
sostingudes en la via aria i pot expulsar el cos estrany.
El reconeixement preco del pacient que sest deteriorant i la
Tractament de lobstrucci greu de la via aria prevenci de laturada cardaca s la primera baula de la cadena
Per als adults conscients i nens majors dun any dedat amb de supervivncia.13 Una vegada que es produeix, noms al
OVACE completa, shan referit casos que han demostrat leficcia voltant del 20% dels pacients que pateixen una aturada cardaca
dels cops a lesquena o palmellades, empentes abdominals i a lhospital sobreviuran i tornaran a casa.143,144 Els hospitals
torciques.139 La probabilitat dxit sincrementa en realitzar haurien de disposar dun sistema datenci que inclogui: (a)
combinacions de cops a lesquena o palmellades, i empentes educar el personal sobre els signes de deteriorament del pacient
abdominals i torciques.139 i la ra fonamental per a una resposta rpida a la malaltia, (b)
monitoratge freqent i apropiat dels signes vitals dels pacients,
Tractament de lobstrucci de la via aria per cos estrany en una (c) una directriu clara (p. ex. a travs de criteris de trucada o
vctima que no respon sistema de puntuacions dalerta preco) per ajudar al personal en
la detecci preco del deteriorament del pacient, (d) un sistema
Un assaig clnic en cadvers140 i dos estudis prospectius en clar i uniforme de trucada per sollicitar assistncia, i (e) una
voluntaris anestesiats141,142 van mostrar que es poden generar resposta clnica adient i oportuna a les trucades dajuda.145
pressions ms altes a la via aria realitzant compressions torciques
en comparaci amb compressions abdominals. Per tant, les Prevenci de la mort sobtada cardaca (MSC) fora de lhospital
compressions torciques shaurien diniciar immediatament si la
vctima esdev sense resposta o sense conscincia. Desprs de La majoria de les vctimes de MSC tenen una histria de malaltia
30 compressions, intentar 2 respiracions de rescat, i continuar cardaca i signes dalerta, ms comunament dolor torcic en lhora
la RCP fins que la vctima es recuperi i comenci a respirar amb prvia a laturada cardaca.146Els nens aparentment sans i els adults
normalitat. joves que pateixen MSC tamb poden tenir signes i smptomes (p.
Les vctimes amb tos persistent, dificultat per empassar, o ex. sncope/presncope, dolor torcic i palpitacions) que haurien
la sensaci que un objecte segueix encallat a la gola han de dalertar als professionals sanitaris per buscar ajudaexperta per
ser traslladades per a una valoraci mdica. Les empentes tal de prevenir laturada cardaca.147-151Els programes de cribratge
abdominals i torciques potencialment poden causar greus per a atletes varien entre pasos.152,153La identificaci dindividus
lesions internes i totes les vctimes tractades amb xit amb amb malalties hereditries i el cribratge de membres de la
aquestes mesures haurien de ser examinades posteriorment per famlia poden ajudar a prevenir les morts en persones joves amb
a descartar-les. trastorns cardacs hereditaris.154-156
Ressuscitaci intrahospitalria
Pacient crtic/deteriorat
No Signes de vida? S
RCP 30:2
amb oxigen i
dispositius de via aria
Avisi
lequip de ressuscitaci
Collocar pegats/monitor si est indicat
Intenti desfibrillaci
si est indicada
Figura 1.6 Algoritme de ressuscitaci intrahospitalria. ABCDE Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (Via Aria, Respir-
aci, Circulaci, Discapacitat, Exposici per les seves sigles en angls). IV intravenosa; RCP ressuscitaci cardiopulmonar
Lona de la capnografia ha de ser utilitzada per confirmar sigui possible fer aix, administrar compressions torciques
la collocaci del tub traqueal i monitorar la freqncia fins que arribi lajuda o lequipament de via aria.
ventilatria. La capnografia amb forma dona tamb pot Quan arribi el desfibrillador, aplicar els elctrodes
utilitzar-se amb un dispositiu de bal-mascareta i DSVA.Ls autoadhesius de desfibrillaci al pacient mentre es
addicional de lona del capnograma per monitorar la qualitat continua amb les compressions torciques i desprs,
de la RCP i identificar potencialment el RCE durant la RCP breument, analitzar el ritme.Si no es disposa de pegats de
es discuteix ms endavant en aquesta secci.174 desfibrillaci autoadhesius, utilitzar les pales.Fer una pausa
Utilitzar un temps inspiratori d1 segon i administrar suficient breu per valorar el ritme cardac. Amb un desfibrillador
volum per produir una elevaci normal del trax.Tan aviat manual, si el ritme s FV/TVsp, carregar el desfibrillador
com sigui possible, afegir oxigen suplementari per donar el mentre un altre reanimador continua les compressions
mximpossible doxigen inspirat.175 torciques.Un cop carregat el desfibrillador, fer una pausa
Un cop sha intubat la trquea del pacient o sha inserit en les compressions torciques i aleshores administrar una
un DSVA, continuar amb compressions torciques descrrega, i immediatament reiniciar les compressions
ininterrompudes (excepte per desfibrillaci o comprovaci torciques.Assegurar-se que ning estigui tocant el pacient
del pols quan estigui indicat), a una freqncia de 100 durant ladministraci de la descrrega. Planificar i garantir
a 120 min-1 i ventilar els pulmons a 10 respiracions min-1 una desfibrillaci segura abans de la pausa prevista en les
aproximadament.Evitar la hiperventilaci (tant per excs de compressions torciques.
freqncia com de volum). Si sutilitza un desfibrillador extern automatitzat (DEA) cal
Si no hi ha equipament disponible de via aria i ventilaci, seguir les indicacions audiovisuals del DEA, i de manera
considerar ladministraci de ventilaci boca-a-boca. Si hi similar procurar minimitzar les pauses en les compressions
ha raons clniques per evitar el contacte boca-a-boca, o no torciques seguint les indicacions amb rapidesa.
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En alguns escenaris on no es disposa de pegats autoadhesius, neurolgica a llarg termini. Similarment, levidncia que dna
sutilitzen estratgies alternatives de desfibrillaci amb pales suport al maneig avanat de la via aria durant el SVA segueix
per minimitzar la pausa abans de la descrrega. sent limitada.175,185-192Aix doncs, encara que els frmacs i les vies
En alguns pasos sutilitza una estratgia de desfibrillaci aries avanades encara sinclouen entre les intervencions de
que consisteix en carregar el desfibrillador cap al final del SVA, sn dimportncia secundria respecte a la desfibrillaci
cicle de 2 minuts de RCP perqu estigui preparat quan es preco i a les
compressions torciques ininterrompudes dalta
comprovi el pols.176,177Si el ritme s FV/TVsp sadministra qualitat.
una descrrega i es reinicia la RCP.No se sap si aix dna lloc Igual que en Guies prvies, lalgoritme de SVA distingeix entre
a algun benefici, per s comporta carregar el desfibrillador ritmes desfibrillables i no desfibrillables.Cada cicle s similar
per ritmes no desfibrillables. en general, amb un total de 2 minuts de RCP abans de valorar
Reiniciar les compressions torciques immediatament el ritme i, quan estigui indicat, palpar el pols.Sadministra 1 mg
desprs de la desfibrillaci. Minimitzar les interrupcions dadrenalina cada 3-5 minuts fins que saconsegueix el RCE - el
de les compressions torciques.Utilitzant un desfibrillador moment per a la dosi inicial dadrenalina es descriu ms avall.En
manual s possible reduir la pausa entre el cessament i la la FV/TVsp, desprs dun total de tres descrregues, est indicada
represa de les compressions torciques a menys de cinc una dosi nica damiodarona de 300 mg, i es pot considerar una
segons. dosi addicional de 150 mg desprs de cinc descrregues.El temps
Continuar la ressuscitaci fins que arribi lequip de ptim de durada del cicle de RCP s desconegut i hi algoritmes
ressuscitaci o el pacient mostri signes de vida. Seguir les amb cicles ms llargs (3 minuts) que inclouen diferents moments
indicacions de veu si sutilitza un DEA. per a les dosis dadrenalina.193
Una vegada que la ressuscitaci est en marxa, i si hi ha
prou personal present, cal preparar la cnula intravenosa Ritmes desfibrillables (fibrillaci ventricular/taquicrdia
i frmacs que probablement seran utilitzats per lequip de ventricular sense pols)
ressuscitaci (p. ex. adrenalina). Un cop confirmada laturada cardaca, sollicitar ajuda (incloent
Identificar una persona com la responsable de la la petici dun desfibrillador) i iniciar RCP, comenant amb les
transferncia al lder de lequip de ressuscitaci. Utilitzar compressions torciques, amb una relaci compressi:ventilaci
una eina de comunicaci estructurada (p. ex. SRAR, (CV) de 30:2. Quan arribi el desfibrillador, continuar les
MASP).178,179Localitzar la histria clnica del pacient. compressions torciques mentre es colloquen els elctrodes de
La qualitat de les compressions torciques durant la RCP desfibrillaci.Identificar el ritme i tractar dacord a lalgoritme
intrahospitalria s freqentment subptima.180,181 La de SVA.
importncia de les compressions torciques ininterrompudes
mai ser prou emfatitzada.Fins i tot breus interrupcions de Si es confirma FV/TVsp, carregar el desfibrillador mentre un
les compressions torciques sn desastroses per al resultat i altre reanimador continua les compressions torciques.Un
shan de fer tots els esforos per assegurar que es mant una cop carregat el desfibrillador, pausar les compressions
compressi torcica efectiva i contnua durant tot lintent de torciques, assegurar rpidament que tots els reanimadors
ressuscitaci.Les compressions torciques haurien diniciar- estan allunyats del pacient i aleshores donar una descrrega.
se al comenament dun intent de ressuscitaci i continuar Els nivells denergia per a la descrrega de desfibrillaci
de manera ininterrompuda, excepte breus pauses per a no han canviat des de les guies del 2010.194 Per formes
intervencions especfiques (p. ex. comprovar el ritme). La dona bifsiques, utilitzar una energia de descrrega inicial
majoria de les intervencions es poden dur a terme sense dalmenys 150 J. Amb desfibrilladors manuals s apropiat
interrupcions de les compressions torciques. El lder de considerar lincrement de lenergia de les descrregues
lequip hauria de monitorar la qualitat de la RCP i alternar els successives si s factible, desprs duna descrrega sense xit
participants en la RCP si la qualitat de la mateixa s pobre. i en els pacients que refibrillen.195,196
Es pot utilitzar el monitoratge continu dETCO2 per aindicar Minimitzar la demora entre el cessament de les compressions
la qualitat de la RCP, i un augment en lETCO2pot ser un torciques i ladministraci de la descrrega (la pausa
indicador de RCE durant les compressions torciques.174,182-184 predescrrega);un retard de fins i tot 5-10 segons reduir les
Si s possible, la persona que administra les compressions possibilitats que la descrrega tingui xit.84,85,197,198
torciques hauria de ser rellevada cada 2 minuts, per sense Sense aturar-se a valorar el ritme ni palpar el pols, reprendre
ocasionar pauses en les compressions torciques. la RCP (relaci CV 30:2) immediatament desprs de la
descrrega, comenant amb les compressions torciques,
per limitar la pausa postdescrrega i la pausa total
Algoritme de tractament de SVA peridescrrega.84,85
Continuar RCP durant 2 minuts, desprs fer una pausa breu
Encara que lalgoritme de SVA cardac (Fig. 1.7) s aplicable a per valorar el ritme;si persisteix FV/TVsp, donar una segona
totes les aturades cardaques, a laturada cardaca causada per descrrega (150-360 J en bifsica).Sense parar per reavaluar
circumstncies especials poden estar indicades intervencions el ritme ni palpar el pols, reprendre la RCP (relaci CV 30:2)
addicionals (veure Secci 4).3 immediatament desprs de la descrrega, comenant amb
Les intervencions que inqestionablement contribueixen a les compressions torciques.
millorar la supervivncia Continuar RCP durant 2 minuts, desprs fer una pausa
desprs de laturada cardaca sn: Suport Vital Bsic (SVB) breu per valorar el ritme;si persisteix FV/TVsp, donar una
rpid i efectiu per testimonis, compressions torciques tercera descrrega (150-360 J en bifsica).Sense revaluar el
ininterrompudes dalta qualitat i desfibrillaci preco per ritme ni palpar el pols, reprendre la RCP (relaci CV 30:2)
a FV/TVsp. Sha demostrat que la utilitzaci dadrenalina immediatament desprs de la descrrega, comenant amb
augmenta el RCE, per no la supervivncia a lalta. A ms hi les compressions torciques.
ha una possibilitat que doni lloc a una pitjor supervivncia Si sha aconseguit accs IV/IO, durant els segents 2
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RCP 30:2
Connecti el monitor/desfibrillador
Minimitzi les interrupcions
Avalu el ritme
Desfibrillable No desfibrillable
(FV/TVsense pols) (AEP/Asistlia)
1 Desgrrega Recuperaci de la
Minimitzi les circulaci espontnia
interrupcions
Figura 1.7 Algoritme de Suport Vital Avanat. RCP ressuscitaci cardiopulmonar; FV/TVsp fibrillaci ventricular/taquicrdia ventricular sense pols; AESP activitat
elctrica sense pols; ABCDE Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (Via Aria, Respiraci, Circulaci, Discapacitat, Exposici per les seves sigles en an-
gls); SaO2 saturaci d'oxigen; PaCO2 pressi parcial d'anhdrid carbnic en sang arterial; ECG electrocardiograma.
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minuts de RCP administrar 1 mg dadrenalina i 300 mg Confirmar laturada cardaca i cridar demanant ajuda
damiodarona.199 Si el ritme inicial s FV/TVsp, administrar fins a tres
La utilitzaci de lona del capnograma pot fer possible descrregues successives (apilades).
detectar RCE sense aturar les compressions torciques i pot Rpidament comprovar si hi ha canvi de ritme i, si s
ser usada com una manera devitar la injecci en embolada apropiat, RCE desprs de cada intent de desfibrillaci.
dadrenalina desprs daconseguir el RCE. Diversos Iniciar compressions torciques i continuar RCP durant dos
estudis en humans han demostrat que quan es produeix minuts si la tercera descrrega no ha tingut xit.
el RCE apareix un augment significatiu del CO2alfinal de
lespiraci.174,182-184.200.201 Si durant la RCP se sospita RCE, Aquesta estratgia de tres descrregues pot considerar-se tamb
evitar administrar adrenalina.Administrar adrenalina si es per a una aturada cardaca per FV/TVsp inicial presenciada
confirma laturada cardaca en la segent comprovaci de si el pacient est ja connectat a un desfibrillador manual. Tot
ritme. i que no hi ha dades que donin suport a una estratgia de tres
Si no sha aconseguit RCE amb aquesta 3a descrrega, descrregues en cap daquestes circumstncies, s improbable que
ladrenalina pot millorar el flux sanguini miocrdic i les compressions torciques millorin la ja molt alta probabilitat
augmentar la probabilitat dxit de la desfibrillaci amb la de RCE quan la desfibrillaci saplica precoment en la fase
segent descrrega. elctrica, immediatament desprs del comenament de la FV.
El moment oport per a ladministraci dadrenalina pot
causar confusi entre els provedors de SVA i cal emfatitzar Via aria i ventilaci. Durant el tractament de la FV persistent
aquest aspecte durant lentrenament.202 Lensinistrament cal assegurar compressions torciques de bona qualitat entre
hauria de posar mfasi en que ladministraci de frmacs els intents de desfibrillaci. Considerar les causes reversibles
no ha de donar lloc a interrupcions en la RCP ni demorar (4 Hs i 4 Ts) i, si sidentifiquen, corregir-les. La intubaci
intervencions com ara la desfibrillaci. Dades en humans traqueal proporciona la via aria ms fiable, per noms
suggereixen que els frmacs poden administrar-se sense shauria dintentar si el professional sanitari est adequadament
afectar la qualitat de la RCP.186 entrenat i t una experincia regular i continuada en la
Desprs de cada cicle de 2 minuts de RCP, si el ritme canvia tcnica. La intubaci traqueal no ha de demorar els intents de
a asistlia o AESP, veure ritmes no desfibrillables ms desfibrillaci.El personal ensinistrat en el maneig de via aria
endavant. Si hi ha un ritme no desfibrillable i el ritme s avanada hauria dintentar la laringoscpia i intubaci sense
organitzat (els complexos apareixen de manera regular o aturar les compressions torciques; es pot requerir una breu
estrets), intentar palpar el pols. Assegurar que les anlisis pausa en les compressions torciques mentre es passa el tub a
de ritme siguin breus, i que la comprovaci del pols noms travs de les cordes vocals, per aquesta pausa hauria de ser
es dugui a terme si sobserva un ritme organitzat. Si hi menor de 5 segons. Com alternativa, per evitar interrupcions
ha qualsevol dubte sobre lexistncia de pols davant la en les compressions torciques, es pot diferir lintent dintubaci
presncia dun ritme organitzat, cal reprendre la RCP fins al RCE.Cap estudi aleatoritzat controlat (EAC) ha demostrat
immediatament.Si sha aconseguit RCE, comenar les cures que la intubaci traqueal augmenti la supervivncia desprs de
postresucitaci. laturada cardaca.Desprs de la intubaci, confirmar la correcta
posici del tub i assegurar-lo adequadament. Ventilar els
Durant el tractament de la FV/TVsp, els professionals sanitaris han pulmons a 10 respiracions min-1;no hiperventilar el pacient.Una
de practicar una coordinaci eficient entre RCP i administraci vegada el pacient ha estat intubat, continuar les compressions
de descrregues, tant si utilitzen un desfibrillador manual com torciques a una freqncia de 100-120 min-1 sense fer pauses
si utilitzen un DEA. La reducci en la pausa peridescrrega durant la ventilaci.
(linterval entre el cessament de les compressions i el reinici de En absncia de personal ensinistrat en intubaci traqueal, una
les compressions desprs dadministrar la descrrega), fins i tot alternativa acceptable s un dispositiu supragltic de via aria
en uns pocs segons, pot augmentar la probabilitat dxit de la (DSVA) (p. ex. mscara larngia, tub laringi o i-gel). Un cop
descrrega.84,85,197,198La RCP dalta qualitat pot millorar lamplitud inserit un DSVA, intentar administrar compressions torciques
i freqncia de la FV i millorar la probabilitat de desfibrillaci contnues, sense interrompre durant la ventilaci.206 Si una
amb xit a un ritme amb perfusi.203-205 fuita de gas excessiva causa una ventilaci inadequada dels
Independentment del ritme de laturada, desprs de la dosi inicial pulmons del pacient, les compressions torciques hauran de
dadrenalina cal administrar ulteriors dosi d1 mg dadrenalina ser interrompudes per possibilitar la ventilaci (utilitzant una
cada 3-5 minuts fins que saconsegueixi RCE;en la prctica, aix relaci CV de 30:2).
ser al voltant duna vegada cada dos cicles de lalgoritme. Si
durant la RCP sobserven signes de vida (moviment amb Accs intravascular i frmacs. Establir un accs intravens si
propsit, respiraci normal o tos), o hi ha un increment en la encara no sha aconseguit. La canulaci venosa perifrica s
ETCO2, examinar el monitor; si presenta un ritme organitzat, ms rpida, ms fcil de realitzar i ms segura que la canulaci
comprovar el pols. Si hi ha pols palpable, iniciar les cures venosa central.Els frmacs injectats per via perifrica shan de
postressusci. Si el pols no est present, continuar RCP. seguir per una embolada dalmenys 20 ml de fluid i elevaci de
lextremitat durant 10-20 segons per facilitar larribada del frmac
a la circulaci central. Si laccs intravens s difcil o impossible,
FV/TVsp monitorada i presenciada. Si un pacient t una aturada considerar la via IO. Aquesta sha establert en lactualitat com
cardaca monitorada i presenciada a la sala dhemodinmica, una via efectiva en adults.207-210La injecci intrassia de frmacs
unitat coronria, una rea de cures crtiques o mentre est aconsegueix concentracions plasmtiques adequades en un
monitorat desprs de la cirurgia cardaca, i es disposa rpidament temps comparable a la injecci a travs duna vena.211,212
dun desfibrillador:
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24
Ritmes no desfibrillables (AESP i asistlia)
Lactivitat elctrica sense pols (AESP) es defineix com una Monitoratge durant el suport vital avanat
aturada cardaca en presncia dactivitat elctrica (que no sigui Hi ha diversos mtodes i tecnologies emergents per monitorar el
taquiartmia ventricular) que normalment estaria associada a pacient durant la RCP i potencialment guiar les intervencions de
pols palpable.213La supervivncia de laturada cardaca en asistlia SVA.Aquestes inclouen:
o AESP s improbable tret que es trobi una causa reversible i es
tracti de forma efectiva. Signes clnics com ara esforos respiratoris, moviments
Si el ritme inicial monitorat s AESP o asistlia, comenar RCP i obertura dulls poden ocrrer durant la RCP. Aquests
30:2.Si es mostra asistlia, sense interrompre la RCP, comprovar poden indicar RCE i requereixen verificaci de ritme i
que els elctrodes estan connectats correctament.Una vegada sha comprovaci de pols, per tamb poden ocrrer perqu la
collocat una via aria avanada, continuar amb les compressions RCP pot generar una circulaci suficient per restaurar els
torciques sense fer pauses durant la ventilaci. Desprs de 2 signes de vida incloent la conscincia.218
minuts de RCP, reavaluar el ritme.Si lasistlia persisteix, reiniciar Ls de retroalimentaci o de dispositius rpids durant la
la RCP immediatament.Si presenta un ritme organitzat, intentar RCP saborda en la Secci 2 Suport Vital Bsic.1La utilitzaci
palpar el pols.Si no hi ha pols (o si hi ha qualsevol dubte sobre la de retroalimentaci o de dispositius rpids durant la RCP
presncia de pols), continuar la RCP. hauria de considerar-se noms com a part dun sistema ms
Administrar 1 mg dadrenalina tan aviat com saconsegueixi extens de cures que haurien dincloure iniciatives integrals
accs vens o intraossi, i repetir cada cicle altern de RCP (s a de millora de la qualitat de RCP.99,219
dir, aproximadament cada 3-5 minuts).Si hi ha pols, comenar Les comprovacions de pols quan ha un ritme ECG
les cures postressuscitaci. Si saprecien signes de vida durant compatible amb cabal cardac poden ser utilitzades per
la RCP, comprovar el ritme i comprovar el pols. Si durant la identificar RCE, per poden no detectar polsos en situacions
RCP se sospita RCE no administrar adrenalina i continuar la de baix cabal cardac i una pressi arterial baixa.220El valor
RCP. Administrar ladrenalina si es confirma laturada cardaca dintentar palpar els polsos arterials durant les compressions
en la segent comprovaci de ritme. torciques per valorar la seva efectivitat s poc clar. En la
Sempre que es faci un diagnstic dasistlia, cal comprovar vena cava inferior no hi vlvules i, per tant, el flux sanguini
lECG acuradament per si hi ha presncia dones P, perqu en retrgrad en el sistema vens pot produir pulsacions venoses
aquest cas pot respondre a marcapassos cardac. No hi ha cap femorals.221 La pulsaci carotdia durant la RCP no indica
benefici en intentar marcapassos en lasistlia veritable.A ms, necessriament perfusi miocrdica o cerebral adequades.
si hi ha dubte sobre si el ritme s asistlia o FV extremadament El monitoratge del ritme cardac mitjanant pegats, pales
fina, no intentar la desfibrillaci;per contra, cal continuar amb o elctrodes dECG s una part estndard del SVA. Els
compressions torciques i ventilaci. La RCP dalta qualitat artefactes de moviment impedeixen una valoraci fiable del
continuada pot, per, millorar lamplitud i la freqncia de la FV ritme cardac durant les compressions torciques forant als
i augmentar la probabilitat de desfibrillaci amb xit a un ritme reanimadors a aturar les compressions torciques per valorar
amb perfusi.203-205 el ritme, i impedint el reconeixement preco de la FV/TVsp
El temps ptim de RCP entre les comprovacions de ritme pot recurrent. Alguns desfibrilladors moderns disposen de
variar segons el ritme de laturada cardaca i si s el primer filtres que eliminen els artefactes de les compressions, per
bucle o subsegents. Basat en el consens dexperts, per al no hi ha estudis en humans que demostrin millores en els
tractament de lasistlia o AESP, desprs dun cicle de 2 minuts resultats com a conseqncia de la seva utilitzaci.Suggerim
de RCP, si el ritme ha canviat a FV, seguir lalgoritme per no utilitzar de forma rutinria algoritmes de filtre dartefactes
ritmes desfibrillables. Altrament, continuar RCP i administrar per a lanlisi del ritme ECG durant la RCP, llevat que sigui
adrenalina cada 3-5 minuts desprs de no poder detectar un pols com a part dun programa de recerca.18
palpable en la comprovaci de pols.Si sidentifica FV al monitor La utilitzaci de lona del capnograma durant la RCP t un
enmig dun cicle de 2 minuts de RCP, completi el cicle de RCP major mfasi en les Guies 2015 i saborda amb ms detall
abans de la comprovaci formal de ritme i ladministraci de la ms avall.
descrrega si s apropiada - aquesta estratgia minimitzar les Lextracci per a anlisis de sang durant la RCP pot utilitzar-
interrupcions en les compressions torciques. se per identificar causes potencialment reversibles daturada
cardaca. Evitar mostres capillars del dit en la malaltia
Causes potencialment reversibles crtica ja que poden no ser fiables;millor, utilitzar mostres
Durant qualsevol aturada cardaca shan de considerar les causes de venes o artries.
potencials o factors agreujants per a les quals existeix tractament Els valors de gasometries sn difcils dinterpretar durant
especfic.Per a una millor memoritzaci, aquestes es divideixen la RCP.Durant laturada cardaca, els valors de gas arterial
en dos grups de quatre, basades en la seva lletra inicial: b H o poden ser enganyosos i guardar poca relaci amb lestat
b T. En la secci 4 (Circumstncies Especials) es cobreixen ms cid-base tissular.222 Lanlisi de la sang venosa central
detalls sobre moltes daquestes condicions.3 pot proporcionar una millor estimaci del pH tissular. El
monitoratge de la saturaci doxigen venosa central durant
Utilitzaci de lecografia durant el suport vital avanat. el SVA s factible, per el seu paper com a guia en la RCP
Diversos estudis han examinat la utilitzaci de lecografia no est clar.
durant laturada cardaca per detectar causes potencialment El monitoratge invasiu de la pressi arterial permetr
reversibles.215-217 Encara que cap estudi ha demostrat que la la detecci de valors de pressi sangunia baixos quan
utilitzaci daquesta modalitat dimatge millori els resultats, saconsegueixi el RCE. Considerar un objectiu de pressi
no hi ha dubte que lecografia t el potencial de detectar causes diastlica artica per damunt de 25 mmHg durant
reversibles daturada cardaca.La integraci de lecografia en el la RCP mitjanant loptimitzaci de les compressions
suport vital avanat requereix un entrenament considerable torciques.223 A la prctica aix significar el mesurament
si shan de minimitzar les interrupcions de les compressions duna pressi diastlica arterial. Tot i que la RCP dirigida
torciques.
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25
per lhemodinmia va mostrar algn benefici en estudis
experimentals224-227, en lactualitat no hi ha evidncia de Desfibrillaci
millora de la supervivncia amb aquest abordatge en
humans.175 Lestratgia de desfibrillaci en les Guies ERC 2015 ha canviat
La valoraci per ultrasons fou abordada anteriorment per poc des de les guies anteriors:
identificar i tractar causes reversibles daturada cardaca, i
identificar estats de baix cabal cardac (pseudoAESP).La Al llarg daquestes guies segueix emfatitzant-se la
seva utilitzaci ha estat discutida ms amunt. importncia de les compressions torciques precoces i
Loximetria cerebral utilitzant espectroscpia propera ininterrompudes, juntament amb minimitzar la durada de
a linfraroig mesura de forma no invasiva la saturaci les pauses predescrrega i postdescrrega.
doxigen cerebral regional (rSO2).228-230Aix segueix sent una Continuar les compressions torciques durant la crrega
tecnologia emergent que s factible durant la RCP. El seu del desfibrillador, administrar la descrrega amb una
paper com a guia en les intervencions de RCP incloent el interrupci en les compressions torciques de no ms
pronstic durant i desprs de la RCP est per establir.231 de 5 segons i reiniciar immediatament les compressions
torciques desprs de la desfibrillaci.
Lona del capnograma durant el suport vital avanat Els pegats autoadhesius de desfibrillaci tenen diversos
Lona del capnograma permet, durant la RCP, un monitoratge avantatges sobre les pales manuals i haurien de ser utilitzades
continu i en temps real del CO2 al final de lespiraci. Durant preferentment sempre que estiguin disponibles.
la RCP, els valors de CO2 al final de lespiraci sn baixos, La RCP shauria de continuar mentre saconsegueix i es
reflectint el baix cabal cardac generat per la compressi connecta un desfibrillador o un desfibrillador extern
torcica.Actualment no hi ha evidncia que la utilitzaci de lona automatitzat (DEA), per la desfibrillaci no shauria
del capnograma durant la RCP millori els resultats del pacient, de demorar ms que el temps necessari per a establir la
encara que la prevenci duna intubaci esofgica no reconeguda necessitat de desfibrillaci i la crrega.
s clarament beneficiosa. El paper de lona del capnograma Es pot considerar la utilitzaci de tres descrregues
durant la RCP inclou: successives si la FV/TVsp inicial succeeix durant una
Assegurar la collocaci del tub traqueal en la trquea (veure aturada presenciada i monitorada amb un desfibrillador
ms avall per ms detalls). immediatament disponible (p. ex. durant el cateterisme
Monitoratge de la freqncia ventilatria durant la RCP i cardac).
evitar la hiperventilaci. Els nivells denergia de descrrega per desfibrillaci no
Monitoratge de la qualitat de les compressions torciques shan canviat des de les guies2010.194Per formes bifsiques
durant la RCP. Els valors de CO2 al final de lespiraci dona administrar la primera descrrega amb una energia
sassocien amb la profunditat de la compressi i la dalmenys 150 J, la segona i successives descrregues amb
freqncia ventilatria, i una major profunditat de 150-360 J. Lenergia de descrrega per a un desfibrillador
compressi torcica augmentar els seus valors.232 Si aix particular hauria de basar-se en lorientaci del fabricant.s
pot ser utilitzat per guiar lactuaci i millorar el resultat apropiat considerar lescalat de lenergia de descrrega si s
requereix estudi addicional.174 possible, desprs duna descrrega fallida i per pacients en
Identificaci del RCE durant la RCP.Un increment en la CO2 els quals es produeix refibrillaci.195,196
al final de lespiraci durant la RCP pot indicar RCE i evitar
dosis innecessries i potencialment perjudicials dadrenalina Estratgies per minimitzar la pausa predescrrega
en un pacient amb RCE.174,182,200,201Si se sospita RCE durant La demora entre el cessament de les compressions torciques
la RCP, evitar ladrenalina. Administrar adrenalina si es i ladministraci de la descrrega (la pausa predescrrega)
confirma laturada cardaca en la segent comprovaci de sha de reduir a un mnim absolut; fins i tot 5-10 segons de
ritme. demora reduiran la probabilitat de que la descrrega tingui
Pronstic durant la RCP.Uns valors molt baixos de CO2 al xit.84,85,87,197,198,237La pausa predescrrega pot reduir-se a menys
final de lespiraci poden indicar un pobre pronstic i menor de 5 segons continuant les compressions mentre es carrega el
probabilitat de RCE;175tanmateix, es recomana no usar un desfibrillador i mantenint un equip eficient i coordinat per un
valor especfic de CO2 al final de lespiraci en cap moment lder que comunica de forma efectiva.176,238 La comprovaci de
durant la RCP com criteri nic per suspendre els esforos seguretat per evitar que el reanimador estigui en contacte amb
de RCP. Els valors de CO2 al final de lespiraci haurien el pacient en el moment de la desfibrillaci hauria de ser duta a
de considerar-se noms com una part dun abordatge terme rpidament, per eficientment.La pausa postdescrrega es
multimodal per a la presa de decisions sobre pronstic minimitza reiniciant les compressions torciques immediatament
durant la RCP. desprs de ladministraci de la descrrega (veure ms avall).El
procs complet de desfibrillaci manual hauria de poder
Ressuscitaci Cardiopulmonar Extracorpria (RCPe) aconseguir-se amb menys de 5 segons dinterrupci de les
compressions.
La RCP extracorpria (RCPe) hauria de considerar-se com una
terpia de rescat per a aquells pacients en els quals les mesures Maneig de la via aria i ventilaci
inicials de SVA sn infructuoses i/o per facilitar intervencions
especfiques (p. ex. angiografia coronria i intervenci coronria Lestratgia ptima per al maneig de la via aria est encara per
percutnia (ICP) o trombectomia pulmonar per lembolisme determinar. Diversos estudis observacionals han desafiat la
pulmonar massiu).233,234 Hi ha una urgent necessitat destudis premissa que les intervencions de via aria avanada (intubaci
aleatoritzats de RCPe i grans registres de RCPe per identificar les traqueal o vies aries supragltiques) milloren els resultats.239El
circumstncies en les que funciona millor, establir guies pel seu Grup de Treball de SVA de lILCOR ha suggerit la utilitzaci
s i per identificar els beneficis, costos i riscos de la RCPe.235,236 b duna via aria avanada (intubaci traqueal o via aria
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26
supragltica (VASG)) o b bal-mascareta per al maneig de la resultats a llarg termini en humans, el balan de levidncia s
via aria durant la RCP.175Aquesta recomanaci tan mplia, es fa favorable a la utilitzaci de frmacs antiartmics per al maneig
com a conseqncia de labsncia total de dades dalta qualitat que de les artmies a laturada cardaca.Desprs de tres descrregues
indiquin quina estratgia de via aria s la millor.En la prctica, inicials, en la FV refractria a les descrregues, lamiodarona
durant un intent de ressuscitaci sutilitzar una combinaci de millora el resultat a curt termini de supervivncia a lingrs a
tcniques de via aria de manera escalonada.240 La millor via lhospital comparat amb placebo251o lidocana.252Lamiodarona
aria, o combinaci de tcniques de via aria, variar dacord a tamb sembla millorar la resposta a la desfibrillaci quan
factors del pacient, la fase de lintent de ressuscitaci (durant la sadministra a humans o animals amb FV o taquicrdia ventricular
RCP, desprs del RCE), i les habilitats dels reanimadors.192 hemodinmicament inestable.253-257No hi ha evidncia per indicar
el moment ptim en el qual shauria dadministrar lamiodarona
Confirmaci de la correcta collocaci del tub traqueal quan sutilitzi una estratgia de descrrega nica.En els estudis
La intubaci esofgica inadvertida s la complicaci ms seriosa clnics fins a la data, lamiodarona sadministrava si la FV/TVsp
dels intents dintubaci traqueal. La utilitzaci rutinria de persistia desprs dalmenys tres descrregues.Per aquest motiu, i
tcniques primries i secundries per confirmar la correcta en absncia de cap altra dada, es recomanen 300 mg damiodarona
collocaci del tub traqueal hauria de reduir aquest risc. El Grup si la FV/TVsp persisteix desprs de tres descrregues.
de Treball de SVA de lILCOR recomana utilitzar la capnografia La lidocana es recomana per utilitzar durant el SVA quan no es
dona per confirmar i monitorar de forma contnua la posici disposa damiodarona.252No utilitzar rutinriament magnesi per
dun tub traqueal durant la RCP, a ms de la valoraci clnica al tractament de laturada cardaca.
(recomanaci forta, qualitat devidncia baixa). Se li dna una
recomanaci alta a lona del capnograma ja que pot tenir altres Altres terpies farmacolgiques
usos potencials durant la RCP (p. ex monitoratge de la freqncia No administrar rutinriament bicarbonat sdic durant laturada
ventilatria, valoraci de la qualitat de la RCP). El Grup de cardaca i RCP ni desprs del RCE.Considerar bicarbonat sdic
Treball de SVA de lILCOR recomana que si no es disposa de per a la hiperpotassmia amb risc vital, per a laturada cardaca
capnografia amb forma dona, un detector de dixid de carboni associada a hiperpotassmia i per la sobredosi de tricclics.
sense forma dona, un dispositiu detector esofgic o ecografia, a La terpia fibrinoltica no shauria dutilitzar rutinriament a
ms de la valoraci clnica, s una alternativa. laturada cardaca.Considerar terpia fibrinoltica quan laturada
cardaca s causada per embolisme pulmonar agut provat o
Frmacs i fluids per a laturada cardaca sospitat.Desprs de la fibrinlisi durant la RCP en lembolisme
pulmonar agut, shan comunicat casos de supervivncia i
Vasopressors bon pronstic neurolgic que van requerir ms de 60 minuts
Malgrat la continuada i mplia utilitzaci dadrenalina i ls de de RCP. Si sadministra un frmac fibrinoltic en aquestes
vasopressina durant la ressuscitaci en alguns pasos, no hi ha circumstncies, considerar realitzar RCP durant almenys 60-90
cap estudi controlat amb placebo que demostri que ls rutinari minuts abans de finalitzar els intents de ressuscitaci.La RCP en
de cap vasopressor durant laturada cardaca en humans augmenti curs no s una contraindicaci per a la fibrinlisi.
la supervivncia a lalta hospitalria, encara que sha documentat
millora de la supervivncia a curt termini.186,187,189 Fluids intravenosos
La nostra recomanaci actual s continuar amb la utilitzaci La hipovolmia s una causa potencialment reversible
dadrenalina durant la RCP com en les Guies 2010. Donades daturada cardaca. Si se sospita hipovolmia, infondre fluids
les limitacions dels estudis observacionals, hem considerat rpidament. En els estadis inicials de la ressuscitaci no hi ha
el benefici en els resultats a curt termini (RCE i admissi a avantatges clares en utilitzar colloides, aix que utilitzi solucions
lhospital) i la nostra incertesa sobre el benefici o dany sobre cristalloides balancejades com ara soluci dHartmann o clorur
la supervivncia a lalta i el pronstic neurolgic.175,241,242 Hem sdic 0,9%.Evitar la dextrosa, que es redistribueix rpidament des
decidit no canviar la prctica actual fins que hi hagi dades dalta de lespai intravascular, i produeix hiperglicmia, i pot empitjorar
qualitat sobre resultats a llarg termini. el pronstic neurolgic desprs de laturada cardaca.261
Una srie dEAC243-247 no van mostrar diferncia en els
resultats (RCE, supervivncia a lalta, o pronstic neurolgic) Tcniques i dispositius de RCP
amb vasopressina davant adrenalina com vasopressor de
primera lnia en laturada cardaca. Altres estudis comparant Tot i que les compressions torciques manuals sovint es realitzen
adrenalina sola o en combinaci amb vasopressina tampoc van molt malament,262-264cap dispositiu dassistncia ha demostrat de
mostrar diferncia en RCE, supervivncia a lalta o pronstic manera consistent ser superior a la RCP manual.
neurolgic.248-250Suggerim que la vasopressina no hauria de ser
utilitzada a laturada cardaca en lloc de ladrenalina. Aquells Dispositius de compressions torciques mecniques
professionals sanitaris que treballen en sistemes que ja utilitzen Des de les Guies 2010 hi ha hagut tres grans EAC reclutant
vasopressina poden continuar fent-ho perqu no hi ha evidncia 7582 pacients que no han demostrat un clar avantatge de la
de dany per utilitzar vasopressina quan es compara amb utilitzaci rutinria de dispositius de compressi torcica
adrenalina.175 mecnica automatitzada en lACEH.36,265,266 Suggerim que els
dispositius de compressi torcica mecnica automatitzada no
Antiartmics siguin utilitzats rutinriament per reemplaar les compressions
Com amb els vasopressors, levidncia que els frmacs antiartmics torciques manuals.Suggerim que els dispositius de compressi
siguin de benefici a laturada cardaca s limitada. Cap frmac torcica mecnica automatitzada sn una alternativa raonable
antiartmic administrat durant laturada cardaca en humans ha a les compressions torciques manuals dalta qualitat en
demostrat que augmenti la supervivncia a lalta hospitalria, tot situacions en qu les compressions torciques manuals dalta
i que sha demostrat que lamiodarona augmenta la supervivncia qualitat siguin impractcables o comprometin la seguretat del
fins a lingrs a lhospital.251,252 Tot i labsncia de dades sobre reanimador, com ara la RCP en una ambulncia en moviment,
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Estable
Amiodarona 300 mg IV en
10-20 min i repetir descrrega;
seguida d: El QRS s estret (< 0.12 seg)?
Amiodarona 900 mg en24 h
Ample Estret
Possibilitats: Si Taquicrdia Ventricular Ritme sinusal normal recuperat? NO Buscar ajuda experta
FA amb bloqueig de branca (o ritme incert):
tractar com complex estret Amiodarona 300 mg IV en S !
TV polimrfica 20-60 min; seguit 900 mg en24 h
(p.ex. torsades de pointes -
administrar magnesi 2 g en 10 min) Si sha confirmat prviament Probable TPSV amb reentrada: Possible aleteig auricular
TPSV amb bloqueig de branca: ECG de12 derivacions en ritme Controlar freqncia (p.ex. -blocador)
Administrar adenosina com en una sinusal
taquicrdia de complex estret Si recau, repetir adenosina i
considerar lopci de profilaxi
antiartmica
*La cardioversi elctrica en pacients conscients, sempre sota sedaci o anestsia general
Figura 1.8 Algoritme de la taquicrdia. ABCDE Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (Via Aria, Respiraci, Circulaci, Discapacitat, Exposici per les
seves sigles en angls); SpO2 saturaci d'oxigen mesurada mitjanant pulsioximetria; PA pressi arterial; ECG electrocardiograma; CC corrent contnua; FA
fibrillaci auricular; TV taquicrdia ventricular; TSV taquicrdia supraventricular; TPSV taquicrdia paroxismal supraventricular
RCP prolongada (p. ex. aturada hipotrmica), i RCP durant lalta hospitalria de la RCP amb compressi i descompressi
certs procediments (p.ex. angiografia coronria o preparaci actives ms lITD, en comparaci amb RCP amb compressi i
per RCP extracorpria).175 Shaurien devitar interrupcions de descompressi actives sense ITD.268,269En dues publicacions shan
la RCP durant la collocaci del dispositiu.El personal sanitari reportat els resultats dun gran estudi duna combinaci dITD
que utilitzi RCP mecnica hauria de fer-ho noms dins dun amb RCP amb compressi i descompressi actives (RCP CDA)
programa monitorat i estructurat, que hauria dincloure un comparat a la RCP estndard.270,271No hi va haver diferncies en
ensinistrament basat en competncies i oportunitats freqents la supervivncia a lalta ni en la supervivncia neurolgicament
de refrescar les habilitats. favorable als 12 mesos, i desprs de considerar el nombre
necessari a tractar, es va prendre la decisi de no recomanar la
Dispositiu de llindar dimpedncia (Impedance threshold device- utilitzaci rutinria dITD i CDA.175
ITD)
Un EAC de lITD amb RCP estndard comparat amb RCP Artmies periaturada
estndard sola amb 8718 pacients dACEH no va aconseguir
demostrar cap benefici amb la utilitzaci dITD en termes de La correcta identificaci i tractament de les artmies en el pacient
supervivncia i pronstic neurolgic.267Per tant recomanem que crtic pot evitar que es produeixi laturada cardaca o que es
lITD no sigui utilitzat rutinriament en la RCP estndard.Dos torni a produir desprs duna ressuscitaci inicial reeixida. La
EAC no van mostrar benefici en termes de supervivncia a valoraci i tractament inicials dun pacient amb una artmia
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miocrdica en reduir el flux sanguini coronari.En situacions
Algoritme de la Bradicrdia agudes aix es manifesta per edema pulmonar (insuficincia
del ventricle esquerre) i /o elevaci de la pressi venosa
Valorar utilizant laproximaci ABCDE
Hipovolmia Trombosis
La hipovolmia s una causa potencialment tractable daturada Embolisme pulmonar. La forma de presentaci ms greu del
cardaca que habitualment s el resultat duna reducci del tromboembolisme vens s laturada cardaca per embolisme
volum intravascular (p. ex. per una hemorrgia), per una pulmonar agut.300 La incidncia citada daturada cardaca
hipovolmia relativa es pot donar en pacients amb una secundria a embolisme pulmonar es del 2-9% de totes les
vasodilataci severa (p. ex. en lanafilaxi i la spsia). En funci ACEH i del 5-6% de les hospitalries.304-305 El diagnstic
de la causa que se sospiti, iniciar tractament amb volum amb dembolisme pulmonar agut durant laturada cardaca s difcil.
derivats sanguinis escalfats i/o cristalloides, per tal de restaurar La histria i la valoraci clnica, la capnografia i lecocardiografia
el volum intravascular rpidament. Al mateix temps, realitzar (quan sen disposi) poden ajudar en el diagnstic dembolisme
les intervencions necessries per controlar lhemorrgia, p. ex. pulmonar agut durant la RCP, amb diferents graus de sensibilitat
cirurgia, endoscpia, tcniques intravasculars281, o tractar la i especificitat. Considerar ladministraci de terpia fibrinoltica
causa primria (p. ex. el xoc anafilctic). quan es conegui o se sospiti que lembolisme pulmonar s la causa
de laturada cardaca. La realitzaci de maniobres de RCP no s
Anafilaxi. Lanafilaxi s una reacci generalitzada o sistmica una contraindicaci per a la fibrinlisi. El benefici potencial de
dhipersensibilitat greu, que de vegades pot arribar a ser mortal. la fibrinlisi en termes de millora de la supervivncia supera els
Es caracteritza per la rpida aparici de problemes respiratoris riscos potencials en un lloc on no existeixen alternatives, p. ex.
i/o circulatoris greus, generalment associats a canvis a la pell i en lmbit extrahospitalari.258 Un cop sadministra el fibrinoltic,
les mucoses282-285.282-285 Ladrenalina s el frmac ms important continuar la RCP durant almenys 60-90 minuts abans de
en el tractament de lanafiaxi.286-287 Lalgoritme de tractament de suspendre els intents de ressuscitaci.
lanafilaxi, incloent les dosis correctes dadrenalina, es mostra
a la Figura 1.10. Ladrenalina s ms efectiva si es dona de Trombosi coronria. Tot i que el diagnstic acurat de la causa de
forma preco, un cop iniciada la reacci.288 Quan sadministra laturada cardaca pot ser difcil en el pacient ja aturat, si el ritme
la dosi intramuscular correcta, laparici defectes adversos s inicial s una FV s probable que la causa sigui una malaltia
molt infreqent. Repetir la dosi dadrenalina intramuscular si coronria amb loclusi dun gran vas coronari. En aquests casos,
la situaci del pacient no millora en 5 minuts. Ladrenalina IV es pot considerar el transport amb RCP continuada fins a arribar
noms hauria de ser administrada per aquells acostumats a al laboratori dhemodinmica si es disposa de la infraestructura
utilitzar drogues vasoactives en la seva prctica clnica habitual. prehospitalria i intrahospitalria, amb equips experimentats en
suport hemodinmic mecnic i intervenci coronria percutnia
Aturada cardaca traumtica. Laturada cardaca dorigen primria (ICPP) durant la RCP. La decisi de transportar amb
traumtic (ACT) sassocia a una gran mortalitat, per en aquells RCP continuada sha de prendre tenint en compte les possibilitats
pacients als quals saconsegueix el RCE, el pronstic neurolgic reals de supervivncia (p. ex. una aturada cardaca presenciada
dels supervivents s millor que en les aturades cardaques daltres amb ritme inicial desfibrillable i amb RCP per testimonis). El
causes.289-290 s vital no confondre una aturada cardaca dorigen RCE intermitent tamb afavoreix la decisi de transportar els
mdic amb una dorigen traumtic, ja que la primera es tractar pacients.306
segons lalgoritme universal de SVA, en canvi en laturada
dorigen traumtic, causada per hipovolmia, tapament cardac, Toxines
o pneumotrax a tensi, les compressions torciques no sn tan Globalment, les intoxicacions rarament sn la causa duna aturada
efectives com en laturada cardaca normovolmica.291-292 Per cardaca.307 Hi ha algunes mesures teraputiques especfiques
aquesta ra, les compressions torciques tenen menor prioritat per les intoxicacions que milloren el pronstic: descontaminaci,
que el tractament immediat de les causes reversibles, p. ex. augmentar leliminaci i ls dantdots especfics.308-310 El mtode
toracotomia, control dhemorrgies, etc. (Figura 1.11) preferit per descontaminaci gstrica en pacients amb via aria
intacta o protegida s el carb activat. s ms efectiu si es dna
Pneumotrax a tensi en la primera hora de la ingesta.311
La incidncia de pneumotrax a tensi s propera al 5% en
pacients que pateixen un trauma greu en lmbit prehospitalari Localitzacions especials
(el 13% dells evolucionen cap a la ACT).293-295 La descompressi
amb agulla s rpida i assequible per a la majoria del personal Aturada cardaca perioperatria
que treballa als sistemes demergncies, per el seu valor La causa ms com daturada cardaca relacionada amb lanestsia
s limitat.296-297 La toracotomia simple s fcil de realitzar implica el maneig de la via aria.312-313 Laturada cardaca per
i s utilitzada de forma rutinria per nombrosos sistemes sagnat t la mortalitat ms alta en cirurgia no cardaca, amb
demergncies medicalitzats.298-299 Consisteix en la primera etapa una supervivncia a lalta hospitalria de noms el 10,3%.314 A
de la inserci del tub torcic estndard: una simple incisi i
dissecci rpida en lespai pleural en el pacient ventilat amb
pressi positiva.
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Reacci anafilctica?
Diagnstic - buscar:
Inici sobtat de la malaltia
Problemes via aria, respiraci i/o circulaci que amenacin la vida1
I normalment canvis a la pell
Adrenalina2
1.
Problemes que amenacin la vida:
Via aria (A): edema, ronquera, estridor
Respiraci (B): taquipnea, sibilants, fatiga, cianosi, SpO2 < 92%, confusi
Circulaci: pallidesa, pell enganxosa, hipotensi arterial, desmai, estupor/coma
2.
Adrenalina (administrar IM o adrenalina IV si hi ha experincia) 3.
Crrega de fluids IV
Dosi IM de adrenalina 1:1000 (repetir als 5 min si no millora) (cristalloide):
Adult 500 mcg IM (0.5 mL) Adult 500 - 1000 mL
Nen major de12 anys 500 mcg IM (0.5 mL) Nen 20 mL/kg
Nen 6-12 anys 300 mcg IM (0.3 mL)
Aturar els coloids IV si poden
Nen menor de 6 anys 150 mcg IM (0.15 mL)
ser la causa danafilxia
Adrenalina IV noms per especialistes experimentats
Dosi: Adults 50 mcg; nens1 mcg/kg
4.
Clorfeniramina 5.
Hidrocortisona
(IM o IV lent) (IM o IV lent)
Adults o nens majors de 12 anys 10 mg 200 mg
Nens 6 - 12 anys 5 mg 100 mg
Nens 6 mesos a 6 anys 2.5 mg 50 mg
Nens menors de 6 mesos 250 mcg/kg 25 mg
Figura 1.10 Algoritme del tractament de lanafilxia282 Reprodut amb el perms d Elsevier Ireland Ltd
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31
Pacient
traumtic
Aturada cardaca/
Situaci periaturada?
Considerar Algoritme
causa no traumtica PROBABLE
universal SVA
Hipxia NO PROBABLE
Pneumotrax a Tensi Correcci simultnia de les causes
Continuar SVA
Comenar/
Tapament cardac reversibles
Hipovolmia
SI
Prehospital:
Realitzar noms intervencions que salven la
vida
Transport immediat a lhospital adient
A lhospital:
Ressuscitaci amb control de lesions
Control definitiu de les hemorrgies
Figura 1.11 Algoritme de la aturada cardaca traumtica
Estigui segur Demani a alg que Per a evitar Noms si s Busqui atenci
en l'aigua i truqui demanant submersi segur fer-ho mdica
lentorn ajuda
i exposa els rescatadors a la radiaci. Per tant, la transici organitzat, considerar moure el pacient a una rea protegida dels
rpida a ls dun compressor torcic mecnic es recomana mitjans de comunicaci i espectadors. Si el pacient es troba en
fermament.317-318 Si el problema no es resol rpidament, una FV/TVsp, demorar el trasllat fins a haver realitzat els tres intents
evidncia de molt baixa qualitat suggereix que es pot considerar de desfibrillaci (la desfibrillaci s ms probable que tingui
ls de suport vital extracorpori com a estratgia de rescat, si es xit en les tres primeres descrregues).
disposa dinfraestructura, i probablement preferible al bal de
contrapulsaci intraartic.319 Rescat aqutic i ofegament
Lofegament s una causa freqent de mort accidental.336 La
Aturada cardaca en unitats de dilisis Cadena de Supervivncia de lOfegament337 descriu cinc baules
La mort sobtada cardaca s la causa ms freqent de mort crtiques per millorar la supervivncia dels ofegats (Figura 1.12).
en pacients en hemodilisi i sol estar precedida per artmies Els testimonis juguen un paper fonamental en els intents inicials
ventriculars.320 La hiperpotassmia contribueix en el 2-5% de les de rescat i ressuscitaci.338-340 LILCOR va revisar indicadors
morts de pacients en hemodilisi.321 El ritmes inicials ms comuns especfics de pronstic i va observar que submersions de
en aquests pacients sn els desfibrillables (FV/TVsp).320,322,323 La
majoria de fabricants de mquines dhemodilisi recomanen la No respon i no respira amb normalitat?
desconnexi de lequip abans de desfibrillar. 324
lesions letals o S
No iniciar
cos complet congelat RCP
NO
60 min ( 30C)
Durada de la sepultura Algoritme
(temperatura central)1 universal de SVA2
NO
FV/TVsp/AESP
Iniciar CPR5
Monitorar ECG
Asistlia
1.
La temperatura central es pot utilitzar si el temps sepultat no es coneix
2.
Transportar pacients amb lesions o complicacions potencials (p.e. edema pulmonar) a lhospital ms apropiat
3.
Comprovar si respira espontniament o t pols un mxim d1 min
4.
Transportar pacients amb inestabilitat hemodinmica o temperatura central < 28C a un hospital amb SVEC
(suport vital extracorpori)
5.
No realitzar RCP si el risc per a lequip de rescat s inacceptablement alt
6.
Lesions per esclafament i agents blocadors de la despolarizaci muscular poden elevar el potassi sric
La sndrome postaturada cardaca comprn la lesi cerebral, La sndrome coronria aguda (SCA) s una causa freqent
la disfunci miocrdica, la resposta sistmica disqumia/ daturada cardaca extrahospitalria (ACEH). En una metanlisi
reperfusi i la persistncia de la patologia precipitant de laturada recent, la prevalena de lesi coronria aguda variava entre
cardaca.366,374,375 La gravetat de la sndrome variar en funci de la el 59% i el 71% en les ACEH sense una etiologia no cardaca
durada i de la causa de laturada cardaca. De fet, pot no aparixer bvia.399 Hi ha molts estudis observacionals que demostren
si laturada cardaca ha estat breu. La fallida cardiovascular que s factible realitzar una intervenci coronria percutnia
provoca la majoria de les morts en els primers tres dies, mentre (ICP) en els pacients que presenten RCE desprs duna aturada
que les lesions neurolgiques causen la majoria de les morts ms cardaca.400,401 El maneig invasiu daquests pacients (p. ex. amb una
tardanes.376-378 La causa ms freqent de mort (aproximadament angiografia coronria preco seguida duna ICP si s necessari),
el 50%) en pacients amb predicci de mal pronstic s la particularment aquells en que la RCP ha estat perllongada i
suspensi de les mesures de suport vital (SMSV),378,379 el que mostren canvis inespecfics a lECG, ha estat controvertit per la
deixa ben clar la importncia dels plans pronstics (veure ms manca devidncia especfica i les importants implicacions en ls
endavant). La lesi cerebral postaturada cardaca pot empitjorar de recursos (incloent el transport dels pacients als hospitals amb
pel fracs de la microcirculaci, alteraci de lautoregulaci, capacitat dICP).
hipotensi, hipercpnia, hipoxmia, hiperoxmia, pirxia,
hipoglicmia, hiperglicmia i per convulsions. Una disfunci
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Circulaci
ECG de 12 derivacions
Obtenir accs intravens permeable
Aconseguir TAS > 100 mmHg
Fluids (cristalloides) restaurar normovolmia
Monitorar la pressi Intraarterial
Considerar vasopressor/ inotrop per a mantenir TAS
Control de la temperatura
Temperatura constant 32C 36C
Sedaci; control de calfreds
Elevaci ST en
S ECG 12 derivacions?
Diagnstic
NO
Considerar
Angiografia coronria ICP
Angiografia coronria ICP
Maneig a la UCI
Control de la temperatura: temperatura constant 32C 36C
durant 24h; prevenir febre almenys 72 h
Optimitzant la recuperaci
Prevenci secundria
Seguiment i
p.e. DAI, cribatge de les alteracions
rehabilitaci
hereditries, maneig dels factors de risc
Figura 1.15. Algoritme de cures postressuscitaci. TAS Tensi arterial sistlica; ICP Intervenci coronria percutnia; ATAC Angiograma de
tomografia axial computada; UCI Unitat de cures intensives; TAM tensi arterial mitjana; ScvO2 saturaci venosa central doxigen; CC/IC cabal
cardac/ndex cardac; EEG electroencefalografia; DAI desfibrillador automtic implantable
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Intervenci coronria percutnia desprs del RCE amb elevaci de cardac i artmies. Realitzar una ecocardiografia preco a
380,415
Aturada cardaca
TC
mioclnic
Dies
Estat
Temperatura controlada
1-2
Reescalfament
EEG - ENE
(1)
A 24h desprs de RCE no tractats amb
Pronstic indeterminat objectiu de temperatura
Observi i reavalui (2)
Veure text per a ms detall.
Aquesta secci de les guies ERC 2015 sobre Suport Vital Peditric Cridar demanant ajuda
inclou:
Obtenir ajuda tan rpid com sigui possible s vital pels rescatadors
quan un nen pateix un collapse.
Figura 1.20 Compressions torciques en el lactant
Quan hi hagi ms dun rescatador, un comena la
lestrnum al menys un ter del dimetre anteroposterior del pit ressuscitaci mentre un altre va a buscar ajuda.
del lactant, o uns 4 cm.512 Si noms hi ha un rescatador, realitzi 1 minut de ressuscitaci
Compressions torciques en nens majors dun any. Per evitar (o 5 cicles de RCP), abans danar a buscar ajuda. Per
comprimir labdomen superior, localitzi lapfisi xifoide de minimitzar les interrupcions de la RCP, s possible portar
lestrnum trobant on lltima costella suneix al centre. Colloqui un lactant o un nen petit, mentre es va a buscar ajuda.
el tal duna m sobre lestrnum, un dit per sobre de la xifoide. Si veu a un nen desplomar-se i sospita una aturada cardaca
Aixequi els dits per assegurar que la pressi no saplica sobre les dorigen cardac, vagi en busca dajuda primer i desprs
costelles del nen. Colloquis sobre el pit de la vctima i, amb el inici la ressuscitaci, ja que el nen podria necessitar una
bra recte, comprimeixi lestrnum almenys un ter del dimetre desfibrillaci urgent. Aquesta situaci s infreqent.
anteroposterior del pit o uns 5 cm (Figura 1.21).512,513 En nens
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Suport vital bsic i desfibrillaci externa automatitzada No intervingui en aquest moment, ja que es podria moure el cos
estrany i empitjorar el problema, p. ex. provocant una obstrucci
Continu amb la RCP fins que arribi el DEA. Colloqui el DEA i total de la via aria.
segueixi les seves instruccions. Per a nens entre 1 i 8 anys, utilitzi Si el nen estossega de manera efectiva, no s necessria cap
pegats atenuadors denergia si s possible, tal com sexplica maniobra. Animi el nen a estossegar i continu valorant
al captol de Suport Vital Bsic de lAdult amb Desfibrillaci lestat del nen.
Externa Automatitzada.1 Si la tos del nen s (o est comenant a ser) inefectiva,
cridi en busca dajuda immediatament i valori el nivell de
Posici de seguretat conscincia del nen.
A qualsevol nen inconscient que tingui la via aria permeable 2. OVACE en un nen conscient
i respiri normalment se lhauria de girar sobre el seu costat en Si el nen encara est conscient per no pot estossegar o la tos
posici lateral de seguretat. Hi ha moltes posicions de seguretat, s inefectiva, doni-li cops a lesquena.
totes tenen com a objectiu prevenir lobstrucci de la via aria Si els cops a lesquena no resolen lOVACE, faci empentes
i reduir la probabilitat que fluids com la saliva, secrecions o el torciques en els lactants o empentes abdominals en els
vmit entrin en la via aria superior. nens ms grans. Aquestes maniobres creen una tos artificial,
incrementant la pressi intratorcica, expulsant el cos
Obstrucci de la via aria per un cos estrany (OVACE) estrany.
Taula 1.1 Si els cops a lesquena no aconsegueixen fer sortir el cos estrany,
Signes dobstrucci de la via aria per un cos estrany i el nen encara est conscient, utilitzi empentes torciques en els
lactants i empentes abdominals en els nens. No realitzi empentes
Signes generals dOVACE
abdominals (maniobra dHeimlich) en els lactants.
Revalori el nen desprs de les empentes torciques o abdominals.
Episodi presenciat
Si el nen encara est conscient i lobjecte encara no ha estat
Tos/ennuegament expulsat, continu la seqncia de cops a lesquena i empentes
Comenament brusc torciques (lactants) o abdominals (nens). Truqui demanant
Antecedent recent destar jugant o menjant objectes petits ajuda o envi alg a buscar-la si encara no ha arribat. No deixi el
nen sol en aquesta situaci.
Tos inefectiva Tos efectiva Si sexpulsa lobjecte, valori la situaci clnica del nen. Podria ser
Incapa de vocalitzar Plorant o amb resposta verbal que part de lobjecte encara resti a la via aria del nen i provoqui
Tos dbil o absent Tos sorollosa complicacions. Si t cap dubte, busqui assistncia mdica. Donat
Incapa de respirar Capa dagafar aire abans de la tos
que les empentes abdominals poden causar lesions internes, totes
les vctimes a les que se li realitzen haurien de ser examinades per
Cianosi Connectat amb el medi
un metge.514
Disminuci del nivell de conscincia
Valoreu la gravetat
Figura 1.23 Algoritme de tractament de lobstrucci de la via aria per cos extrany en el nen
A indica via Aria Poden haver signes associats en altres rgans. Incls quan el
B indica respiraci (de langls Breathing) principal problema s respiratori, altres rgans es poden veure
C indica Circulaci involucrats per intentar millorar el desordre fisiolgic global.
D indica discapacitat neurolgica (de langls Disability) Aquests signes associats es poden detectar en el pas C de la
E indica Exposici valoraci, i inclouen:
Els temes relatius a la D i la E sescapen de labast daquestes guies, Taquicrdia creixent (mecanisme compensador per a la
per sensenyen als cursos de suport vital peditric. cessi doxigen als teixits).
Alertar a lEquip de Resposta Rpida Peditrica o a lequip Pallidesa.
demergncia mdica pot reduir el risc daturada respiratria Bradicrdia (un indicador de mal pronstic per la prdua de
i/o cardaca en els nens hospitalitzats fora de lrea de cures mecanismes compensatoris).
intensives, per levidncia en aquest punt s limitada, ja que Alteraci del nivell de conscincia (un signe de que els
la literatura tendeix a no separar lequip de resposta dels altres mecanismes compensatoris estan fallant) deguda a una
sistemes al lloc per identificar precoment el deteriorament.526-529 pobre perfusi cerebral.
Els procediments per detectar precoment el deteriorament sn
clau per reduir la morbiditat i la mortalitat dels nens crticament Diagnosticant el fracs circulatori: valoraci de la C
malalts. Es poden utilitzar escales especfiques (p. ex. lescala
dalerta preco peditrica, EAPP),530 per no hi ha evidncia de El fracs circulatori es caracteritza per un desajust entre la
que el seu s millori els procediments de presa de decisions, o el demanda metablica dels teixits i lalliberament doxigen i
pronstic clnic.512,531 nutrients per la circulaci.532,533 Els signes de fracs circulatori
poden incloure:
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dosi igual cada 3-5 minuts, si s necessari. No es recomana donar mida recomanada s de 4,5 cm de dimetre per lactants i nens
dosis superiors a 10 micrograms Kg-1 per cada dosi unitria, ja per sota de 10 Kg i de 8-12 cm de dimetre per nens per sobre
que no augmenta la supervivncia ni el pronstic neurolgic dels 10 Kg (majors dun any). Els pegats autoadhesius faciliten la
desprs duna aturada cardiorespiratria.590-594 RCP de bona qualitat continuada.
Amiodarona per la FV/TVsp peditrica resistent a la desfibrillaci.
Lamiodarona es pot utilitzar per tractar la FV/TVsp peditrica
resistent a la desfibrillaci. Sutilitza a dosis de 5 mg Kg-1 en
embolada desprs de la tercera descrrega (i es pot repetir desprs
de la cinquena descrrega). Quan sutilitza per tractar altres
alteracions del ritme, lamiodarona sha dinjectar lentament (en
uns 10-20 minuts) amb monitoratge electrocardiogrfic i de la
pressi arterial per evitar la hipotensi.595 Aquest efecte secundari
s menys freqent si sutilitza la soluci aquosa del frmac.257
Atropina. Latropina noms es recomana per a la bradicrdia
causada per augment del to vagal o per toxicitat de frmacs
colinrgics.596-598 La dosi habitual s de 20 micrograms Kg-1. En
la bradicrdia amb mala perfusi que no respon a la ventilaci
i loxigenaci, el frmac de primera elecci s ladrenalina, no
latropina.
Calci. El calci s essencial per al funcionament del miocardi,599 Figura 1.24 Posici dels pegats de desfibrillaci en el nen
per ls rutinari del calci no millora el pronstic de laturada
cardiorespiratria.600,601 Est indicat administrar calci en Posici de les pales
presncia dhipocalcmia, de sobredosi de blocadors dels canals Apliqui les pales fermament sobre el pit nu, en posici
del calci, dhipermagnesmia i dhiperpotassmia.602 anterolateral, amb una pala sota la clavcula dreta i laltra a laixella
Glucosa. Les dades obtingudes de neonats, nens i adults indiquen esquerra (Figura 1.24). Si les pales sn massa grans i hi ha risc
que tant la hiperglicmia com la hipoglicmia sassocien a mal de que es produeixi un arc voltaic, una hauria de collocar-se a la
pronstic desprs duna aturada cardiorespiratria,603 per no es part superior de lesquena, sota lescpula esquerra i laltra davant,
coneix si s causal o merament una associaci. Comprovar els a lesquerra de lestrnum.
nivells de glucosa en sang i plasma i monitorar-la estretament
en qualsevol nen malalt o lesionat, incloent desprs de laturada Dosis denergia en nens. A Europa se segueix recomanant la dosis
cardaca. No administrar fluids amb glucosa durant la RCP, a de 4 J Kg-1 per la desfibrillaci inicial i les subsegents. Sha
menys que hi hagi hipoglicmia.604 Evitar tant la hipoglicmia desfibrillat a nens amb dosis superiors als 4 J Kg-1 (de fins a 9 J
com la hiperglicmia desprs del RCE.605 Kg-1) de forma efectiva sense efectes adversos.619,620
Magnesi. No hi ha evidncia per donar magnesi de forma Si no es disposa dun desfibrillador manual, utilitzar un DEA
rutinria durant laturada cardiorespiratria.606,607 El tractament que pugui reconixer els ritmes desfibrillables peditrics.621-623
amb magnesi est indicat en el nen amb hipomagnesmia El DEA hauria destar equipat amb un atenuador denergia que
documentada o que presenti una taquicrdia ventricular disminueixi lenergia administrada a un valor ms adequat a un
en torsades des pointes, a una dosi de 50 micrograms Kg-1 nen d1 a 8 anys (50-75 J).624,625 Si no es disposa dun DEA amb
independentment de la causa.608 aquestes caracterstiques, utilitzar un DEA estndard dadult,
Bicarbonat sdic. No hi ha cap evidncia per donar bicarbonat amb les dosis denergia per adult que tingui preestablertes.
sdic durant laturada cardiorespiratria.609-611 El bicarbonat sdic Lexperincia en ls dels DEA (preferentment amb atenuador
es pot considerar en ressuscitacions perllongades i/o acidosis denergia) en nens menors dun any s limitada; el seu s s
metabliques severes en els nens. Tamb es pot considerar acceptat si no hi ha cap altra opci disponible.
el bicarbonat sdic quan hi hagi inestabilitat hemodinmica
acompanyada dhiperpotassmia, o en el maneig de les Maneig avanat de laturada cardiorespiratria
intoxicacions per antidepressius tricclics. Lalgoritme de suport vital avanat peditric es mostra a la Figura
Vasopressina terlipressina. Actualment no hi ha evidncia 1.25. Tamb es mostren algoritmes amb ms detall del tractament
suficient per recolzar ni refutar ls de vasopressina o terlipressina dels ritmes desfibrillables i no desfibrillables (Figura 1.27).
com una alternativa a ladrenalina o a la seva combinaci, en cap
dels ritmes daturada cardaca de ladult ni del nen.246,248,249,612-616 Monitoratge cardac. Monitori el nen amb els cables de
monitorar o amb pegats autoadhesius tan rpid com sigui
Desfibrilladors possible per diferenciar si es tracta dun ritme desfibrillable o
no desfibrillable. Els ritmes no desfibrillables sn lactivitat
Ha dhaver-hi desfibrilladors manuals capaos dadministrar des elctrica sense pols (AESP), la bradicrdia (<60 min-1 sense
de la dosi denergia necessria per un neonat fins a ladult, en tots signes de circulaci) i lasistlia. Tant la bradicrdia com lAESP,
els hospitals i altres centres sanitaris que atenguin nens en risc de de vegades es presenten amb complexes QRS amples. Els ritmes
patir una aturada cardiorespiratria. Els desfibrilladors externs desfibrillables sn la FV i la TVsp. Aquests ritmes sn ms
automatitzats (DEA) tenen totes les variables prefixades, incloent freqents desprs dun collapse sobtat en nens amb una malaltia
les dosis denergia. cardaca o en adolescents.
Mida del pegat o de la pala per desfibrillar Ritmes no desfibrillables. La majoria de les aturades
Seleccionar les pales ms grans possibles per obtenir un bon cardiorespiratries en nens i adolescents sn dorigen respiratori.626
contacte amb la paret del pit. No es coneix la talla idnia pel pegat, Per tant, en aquest grup dedat s necessari un perode de RCP
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No respon?
No respira amb normalitat o noms
panteix ocasional?
Avalu el ritme
Desfibrillable No desfibrillable
(FV/TV sense pols) (AESP/Asistlia)
Recuperaci de la
1 Descrrega 4 J/Kg circulaci espontnia
Ventilar / Oxigenar
Accs Vascular IO / IV
Medicaci
Intubaci
Ventilar / Oxigenar
Accs Vascular IO / IV Amiodarona Amiodarona
Medicaci 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg
Intubaci
Latenci desprs duna aturada cardaca ha de ser una activitat A algunes societats occidentals, la majoria dels pares volen
multidisciplinria, i ha dincloure tots els tractaments que calgui estar presents durant la ressuscitaci dels seus fills. Les famlies
per aconseguir una recuperaci neurolgica completa. que estan presents al moment de la mort del seu fill mostren
un millor ajustament i afronten un millor procs de dol.668668
Disfunci miocrdica Levidncia sobre la presncia dels pares durant la ressuscitaci
La disfunci miocrdica s freqent desprs de la ressuscitaci prov dun conjunt de pasos seleccionats, i probablement no es
cardiopulmonar.366,649-652366,649-652 Ladministraci de lquids i pot generalitzar a la totalitat dEuropa, on poden existir diferents
de frmacs vasoactius (adrenalina, dobutamina, dopamina consideracions socioculturals i tiques.669,670669,670
i noradrenalina) per via parenteral pot millorar lestat
hemodinmic postaturada del nen, i shauria dajustar per tal de Ressuscitaci i suport de la transici dels infants durant el
mantenir una pressi arterial sistlica superior com a mnim al naixement
5 percentil per ledat.512
Les guies que es presenten a continuaci no defineixen lnica
Objectius per a loxigenaci i la ventilaci forma en qu shauria de dur a terme la ressuscitaci durant el
Intentar aconseguir una PaO2 dins de linterval de la normalitat naixement. No obstant aix, representen una visi amplament
(normoxmia) desprs del RCE, un cop que el pacient hagi acceptada de com es pot efectuar la ressuscitaci durant el
quedat estabilitzat.559,653-655 559,653-655 Hi ha un nivell insuficient naixement de forma segura i efectiva.
devidncia en pediatria per tal de poder suggerir un objectiu
especfic per la PaCO2. Tot i aix, caldria mesurar la PaCO2 post-
RCE i ajustar-la segons les caracterstiques i les necessitats del Preparaci
pacient.397,512,559,656397,512,559,656 En general, s correcte establir una
normacpnia com a objectiu, tot i que aquesta decisi pot veures Molt pocs infants necessiten ser ressuscitats durant el naixement,
en part influenciada pel context i per la malaltia. per alguns ms tenen problemes durant aquesta etapa de
transici perinatal, i com a conseqncia daquests, si no sels
Control i maneig de la temperatura post-RCE proporciona el suport adequat, podrien necessitar finalment
La hipotrmia moderada t un perfil de seguretat acceptable als maniobres de ressuscitaci. Del grup dinfants que necessiten
adults446,450446,450 i als nounats.657 Fa poc temps, lestudi THAPCA algun tipus dajuda, la immensa majoria noms necessitar una
en laturada cardaca peditrica extrahospitalria va mostrar que primera expansi pulmonar assistida. Una petita minoria pot
tant la hipotrmia (32-34 C) com la normotrmia controlada necessitar un breu perode de compressions torciques a ms a
(36-37,5 C) es podien utilitzar als nens.658658 Lestudi no va trobar ms de lajuda a la primera expansi.671-673671-673 Als parts en qu
una diferncia significativa per al resultat final principal (estat se sap que el risc de problemes s elevat, caldria que hi hagus
neurolgic al cap dun any) entre els dos abordatges. Desprs present personal especialment entrenat, incloent almenys una
del RCE, cal mantenir un control estricte de la temperatura persona experta en intubaci traqueal. Tots els centres haurien
per tal devitar la hipertrmia (>37,5 C) i la hipotrmia severa de disposar dun protocol adequat per mobilitzar de forma rpida
(<32C).512 un equip competent en matria de ressuscitaci per atendre
qualsevol part.
Control de la glicmia
Tant la hiperglicmia com la hipoglicmia poden afectar el Parts planificats a domicili
resultat final als adults i als nens en estat crtic, i caldria evitar- Les recomanacions sobre qui hauria datendre un part planificat
les,659-661659-661 per un control massa estricte de la glicmia tamb a domicili varien entre uns pasos i altres, per la decisi de dur a
pot ser perjudicial.662662 Cal monitorar els nivells de glucosa en sang terme un part planificat a domicili, un cop acordat amb el metge
i evitar tant la hipoglicmia com la hiperglicmia.366,663,664366,663,664 i la llevadora, no hauria de comprometre lestndard davaluaci
inicial, estabilitzaci o ressuscitaci durant el naixement. De
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forma ideal, caldria que a tots els parts a domicili hi hagus cardaca per avaluar lestat del nen, i posteriorment s lindicador
dos professionals presents. Un daquests hauria de tenir un ms sensible duna resposta amb xit a les diferents intervencions.
entrenament complet i experincia en la prctica de ventilaci La freqncia cardaca savalua inicialment de forma ms rpida
amb mascareta i de compressions torciques al nounat. i acurada mitjanant lauscultaci del batec apical amb un
estetoscopi679 o b mitjanant un electrocardigraf.680-682680-682 La
Equipament i entorn palpaci del pols a la base del cord umbilical s sovint efectiva,
Quan es produeix un part en una rea no destinada en principi per pot ser enganyosa perqu la pulsaci del cord noms s
a aquesta tasca, lequipament mnim recomanat inclou un fiable si s superior a 100 batecs per minut (bpm)679 i lavaluaci
dispositiu de dimensions neonatals adequades per dur a terme clnica pot infraestimar la freqncia cardaca.679,683,684 Als nens
amb seguretat la primera expansi i la posterior ventilaci, que necessitin ressuscitaci i/o suport respiratori continuat, un
tovalloles i llenols tebis i secs, un instrument estril per pinar i pulsioxmetre modern pot donar el valor acurat de la freqncia
tallar el cord umbilical, i guants nets per qui atendr la partera cardaca.681
i els seus auxiliars.
Color
Moment adequat de pinament del cord umbilical El color s un mtode poc acurat per jutjar loxigenaci,685
que savalua millor utilitzant un pulsioxmetre si s possible.
Una revisi sistemtica de la prctica de retardar el pinament Un nen sa neix ciantic, per comena a tornar-se rosat
del cord i de la prctica de munyir aquest en infants al cap duns 30 segons de respiraci efectiva. Si un nad
prematurs va mostrar una millora de lestabilitat durant el est ciantic, comprovar loxigenaci preductal amb un
perode postnatal immediat, incloent una pressi arterial mitja pulsioxmetre.
i una concentraci dhemoglobina ms elevades al moment de
lingrs, en comparaci amb els controls.674 Als nounats que no To
necessiten ressuscitaci es recomana retardar el pinament del Un nad molt hipotnic est probablement inconscient, i
cord umbilical durant almenys un minut. Als nens prematurs necessitar suport ventilatori.
que no necessitin una ressuscitaci immediata desprs del
naixement shauria daplicar un retard semblant. Fins que no es Estimulaci tctil
disposi de ms evidencia, els nens que no respirin o plorin poden Loperaci dassecar al nen provoca habitualment una
necessitar que sels pinci immediatament el cord umbilical per estimulaci suficient per a induir una respiraci efectiva.
poder comenar rpidament les mesures de ressuscitaci. Cal evitar altres mtodes ms vigorosos destimulaci. Si el
nad no s capa destablir unes respiracions espontnies
Control de la temperatura i efectives desprs dun breu perode destimulaci, es
necessitar un suport addicional.
Els nounats nus i humits no poden mantenir la seva temperatura
corporal en una habitaci que els adults trobarien adequadament Classificaci segons lavaluaci inicial
tbia. Lassociaci entre hipotrmia i mortalitat sha conegut des A partir de lavaluaci inicial, el nad pot ser incls en un de
de fa ms dun segle,675 i la temperatura al moment de lingrs dels tres grups possibles:
nounats no asfixiats s un important predictor de la mortalitat a
totes les gestacions i a tots els entorns.676 Els nens prematurs sn 1. Respiraci vigorosa o plor, bon to, freqncia cardaca
especialment vulnerables. Desprs del naixement, mantenir la superior a 100 batecs min-1
temperatura dels nounats no asfixiats entre 36,5 C i 37,5 C. Tot No hi ha necessitat de pinar immediatament el cord.
i que el manteniment de la temperatura del nen s important, Aquest nen no necessita cap ms intervenci que lassecat,
caldria monitorar-la per tal devitar la hipertrmia (>38,0 oC). embolicar-lo en una tovallola calenta i, quan sigui adequat,
donar-lo a la mare.
2. Respiraci inadequada o apnea, to normal o redut,
Avaluaci inicial freqncia cardaca inferior a 100 batecs min-1
La puntuaci dApgar no va ser concebuda com una eina Assecar i embolicar. Aquest nad millorar habitualment
dissenyada per i dedicada a identificar els nens que necessiten una amb una insuflaci amb mascareta, per si aix no fa
ressuscitaci. 677,678 677,678 Malgrat aix, els components individuals que augmenti de forma adequada la freqncia cardaca,
de la puntuaci, concretament la freqncia respiratria, la excepcionalment necessitar ventilaci.
freqncia cardaca i el to muscular, si savaluen rpidament,
poden identificar els nens que necessiten ser ressuscitats. 677
1. Respiraci inadequada o apnea, hipotonia, freqncia
Lavaluaci repetida, especialment de la freqncia cardaca, i en
cardaca baixa o indetectable, sovint pllid amb aspecte de
menor mesura de la respiraci, poden indicar si el nen respon o
mala perfussi
si es necessiten esforos addicionals.
Assecar i embolicar. Aquest nad necessita un control
immediat de la via aria, la insuflaci dels pulmons i la
Respiraci ventilaci. Un cop aconseguit aix, el nen pot necessitar
Comprovar si el nen respira. Si ho fa, valorar la freqncia, tamb compressions cardaques, i tal vegada frmacs.
la profunditat i la simetria de la respiraci, a ms a ms Els nens prematurs poden respirar i mostrar senyals de destret
devidenciar qualsevol senyal dun patr respiratori anormal, respiratori, i en aquest cas haurien de rebre inicialment un
com ara les boquejades o els grunyits. suport mitjanant CPAP.
Freqncia cardaca
Immediatament desprs del naixement es comprova la freqncia
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(Consell prenatal)
Brfing de lequip i comprovaci de
lequipament
Naixement
Eixugui al nen
Mantingui la temperatura normal
Inici el rellotge o anoti lhora
Si t panteix o no respira:
Obri la via aria
Administri 5 ventilacions
Consideri SpO2 monitoratge ECG
Reavalu
Si no augmenta la freqncia cardaca, 60 s
Mantenir Temperatura
Figura 1.28 Algoritme de suport vital al nounat (SpO2: Pulsioximetria transcutnia, ECG: electrocardiograma, VPP: ventilaci amb
pressi positiva)
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Suport vital del nounat inefectiva, i aix no shauria de retardar per cap motiu.
Comencar el suport vital del nounat si lavaluaci inicial mostra Primeres respiracions i ventilaci assistida
que el nad ha estat incapa destablir una respiraci regular Desprs del passos inicials al moment del naixement, i si no
normal, o b t una freqncia cardaca inferior a 100 min- hi ha esforos respiratoris o b sn inadequats, la primera
1
. Lobertura de la via aria i lajuda a la primera expansi dels expansi i la ventilaci dels pulmons s prioritria i no sha de
pulmons sn habitualment tot el que es necessita. A ms a ms, deixar per ms endavant (Figures 1.28 i 1.30). Als nens nascuts
les intervencions ms complexes seran ftils si no shan completat a terme el suport respiratori shauria diniciar amb aire.693 La
amb xit aquests dos passos inicials. principal evidncia duna insuflaci pulmonar inicial adequada
s una rpida millora de la freqncia cardaca. Si la freqncia
Via aria cardaca no millora, avaluar el moviment de la paret torcica.
Collocar el nad en posici supina amb el cap en posici neutra A les cinc primeres insuflacions amb pressi positiva mantenir
(Figura 1.29). Un gruix duns 2cm format amb el llenol o una la pressi inicial dinsuflaci durant 2-3 segons. Habitualment
tovallola i situat sota les espatlles del nad pot ajudar a mantenir aix ajudar a lexpansi dels pulmons.694,695 694,695 La majoria dels
la posici adequada del cap. Als nadons hipotnics, la prctica nens que necessitin suport respiratori al moment del naixement
duna tracci de la mandbula o ls duna via aria orofarngia respondran amb un rpid augment de la freqncia cardaca al
adequada poden ser essencials per obrir la via aria. Ls de la cap de 30 segons de la insuflaci dels pulmons. Si la freqncia
posici supina per al maneig de la via aria s tradicional, per cardaca augmenta per el nen no respira adequadament, sha
tamb sha utilitzat el decbit lateral per lavaluaci i el maneig de ventilar amb una freqncia aproximada de 30 respiracions
rutinari dels nounats a terme a la sala de parts.686 No s necessari min-1, dedicant aproximadament un segon a cada insuflaci,
extreure de forma rutinria el lquid pulmonar de lorofaringe.687 fins que sobservi una respiraci espontnia adequada. Sense
Noms cal aspirar si la via aria est obstruda. una expansi pulmonar inicial adequada les compressions
torciques seran inefectives. Aix doncs, cal confirmar lexpansi
i la ventilaci dels pulmons abans de passar al suport circulatori.
Meconi Alguns metges asseguraran el control de la via aria mitjanant la
La troballa dunes aiges lleugerament tenyides de meconi intubaci traqueal, per aquesta tcnica requereix entrenament i
s freqent, i en general no provoca massa dificultats en la experincia. Si no es t aquesta habilitat i la freqncia cardaca
transici. Lobservaci durant el naixement dunes aiges molt va disminuint, cal tornar a avaluar la posici de la via aria i
ms fortament tenyides de meconi, molt menys freqent, s un administrar respiracions dinsuflaci mentre reclama la presncia
indicador de destret perinatal i hauria dalertar sobre la necessitat dun collega amb habilitats en la intubaci. Continuar el suport
potencial de ressuscitaci. No es recomanen ni laspiraci ventilatori fins que el nad hagi establert una respiraci normal
intrapart ni la intubaci rutinria i laspiraci dels nens vigorosos i regular.
nascuts amb unes aiges tacades de meconi. La presncia de
meconi esps i viscs en un nen no vigors s lnica indicaci Aire/oxigen
per plantejar-se inicialment visualitzar lorofaringe i aspirar el Nens a terme. En nens a terme que rebin suport respiratori al
nixer amb ventilaci amb pressi positiva (VPP), s millor
comenar utilitzant aire (21%) i no amb oxigen al 100%. Si
malgrat la ventilaci efectiva no sobserva un augment de la
freqncia cardaca o b loxigenaci (guiada per oximetria
sempre que sigui possible) segueix sent inacceptable, utilitzar
una concentraci doxigen ms alta per aconseguir una saturaci
doxigen preductal adequada.696,697696,697 Les concentracions
elevades doxigen sassocien a un augment de la mortalitat i a un
Figura 1.29 Nounat amb el cap en posici neutra retard en el moment dinici de la respiraci espontnia,698 aix
doncs, si sutilitzen altes concentracions doxigen, caldria reduir-
les tan aviat com sigui possible.693,699693,699
Pulsioximetria
La pulsioximetria moderna, utilitzant sensors neonatals,
Figura 1.30 Ventilaci amb mascareta als nounats
proporciona unes mesures adequades de la freqncia cardaca
i de la saturaci transcutnia doxigen al cap d1-2 minuts del
material que podria obstruir la via aria. La intubaci traqueal no naixement.702,703 702,703Els nens que no presenten cap comproms,
hauria de ser rutinria en presencia de meconi, i noms shauria i nascuts a terme a nivell del mar tenen una SpO2 ~60% durant
de practicar en cas de sospita dobstrucci traqueal.688-692688-692 el part,704 que augmenta fins a >90% al cap de 10 minuts.696 El
Shauria de posar mfasi en iniciar la ventilaci dintre del primer percentil 25 s aproximadament 40% al nixer, i augmenta fins
minut de vida en els nens que no respiren o que ho fan de forma ~80% al cap de 10 minuts.697 Utilitzar la pulsioximetria per evitar
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56
ls excessiu doxigen. Les saturacions transcutnies doxigen per varien considerablement duns a altres. 711
damunt dels nivells acceptables haurien dindicar la necessitat La collocaci del tub traqueal ha desser comprovada visualment
daturar ladministraci doxigen suplementari. durant la intubaci, i cal confirmar el seu posicionament.
Desprs de la intubaci traqueal i de laplicaci de pressi
Pressi positiva al final de lespiraci positiva intermitent, un rpid augment de la freqncia
Tots els nens a terme i prematurs que segueixin apneics tot i cardaca s una bona indicaci del fet que el tub est dins de
els passos inicials han de rebre ventilaci amb pressi positiva larbre traqueobronquial.712 La detecci de CO2 a laire espirat
desprs de la insuflaci pulmonar inicial. Aplicar una pressi s efectiva per confirmar la posici del tub traqueal en nens,
positiva al final de lespiraci (PEEP) de ~5 cmH2O als prematurs incloent els nens amb un pes molt baix al nixer,713-716713-716 i els
acabats de nixer que rebin VPP.676 estudis neonatals suggereixen que als nounats amb dbit cardac
confirma la intubaci traqueal de forma ms rpida i ms
Aparells per la ventilaci assistida precisa que lavaluaci clnica allada.715-717715-717 La incapacitat
Es pot aconseguir una ventilaci efectiva amb una bossa per detectar CO2 espirat s altament suggestiva duna intubaci
autoinflable, o b amb un dispositiu mecnic amb una pea en esofgica,713,715 per shan descrit casos de falsos negatius durant
forma de T dissenyat per regular la pressi.705,706705,706 Malgrat laturada cardaca713 i en nens amb un pes molt baix al nixer.718
aix, les bosses autoinflables, que sn els nics aparells que es La detecci de lanhdrid carbnic espirat unida a lavaluaci
poden utilitzar quan no es disposa de gas comprimit, no poden clnica es recomana com el mtode ms fiable per confirmar
administrar una pressi positiva continua de la via aria (CPAP), la collocaci del tub traqueal als nounats amb circulaci
i pot ser que no aconsegueixin una PEEP tot i estar equipades espontnia.
amb una vlvula de PEEP.707
Pressi positiva continua de la via aria
Mscara larngia El suport respiratori inicial de tots els nens prematurs que
La mscara larngia (ML) es pot considerar una alternativa respirin espontniament i que tinguin un destret respiratori es
a la mascareta facial o a la intubaci traqueal per la ventilaci pot efectuar mitjanant una pressi positiva contnua de la via
amb pressi positiva dels nounats que pesin ms de 2.000 g o aria (CPAP), en lloc duna intubaci.719-721719-721 Es disposa de
nascuts com a mnim al cap de 34 setmanes de gestaci.708,709708,709 poques dades per guiar ls apropiat de la CPAP en nens a terme
La mscara larngia no ha estat avaluada en el context de les al nixer, i calen ms estudis clnics.722,723722,723
aiges tacades de meconi, durant les compressions torciques,
o b per ladministraci de medicacions intratraqueals en cas Suport circulatori
demergncia. Practicar compressions torciques si la freqncia cardaca
s inferior a 60 batecs min-1 malgrat una ventilaci adequada.
Collocaci del tub traqueal Degut al fet que la ventilaci s la intervenci ms efectiva i
Es pot plantejar la intubaci traqueal a diversos punts de la important a la ressuscitaci del nounat, i al fet que es pot veure
ressuscitaci neonatal: compromesa per les compressions, s vital tenir la seguretat de
que sest efectuant una ventilaci efectiva abans de comenar les
Si saspiren les vies aries baixes per eliminar una presumpta compressions torciques.
obstrucci traqueal La tcnica ms efectiva per practicar les compressions torciques
Si, desprs dhaver corregit la tcnica ds de la mascareta i/o
la posici del cap del nen, la ventilaci amb bossa i mascareta
s inefectiva o ha de ser prolongada
Si es practiquen compressions torciques
En circumstncies especials (p. ex. en cas duna hrnia
diafragmtica congnita o b per administrar surfactant per
via traqueal)
entre les compressions.729-732 la per mantenir la millora. Quan es ressusciten nens prematurs
Utilitzar una relaci de 3:1 entre compressions i ventilacions, es molt rar necessitar ladministraci de volum, i aquesta prctica
intentant aconseguir aproximadament 120 accions per minut, s a sha associat a hemorrgies intraventriculars i pulmonars quan
dir, aproximadament 90 compressions i 30 ventilacions733-738.733-738 sinfonen grans volums rpidament.
Coordinar les compressions i les ventilacions per tal devitar fer-
les de forma simultnia.739 Per la ressuscitaci al naixement, Abstenci diniciar la ressuscitaci o interrupci de la ressuscitaci
quan un comproms de lintercanvi de gasos s gaireb sempre
la principal causa del collapse cardiovascular, sutilitza una La mortalitat i morbiditat dels nounats varia entre unes regions
relaci compressions/ventilacions de 3:1, per els encarregats i altres, i tamb en funci de la disponibilitat de recursos.741 Hi
de la ressuscitaci poden plantejar-se utilitzar unes proporcions ha opinions fora diferents entre els professionals, els pares i les
ms elevades (p. ex. 15:2) si es considera que laturada cardaca societats sobre lequilibri entre beneficis i inconvenients de ls de
pot tenir un origen cardac. Quan sefectun compressions tractaments agressius en aquests nens.742,743742,743
torciques semblaria raonable administrar unes concentracions
suplementries doxigen que sacostessin al 100%. Comprovar Interrupci de la ressuscitaci
la freqncia cardaca cada 30 segons, i de forma peridica Els comits locals i nacionals definiran les recomanacions per a
posteriorment. Interrompre les compressions torciques quan la la interrupci de la ressuscitaci. Si la freqncia cardaca dun
freqncia cardaca superi els 60 batecs min-1. nounat no s detectable i segueix sense ser-ho al cap de 10 minuts,
pot ser adequat plantejar-se la interrupci de la ressuscitaci. La
Frmacs decisi shauria de prendre de forma individualitzada. Als casos
Els frmacs estan rarament indicats durant la ressuscitaci en qu la freqncia cardaca s inferior a 60 batecs min-1 al
del nen nounat. Al nounat, la bradicrdia est provocada moment del naixement i aquesta xifra no millora desprs de 10-
habitualment per una insuflaci pulmonar inadequada o b per 15 minuts desforos de ressuscitaci continuats i aparentment
una hipxia profunda, i establir una ventilaci adequada s el pas adequats, lelecci s molt menys clara, i no es pot donar una
ms important per corregir-la. No obstant aix, si la freqncia orientaci ferma.
cardaca segueix essent inferior a 60 batecs min-1 malgrat una
ventilaci adequada i les compressions torciques, s raonable Abstenci diniciar la ressuscitaci
plantejar-se ls de frmacs. La millor via dadministraci s un s possible identificar els problemes que sassocien a una elevada
catter central inserit per via umbilical (Figura 1.32). mortalitat i a un mal resultat final, i a les que es pot considerar
raonable abstenir-se diniciar la ressuscitaci, sobretot quan hi
Adrenalina. Malgrat la manca de dades en humans, s raonable ha hagut loportunitat de discutir aquesta possibilitat amb els
utilitzar adrenalina quan la ventilaci i les compressions pares. 744-746744-746 En nens prematurs de menys de 25 setmanes de
torciques adequades no han aconseguit augmentar la freqncia gestaci, no hi ha evidencia que doni suport a ls prospectiu de
cardaca per damunt de 60 batecs min-1. Si sutilitza adrenalina, cap de les puntuacions pronstiques a la sala de parts descrites en
administrar tan aviat com sigui possible una dosi inicial de 10 lactualitat per damunt de lavaluaci allada de ledat gestacional.
micrograms Kg-1 (0,1ml Kg-1 dadrenalina a l1:10.000) per via Quan es decideixi interrompre o no iniciar la ressuscitaci,
intravenosa, amb dosis posteriors de 10 30 micrograms Kg-1 (0,1- latenci shauria de centrar en el confort i la dignitat del nen i
0,3 ml Kg-1 dadrenalina al 1:10.000) si s necessari.6,693,7006,693,700 de la seva famlia.
No utilitzar la via traqueal.
Comunicaci amb els pares
Bicarbonat. No hi ha dades suficients per recomanar ls
rutinari de bicarbonat a la ressuscitaci del nounat. Si sutilitza s important que lequip que aten al nen nounat informi als
a les aturades prolongades que no responen a altres tractaments, pares sobre levoluci del nad. Durant el part, cal seguir el
administrar una dosi d1 2mmolKg-1 mitjanant una injecci protocol local, i si s possible, donar el nen a la mare tan aviat
intravenosa lenta un cop shagin establert una ventilaci i com es pugui. Si cal la ressuscitaci, informar als pares sobre els
perfussi adequades. procediments que shan iniciat i sobre per quin motiu van ser
necessaris. Quan sigui possible, shauria de satisfer el desig dels
Lquids pares destar presents durant la ressuscitaci.747747
Si se sospita que sha produt una prdua de sang, o b el nen
1 vena umbilical
2 arteries umbilicals
Cures postressuscitaci
CAP
Figura 1.32 Cord umbilical del nounat, mostrant les artries Glucosa
i venes
A partir de levidncia disponible no s possible definir
sembla estar en estat de xoc (pllid, amb mala perfusi, pols linterval de concentracions de glucosa en sang que sassocien
feble) i no ha resps adequadament a les altres mesures de a menors lesions cerebrals desprs dun quadre dasfxia i
ressuscitaci, plantejar la possibilitat dadministrar-li lquids.740 ressuscitaci. Els nens que necessiten una ressuscitaci
Aquesta situaci s molt poc freqent. Si no es disposa de la sang significativa haurien de ser monitorats i tractats amb
adequada, administri inicialment una embolada de cristalloide lobjecte de mantenir la glucosa dins de linterval normal.
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
58
Pacient amb smptomes i signes de SCA
Hipotrmia induda
Els nounats nascuts a terme o gaireb a terme, i que estan
evolucionant cap a una encefalopatia hipoxicoisqumica ECG de 12 derivacions
moderada o greu, haurien de ser tractats amb hipotrmia
teraputica.748,749748,749 Tant el refredament corporal total com Elevaci dST
el refredament ceflic selectiu sn estratgies adequades. Als 0.1 mV en 2 derivacions
Altres alteracions de
de membres adjacents i/o
nounats humans no hi ha evidencia de que la hipotrmia sigui 0.2 mV en
lECG
(o incls ECG normal)
efectiva si es comena un cop passades ms de 6 hores des del 2 derivacions precordials
adjacents o
naixement. (presumiblement) nou
BBEFH
Eines pronstiques
Malgrat que sutilitza molt a la prctica clnica, per a la recerca = IAMSEST si = AI si
troponina c* troponina c*
i com eina pronstica,750750 sha qestionat laplicabilitat de positiva persisteix negativa
la puntuaci APGAR per les seves grans variacions inter i
intraobservador. Aquestes sexpliquen en part per una manca
dacord a lhora de puntuar als nens que reben intervencions
mdiques o que neixen prematurament. Per consegent, es va
recomanar un desenvolupament de la puntuaci de la segent IAMEST SCA no IAMEST
manera: es puntuen tots els elements avaluables segons sobservin Alt risc
al nen, sense tenir en compte les intervencions necessries per Canvis dinmics de lECG
Descens de lST
aconseguir-los, i tenint en compte si es consideren o no apropiats
ECG
Tractament antiplaquetari:
150 a 300 mg dcid acetilsaliclic en pastilla masticable
(o IV)
(* Risc de sagnat intracranial augmentat amb prasugrel en pacients amb histria dACV o AIT, en pacients > 75 anys i <60 kg de pes)
# Segons estratificaci
Figura 1.34 Algoritme de tractament de les sndromes coronries agudes; ECG, electrocardiograma; PAS, pressi arterial sistlica; IAMEST, infart agut de mio-
cardi amb elevaci del segment ST; SCASEST, sndrome coronria aguda sense elevaci de lST; ICP, intervenci coronria percutnia
Exigir que el laboratori dhemodinmica estigui llest en 20 Combinaci de fibrinlisi i intervenci coronria percutnia
minuts, i disponible 24 hores al dia i 7 dies a la setmana. La fibrinlisi i la ICP es poden utilitzar en diverses combinacions
Proporcionar informaci verdica i en temps real sobre el per tal de restablir i mantenir el flux sanguini coronari i aconseguir
temps transcorregut entre linici dels smptomes i la ICPP. la reperfusi del miocardi. Langiografia rutinria immediata
desprs del tractament fibrinoltic sassocia a un augment de la
En els pacients als quals hi ha una contraindicaci per la incidncia dhemorrgia intracerebral (HIC) i dhemorrgies
fibrinlisi, shauria de plantejar encara la ICP malgrat el retard, greus, sense oferir cap benefici en termes de mortalitat o de
en lloc de no fer cap mena de tractament de reperfusi. Per als reinfart.802-806802-806 s raonable practicar una angiografia i una
pacients amb IAMEST i en xoc, la ICP primaria (o b la cirurgia ICP als pacients als quals la fibrinlisi ha fallat, segons els signes
de derivaci arterial coronria) s el tractament de reperfusi clnics i/o la resoluci insuficient dels canvis del segment ST.807807
preferit. La fibrinlisi noms shauria de plantejar si existeix un Si la fibrinlisi ha tingut xit clnicament (segons ho mostren
interval de temps molt perllongat fins a la ICP. els signes clnics i la resoluci en ms dun 50% dels canvis del
segment ST), sha demostrat que langiografia practicada unes
Triatge i trasllat entre centres per a la ICP primria hores desprs de la fibrinlisi (lanomenat abordatge frmac-
La majoria dels pacients amb un IAMEST en evoluci seran invasiu) millora el resultat final. Aquesta estratgia inclou el
diagnosticats en lmbit prehospitalari o b al SU dun hospital trasllat preco per la prctica de langiografia i si cal ICP desprs
no capa defectuar una ICP. Quan la ICP es pot dur a terme del tractament fibrinoltic.
amb un lmit de temps de 60-90 minuts, s preferible fer un
triatge directe i el transport per a la ICP i no pas una fibrinlisi Situacions especials
extrahospitalria.797-801797-801 Per als adults que consultin amb un Xoc cardiognic. La sndrome coronria aguda (SCA) s la causa
IAMEST al SU dun hospital que no t possibilitat de realitzar una ms freqent de xoc cardiognic, fonamentalment per efecte
ICP, shauria de plantejar el trasllat sense realitzar una fibrinlisi duna gran zona disqumia miocrdica o duna complicaci
a un centre amb capacitat per practicar una ICP sempre que la mecnica de linfart de miocardi. Encara que no s massa
ICPP es pugui dur a terme amb un retard temporal acceptable. freqent, la mortalitat a curt termini del xoc cardiognic arriba
al 40%808808 en contrast amb la bona qualitat de vida dels pacients
Queda menys clar quina de les dues opcions s superior a laltra que sn donats dalta amb vida. En els pacients als quals la
en el cas de pacients molt joves que consultin al SU per un revascularitzaci s adequada, est indicada una estratgia
infart de localitzaci anterior de curta durada (< 2-3 hores), si invasiva preco (s a dir, ICP primria, ICP preco desprs de la
el tractament fibrinoltic immediat (fora o dins de lhospital) o el fibrinlisi).809 Els estudis observacionals suggereixen que aquesta
trasllat per a la ICP.794 794 El trasllat dels pacients amb un IAMEST estratgia tamb podria ser beneficiosa als pacients ancians
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
62
(de ms de 75 anys). Encara que sutilitza sovint a la prctica Primers auxilis
clnica, no hi ha evidencia que doni suport a ls del bal de
contrapulsaci intraartic (BCIA) al xoc cardiognic.808808 Els primers auxilis es defineixen com les actituds dajuda i les
Cal sospitar un infart del ventricle dret en els pacients que cures inicials que es proporcionen en cas duna malaltia o una
presentin un infart inferior, situaci clnica de xoc i una lesi sobtades. Els primers auxilis poden ser iniciats per qualsevol
auscultaci pulmonar neta. Lelevaci del segment ST de ms d1 persona en qualsevol situaci. Definim un provedor de primers
mm a la derivaci V4R s un indicador til dinfart del ventricle auxilis com qualsevol persona que hagi rebut formaci en
dret. Aquests pacients tenen una mortalitat hospitalria de primers auxilis t que hauria de:
fins al 30%, i molts dells es beneficien molt del tractament de
reperfusi. Evitar administrar nitrats i altres vasodilatadors, i Reconixer, avaluar i prioritzar la necessitat dels primers
tractar la hipotensi administrant lquids intravenosos. auxilis
Proporcionar les cures utilitzant les competncies adequades
Reperfusi desprs duna RCP amb xit. El maneig invasiu Reconixer les limitacions i buscar una atenci addicional
dels pacients als quals saconsegueix recuperar la circulaci quan sigui necessari
espontnia (RCE) desprs duna aturada cardaca (s a dir,
angiografia coronria preco, seguida immediatament per una Els objectius dels primers auxilis sn preservar la vida, alleugerir
ICP si es considera necessria), sobretot en pacients que han el sofriment, prevenir ms danys i promoure la recuperaci.
estat sotmesos a una ressuscitaci prolongada i que tenen canvis Aquesta definici de 2015 dels primers auxilis, creada pel Grup
inespecfics a lECG, ha estat objecte de controvrsia per la manca de Treball sobre Primers Auxilis de lILCOR, inclou la necessitat
devidncia especfica i les importants implicacions en terme ds de reconixer la lesi i la malaltia, el requeriment de desenvolupar
de recursos (incloent el trasllat dels pacients als centres amb una base dhabilitats especfiques, i la necessitat de que els
capacitat per efectuar una ICP). provedors de primers auxilis proporcionin al mateix temps les
ICP desprs de la RCE amb elevaci de lST. La prevalena ms cures immediates i activin els serveis mdics demergncies o
gran de lesions coronries agudes sobserva als pacients amb una altres dispositius assistencials mdics segons sigui necessari.811
elevaci del segment ST o amb un bloqueig de branca esquerra Les avaluacions en els primers auxilis i intervencions haurien de
(BBE) a lECG enregistrat desprs de la RCE. No existeix cap estudi ser slides des del punt de vista mdic, i basar-se en levidncia
aleatoritzat, per degut al gran nombre destudis observacionals cientfica o b, si no existeix aquesta evidncia, en el consens
que han descrit un benefici en termes de supervivncia i de mdic expert. Labast dels primers auxilis no s purament cientfic,
resultat neurolgic final, s altament probable que aquest maneig perqu tant els requeriments legals i de formaci linfluenciaran.
invasiu preco sigui una estratgia que vagi associada a un Tenint present que labast dels primers auxilis varia entre pasos,
benefici clnicament important en pacients amb una elevaci estats i provncies, les guies que es presenten a continuaci es
del segment ST. Una metaanlisi recent indica que langiografia poden haver dafinar segons les circumstncies, les necessitats i
preco sassocia a una reducci de la mortalitat hospitalria les obligacions marcades per les lleis.
[OR 0,35 (0,31 a 0,41)] i a una millora de la supervivncia en
condicions neurolgiques favorables [OR 2,54 (2,17 a 2,99)].797 Primers auxilis per a les emergncies mdiques
Tenint en compte les dades disponibles, caldria practicar un
cateterisme cardac urgent (i una ICP immediata si calgus) als Collocaci duna vctima inconscient per que respira
pacients adults seleccionats amb una RCE desprs duna ACEH Shan comparat diverses posicions laterals de seguretat,
que se sospiti dorigen cardac i amb una elevaci del segment ST per globalment no ha estat possible identificar diferncies
a lECG.810810 significatives entre elles.812-814812-814
Els estudis observacionals tamb indiquen que saconsegueixen Collocar els individus que estan inconscients per respiren
uns resultats finals ptims desprs duna ACEH amb una normalment en una posici lateral de recuperaci, recolzats
combinaci de maneig controlat de la temperatura i una ICP, sobre el seu costat, en lloc de deixar-los en posici supina
que poden combinar-se dins dun protocol estandarditzat de (recolzats sobre la seva esquena). En determinades situacions,
tractament postaturada cardaca com a part duna estratgia com una respiraci agnica relacionada amb la ressuscitaci o
global adreada a millorar la supervivncia amb un estat en un traumatisme, pot no ser adequat collocar a lindividu en la
neurolgic intacte en aquest grup de pacients. posici de recuperaci.
ICP desprs de la RCE sense elevaci de lST. n pacients amb una
RCE desprs duna aturada cardaca per sense elevaci de lST, hi Collocaci ptima per una vctima en estat de xoc
ha dades conflictives sobre el benefici potencial dun cateterisme Collocar els individus que estan en estat de xoc en posici
cardac urgent, i totes provenen destudis observacionals,410,412410,412 supina (recolzats sobre la seva esquena). Si no hi ha cap evidencia
o b danlisis de subgrups.413 s raonable discutir la possibilitat de traumatisme, utilitzar lelevaci passiva de les cames per
de practicar un cateterisme urgent desprs de la RCE als pacients proporcionar un millora addicional i transitria dels parmetres
amb un risc molt elevat daturada cardaca de causa coronria. vitals;815-817815-817 no sha determinat del tot quina s la importncia
Diversos factors, com ara ledat del pacient, la durada de la RCP, clnica daquesta millora transitria.
la inestabilitat hemodinmica, el ritme cardac inicial, lestat
neurolgic a larribada a lhospital, i la probabilitat percebuda de Administraci doxigen als primers auxilis
letiologia cardaca poden influenciar la decisi de dur a terme No hi ha indicacions directes per ls doxigen suplementari
la intervenci. Als pacients que sn portats a un centre on no per part dels provedors de primers auxilis.818-821818-821 Loxigen
es pot dur a terme una ICP, el trasllat per langiografia i la ICP suplementari podria tenir efectes adversos que complicarien el
shauria de plantejar de forma individualitzada, tot i sospesant els curs de la malaltia o que fins i tot podrien empitjorar els resultats
beneficis esperats de langiografia preco i els riscos del transport finals. Si sutilitza, loxigen suplementari noms hauria de ser
del pacient. administrat per provedors de primers auxilis que hagin estat
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
63
adequadament entrenats en el seu s, i si poden monitoritzar els
seus efectes. Tractament de la hipoglicmia
Als pacients diabtics, la hipoglucmia s habitualment un
Administraci de broncodilatadors esdeveniment sobtat i que posa en perill la vida, amb els smptomes
A lasma, sha demostrat que ladministraci dun broncodilatador tpics de gana, mal de cap, agitaci, tremolor, sudoraci,
disminueix el temps fins a la resoluci dels smptomes als nens, comportament psictic (que sovint sassembla a lembriaguesa)
i redueix el temps fins a la millora subjectiva de la dispnea i prdua de conscincia. s extremadament important que
en adults joves asmtics.822,823822,823 Ajudar a les persones que aquests smptomes siguin reconeguts com a una hipoglicmia
tenen asma a administrar-se el broncodilatador quan tinguin perqu la vctima necessita un tractament de primers auxilis amb
dificultats per respirar. Els provedors de primers auxilis haurien rapidesa. Tractar els pacients conscients i amb una hipoglicmia
destar entrenats en els diversos mtodes dadministrar un simptomtica amb pastilles de glucosa, administrant-ne una
broncodilatador.824-826824-826 quantitat equivalent a 15-20 g. Si no es disposa de pastilles de
glucosa, utilitzar altres formes alimentries de sucre.853-855853-855 Si
Reconeixement de lictus el pacient est inconscient o b no s capa dingerir res, shauria
Lictus s una lesi del sistema nervis central no traumtica, devitar el tractament oral pel risc daspiraci, i caldria avisar al
focal i de causa vascular, i habitualment t com a conseqncia servei demergncies mdiques.
un dany permanent en forma dinfart cerebral, hemorrgia
intracerebral i/o hemorrgia subaracnodal.827 Lingrs rpid en Deshidrataci provocada per lexercici i tractament de rehidrataci
un centre de tractament de lictus i el tractament preco milloren Els provedors de primers auxilis sn cridats sovint per assistir
de forma important el resultat final, i aix refora la necessitat a persones als punts dhidrataci en esdeveniment esportius.
de que els provedors de primers auxilis reconeguin rpidament Utilitzar begudes amb una concentraci de carbohidrats
els signes de lictus.828,829828,829 Hi ha una bona evidncia de i electrlits (CE) entre el 3 i el 8% per via oral per rehidratar
que ls duna eina davaluaci de lictus millora el temps que els individus que presentin una deshidrataci no complicada
transcorre fins al tractament definitiu.830-833 830-833Utilitzar un provocada per lexercici.856-864 856-864Altres begudes alternatives
sistema davaluaci de lictus per reduir el temps necessari per la acceptables per la rehidrataci inclouen laigua, una soluci
identificaci i el tractament definitiu als individus amb sospita CE al 12%,856856 laigua de coco,857,863,864857,863,864 la llet al 2%,861
dun ictus agut. Els provedors de primers auxilis haurien de ser o el te, sol o combinat amb una soluci dhidrats de carboni i
entrenats en ls del mtode FAST (Face, Arm, Speech Tool [Eina electrlits.858,865858,865 La hidrataci oral pot no ser apropiada per
Cara, Bra i Parla]) o CPSS (Cincinnati Pre-hospital Stroke Scale als individus que presentin una deshidrataci severa, associada
[Escala prehospitalria dictus de Cincinnati]) per ajudar-los a la a hipotensi, hipertrmia o canvis de lestat mental. Aquests
identificaci preco de lictus. individus haurien de ser tractats per un professional sanitari
cap dadministrar lquids per via endovenosa.
Administraci daspirina per al dolor torcic
Ladministraci preco daspirina a lmbit prehospitalari, dins de Lesions oculars per exposici a productes qumics
les primeres hores des de linici del dolor torcic degut a un possible En cas duna lesi ocular per exposici a una substncia qumica,
infart de miocardi, redueix la mortalitat cardiovascular.834,835834,835 actuar immediatament irrigant lull amb un flux continu i grans
A lmbit prehospitalari, administrar entre 150 i 300 mg daspirina volums daigua clara. La irrigaci amb grans volums daigua
masticable de forma preco a tots els adults amb un dolor torcic va resultar ms efectiva per millorar el pH corneal que ls de
provocat per un possible infart de miocardi (SCA/IAM). Hi ha volums petits o de srum sal.866866 Enviar lindividu per a una
un risc relativament baix de complicacions, sobretot danafilaxi revisi per part dun professional sanitari durgncies.
i dhemorrgia greu.836-840 No shauria dadministrar aspirina als
pacients que tinguin una allrgia o contraindicaci conegudes Primers auxilis per les emergncies traumtiques
al medicament. No administri aspirina als adults que tinguin
un dolor torcic de causa no aclarida. Ladministraci preco Control de lhemorrgia
daspirina no hauria de retardar mai el trasllat del pacient a un Aplicar una pressi directa, amb gasses o sense, per controlar
hospital per al seu tractament definitiu. el sagnat extern all on sigui possible. No intentar controlar un
sagnat extern important mitjanant la pressi aplicada a uns punts
Administraci duna segona dosi dadrenalina per lanafilaxi proximals o mitjanant lelevaci de lextremitat. No obstant aix,
Lanafilaxi s una reacci allrgica potencialment fatal que cal pot ser beneficis aplicar fred de forma local, amb pressi o sense,
identificar i tractar de forma immediata. Ladrenalina reverteix les per un sagnat menor o tancat en una extremitat.867,868867,868 Quan
manifestacions fisiopatolgiques de lanafilaxi i segueix essent el el sagnat no es pugui controlar mitjanant la pressi directa, pot
frmac ms important, sobretot si sadministra durant els primers ser factible controlar-lo mitjanant un embenat hemosttic o un
minuts duna reacci allrgica greu.287,841,842 287,841,842A lmbit torniquet (veure a continuaci).
prehospitalari, ladrenalina sadministra mitjanant autoinjectors
precarregats, que contenen una dosi de 300 mcg dadrenalina Embenats hemosttics
(dosi per adults) per a lautoadministraci per via intramuscular, Els embenats hemosttics sutilitzen habitualment per controlar
o per ser injectada per un provedor de primers auxilis el sagnat als entorns quirrgics i militars, sobretot quan la ferida
degudament entrenat. Administrar una segona dosi dadrenalina es troba en una rea que no es pot comprimir, com ara el coll,
per via intramuscular als individus que presenten un episodi labdomen o lengonal.869-873869-873 Utilitzar un embenat hemosttic
danafilaxi a lentorn prehospitalari i que no han millorat al cap quan la pressi directa no aconsegueixi controlar un sagnat extern
de 5-15 minuts dhaver rebut una primera dosi dadrenalina per greu, o b quan la ferida estigui situada a un lloc on la pressi
via intramuscular mitjanant un autoinjector.843-852843-852 Tamb directa no s possible.874-877874-877 Cal un entrenament adequat per
pot ser necessari administrar una segona dosi dadrenalina si els garantir laplicaci segura i efectiva daquests embenats.
smptomes reapareixen.
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64
s dun torniquet necessitaran ingressar en un hospital per ser tractats. Els altres
901
Lhemorrgia deguda a una lesi vascular de les extremitats pot beneficis percebuts del refredament sn lalleujament del dolor
portar a una exsanguinaci que posi en perill la vida, i s una i una reducci de ledema, unes taxes dinfecci ms baixes i un
de les causes de mort que es pot prevenir als camps de batalla procs de guariment de les ferides ms rpid.
i tamb en lentorn civil.878,879878,879 Els torniquets han sigut Refredar de forma activa les cremades trmiques tan aviat
utilitzats durant molts anys a lmbit militar per tractar el sagnat com sigui possible durant un mnim de 10 minuts, utilitzant
extern greu de les extremitats.880,881880,881 Laplicaci dun torniquet aigua. Sha de tenir precauci quan es refredin grans cremades
ha motivat una reducci de la mortalitat.880-889 880-889Utilitzar un trmiques o b cremades en lactants i nens petits, per tal de no
torniquet quan la pressi directa no pugui controlar el sagnat provocar una hipotrmia.
extern greu en una extremitat. Cal entrenament per garantir
laplicaci segura i efectiva dun torniquet. Embenats per les cremades
Existeixen molts tipus dembenats per les ferides per cremada,902
Realineament duna fractura angulada per no es va trobar cap evidncia cientfica que permets
Les fractures, luxacions, torades i estrebades sn lesions de les determinar quin tipus dembenat, sec o humit, s ms efectiu.
extremitats que els provedors de primers auxilis tracten sovint. Desprs del refredament, les cremades shaurien dembenar amb
No realinear una fractura angulada dun os llarg. un apsit estril i sense compressi.
Protegir lextremitat lesionada immobilitzant la fractura amb
una frula. El realineament de les fractures noms hauria de ser Avulsi dental
practicada per persones entrenades especficament per dur-la a Com a conseqncia duna caiguda o accident que afecti la
terme. cara, es pot haver produt una lesi o b lavulsi duna dent. La
reimplantaci immediata s la intervenci delecci, per sovint
Tractament de primers auxilis per una ferida torcica oberta s impossible que els provedors de primers auxilis reimplantin
El maneig correcte duna ferida torcica oberta s crtic, perqu la dent per la manca dentrenament o b dhabilitat en el
el tancament inadvertit daquestes ferides com a conseqncia procediment. Si la dent no pot ser reimplantada immediatament,
de ls incorrecte duns apsits oclusius o daltres dispositius, o dipositar-la en una soluci salina equilibrada dHank. Si no sen
per laplicaci dun apsit que esdev oclusiu, pot desencadenar disposa, utilitzar prpolis, clara dou, aigua de coco, ricetral (una
un pneumotrax a tensi, que s una complicaci que posa en soluci per la rehidrataci oral que cont clorur potssic, arrs
perill la vida.890 Deixar qualsevol ferida torcica oberta exposada molt, clorur sdic i citrat sdic), llet sencera, srum sal o srum
de manera que es comuniqui lliurement amb lexterior sense sal tamponat amb fosfat (en ordre de preferncia), i enviar al
collocar-hi cap apsit, o b, si s necessari, cobrir la ferida amb pacient a un dentista tan aviat com sigui possible.
un apsit no oclusiu. Controlar el sagnat localitzat mitjanant la
pressi directa. Educaci en primers auxilis
Restricci dels moviments del raquis Es recomanen els programes deducaci en primers auxilis, les
En casos de sospita de lesi de la columna cervical, sha aplicat campanyes de salut pblica, i la formaci reglada en primers
de forma rutinria un collar cervical per evitar una lesi auxilis per tal de millorar la prevenci, el reconeixement i el
secundria provocada pel moviment del raquis. No obstant aix, maneig de les lesions i les malalties.901,903,904901,903,904
aquesta intervenci sha basat en el consens i lopini i no pas en
levidncia cientfica.891,892891,892 A ms a ms, sha demostrat que Principis de leducaci en ressuscitaci
desprs de laplicaci dun collar cervical es produeixen alguns
efectes adversos clnicament significatius, com ara una elevaci La cadena de supervivncia13 es va ampliar cap a la frmula de
de la pressi intracranial.893-897893-897 Aix doncs, ja no saconsella supervivncia11 perqu es va constatar que lobjectiu final de
laplicaci rutinria dun collaret cervical per part dun provedor salvar vides no noms depn dun coneixement cientfic slid i
de primers auxilis. Quan se sospiti una lesi de la columna dalta qualitat, sin tamb de la formaci efectiva de les persones
cervical, mantenir manualment el cap en una posici que limiti llegues i dels professionals sanitaris.905 En darrera instncia, les
el moviment angular fins que es pugui disposar duna atenci persones que participen en latenci de les vctimes duna aturada
sanitria experta. cardaca haurien de tenir la capacitat de posar en funcionament
uns sistemes eficients en termes de recursos que puguin millorar
Reconeixement de la commoci cerebral la supervivncia desprs duna aturada cardaca.
Tot i que un sistema de puntuaci per avaluar les commocions
cerebrals seria de gran ajuda per als provedors de primers auxilis Nivell bsic de formaci
a lhora didentificar-les,898 a la prctica actual no existeix cap
sistema senzill i validat davaluaci mitjanant una puntuaci. A qui sha de formar i com cal fer-ho
Qualsevol individu amb sospita dhaver patit una commoci El suport vital bsic (SVB) s el pilar de la ressuscitaci, i est
cerebral hauria de ser avaluat per un professional sanitari. ben establert que la RCP duta a terme pels espectadors s crtica
per la supervivncia a les aturades cardaques extrahospitalries.
Refredament de les cremades Les compressions torciques i la desfibrillaci preco sn els
El refredament actiu immediat de les cremades trmiques, definit principals determinants de la supervivncia duna aturada
com a qualsevol mtode que sutilitzi per reduir la temperatura cardaca extrahospitalria, i hi ha un cert grau devidncia de que
local dels teixits, s una recomanaci freqent als primers la introducci de formaci per a les persones llegues ha millorat
auxilis des de fa molts anys. El refredament de les cremades la supervivncia al cap de 30 dies i a lany.906,907906,907
trmiques minimitzar la profunditat final de la cremada899,900 Hi ha evidncia de que formar a persones llegues en SVB s
i possiblement reduir el nombre de pacients que finalment efectiu per millorar el nombre de persones capaces diniciar un
SVB en una situaci real.908-910 Per les poblacions dalt risc (p.
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65
ex. en les rees on hi ha un risc elevat daturada cardaca i una RCP estndard, s a dir, compressions torciques i ventilaci.
resposta dels espectadors baixa), levidncia recent mostra que La majoria destudis demostren que les competncies en RCP
es poden identificar factors especfics que permetran planificar es deterioren entre tres i sis mesos desprs de lentrenament
una formaci dirigida, tenint en compte les caracterstiques inicial.924,927-930924,927-930 Les competncies per ls dun DEA es
niques de la comunitat en qesti.911,912 Hi ha evidncia de retenen durant ms temps que les competncies allades de
que en aquestes poblacions, s poc probable que els socorristes RCP.931,932931,932 Hi ha certa evidncia de que la formaci dalta
potencials busquin pel seu compte com formar-se, per que freqncia, i en perodes curts i intensos, podria millorar la
un cop formats, guanyen competncia en les habilitats del SVB formaci en SVB i reduir el deteriorament de les competncies
i/o el coneixement.913-915913-915 Tenen la voluntat de ser formats, amb el temps.928,930-932928,930-932 Una revisi sistemtica de la
i s probable que comparteixin la seva formaci amb altres literatura cientfica va determinar que ls de dispositius de
persones.913,914,916-918913,914,916-918 retroalimentaci audiovisual durant la ressuscitaci tenia com
Un dels passos ms importants per augmentar la taxa de a conseqncia que els socorristes fessin unes quantitats de
ressuscitaci per part dels espectadors i per millorar la compressions torciques properes a les recomanades, per no es
supervivncia arreu del mn s educar a tots els nens en edat va trobar cap evidncia de que aix es tradus en una millora en
escolar. Aix es pot aconseguir molt fcilment, noms dedicant els resultats dels pacients.933
dues hores a lany a la formaci dels nens, comenant a partir dels
12 anys.919 A aquesta edat, els escolars tenen una actitud positiva Nivell avanat de formaci
envers laprenentatge de la ressuscitaci, i tant els professionals
mdics com els mestres necessiten un entrenament especial per Els cursos avanats cobreixen el coneixement, les habilitats i les
aconseguir aquests resultats amb els nens.920 actituds necessries per actuar com a part de (i finalment liderar)
Sha demostrat que els operadors telefnics dels SEM ben un equip de ressuscitaci. De forma gradual, ha anat apareixent
entrenats sn capaos de millorar la RCP duta a terme pels evidncia per als models de docncia mixtes (aprenentatge
espectadors i els resultats finals dels pacients.921 Malgrat tot, electrnic independent associat a un curs de durada reduda
hi ha dubtes sobre la seva capacitat per reconixer laturada dirigit per un instructor). La formaci basada en la simulaci s
cardaca, sobretot en relaci amb la respiraci agnica.5050 Aix una part integral de la formaci en ressuscitaci, i va demostrar
doncs, lentrenament dels operadors telefnics dels SEM hauria que millorava els coneixements i les habilitats en comparaci amb
dincloure i focalitzar-se en la identificaci i la importncia de la formaci sense incloure simulaci.934 No hi ha, per, evidncia
la respiraci agnica,5252 i la importncia de les convulsions com de que els participants en els cursos de SVA aprenguin ms o
a aspectes de laturada cardaca. A ms a ms, cal ensenyar als millor RCP mitjanant ls de maniquins dalta fidelitat. Tot i
operadors telefnics dels SEM uns guions simplificats per poder tenir present aix, es poden utilitzar maniquins dalta fidelitat,
explicar als espectadors com fer la RCP.5252 per si no sen disposa, s acceptable utilitzar maniquins de baixa
Els currculums de SVB/DEA shaurien dajustar a laudincia a la fidelitat per la formaci estndard en suport vital avanat.
qual van dirigits, i mantenir-se tan senzills com sigui possible. La
possibilitat creixent daccedir a diferents modalitats de formaci Formaci en habilitats no tcniques (HNT) incloent lideratge i
(p. ex. ls de mitjans digitals, la formaci en lnia, la formaci entrenament en equip per millorar els resultats de la RCP
dirigida per un instructor) i la formaci autodidctica, ofereix Desprs dimplementar programes de formaci en equip es
uns mitjans alternatius per formar tant als provedors llecs com va observar una millora de la supervivncia hospitalria a
als professionals. Els programes per lautoformaci, amb prctica laturada cardaca peditrica i tamb en pacients quirrgics.935,936
manual sincrnica o b asincrnica (p. ex. vdeo, DVD, formaci Quan safegeix als cursos avanats una formaci especfica
en lnia, retroalimentaci per part de lordinador durant la en equip o b sobre el lideratge, sha demostrat que el
formaci) semblen una alternativa efectiva als cursos dirigits per funcionament de lequip de ressuscitaci millora a les aturades
un instructor per ensenyar les habilitats del SVB a les persones cardaques reals o als escenaris simulats de suport vital avanat
llegues i als professionals sanitaris.922-926922-926 intrahospitalaris.937-941937-941 Si la formaci basada en escenaris
Caldria ensenyar a tots els ciutadans com fer compressions simulats va seguida de reunions de revisi a posteriori daquests
torciques com a requeriment mnim. De forma ideal, caldria (debrfing), hi haur un aprenentatge, en contraposici al que
ensenyar totes les habilitats de la RCP (compressions i ventilaci sobserva a la formaci basada en escenaris sense debrfing.942 Els
amb una proporci 30:2) a tots els ciutadans. Quan la formaci estudis no han sigut capaos de mostrar cap mena de diferncia
sha de fer amb una limitaci de temps, o b ha de ser oportunista en el debrfing amb s de seqncies de vdeo o sense ell.943,944
(p. ex. instruccions donades per telfon des del SEM a un Cada cop hi ha ms evidncia en el sentit que una formaci
espectador, esdeveniments amb grans audincies, campanyes freqent de reciclatge utilitzant maniquins, amb sessions de curta
pbliques, vdeos virals penjats a internet), shauria de concentrar durada i al mateix lloc de treball pot estalviar costos, redueix
en la RCP basada nicament en les compressions torciques. Les el temps total necessari per al reciclatge, i sembla ser el model
comunitats individuals poden voler ajustar labordatge tenint en que els alumnes prefereixen.945,946945,946 La formaci de reciclatge
compte lepidemiologia particular del lloc, les normes culturals s absolutament necessria per mantenir el coneixement i les
i les taxes de resposta dels espectadors. Per aquelles persones habilitats; no obstant aix, no queda clara quina s la freqncia
que hagin estat formades inicialment en RCP basada noms en ptima amb qu sha defectuar.945,947-949945,947-949
compressions torciques, el tema de la ventilaci pot ser abordat
en una sessi formativa posterior. De forma ideal, aquestes Implementaci i maneig del canvi
persones haurien de ser formades primer en RCP basada noms
en les compressions torciques, i a continuaci sels hauria La frmula de la supervivncia finalitza amb la implementaci
doferir la possibilitat de formar-se en compressions torciques local.11 La combinaci entre la cincia mdica i leficincia
amb ventilaci a la mateixa sessi. Les persones llegues per educativa no s suficient per millorar la supervivncia si hi ha
que tenen el deure dajudar, com ara els encarregats de primers una implementaci escassa o nulla.
auxilis, els socorristes i els cuidadors, haurien de formar-se en
Resum Executiu de les Guies 2015 de lEuropean Resuscitation Council
66
Impacte de les guies tica de la ressuscitaci i decisions al final de la vida
A cada pas, la prctica de la ressuscitaci est basada El principi dautonomia del pacient
fonamentalment en la implementaci de les guies de ressuscitaci
acceptades internacionalment. Els estudis sobre limpacte de El respecte per lautonomia fa referncia a lobligaci que t un
les guies internacionals de ressuscitaci suggereixen un efecte metge de respectar les preferncies dun pacient, i de prendre
positiu sobre la prctica de la RCP,906,950 la recuperaci de la decisions que estiguin dacord amb els valors i les creences
circulaci espontnia105,906,950-953 i la supervivncia a lalta de daquest. Latenci sanitria centrada en el pacient colloca
lhospital.105,906,950-954 aquest al centre del procs de presa de decisions, ms que no
pas al lloc de receptor duna decisi mdica. Laplicaci daquest
s de la tecnologia i els mitjans socials principi durant una aturada cardaca, on el pacient sovint
s incapa de comunicar quines sn les seves preferncies,
La prevalena dels telfons intelligents i les tauletes digitals planteja tot un repte.971-974971-974
ha dut a laparici de diversos abordatges de la implementaci
mitjanant ls dapps (aplicacions mbils) i tamb dels mitjans El principi de beneficncia
socials.
La beneficncia implica que les intervencions han de beneficiar
Mesura del funcionament dels sistemes de ressuscitaci al pacient desprs davaluar el risc i el benefici. Les guies
clniques basades en levidncia existeixen per ajudar als
A mesura que els sistemes evolucionen per millorar els resultats professionals sanitaris a decidir quins abordatges teraputics
de laturada cardaca, necessitem avaluar de forma acurada el sn els ms adequats.11,975,97611,975,976
seu impacte. La mesura del funcionament i la implementaci
diniciatives de millora de la qualitat permetr que els sistemes El principi de no maleficncia
aconsegueixin uns resultats ptims.939,955-960939,955-960
La RCP ha esdevingut la norma per a molts pacients amb
Debrfing desprs de la ressuscitaci en lentorn clnic problemes aguts i que posen en perill la vida.977,978977,978 No
obstant aix, la RCP s un procediment invasiu amb una baixa
La retroalimentaci als membres dun equip daturada cardaca probabilitat dxit. Per tant, la RCP no shauria defectuar als
intrahospitalari sobre la seva actuaci en una aturada cardaca casos ftils. s difcil definir la futilitat duna forma que sigui
real (en contraposici amb lentorn de formaci) pot millorar els precisa, prospectiva i aplicable a la majoria dels casos.
resultats finals. Aix es pot fer en temps real, i utilitzant dades
(p. ex. utilitzant dispositius de retroalimentaci amb sistemes de El principi de justcia i daccs equitatiu
mesura de la compressi cardaca) o b en una actuaci posterior
a lesdeveniment estructurada i enfocada pel debrfing.939,961 La justcia implica que el recursos sanitaris es distribueixen per
igual i de manera equitativa, sigui quin sigui lestatus social del
Equips demergncies mdiques (EEM) per adults pacient, sense discriminaci, i amb el dret de cada individu a
rebre lestndard actual de cures.
Quan sobserva la cadena de supervivncia de laturada cardaca,13
la primera baula s el reconeixement preco del pacient que sest Futilitat en medicina
deteriorant i la prevenci de laturada cardaca. Recomanem
ls dun EEM perqu aix sha associat a una reducci de la La ressuscitaci es considera ftil quan les probabilitats de
incidncia daturades cardaques/respiratries962-968962-968 i a una supervivncia amb bona qualitat de vida sn mnimes.979
millora de les taxes de supervivncia.963,965-970963,965-970 LEEM La decisi de no intentar la ressuscitaci no necessita el
s una part dun sistema de resposta rpida (SRR), que inclou consentiment del pacient o el dels seus ssers propers, que
la formaci del personal sobre els signes de deteriorament del sovint tenen unes esperances irreals.980,981 Els encarregats de
pacient, el monitoratge adequat i regular dels signes vitals dels prendre decisions tenen el deure de consultar al pacient, o b
pacients, una guia clara (p. ex. mitjanant criteris de trucada o a un representant seu si el pacient no t capacitat, dacord amb
puntuacions precoces dalarma) per ajudar al personal a detectar una poltica clara i accessible982-984.982-984
de forma preco el deteriorament dun pacient, un sistema clar i Alguns pasos permeten les decisions prospectives per no
uniforme per trucar demanant ajuda i una resposta clnica a les iniciar la RCP, mentre que en altres pasos o religions no es
trucades en demanda dassistncia. permet o b es considera illegal no iniciar la RCP. Hi ha una
manca de consistncia als termes com ara no intentar la
Formaci en entorns amb recursos limitats ressuscitaci (DNAR [do not attempt resuscitation] en les seves
sigles en angls), no intentar la ressuscitaci cardiopulmonar
Hi ha moltes tcniques diferents per ensenyar SVA i SVB en (DNACPR [do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation] en
entorns amb recursos limitats. Aquestes inclouen la simulaci, les seves sigles en angls), o permetre la mort natural (AND
laprenentatge mitjanant eines multimdia, lautoaprenentatge, [allow natural death] en les seves sigles en angls). Aquest s
la instrucci limitada i laprenentatge autnom amb ajuda confs de sigles pot generar mals entesos en la legislaci i la
dun ordinador. Algunes daquestes tcniques sn ms barates jurisdicci nacional.985,986985,986
i necessiten menys recursos dinstructor, fet que permet una
disseminaci ms amplia de la formaci en SVA i SVB. Directrius anticipades
No es pot garantir la seguretat del provedor; Variabilitat de les prctiques tiques de RCP a Europa
hi ha una lesi bviament mortal, o una situaci irreversible
de mort; Representants de 32 pasos europeus als quals hi ha organitzades
es disposa duna directriu anticipada vlida; activitats de lEuropean Resuscitation Council han respost a
hi ha una altra evidncia poderosa de que la prolongaci de un qestionari sobre la legislaci tica local i la prctica de la
la RCP aniria en contra dels valors del pacient; ressuscitaci, i sobre lorganitzaci dels serveis de ressuscitaci
asistlia de ms de 20 minuts de durada malgrat el SVA extrahospitalaris i intrahospitalaris. Actualment est ben
continuat, en absncia duna causa reversible. establert un accs igualitari a latenci sanitria urgent, i tamb
a la desfibrillaci preco. En la majoria dels pasos, el principi
Desprs daturar la RCP es podria considerar la possibilitat de dautonomia del pacient ara t un suport legal. Malgrat aix, a
mantenir el suport de la circulaci i el transport a un centre menys de la meitat dels pasos es permet als membres de la famlia
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Aturada presenciada per membres del SEM Presncia de la famlia durant la ressuscitaci
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