DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE FLOORS Bijan O. Aalami, SE Emeritus Professor, San Francisco State University Principal, ADAPT Corporation ati POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE rae ees faee aa umreatesceeecen‘This publication is intended for the use of professionals competent to evauato and implement the signicance and limitations of its content and wo will accopt responsibilty forthe appitcation of the Contents. The incorporation by reference or quotaton of material in his publication in any specications, contract documents, purchase orders, drawings, product details, and jeb applications shall be undor- taken at the sole risk of those persons, companies, or agencios making such roferenco or quotation and shallnot subject the Post-Tencioning nstiue, is Board of Director, is members, and the authors ofthis publication to any lability, and these persons, companies, of agencies making such reference or quote tion waive any claims against the Post-Tensioning Institut, is Board of Director, its members, and the authors of this publication. Neither the Post-Tersioning Insitute (PTF) nor the authors ofthis publication in creating this pubicaton makes any representation of warranty, express or imped, regarding the statements contained herein, including wareaniies of qually, accuracy, workmanship of safety, further Including, but not imited to, implied warranties of meschentablty and finess fora particular purpose, ‘THE POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ITS BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ITS MEMBERS, AND ‘THE AUTHORS OF THIS PUBLICATION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, IN- CLUDING CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHICH MAY RESULT FROM USE OF ANY INFOR- MATION OR RECOMMENDATION PROVIDED IN THIS PUBLICATION, Copyright © 1999 By tho Post-Tensioning Institute First Edition, First Printing, Apri, 1999 Printed in U.S.A. All Rights Reserved. This publication or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any {orn without the written permission of the Post-Tensioning InstituteFOREWORD Until now litle design information for post-tensioned floor systems has been readily available. Yet the economic advantages, superior performance, and increased use of post-tensioned buildings have highlighted the need for better understanding of their design principles and design procedures. This book offers a lucid and coherent presentation of the common practice for the design of concrete floor systems, with special emphasis placed on post- tensioned floors. Concrete floors consist essentially of slabs (plates) and beams. The presentation begins with an introductory general review of vari- ous plate analysis techniques. An appreciation of plate behavior and analysis techniques is central to the design of concrete floor systems. The design of a post-tensioned floor requires a host of technological and practice related know- how. As much as practical, these post-tensioning considerations are listed and reviewed, with the objective to provide the necessary background for a comprehensive design. This review is followed by a more detailed description of the principal design procedure in use today, namely the Equivalent Frame Method (EFM); a method which has been the comerstone of two-way floor system design for over three decades. Next, the focus is placed on an emerging, universal technology, the Finite Element Method (FEM), which has evolved to become a design produc- tion tool in many structural consulting firms. The FEM is expected in the future to succeed the EFM as the design tool of choice. The book concludes with, a design example, using an irregular floor slab to illustrate the features of the focus methods (the EFM and the FEM). The two design procedures are compared; first in general terms, and then for the spe- cifics of the design example presented. A summary of the results obtained from each method is included to supplement the description The emphasis of this work is to expose the assumptions, procedures and the considerations involved in the design of post-tensioned floor systems, as op- posed to detailed computations. The computational details are scheduled to be covered in a separate publication. The scope of the material included in this book is limited to the specific re- quirements of gravity design only; no other loading situations are considered, The structural participation and design of floor systems to resist wind and seismic forces is not included due to the limitations on the size of this book. Design of post-tensioned buildings to resist lateral (earthquake) loads is the ‘subject of another publication under preparation at this time. The comprehensive review of the design principles and the detailed presenta- tion of the design procedures offered in this book, opens the way for more sound and economically based P/T design practice than was possible until now.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The tremendous amount of effort to prepare this book from inception to its, present form could not materialize without the help of many colleagues and coworkers, and the continuous support and encouragement of Mr. Gerard McGuire, Executive Director of the Post Tensioning Institute, In particular, thanks are due to Mr. David Radke of ADAPT Corporation, who has reviewed the manuscript many times over. Special thanks are due to Mr. David Leland with ADAPT Corporation, who single handedly prepared the numerous figures of the work, and composed the layout of the book. The authors are indebted to colleagues, who made valuable suggestions throughout the preparation of the manuscript and through their review of the completed work. Mr. Fussell Price of Suncoast Post-Tension, Texas and Ms. Gail Kelly of VSTRUCTUAL LLC made significant contributions.GUIDE TO CONTENTS. Chapter 1: METHODS OF FLOOR SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Chapter 2: CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED FLOOR SYSTEMS... Chapter 3: DESIGN PROCEDURE USING THE EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD Chapter 4: DESIGN PROCEDURE USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ..... Chapter 5: DESIGN EXAMPLE OF A FLOOR SYSTEM - PROSPERITY SLAB... Chapter 6: ‘CASE STUDIES AND COMMENTS Glossary of Terms Abbreviations. ‘Supplemental Material ‘SELECTED DETAILS. DATASHEETS ‘SELECTED ILLUSTRATIONS OF POST-TENSIONING DESI ‘CONSTRUCTIONHIGHRISE BUILDING POST-TENSIONED WITH UNBONDED TENDONSCHAPTER 1 [MeTHoDs OF FLOOR SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Lil SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE... . vo 112 COMMON FLOOR SYSTEMS worsen 13 1.2 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD (DM) 1.2.1 APPLICATION 122 PROCEDURE, 13° EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD (EEM} 13.1 APPLICATION 132 CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND. 14 STRIP METHOD. 141 OVERVIEW. ——— 142 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 19 1S CLOSED FORM SOLUTIONS AND APPROXIMATION 13.1 FEATURES AND LIMITATIONS... 152. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 16 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD (FDM) 161 OUTLINE OF FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD... Lu 162 : 1.7 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) 171 OVERVIEW : 1.32 ELEMENT FORMULATIONS. vos 1.73 DISPLACEMENT-BASED FORMULATIONS 1 1.74 HYBRID FORMULATIONS. 175 ADVANTAGES OF THE FEM. 18 YIELD LINE METHOD (YLM) 18.1 BACKGROUND wn 182 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE . 1.9 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 110. STRUT-AND-TIE METHOD .. 1.10.1 OVERVIEW...1.102 LIL INTERPLAY OF BENDINt Mal 12 113 SELECTED NOTATION .. REFERENCES .. APPLICATION TO FLOOR SYSTEMS. 118 G_AND MEMBRANE ACTIONS ‘ACTIONS IN PLATES sn COUPLING OF BENDING AND MEMBRANE ACTIONS DUE TO A SHIFT IN THE PLATE’S CENTRODD.... 19 COUPLING OF BENDING AND MEMBRANE ACTIONS DUE TO LARGE DEFLECTIONS1.1 OVERVIEW 1.1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE “The foundation of an effective floor system design isa clear understanding of the concepts of plate theory and behav- ior. In particular, when dealing with post-tensioned floors, {an awareness ofthe relative strengths and weaknesses of the current analysis techniques is essential. Fluency in the basic knowledge becomes even more ertical when two- dimensional modeling such as the Finite Element Method is used. Background information on plate behavior and analysis may be found in tho following references {Timoshenko, et al; 1959; Szilard, 1974; Aalami and Will iams, 1975). This chapter discusses the principal methods used in the design of floor siabs. There is a short description of each ‘method which outines its basic concepts and features. The objective is to provide an overview adequate for compari- son of the application and relative merits of each method, For detailed information on each technique, the reader is directed to specificreterences. No attempts made to group the methods on the basis of their mathematical founda~ tion. Rather, they are presented based on the circumstances in which they are applied by design engincors. ‘To bogin, tho more widely terminology used in this publica- tion is introduced. A floor system (Fig. 1.1.1-1) consists of the essentially horizontal diaphragm which spans the vert- cal supports and is intended to provide a surface for sup- port of gravity loading. Beams, changes in tho slab thick- ress, offsets (steps) above and below the slab, and open- ings are common, essential features ofa floor system. Ver- tical supports generally consist of walls and columns. For purpose of design, regions of the slab are commonly designated by specific names. A frame line, of line-of-sup- port, is a hypothetical line defined by the designer that joins agjacont supports (Fig. 1.1.1-2). A bay is the slab area bounded by two adjacent frame lines. A pane! is a portion ‘of a slab enclosed by four adjacent columns. {A design stip consists of a line-of-support together with a portion ofthe slab on each side ofthe line-of suppor, called the tributary (Fig. 1.1.1-2). Fig. 1.1.1-4 illustrates a typical design strip of a floor sys- tem, shown in isolation. This design strip has a beam in the longitudinal direction, a beam in the transverse direction, ‘an opening in the slab, and both colurnn and wall supports {as wellas @ drop cap and drop panel at one of the columns. ‘A computer gonerated view of this design strip is shown in Fig. 1.1.15. 1.12 COMMON FLOOR SYSTEMS ‘The more common concrete floor systems, currently in use, are shown schematically in Fig. 1.1.21 through Fig. 1.1. ‘3. The figures list the features of each system including typical dimensions, loading, material quantities, and tho principal limitation of application. Methods of Foor Slab Analysis and Design Sle oop Star OP bit oP ¥ een crema yf j 5 a s Do SECTION PLAN VIEW OF SLAB FIGURE 1.1.1-1 DEFINITION OF SUPPORT LINE, BAY AND PANEL FIGURE 1.1.1-2 ost-Tensioning InsituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors SUPPORT LN TRBUTARY, PARTIAL PLAN DEFINITION OF SUPPORT LINE AND TRIBUTARY FIGURE 1.1.1-3 FIGURE 1.1.1-5, r+ * |, S| Max Span en 8) . < Ug ecin Pasig Sie : Sg nae are apn : [r " Zeige 058 al |) FLAT PLATE - osare on0P 7 J * Six" CAP srRASvEEE| x te cl \ | Unter fr crgesin (@) VIEW OF SOFFIT ea eS ae Esto te l [|r feign tog Lonesoma sae wau_tamt | eae (FLAT SLAB WITH SQUARE COLUWN CAPITALS te) Moree 2 + a | * Macgn ete Wow . = cou Tr " Saige: Op (BV ELEVATION (©) FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANELS ‘A TWO-WAY DESIGN STRIP ‘SAMPLES OF TWO-WAY CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 1.1.1-4 FIGURE 1.1.24< Net adeatgeos over ce GPS | ete eewaces. Mpa to] 0 IN ps ad get. Mo Span am ltt Ling ition fr Contr ese Dolla? at pe 7 ‘ein es Woe Sun een ut Lig Grtaren Rar Conpesion fate Seon tas yt a 1 Agim (038g |) WAFFLE SLAB ~~ Gon} SAMPLES OF TWO-WAY CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 1.1.2-2 een Sous 20m ORE IN, | Se sme 580m team |. Seb Hehness 2640 158 6) Boon Deh TSG HCO mm 1035 joy | Rese ee wee ll | Rear kasapi stat " 268 igi? 85 at ean Spans 17m St ing ita cpr oul | Meta esle Wwe | aaa S08 gir to eo | or Bob Agi 59 pe Pemmiost PT ads per oat | eam san carga wh et Beg sas con ‘isis my be spazeé pt 00 U5 wh to ses eae inst (cl SKP JOIST SLAB SAMPLES OF BEAM AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION eeinceaibiaiemeniemnaaiaaineaaa FIGURE 1.1.23 ethods of Flor Slab Analysis and Desin ‘Supplementary information for Figures 1.1.24, 142-2 and 1.1.23 Figure 1.4.2-1 and 1.1.22: For al cases: Concrete - 4000 psi (28 Nin; slab thickness «8 in. (208mm; columns» 20 x 20 in, 10 fA high (508 x 508 mm, 3.05 m); superimposed dead load = 0 pst (1.44 kN); lve load ~ 60 ps (2.89 KN i. (Case (a) Drop cap size ~ 48 x 45 in (1148 x 1143 mm), ‘exiencing 6 In. (152 mm) below sia sot. (Case (c)- Drop panel size - 14 x 14 ft. (4.27 x 4.27 m, ‘xionding 6 In. (182 mm) below slab soft. ‘Case (d) - Band width - 45 i, extoncing 8 in, below slab (1149 mm, 203 mm); span in transverse (a) BEAM WITH DAPPED END ‘COMPRESSION Hoe SNODE “TRANSVERSE TENDON MEMBER (TRANSVERSE TE! (b) STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL, ILLUSTRATION OF STRUT-AND-TIE MODELING ELEMENTS -TENSION GHORO TE) PuNaED out COLLIN REGION Yee sian STRESS BE Tow CATICAL SURFACE twoomay sia | HYPOTHETICAL MODEL OF PUNCHING SHEAR EVALUATION FIGURE 1.10.1-1 The strut-and-tie method is an adequacy check, using one assigned load path. Like the yield line method, it applies to the post-cracking state of concrete. Therefore, it does not Provide the in-service distribution of stress in a floor region. Itis worth noting that for any given condition, more than ‘one truss configuration can be selected to resist tho ap- plied loading. From the design standpoint, while one truss configuration may be more efficient than another, itis sul- ficient to demonstrate that the chosen truss can sustain the Jad, and there is adequate ductility to mobilize it. 1.10.2APPLICATION TO FLOOR SYSTEMS The application ofthe strut-and-tie concept in floor systems is primariy limited to checks of punching shear and safety at anchorage zone of mult-strand tendons. For expediency indesign, most building Codes perform the punching shear check through a hypothetical stress distribution such as shown in Fig. 1.10.2-1. In this design scheme the column loading is envisaged to punch through an assumed critical section. A setof hypothetical stresses over the critical sec- tion is computed so as to be in equilorium with the associ- ated applied moment and shear. For adequacy of the re- G4MPa (f'c>6000psi. (2) Use of epoxy coated (EC) reinforcement in beams, columns, and for bottom reinforcement in slabs, to be in accordance with the practices of the Engineer of Record (3) Corrosion inhibiting admixture in lou of epoxy coated reinforcement optional (4) 40% solids Silane Sealer, may be deleted if 5 % minim (6) Exceeds cover requirements of ACI 318-95. tions may also be appropriate. The CC (coastal chlorides) zones are defined as follows: Zone CC-!: All areas within 15 km (10 miles) of a major salt ‘water body such as the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Ocean, Zone CC-II: Spray zone - all areas within 750 m (¥% mile) of ‘a major salt water body. 23.3 FIRE PROTECTION Minimum dimensions of post-tonsioned members, required ‘to meet various fire endurance requirements, are a func- tion of the type of steel used, the type of concrote used, the ‘amount of cover provided to reinforcement, and = in th ‘case of beams - the beam width. The engineer may either Use the recommended covers given in ACI-423 [1996) and reproduced herein, or demonstrate by calculation that the cover chosen is adequate for the specific design param- ‘tors selected. The computational procedure for the justi cation of minimum covers other than those stipulated in the Code is referred to as the “rational approach." The rational ‘approach for justification of fire cover is detailed in the PTI ‘Manual [PTI,1990] and discussed in more detail below, Fire resistance is defined as the length of exposure to @ standard fro bofore the firs eiical condition at “end point” is reached [ASTM E119, 1983]. The principal criterion of 1um silica fume is used in slab concrete. the “end point” is that the member shall not collapse under {a predefined, sustained appliod loading. The details of the standard test and criteria are given in (ASTM E119, 1983) The current recommendations for rebar cover, required to achieve various fire ratings, are given in Table 2.3.3-1 for slabs and Table 2.3.9-2 for beams [PTI, 1990]. Inthe tablos a member is categorized as either restrained or unre- strained. The restrained and unrestrained conditions listed in the tables are interpreted as follows: if a fre occurs be- neath a small section of a large reinforced concrete slab, the heated portion wll tend to expand and push against the ‘surrounding slab. In turn, the unheated part of the slab ex: certs compressive forces on the heated portion. The com- pressive force or thrust acts near the bottom of the slab, when the fie first occurs. But as the fre progresses, the line of action of the thrust rises as the heated concrete sol tens. If the surrounding slab is thick and heauly reinforces, the thrust forces that occur can be quite largo, but consid erably less than those calculated using elastic properties cof concrete and stos! together with appropriate cootficients| cof expansion, Athigh temperature, creep and relaxation play animportant role. Nevertholess, the thrustis generally great enough to increase the fre endurance significantly. On this Premise, the interior spans of a floor system, and exterior ‘spans which are surrounded on the outer edge ofthe slab bby heavy beams, are considered restrained." Exterior spans cf the floor slabs which are not provided with a heavy beam Post-Tensioning InsituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors ‘along the outer boundary of the floor are considered “unre- strained.” Tests have shown that members reinforced with unbonded post-tensioning provide fire resistance that is equal or su- periortoan equivalent design executed witha grouted sys- tom [Gustafero and Selvaggio, 1967]. Tho. superior por- formance is due to fact that the plastic duct and greaso used in unbonded systems provide greater heat insulation than the duct and grout commonly used in bonded sys- toms. Since fire endurance is directly related to the timo it takes the prestressing steel to reach a given temperature, the superior heat insulation of the unbonded tendons pro- vides enhanced protection, For conditions not specified in the tables, the fire endur- ‘ances determined using the Rational Approach PTI, 1990). In the rational approach the strength of the member is cal- culated for a given length of exposure to fire. The calcula- tion is based on the member's cover, reinforcement, and TABLE 2.3.3-1: SUGGESTED CONCRETE COVER THICKNESS FOR SLABS PRESTRESSED WITH POST-TENSIONED REINFORCEMENT Restrained or Cover Thickness, mm. For Unrestrained | Aa9regste Type Fire Endurance of tne [asm [ane | amr | ane Carbonate 20 | 28 sof ae | Ces Siliceous zo | 32 ao | se | - Ughtweight | 20 | 26 wv |e | - Carbonate 20 | 20 20 | 26 | a2 Reetrained Slicoous 20 | 20 2 | 2 | 22 Lightweight | 20. | 20 20 | 2 | 2 TABLE 2.3.3-2: SUGGESTED COVER FOR BEAMS PRESTRESSED WITH POST-TENSIONED REINFORCEMENT Cover Thickness, mm. For Restrained or Stool Concrete | Beam Wiath, Fire Endurance Of Unrestrained Type Type mm the | 15h | 2he | abe | she (Cold-drawn NW 200 ae 52 | os | te) - Cold-drawn | LW 200 eee eee eae HSA. bars Nw 200 40] 40 | 4 | 64 | - _ S.A, bars kw 200, lee ES ers Cold-drawn NW 200 40 | 40 | 46 | 52 | 64 Restrainea | COld-drawn kw 200 40 | 40 | 40 | 46 | 52 | HS.A. bars NW 200 4 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 _| HSA. bars Lw. 200 4o | 40 | 40 | 64 | 40 ‘Cold-drawn NW ‘300 40 | 46 | s2 | 62 | 78 Unrestrainea | CO¥bdrawn Lw 300 40. | 40 | 4 | 40 | 64 HS.A. bars NW 300 a | 4 | 40 | 40 | 52 HSA. bars ww soo__| 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | s2_ Cold-drawn nw | 300 40 | 4 | 40 | 40 | 52 Restrsines | co-craWn lw 300 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 46 HSA. bars: NW 300 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 HSA. bars kw 300. 4o | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 Note: “NW =normal weight; LW = ightweight, For beams with widths between 200 mm and 300 mm., cover thickness can be determined by interpolation. Not practical for 200 mm wide beams but ‘shown for purposes of interpolation. 2-10the type of prestressing system used. After the steel rein- forcement, including the prestressing strand, has been ex- posed to fire for the specified length of time, its tempera- ture is determined. From the temperature’stress/strain charts providedin the literature [PTI, 1990}, the yield stress of the reinforcement is determined for the temperature feached. Using the modified yield stress, the capacity of the member is recalculated. The comparison between the capacity of he member and the capacity demand from ap- plied loading determines the adequacy of the member, ‘Additional information on fire resistivity of prestressed mem- bes is given in [PCI, 1977; Selvagio and Carlson, 1962} Jn the tables ofthis section, normal weight concrete is re- garded as concrete weighing 2240 to 2400 kg/m? (140 to 150 pet, ightweight concrete is 14400 1840 kgm (90ta 115 pel). 234 WEAR ‘When the top surtace of a slab is subject to trafic buts not provided with topping and there is likelihood of freezing, the practice in some European counties isto provide 10mm, added thickness to the slab. The contribution of this “wear” thickness tothe structural strength ofthe slab is disregarded, 2.4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 24.1. ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY SUB-ASSEMBLIES The traditional design of concrete floors, using the Equiva- lent Frame or similar procedures, requires the structural system to be designated as either one-way, or two-way. ‘The essential difference between the two systems is lus trated schematically in Fig. 2.4.1-1. Viewed In a simplified manner, in a one-way system the constituents of the load path are envisaged as parallel rows of skeletal members with the capability to transfer loading along their length only, like planks spanning between walls or beams. On the other hand, in a two-way system the floor is viewed as consisting ‘of rows of intersecting members which allows the applied toad to be resisted by one member or shared by the inter ssocting members. The one- andtwo-way designations were originally introduced due to limitations in the commonly used design methods, The designations were subsequently con- solidated into the building code [ACI 318, 1995], which pro- vides a somewhat different design criterion for each. Fea- tures of one- and two-way systems are discussed in detail ina PT Technical Note [Aalami 1993} Finito olement technology, however, can model and ana- |yze the entire floor system as one unit, using slab and beam components (elements) which, as an assembly, possess ‘an inherent biaxial load-carrying capability. Hence, the {question of whether a floor shouldbe categorized as a one- ‘way or two-way system, a-prior tothe design, does not aris. {Also, by modeling the entire floor system and its compo- 2-11 Considerations in the Design of Post-Tensioned Floor Systems SS T (al ONE-WAY BEAM SYSTEM ‘ eS (b) TWO-WAY BEAM SYSTEM ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY MODELS FIGURE 2.4.1-1, rents as one assombly, i is no longer necessary to proas- sign a load path, as is the case in mast other modeling techniques in use. The participatory contribution of a floor region, or a component such as a beam, in carrying the applied loading in one or more directions is determined automatically from the geometry, material properties and loading of the entre floor as par of the solution. The extent and nature ofthe participation need not be preassigned, as is necessary in most conventional design methods. ‘The outcome of an FEM analysis consists of values for dis placements and actions at all points throughout the slab. In order to design a floor system, the computed deflections. and stresses must be evaluated in the context of the appl: cable building codo(s). Also, to complete the design, it is necessary to supplement the analysis by designing for ro: inforcement, where required, to meet the strength demand caused by the overload conditions stipulated in the codes (factored moments and shears). The evaluation of an FEM solution with respect to code specified requirements is dis- cussed in detail in Chapter 4, 24.2 BEAMS A beam is essentially a local thickening in a floor slab. By Virtue o its greater stifness it carries an increased share of the applied loading, In non-finite element modeling of floor systems, a beam is considered as an entity distinctly separate from the slab, Post-Tensioning instituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors generally consisting of a stom and an assigned effective flange. The assumed beam is considered to cary the re- actions of the members it is designated to suppor. In contrast, when using the FEM, the stab thickening (beam) need not necessarily be treated differently from the remain- der of the floor system, The beam geometry can be mod- ‘lod with a sot of finite elements which represent its actual shape and position. In other words, beam elements can be ‘modeled using the same procedure as slab elements. A propery formulated stiffness matrix can model a beams response in conjunction withthe rest ofthe slab. The share ofthe loading to be carried by the beam is then determined in the analysis of the entice floor system. The beams par- ticipation in resisting tho appliod loading is part ofthe solu- tion. itis calculated in the analysis, based on the system ‘geometry, material properties and the applied loading, as ‘opposed to being assigned a-priori by the design engineer. In the analysis of post-tensioned systems, unlike nonprestressed systems, the authentic modeling of beam geometry becomes critical. Consider Fig. 2.4.2-1. Many finite element software formulations model the variations of ‘the beam geometry illustrated in (a) in the manner shown in (D), where the centroid of the beam and slab are as- ‘sumed to be on the same plane. Since in post-tensioning, the eccentricity of tendons with respect to the controid of, the section is central tothe behavior ofthe floor, the simpl- fied modeling dopicted in (b) is not adequate. Each of the three beam conditions shown in (a) must be modeled faith- cme [] sue ese | Lon cen 8 e « te PROTOTYPE conammons IMPROPER | MODELNG cearoo em t. ABEL Tcogoo ce za o ° @ (o PROPER MODELING BEAM CONFIGURATIONS AND MODELING FIGURE 2.4.2-1 fully as in the prototype. The proper modeling of each is ilustrated in (c) where the position of the centroid of the beam is expressed explicitly with respect to that ofthe slab. “To perform an FEM analysis ofa floor system, the designa- tion ofa slab thickening as a “beam does not necessarily call for special considerations. However, from the stand- point of designing the floor components at the conclusion of the analysis, a component designated as a beam may have to be treated differently from a thickened slab ele- :mentfor reinforcement computations, code compliance, and ———— awe >) 22 2 | (dl CAST NEW SLAB {+ & competen FRAME CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE OF A MULTI-LEVEL FRAME FIGURE 2.4.6-1 sis of the frame in line with current segmental construction techniques [ADAPT-ABI, 1997). It the uplift due to applied prestressing exceeds the solfweight atthe time of form removal - thats to say, f over 100% of the floor selfweightis balanced by prestressing at the time of stress transfet- there will be a short period of time, prior to re-shoring and application of upper level con- struction loading on the floor, when the floor raises above its datum. During this period, the support moments in the slab will be in equilibrium with the lower colurans only. In this case only, a stress check is appropriate for the condi tion at transfer of prestressing with only lower columns in place. For the strength check of the completed structure, and where the floor rests on re-shoring, this check is not meaningful, unless a segmental analysis is performed [ADAPT-ABI, 1997] 2.5 LOADING 28.1 SELFWEIGHT Selfweight is computed from the volume geometry of the floor system and the unit weight ofthe concrete used. Typi- cal unit weight values used for floor systems, including the reinforcement and prestressing, ar: ‘+ Normal weight concrete £2400 kg/m? (150 pct) 2-16+ Somisight weight concrete 1750 kg/m? ~ 2240 kglm* (110 - 140 pef) ‘Light weight concrete 1520 kglm? - 1760 kgin? (95-110 pet) 2.5.2. PRESTRESSING In most ofthe analysis procedures used in post-tensioned building construction, and particulary in the method of baf- anced loading (Aalami, 1990], tho prestressing is viewed ‘san applied oading. The applied loading due toprestross- ing s broken down into the components which cause bend- ing and those which cause precompression. Its assumed that the effects ofthese two groups of actions are uncoupled ‘The components ofthe applied loading due to prestrossing that cause flexure in the floor system determine tho mo- ‘ments and shears normal o the slab. The precompression due to prestressing is then superimposed on the stresses oblained from the flexural analysis. The procedures de sorbed inthis publication are based on this approach, ‘The technique of considering the prestressing as an equiva- lent applied loading is adequate for most conditions. For irregular conditions, where stress losses and long-term ef- fects become critical, and in bridge construction, a more rigorous analysis is called for {Aalami 1997, ABI Manual 1998), 23 LIVE LOADING A. Service Live Load ‘The service live loading used to check the deflections, stresses and crack width in a floor is the loading associ ated with the floors function under normal conditions. Wind and earthquake, as well as other transient soo narios, are not included as part ofthe service condition deflection and stress checks. Such transient loads are included in the strength check load combinations. B. Transient Live Load In some floors, such as the uppermost level in some parking structures or podium slabs, the floor may be required in emergency situations to resist the high-in- tensity concentrated loading of a fire truck. From the standpoint of floor design, the emergency loading is viewed to be of the same category as wind or earth- quake loading. Particularly in the case of a fire truck, the likelihood of recurrence of fire and the involvement of a firetruck may be less than the likelihood of occur- tence of the Code stipulated design wind or earthquake. For this reason, a floor subjected to infrequent transient live loading Is checked for safety only (strength chock) That isto say, the stresses (crack width) under the fire truck loading are neither monitored, nor controled. ‘The safety check of a floor under concentrated transient loading is generally performed after the completion of the design and detaling ofthe floor. A yield line analy- sis of individual panels likely to receive the concontrated 2-17 Considerations in the Design of Pst-Tensioned Floor Systems loadings an expedient tool to check the safety of floor. Nonprestressed stool is addod if tho slab is found to be ‘deficient in its required safety. 2.6 STRUCTURAL MODEL Before any analysis begins, the geometry, support condi- tions, and loading ofthe prototype floor must be represented by an idealized structural system for computation. The struc- tural system selected for analysis is based on several con siderations, a number of which are highlighted in the fol- lowing. 2.6.1 LOAD PATH ‘The structural systom follows the design engineer's vision cof how the applied loading on the structure isto be carriod to the foundation. Since the design load path is selected by the design engineer, the same floor may be assigned a di- {erent structural system by a different engineer. Some struc- tural systems aro more efficient than others. However, all systems will be safe, provided the critical design consider- ations are rigorously followed. 2.6.2. INHERENT RESPONSE OF THE FLOOR Inits pre-cracking phase, a concrete floor tends to respond to tho applied loading essontially in accordance with the theory of elasticity, regardless of a design engineer's con- ception of structural system. Recognition ofthe elastic, pre- cracking response of a floor system during the selection of load path generally leads to a more satisfactory in-service performance ofthe floor, in the sense that there willbe less. ‘cracking and spalling under service conditions. The rel- ‘evance of the categorization of a floor system into either a ‘one-way or a two-way system is within this context In the post-cracking phase and atthe utimate strength limit state, the response of a floor is dictated primarily by the ‘Seaton ox Broun. : | Soar + Eran esmnes Sort oa ce imiees Eee ao TENDON LAYOUT FIGURE 2.8.5-2 PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF ELEVATED SLAB FIGURE 2.8.5-3PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF TENDON LAYOUT Considerations in the Design of Pst-Tensioned Fi (CONTOURS AT KN TERVALS FIGURE 25-54 CONTOUR PLOT OF HYPERSTATIC MOMENTS, My FIGURE ee t D 3) tated 2 3) a "hee 203 ‘PENNS ROP CAP lr + 38a| SUPPORT REACTIONS DUE TO POST- TENSIONING ONLY (kN) ao (a) DISTRIBUTION OF IN-PLANE COMPRESSION ‘AT UNE 2 Hahn (b) INPLANE ACTIONS AT LINE 2 HYPERSTATIC IN-PLANE FORCES AT LINE 2 FIGURE 2.8.5-5 FIGURE 2.8.5-7 Post-Tensioning InsituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors Fig, 2.8.55, Note thatthe reactions due to prestressing are in static equilibrium: Secondary Actions in the vertical direction: 1.05 + 20.3 + 2.18 + 47.8 - 140 + 98.8-0.576 +2164 8.61 KN 0.236 KN » ON Vertical forces are in equilibrium. Secondary Moments about Gridline = (1.05 420.3 42.18) kN* 9.7 m- (0.576 +21.6 + 8.61) kN" 7.7 m+ 0.495 kNm = 0.554 kNm » 0 kN ‘My Moments ara in oquilisrium, ‘= Use the hyperstatic reactions (shown in Fig. 2.8.5-5) as ‘an applied loading to the continuum and determine the resulting actions within the continuum, For te floor slab Under consideration, the calculated contour plot of mo- ments, M,, is shown in Fig. 2.8.5-6. The diagram also shows a distribution plot of the local moment per unit length about the local controidal axis atthe face of sup- port of gridline 2. ‘The distribution does not include ‘moments induced by the variation of axial forces in the slab and the shift in centroidal axis at the drop cap. Its important to note that, like other loading conditions, there will be an in-plane distribution of actions (axial and shear). These actions are shown in Fig. 2.8.5-7 or the sec- tion at grid line 2. The in-plane actions result in a tensile ‘component inthe drop panel region and compression com ponents outside the drop panel as shown in the figure. The {otal hyperstatic moment at grid line 2 consists ofthe dist bution of moment shown in Fig. 2.8.5-6 and the moment generated about the y-axis by the axial forces shown in Fig. 2.85-7. Tho sum of theso two moment components is the hyperstatic moment due to prestressing and must balance the action due to the externally applied reactions shown in Fig. 2.8.5-5. Fig. 2.8.5-7 shows tho variation of axial forces in tho model. In this case the total hyperstatic moment about the section Cutis the integral ofthe local moment distribution (361 kNm in Fig. 2.8.5-6) plus the integral of the focal axial force dis- tribution times the centroidal shit 9361 KNm +349 KN * 0.125 m 405 kNm Mow ‘This result can be verified by computing the hyperstatic moment atthe face of support using the direct method. Secondary Moments about section drawn at Gridtine 2, face of Support: (1.05 + 47.8 - 0.576) kN* 8.4m 405 kN 28.6 SEGMENTAL CONSTRUCTION A. Introduction ‘A segmentally constructed structure is built over a pe- riod of ime from discrete components. A distinguishing feature of segmental construction is that the partially assembled structure Is called upon to carry significant loading in a configuration and through a structural sys- tom other than that ofthe completed structure, Examples ‘of segmental construction include balanced cantilovor bridges, incrementally launched bridges, and precast prestressed girders made continuous through splicing, In segmental construction, some oral ofthe prestress- ing Is applied bofore the structure assumes its final con- figuration. Since (i) the hyporstatic actions are caused by the resistance of the supports to the free movement of the structure, and (i) the configuration of the struc ture and its support conditions change over time, the ‘computation of hyperstatic actions can no longer be based on the geometiy and prestressing of the com- pleted structure. In this case an incremental computational procedure ‘must be adopted. At each stage of construction, and for ‘each application of prestressing, the increment in hy- porstatic actions must be calculated. The hyperstatic actions due to each application or change in prestress- ing must be accumulated to yield the total of the hyper- static actions at any given stage. The concepts required for computation of hyperstatic actions in sogmontal construction is described next through an illustrative example. For details refer to [ADAPT ABI Manual, 1997]. To focus on the hyperstatic, actions, without compromising the concept, the long term effects of creep, shrinkage, relaxation, and aging of concrete are not included in the example. A simple cross section and prestressing pattam aro selected, Example for a Segmental Construction Fig. 2.8.6-1 shows the slages of construction of a two- span, continuous beam. Each span consists of a pro- cast, prestressed gitder of rectangular cross section. The girders are transported to the site and installed with 2 gap over the central per (refer to the figure). A pro- installed duct inthe precast girders is made continuous ‘across the gap and the gap is cast to spice the two irdors together. A postiensioning tondon is passed through the duct. After the concrete ofthe spice gains adequate strength, the post-tensioning tendon is stressed, thereby achieving a continuous, two-span, post-onsioned girder. Typically, a topping slab is ap- plied over the precast girdors, and the post-ensioning tondons are stage stressed. These operations are not addressed herein, since they do not impact the objec- tive ofthe example. 2-28Considerations in the Design of Post-Tensioned Flor Systems : oa . 20m + POST-TENSIONNS Se PRE-TENSIONNG (a) COMPLETED STRUCTURE 300mm ] J 4 ‘0h o (b) INSTALLATION OF PRECAST GIRDERS ee (o CLOSURE OF SPLICE > 828m (@) APPLICATION OF POST-TENSIONNG | “°°"" TWO SPAN SEGMENTAL CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2.8.61 FIGURE 2.8.6-2 BSRB.TON OF wYPERSTANC HONEATS NTH COAPLETE=D STRUCTURE FIGURE 2.8.6.3, 2-29 DgTRALTIONG NoUENT UE TO SAF We FIGURE 2.8.6-4 DsTIBUTON oF WOME DUET SEF WeIT- (ne SAG CONSTRICTION FIGURE 2.8.6-5 Details of the Structural Model: Cross section: Rectangular 600mm deep, ‘250mm wide Pre-tensioning tendons: “Force = 1198KN, (10 12mm strands) ‘Location = CGS 80mm from the girder soffit Post-tensioning tendons: Force 1193 kN, (10-12 mm strands) “Profile = Simple parabola ‘The distribution of momont in the completed structure {duo to the action of the entire amount of prestressing is shown in Fig. 2.8.6-2. The nonzore values of moment at the frst and last support are due to the eccentricity of the pretensioning strands at these locations. The sharp tise in the prestressing moment over the central sup- Portis due to the fact that the pretensioning strands do ‘not extend into the splice. At the interface of the splice, there is a drop in the moment equal to the contribution of the prestressing strands. Fig, 2.8.6: ilustrates the hyperstatic moments for the completed structure, based on the post-tensioning forces ‘only. The hyperstatic (secondary) moments aro due to Post Tensioning InsituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors the change in prestressing after the structure becomes indeterminate. inthis example, the change is limited 10 the addition of the post-tensioned tendons because the pretensioning tendons were stressed when the struc- {ure was sill determinate. In an actual structure, there is also a contribution to hyperstatic moments duo to the stress loss in prestressing strands subsequent to the closure ofthe splice. Ifthe enti prestressing were continuous as opposed to it being discontinuous over the length of the com= pleted structure, the resulting hyperstatic moments would have boon vary different. The concept can be illustrated Using the analogous example of selfweight moments in, the structure for the two cases of single-stage, and seg- mental construction, Refer to Figs. 2.8.6-4 and 2.8.65. Fig. 2.8.6-4 shows the bending momentin the completed. structure if it were constructed sogmentaly. Note that the distribution is the same as if the two spans were simply supported. However, in a one-stage construc tion (shown in Fig. 2.8.6-5), the distribution of moment is that of a two-span continuous beam. The diiference is significant, Tho following illustrates the computation of the hyper- slatic actions, using both the direct and the indirect ‘methods. The important point to observe is that, in the ‘computation presented, only the post-tensioning is in cluded. ‘A. Direct Method, Using Reactions Due to Post. “Tensioning: ‘The reactions dus to posttensioning alone are calcu- lated using standard procedures described earlier. The results aro: Location Horizontal Vertical __ Moment Firstsuppot 0 ~-4.1206E+03.—=—=SCOO ‘Middle support 8.2412E+03 0 0 Right suppot_0__-4.1206E+03___o TOTAL 0 0 0 From the definition of hyperstatic moments: (reaction)*(span length) -4.1206"10"20°1000 = 8.247107 Nm Moment at central pior Indirect Method, Using the Sectional Actions: Myo = (Prostressing moment) - (Prostressing Force)" (eccentricity) Myp = 8.44"10* MPa - (1.19*10* N)*(220mm) 8.24°107Nmm 2.9 LOAD COMPONENTS AND LOAD COM- BINATIONS. 2.9.1 LOADS Tho loading considered in building construction consists, in most cases, of the following principal components. D_ = selfweight and other permanent superimposed loading; live loading; prestressing (sum of balanced loading and hyper- static actions); = wind: ‘earthquake; = long-term effects (shrinkage, creep, aging of con- crete, relaxation of prestressing). gms ar ‘The factors, by which each component needs to be mult- plied for load combinations, vary depending on the building ‘code used for design. Herein the focus will be placed on the contribution ofthe prestressing (PT). Where the applicable building code is muto, the prostress- ing should be considered to be included in the load combi- nation wherever dead loading (0) is included. However, factor depends on the purpose of the load combination as described below. 292 SERVICEABILITY LOAD COMBINATIONS Loads included in the service condition (stress and detlec- tion checks) of post-tensioned floor systems are the Dead (©), Prostressing (PT), Live (L) and Longstorm effects (LT). Transient loads, such as Wind (W) and Earthquake (E), and effects of fre are not used forthe deflection and stress ‘’chocks of floor slab systems and are not part of the ser- viceabiity check of post-tensioned floors. However, the lateral (horizontal) displacement ofthe entre building frame may have to be checked for service conditions under wind loading, regardless of whether aflooris prestressed or not. For the service condition the actions due to dead loading shall be viewed as caused by the selfweight plus superim- posed dead loading (D) and prestressing (PT). The pre- stressing component of loading (PT) shall include the hy- perstatic (secondary) actions. In load combinations, the dead loading (D) for rnonprestressed structures in substituted with (D+PT) for pre- stressed structures. This loading includes the hyperstatic actions.2.9.3 SAFETY (STRENGTH) LOAD COMBINATIONS A. Safety Against Overload For the strength check, loads accounted for are Dead loading (D), the Hyperstatic component of the prestress- ing, Live loading (L), Long-term effects (LT), and the tran- sient loads, such as Wind (W) and Earthquake (E). The load combinations and the load factors for each loading depend on the governing building code. Itis important to note that, for strength computations, load combinations should include the hyperstatic com: ponent of the prestressing (PT) only. The balanced load- ing is not contributory to the strength calculations. The hyperstatic actions should be included in load combina- tions with a factor of one, unless specified other wise by the applicable code. B. Cracking Moment ‘A general safety requirement for concrete members is to ensure that the nominal strength of a section (capac- ity) exceeds the cracking moment ofthe section. Check: ing for this requirement is nat necessary for two-way floor systems reinforced with unbonded posttensioning, designed according to ACI-318 [ACI-318, 1995}. The joint ACL-ASCE committee 423 (ACI-423, 1996] has de- {ormined that the total amount of prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement prescribed as minimum vvalues in the ACI-318 Code is sufficient to develop 1.2 times the cracking load for two-way systems with tunbonded tendons. Thus no additional check is required, 2.10 STRESS LOSSES AND ‘TIME-DEPENDENT EFFECTS 2.10.1 STRESS LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION AND SEATING OF TENDONS During stressing, due to friction forces between the pre- stressing tendon and its sheathing or duct, the prestress- ing force along a tendon drops from its maximum value at the stressing (puling) end to a minimum at the dead (an: ‘chorage) end. Once the jacking force reaches its prescribed value, the tendon is released and locked in position at the jacking end. The locking of the tendon is achieved, in most cases, by the engagement of serrated wedges which are activated as the tondon retracts and draws the wedges into ‘a conical housing. Hence, at stressing there are two com- ponents of immediate stress loss - one dus to friction, and, the other due to seating of the wedges. The final stress diagram of the tendon immediately after seating is as shown in Fig. 2.10.1-1. The friction loss is due to the contact of the tendon with its sheathing or duct (i atthe locations of change of angle in the tendon along its length (referred to as curvature friction loss), and (i) at unintended variations along the tendon profile created during placement (wobble friction loss). 2-31 Considerations inthe Design of Post-Tensioned Floor Systems ‘EH00N RRR (a) - BEAM ELEVATION FRICTION L088 STRESS W STRAND (b) - DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS DUE TO PULL FROM LEFT PRIOR TO SEATING OF TENDON z/OS OF STRESS DUE TO SEATING MAK STRESS oF t a “ESTRESS AT ‘ea TRE | (o) - DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS IN STRAND DUE | TO PULL FROM LEFT INMEDIATELY AFTER ‘SEATING OF TENDON FRICTION LOSS DIAGRAMS FIGURE 2.10.1-1 Details of stress loss computations are given inthe PTI Manual [1990], and the ADAPT-FELT Manual [1999 Generally the longer the length of a tendon, the greater the loss in stress atthe far (dead) end. in typical building con: struction, the stress loss due to friction is considered sig nificant if the tendon length exceeds 35 m (115 ft). In such ‘caso, where practical, the tendon is pulled at the second €end after the first pull is completed, in order to increase the stress atthat end. The stress distribution fora tendon pulled at both ends is illustrated in Fig. 2.10.1-2. For unbonded single strand tendons, itis not necessary to stress the ten- {don at both ends simultaneously. The stressing atthe sec- ‘ond ond can take place ater the stressing ofthe first end is completed. From a design standpoint, tis not mandatory to stress ten- dons longer than 35 m at both ends, provided the tendon stress at the far end is computed, and demonstrated to be adequate for design requirements, Two end stressing is driven primarily by economical considerations of tendon use. 2.10.2LONG-TERM STRESS LOSSES Additional loss in stress, occurring after a tendon is an- chored, is termed fong-term stress loss. In building con: struction the long-term stress losses are due to: elastic shot ening of the stressed member, creep, shrinkage, and stress. relaxation in prestressing strands. These effects are ex pounded in [Aalami, 1997; ADAPT-FELT Manual 1999] Contribution of each of these components for atypical oor slab constructed with unbonded tendons in Califomia is Post-Tensioning instituteDesign Fundamentals of Pst-Tensloned Concrete Floors given in Table 2.10.2-1. Since floor slab tendons are stressed and seated one alter the other, the stressing of ‘subsequent tendons result in increased shortening of the slab, and thereby a reduction in the force of previously stressed tendons. Tendons stressed earlier lose more stress than the ones stressed later due to this phenomenon. The average loss in stress among tendons of a tloor system is referred to as the stress loss due to elastic shortening 2.10.3 OTHER TIME-DEPENDENT EFFECTS ‘As concrete ages, its modulus of elasticity increases. Con- sequently, the application of the same loading at a later date results in a smaller displacement. In building construc- tion this phenomenon is not normally accounted for in the ‘design, In bridge construction, however, aging of concrete STRESS wa aE {di - STRESS IN STRAND DUE TO PULL FROM RIGHT PRIOR TO SEATING OF TENDON AVERAGE ITAL STRESS AK STRESS) gears oe £1088 | edit. if L_} srs a) | (e) ~ STRESS IN STRAND IMMEDIATELY AFTER ‘SEATING OF TENDON AT THE RIGHT END FricTON ano sexTNG Loss FRICTION LOSS 5 LONG-TENE LOss poe? | pee as a wx ft venue sess Et] taker SEY prastaess 3) STRESS (fh - DISTRIBUTION OF FINAL STRESS IN STRAND AFTER MEDIATE AND LONG-TERM LOSSES FRICTION & LONG TERM STRESS LOSS DIAGRAMS FIGURE 2.10.1-2 is an important consideration, particulary for segmentally constructed bridges. [Aalami, 1997) 2.11 ALLOWABLE EXTREME FIBER STRESSES 2.1.1 OVERVIEW Post tensioned members used in building construction are ‘considered serviceable provided, among other require- ments, the maximum crack width is below an acceptable limit. Different building codes have adopted diferent proce- dures to control the width of anticipated cracks. ACI-318 uses a “hypothetical” tensile stress for crack control. The hypothetical tensile stress is the extreme fiber stress ob- tained by applying the entire set of actions across a design strip (the integral) to the gross cross-section of the design strip. In other words, one representative fiber stress is com> uted across each design stip. Fig. 2.11.1-1ilustrates the actual distribution of extreme fiber stress across a design strip and the hypothetical, uniformly “smeared” substitution. Due to formation of cracking, the elastically calculated stress distribution shown in part (6) ofthe figure may not material= ize. The hypothetically calculated stress may also exceed the cracking limit of concrete in certain cases. 2.11.2 ALLOWABLE STRESSES ‘The AC! Code limits the value of the hypothetical tensile stress to ensure that the width of resulting cracks in a mem: bor are within acceptable limits. Since concrete has a lower cracking strength atthe transfer of prestressing the initial stress condition), the permissible stresses at transfer are lower than those allowed for ful strength concrete. For full strength concrete (service condition) two values of permis sible tensile stressos are given in the ACI Code, one for members which are categorized as one-way and the other {for members categorized as two-way. The permissible val- ues of the current ACI Code [ACI-318, 1995] are listed in Table 2.11.2-1. Tho Canadian Code [CSA Std. A28-3, 1994] and the Brit. ish Code [8S8110, 1985} impose no upper limit on the hy- potheticaly computed tensilo stresses. Once the stipulated stress thresholds are exceeded, the approach adopted in TABLE 2.10.2-1 AVERAGE PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION TO STRESS LOSS FOR A SLAB IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Description Percentage % Shrinkage (SH Creep ce | Elastic Shortening (ES) 1 ‘Temperature __ (1 16 Total 100.Te TABUTARY necro OFA sue cou ' H 1 i 1 i 1 i It i t 1 (e) PARTIAL PLAN OF SLAB (b) ELASTIC SOLUTION DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS. nti (cl) SMEARED DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS HYPOTHETICAL STRESSES FOR CODE COMPLIANCE FIGURE 2.11.14 these two codes isto estimate the width of the anticipated cracks and provide proper reinforcement and detailing for crack control, Discussions are currently underway in the ‘ACI Code committees to eliminate the ACI limits on maxi- mum hypothetical tensile stresses, in favor of a more ratio- nal procedure. ‘The French Code [BPEL, 1992] does nat permit develop- ‘ment of hypothetical tensile stresses under sustained load- Ing. Hence, the permissible hypothetical tensile stress un- der dead loading is zero. 2.12 PARTIAL PRESTRESSING Paria prestressing is a term describing a design in which the demand actions are resisted by a combination of pre- stressing and nonprestressed reinforcement. The term also applies to service conditions where the computed hypo- thetical tonsil stresses are allowed to exceed the cracking Considerations inthe Design of Pst-Tensioned Floor Systems limit of concrete. Partial prestressing holds no special sig- nificance with respect to specific codes or the associated analysis and design procedures involved. The terminology simply distinguishes between two prestressing design phi- losophies. In one school of thought, the prestressing is intended to eliminate tensile stresses in a section and pro- ‘vent crack formation. In the other school, tensile strosses _are not eliminated and cracks are allowed to develop under ‘service loading. The current ACI Code and the associated {design practice tend to transcend this distinction and treat all states of prestressing, including the case of nonprestressed concrete, the same. In other words, all con- crete members intended to resist loading are viewed as “structural concrete,” and reinforced using either mild stee!, ‘or prestressing steel or a combination of both. The current ‘codes are moving toward a more unified approach for the {design of prestressed and nonprestressed members (Mast, 1992) 2.13 AVERAGE PRECOMPRESSION AND. RANGE OF BALANCED LOADING “Tho average precompression is the average compressive stress in a cross-section duo to the prestressing. In gen- eral, the level of precompression in a member is highest close to the tendon anchors, but disperses into the slab and reaches a uniform level at the slab interior (see Fig. 2.13+1). Generally the lower range of acceptable average precompression begins at 1 MPa (150 psi) for floor slabs ‘and 1.4 MPa (200 psi) for roof slabs. In most structures, ‘economy of design is maximized at 1.7 to 2 MPa (250 to ‘300 psi) of precompression. For beams designed with an tffectve flange width, a precompression of 1.7 - 2.7 MPa (250 to 400 psi) over the effective beam area is common. ‘The actual precompression is likely to be less, since the precompression cisperses beyond the hypothetical effec tive beam width, ‘Apart trom other considerations discussed herein, the po- tential for crack formation and the desired level of water tightness determine the appropriate level of design precompression in a floor system. An increase in precompression is regarded to improve the water ightness of a slab. In practice, however, while increased average precompression improves the water tightness of concrete Tocaly, it does not quarantoo a watorproof systom. Almost allposttensioned floors, andin particular the leveis closer to the foundation (levels one through four), develop some ‘degree of cracking, The closer aleve isto the foundation, TABLE 2.11.2-1 PERMISSBLE STRESS VALUES Service Condition 045 fy ‘Maximum Compressive | Maximum Tensile Stress Stress MPa (ps)_| MPa (psi) Initial Stress Condition | 9.60 +, ane 6A". (ewo-way system) 12Vf"¢ one-way system) Post-Tensioning InstituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensloned Concrete Floors the greater the likelihood of crack formation. Hence, pre- stressing alone can not be viewed as a sole means of war {erproofing if standard construction technology is followed. If watertightness is critical, it should either be provided through a membrane overlay or by other means, such as & provision fr the temporary release of constraining suppor. While itis possible to detail connections at floor/column, {and floorwall joints so as to minimize the constraint of the supports and crack formation, the current practice is to {forego complex release details, allow a limited amount of ‘racking to develop and repair the cracks as necessary. ‘A high value of precompression results in a greater ten- dency for ereep and, thereby, a greator likelihood of erack- ing. ACI 428 [1996] recommends that for conditions where pprecompression exceeds 3.4 Mpa (500 psi), the designer ‘must review the potential shortening of the floor and the Impact of constraint by the supports. Balanced loading is a concept introduced by T. ¥. Lin {Lin and Burns, 1981] and expounded by [Aalami, 1990] as an ‘expedient procedure for analyzing post-tensioned mem- bers. For illustration ofthe concept in its simplest form, ro- for to the post-tensioned beam in Fig. 2.13-2. In the load balancing approach, the post-tensioning tendon is assumed removed from its duct and replaced by the forces that the tendon exerts on the structure when in place. Part (b) and (6) ofthe igure ilustrato tho removed tendon and the asso- ciated forces. For the purpose of the analysis, the post- teneioning forces on the structure are broken into two pars: those which are perpendicular to the member (W, and con- centrated loads, Fy, at abrupt angle changes in the ten- don), and those which act along the centroid of the beam, Twa 7\ PRESTRESSNG TENDON AT CewTROD WW Wu (@) SECTION RECOM: PRESSION. | | ALL AL Al Atala | tow staess Z ic SLAB WEDSE ENTRY PONT OF PRESTRESSNG (b) PARTIAL PLAN DISPERSION OF PRECOMPRESSION IN A BEAM-SLAB CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2.13-1 met | Paawgoue Soon Pt fa] compona. ans eLEvATiON eo ven (a BAM POST TENSIONED |WTH PARABOL TEADON teow satan Pate? Pt Coxon bee | 7 , seo PoStoalh F Teaco 4 1 THON CORDNG (FREE BODY DAG OF BEAM WITH TENDON FEVOVED (o FREE Booy DIAGRAM OF TEIDON cemODA A [ee (o RXAL CouPREsson LOADNG, UE LOADNG ‘ND BALANCED LORONG PRESENTATION OF BALANCED LOADING | FIGURE 2.13-2 SEPARATION OF TENDON FORCE INTO AXIAL (P) AND TRANSVERSE (W,) COMPONENTS FIGURE 2.13-3 “The grouping of the actions is shown in parts (d) and (e) of the figure. The loading perpendicular to the member's what i referred to as the balanced loading (W,) of this examplo. ‘The force (P) along the beam is the component of axial compression due to post-tensioning. 2-34“The foregoing substitution of tendons permits the example structure to be treated as a simple, nonprestressed beam, ‘acted upon by the balanced loading (Wy). The axial loading ‘duo to (P) wil cause uniform compression, which will be ‘added to the stresses obtained from the balanced loading (Fig. 2.13-3). ‘The balanced loading depends on such factors as the ten- don profile and post-tensioning force. Fig.2.13-4 ilustrates the tendon forces on the structure for two examples of ten- don profiles. For tho distributions illustrated, the sum of upward and downward forces add up to zero. As a guide {or design, itis common to determine the average of all Upward forces over the length of a span, and express this vvalue as a percentage ofthe selfweight of the member. This amount is commonly labeled the “percentage of dead load being balanced.” [ADAPT-PT Manual, 1998}, Conceptually, itis desirable to balance the entire seltweight ‘of a member for minimum deflection and potential for crack formation. However, this approach may not be economical insome cases since satisfactory deflection, control of crack- ing and safety can all be achieved with a lesser level of balanced loading, For common building dimensions and loading, balancing 50 to 80 percent of the setfweight ofthe critical span (gen- erally the longest span) leads to an economical design for ‘slabs. Shorter spans may have to be balanced with a lesser percentage. Beams are generally designed to balance a higher percentage of the dead loading they resist. Typically 70 to 100 porcont of dead loading isa good entry value for beam design. ‘The percentages recommended in the preceding apply to ‘spans where the post-tensioning is not governed by the ‘minimum code stipulated values. In residential construc- tion, tho dosign of short spans (18 ft or less) is generally ‘govemed by minimum code requirements such as minimum ‘precompression and minimum bonded reinforcement. Thus these slabs do not take full advantage of post-tensioning, When a design is performed manually, or the software used does not have the abilty to automatically determine the optimum value for balanced loading, a set of values for balanced loading is generally solected and used as a guide- line. {An important consideration in the application of the load balancing method isthe recognition that the axial force (P) ‘causes a concentrated moment at the location of a shift in the centroidal axis of the member. This consideration is ‘explained inthe reference [Aalami, 1990], and is ilustrated in the schematics of Figs. 2.13-5 and 2.13-6. Note that in both instances the resultant balanced loading includes moments at the locations of shifts in centroidal axes. Considerations in the Design of PostTensioned Fie rnook Nee TEN AEAECTON i coun sau. rr ie (T]jm [Ive (a) REVERSED PARABOLA WITH TWO INFLECTION POINTS hrecron FONT 4 (by REVERSED PARABOLA WITH ONE INFLECTION PONT EXAMPLES FOR PRESENTATION OF BALANCED LOADING FIGURE 2.13-4 BAK toon ‘ao’ — == #- et (b) BALANCED LOADING Fgh eta cannon = d (c) PLACEMENT OF HAIR PINS: (b) MINIMUM SPACING BETWEEN BUNDLED TENDONS TENDON PLACEMENT AT TENDON SPACING IN SLABS HORIZONTAL CURVES FIGURE 2.1694 FIGURE 2.16.9 7 — wae [Sy] fe ' 4 swears oe UP | ACTUAL TEN0ON PATH Para wu ce SPEOFED TEDOH PATH ee : aes (a) BUNDLING OF TENDONS, BEAM rousmmice <4 ee PARTIAL PLAN (b) TENDONS SUPPORT CHAIRS | HORIZONTAL TOLERANCE OF |___ PLACEMENT OF TENDONS IN BEAMS TENDON PLACEMENT FIGURE 2.16.3-2 FIGURE 2.16.9-4‘nominal diameter be the smallest radius for which a bent strand be considered to develop its full specified tensile strength, Note that this second stipulation is for the in- Tegrity ofthe strand wire as opposed to the fist resric- tion which is for control of stresses in the concrete. F. Spacing Between Tendon Supports. ‘Tendon support bars are used to position and socure tendons in their designated profile. The support bars are generally 12 mm (#4) reinforcing bars. For tendon heights (center of gravity) greater than 30 mm (1.25"), the support bars are secured on chairs at typically 1200 mm (40°) on center’, For tendon heights of 30 mm (1.257 or loss, slab bolsters are used. The spacing of support bars depends upon the designated profile and the type of tendon, but usually does not exceed 1500 mm (48°). The number, location and other particulars of support bars are discussed further in the following section. G, Tolerance in Deviation from Profiles Shown on Struetural Drawings. ‘Tolerances for deviations from the tendon profiles and layouts shown on the placing diagrams are as follows: + Inthe vertical (normal othe plane of the slab) direc- tion, 6 mm (%) from the specified vertical protile for members up to 200 mm (8) thick; 10 mm (38°) for members between 200 mm (8°) and 600 mm (24°; ‘and 12 mm (1/2") for members over 600 mm (24°) thick; + Inthe horizontal direction (plane ofthe slab), undu- lation from the specified tendon paths imited to less than 1 in 12, as shown in Fig. 2.16.34 2.17 DISPOSITION OF NONPRESTRESSED (PASSIVE) REIN- FORCEMENT. Nonprestrossod (also referred to as passive) reinforcomont placed in conjunction with the prestressing tendons falls within one of the following categories: ‘+ Reinforcement necessary to supplement prestressing in order to meet the code stipulated strength capacity, + Reinforcement to meet the code stipulated minimum values for contro of flexural cracking; and + Reinforcement for crack control due to temperature and shrinkage effects. ‘The following discussion is limited to the placement of rein- forcement only. The computation of required amounts fo!- lows the respective code provisions. The disposition of reinforcement required for strongth ca- pacity, and the disposition of the minimum amount required by code follow essentially the same practice. The layout of 2-45 Considerations in the Design of Post-Tensioned Foor Systems reinforcement used for temperature and shrinkage is difer- ent, as outlined below. 2.17.1 REINFORCEMENT FOR STRENGTH AND MINIMUM CODE REQUIREMENTS A. General Features Nonprostrossed reinforcement may be needed for strength demand or temperature and shrinkage effects. In the case of unbonded tendons, a minimum amount of nonprestressed steel is required over the supports {for crack control and ductility For all conditions, adjacent reinforcing bars are recom: mended to be staggered 300 mm (12 inch) as shown in Fig. 2.17.1-1. The same holds true for added tendons (discontinuous), which terminate as a group at one lo- cation (Fig. 2.17.1-2). Other stipulations for top and bottom bars are listed below. B. Top Bars (Minimum Number of Bars: For unbonded tendon construction, a minimum of four top bars must be placed over each supportin a flat sab, regardless ofthe size of the bars used in the design. In ‘most cases this requirement is fulfilled automatically since small diameter bars are selected for design ef- ciency (see E below). The smaller the bar sizo, tho larger the number of bars required to fuffil the rebar requirement. (Position: All top bars required for strength or to fulfill the min- ‘mum code requirement must be placed over the col- lumn supports within a defined band in each direction. The bandis defined to have a width oxtonding 1.5 times the slab thickness (Including drop cap or drop panel) on leach side of the support as shown in Fig. 2.17.13. (li) Congestion of Reinforcement Over Suppor Reinforcement congestion over supports is an impor. tant construction consideration in post-tensioned slabs, ‘especially where long spans occur, The condition can ‘bo aggravatod by tho selection of small diameter bars (12 to 16 mm, #4 or #5 bars) that are favored by most ‘engineers. Small diameter bars maximize the moment arm of thin slabs, and avoid reducing the effective depth ‘of tendons that cross in the perpendicular direction be- low the top reinforcement. Observations made on pre- "ater pastes, buna universal od place a charhoghtbaion theinteracton of ach tendon ound and upon ber ‘Ths practoe biter ensures hat endorse maained inte prope vena cston ‘tng sore. Post-Tensioning InstituteDesign Fundamental of MO-SPAN SEE PLAN = sTAGGER £0. Ty Ve AEBAR AT | suproar Tv, ES | *opop caP aed eum BOTTOM AEBARS WHERE OCCUR EXTEND 14 OF INTERIOR SPAN BARS ANO 19 OF EXTERIOR SPAN BARS TO SUPPORTS) NOTE STAGGER ALL BARS 300mm (2%, FELD ADUST TO LESS STAGGER VEN SPACE NSUFFICENT | PARTIAL PLAN sue, REBAR STRP, aft ne TFS cou FEBAR STAP. (a) SLAB WITH DROP (o VIEW OF A SLAB JONT ILLUSTRATION OF STRIP FOR TOP REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENT OF BARS IN SLAB ‘SLAB “THROUGH TENDON baie baited | ee wwe ws =| 7 i 7 I ra NED END ANCHORAGE’ STAGGERED AND PLACED HORIZONTAL W SLAB (a) PLAN 00m (2 MN. (/ HORZONTAL ons cEKTROD (b) SECTION PLACEMENT OF TERMINATED TENDONS aoe] 7 a CUNT SUPPORT UNE 4 F REQURED, EXTEND TO SUPPORTS EVERY THRD GAR AT EXTERIOR SPANS AND EVERY FOURTH BA AT INTEROR SPANS = DEVELOPMENT LENGTH NOTE STAGGER ALL BARS SOQor (27, FELD ADILST TO LESS STAGGER WHEN SPACE NSUFFICENT LENGTH OF NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT FIGURE 2.17.1-4 FIGURE 2.17.1-2vious construction projects suggest that the total area of reinforcement over atypical column (500 mm, 20 in) in each direction should not exceed 4200 mm (6.75 in. square), in order to achieve effective consolidation of ‘concrete and avoid the necessity of special procedures. in placement. This amount translates into 21 ~ 16 mm et we ee) 000mm (8-09 oe {| I Gy = —=— | eee (e) ELEVATION een 2o00m 60% count ‘SLAB EDGE! ann OP & BOTTOM A SHONN TB NO a ‘(bt PLAN |___TRIM BARS AT RE-ENTRANT CORNERS ORS ea eae FIGURE 2.19-1 “a Vw 180 mm (7°). Concrete strength inal cases is 27.5 MPa On roo (4000 psi) and the govoming lve loading is 2.4 KNim* (50 psf) 2.20.2 TWO-WAY SYSTEM. ‘The two way system is shown in Fig. 2.20.2-1. [tis a typical flat stab parking structure with 200 mm (8 in.) slab thick- ress. Interior spans are 8.5 m (28 ft) inthe long direction ‘and 8.2 m (271) inthe short direction, End spans are 5 m (16-69. Th material quantities for this layout are prosentod in Table 2.20.2-1 (PTI, 1992} 2203 DETAILING AND TRIM BARS ‘The quantities reported in Tables 2.20.1-1 and 2.20.2-1 in- clude amounts needed for detaling and trim bars. These specific quantities are outined in Table 2.20.9-1, 17 @USPAN CS & (c) SECTION THROUGH SLAB TYPICAL BEAM AND SLAB PARKING STRUCTURE FRAMING FIGURE 2.20.1-1 + 0 (830) wee (6001-166 —2ror@emn we 4 eeo0 am (a) ELEVATION: TRANSVERSE DRECTION TRANSVERSE FRAME () ELEVATION: LONGITUDINAL SECTION TYPICAL FLAT SLAB PARKING STRUCTURE FRAMING FIGURE 2.20.2-1Considerations in the Design of Post-Tensioned Floor Systems TABLE 2.20.3-1: NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT FOR DETAILING ain 7 Description bu One-way | Two-way | Oneway | Twoway 1 | Reinforcing behind anchorage devices 019 | 039 | 008 0.08 |__| (oackcup bars, hairpins) 2 | Shrinkage and crack contol rebardueto | 145 | 448 | 0.90 0.30 restraining elements) - [ea 3 | Trim steel (openings, penetrations, 4s [019 | 010 0.04 discontinuities) _ ie - - —_ “4_| Support steel fr tendons* oa7 47 | 020 | 035 5 _| Column capitals = 0.68 014 6 _ | Completing beam rebar cage 145 _| 030 Total 455 | 441 | 094 oat ‘Notes: Not included are reinforcement which may be necessary to resist wind/seiemic loading (drag and chord bars), closure strips, and construction joints + 12mm bars at 1.20m (#4 x 42") spacing, continuous with lap for distributed strands; for banded tendons 12mm bars at 1m spacing (#4 x 6-3" @ 3-0" o.<.). “+ 2x 26mm (2#8) continuous bars, top and bottom of beam cage, plus one 16mm bar (#5) at mid- height of stem, where no rebar reported by analysis. TABLE 2.20.2-1 TYPICAL QUANTITIES FOR TWO WAY SLAB SYSTEMS 3 Anetkan oe | eee leraaey rea para mien | ieacy [pare Stressyf'¢ |_kg/m* kgm? | Stressvf’c | _ bit? bit? oO oe 3.20 0 1.09 | 0.66 pi arg | ly || | om |) es 200mm |_(tin) | 0498 aoe | 6 | te | ose ein) 0 poe pom pon comm | oses ee ism) | owe | sso | 20s | 5 | iis | op Note: The quantities include TABLE 2.20.1-1 TYPICAL ‘the miscellaneous reinforcement reported in Table 2.20.8-1 QUANTITIES FOR ONE WAY SLAB SYSTEMS St American stab | Top [Tension | Concrete | Rebar] PL | Tension | Concrete | Rebar | PT, Span | Thickness | Cover | yf'e | comm? | kgm? | heim? | yee | cuyan? | mom* | wine fm? tin’ i7mm | 25mm | 9 | 01779 | 76 | 383 | 0 | ooe | 137 | O79 ooo | o17m | 775 | 266 | 6 | aoaie | 160 | oss ssm|_6in) | im) | goose | orm | 775 | 266 | 12 | oorie | 160 | oss (8%! Yom | semm | © | 0193 | 794 [402 | 0 | 00m | to | oss ssiny | (ising | 20082 | aise | 794 | 291) 6 | 0038 | 164 | 06 | BIE ooo | oios | go | 276 | 12 | oonse | 167 | 057 16smm | 25mm | 0 | 0209 | 823 | 4s0 | 0 | oorss | 17 | 090 Gesiny | ing, | 2002 | eam | 823 249 | 6 | 00x55 | 17 | om ram | 63) | 1 | goose | 02009 | 23 | 205 | 12 | ooxss | 17 | 063 4% | Vemm | dem | © | 02206 852] SOF] 0 | O02 | 1.76 | 108 | ooo | 02206 | 32 | 358 | 6 | oonss | 176 | 074 coin) | Sim) | gooss | 02206 | asz | sis | 12 | oor | 176 | 06s 2-51 Post Tensoning InsituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors SELECTED NOTATION ductity; rotation, strength reduction factor, tendon eccentricity from section centrokd; concrete cylinder strength; tendon effective stress; hyperstatic moment; ‘moment due to horizontal and vertical post-tensioning forces: ‘nominal strength of section; moment dus to dead loading: ‘moment due to live loading; moment about the x-axis; ‘moment about the y-axis; twisting moment in a plate member; axial force due to post-tensioning; hyperstatic shear force; and {factored applied load, REFERENCES ‘Aalami, 8.0. and Barth, FG. (1988) Restraint Cracks and Their Mitigation in Unbonded Post-Tensioned Building Struc- tures, The Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ. Aalami, B.O. (1989). *Design of Post-Tensioned Floor Slabs." Concrete Intemational, ACI. June, 1989. Vol 11, No. 6, pp 59-67. Aalami, B.O. (1990). “Load Balancing - A Comprehensive Solution to Post-Tensioning.” ACI Structural Journal, V. 87, No. 6, November/December, 1990. pp 662-670. Aalami, 8.0. (1993). “One-way and Two-way Post Tensioned Floor Systems.” PTI Technical Note #3, Octo- ber, 1998. Post-Tensioning Institute, Pheonix, AZ. Aalami, B.O. (1994). *Unbonded and Bonded Post- ‘Tensioning Systems in Building Construction - A Design land Performance Review". PTI Technical Note #5, Sep- tomber, 1994. Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ. ‘Aalami, 8.0. (1997). “Design Fundamentals of Segmon- tally Constructed Bridges.” Proceedings, Structural Design Conference '97, Fiorida Department of Transportation, Or- Jando, FL, July'21-23, Florida Department of Transporta- tion, Orlando, FL. 1997. ‘Aalami, 8.0. (19982). “Time-Dependent Analysis of Post- TTensioned Concrete Structures.” Prograss in Structural En- gineering and Materials, Vol. 1, No. 4, July, 1998. pp 384- 391 ‘Aalami, B.O. (1998b) “Hyperstatic (Secondary) Actions in Prestressing and Their Computation.” PT| Technical Noto #7, December, 1998, Post-Tensioning institute, Phoenix, AZ, ‘Aalami, B.0. (1999) “Disposition of Prestressing Tendons and Nonprestressed Roinforcementin Post-Tensioned Floor Systems." PTI Technical Note #8, February, 1999. Post Tensioning Institute, Phoonix, AZ. AASHTO (1994). LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. ‘American Association of State Highway and Transporta tion Oficials, Washington, D.C. ‘ACI318 (1996). Building Code Requirements for Structural Conerete. American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Ml ACI 362 (1997). "Guide for the Design of Durable Parking Structures.” ACI-362.1f-97. American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mi. ACI 421 (1992). “Shear Reinforcoment for Slabs.” ACI 421.1R-92, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Ml ‘ACI 423 (1996). "Recommendations for Concrete Members Prestressed with Unbonded Tendons.” ACI 423.9R-96. ‘American Conerete Institute, Detroit, Ml ADAPT Corp. (1997). ADAPT-ABI Software Manual. ADAPT Corporation, 1733 Woodside Road #220, Redwood City CA 94081 USA, ADAPT Corp, (1998). ADAPT-PT Post-Tensioning Software System Manual. ADAPT Corporation, 1733 Woodside load 4220, Redwood City, CA 94061 USA. ADAPT Corp. (1999). ADAPT-FELT Software Manual ADAPT Corporation, 1783 Woodside Road #220, Redwood City, CA 94081 USA. ASTM Designation: £119 (1983). "Standard Methods of Fire ‘Tests of Building Construction and Materials,” Vol. 04.07, ‘ASTM Book of Standards, American Society of Testing and Materials BPEL91 (1992) “Regles Techniques de Conception et de Calcul des Ouverages et constructions en Beton Preconstraint suivant la Method des Etats Limits" citculsire ‘du Ministre de fEquipement du Logement des Transports ‘ot de Espace, pp150, 1902 BS 8110, (1985). Structural Use of Conerote. British Stan- dards institute, London, England, (CEB-FIP (1990). CEB-FIP Model Code for Concrete Struc: tures. Comite Eura- Intemational de Beton, Thomas Telford, England,CEB (1992). Comite EURO-Intemational du Beton. EPF, Lausanne, Switzerland, EN 1992-1-1: 1991. CSA Standard A23.3-94 (1994). Design of Concrote Struc- tures. Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, Canada, Gustaferro, AH. and Selvaggio, $.L, (1967). “Fire Endur- ance of Simply Supported Prestressed Concrete Slabs.” ‘Joumal of the Prestressed Concrete Instituto, V.12, No. 1 February, 1967. pp 87-52. Also, PCA Research Depart- ‘ment Bulletin 212, Lin, TY. and Burns, N.H. (1981) Design of Prestressed Con- crete Structures, Third Ed, J. Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Mast, RLF. "Unified Design Provisions for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Flexural and Compression Members.” ACI Structural Journal, V. 89, No. 2, March/April, 1992. pp18s-199. PTI (1990). Post-Tonsioning Manual, 5th Edition. The Post- TTensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ. PTI (1992). Cast-in-Place Concrete Parking Structures. PTI Brochure, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ. PTI (1994). Field Procedures Manual for Unbonded Single ‘Strand Tendons, 2nd Ealtion. The Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ. Salvagio, SL. and Carlson, ©.©, (1962). "Etfects of Restraint on Fire Resistance of Prestressed Concrete." Fire Test Methods, ASTM STP No, 344. American Society of Test- ing and Materials Walker, H.C. (1998) "Parking Structure Durability,” Ameri- can Conerete Institute, Concrete international, July 1998, P5354, Considerations in the Design of Post-Tensioned Floor Systems Post-Tensioning InsituteDesign Fundamentals of ost-Tensioned Concrete Floors BANDED - DISTRIBUTED LAYOUT OF TENDONSMM 32 SELECTED NOTATION smn REFERENCES CHAPTER 3 DESIGN PROCEDURE USING THE EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD CONCEPT sn PROCEDURE. — a 32.1 DEFINE OUTLINE OF FLOOR SLAB 32.2 DEFINE SUPPORTS... we 323 DEFINE LINES OF SUPPORT. 324 DEFINE TRIBUTARIES 325 CONSTRUCT THE GEOMETRY OF DESIGN STRIPS... 32.6 DEFINE LOADING. 327 DESIGN FOR PRESTRESSING 32.8 DESIGNFOR STRENGTH (SAFETY) 329 CHECK FOR MINIMUM NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT. 32.10 GOVERNING NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT ... 32.11 DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR. 32.12 ONE WAY SHEAR. 32.13 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS.VIEW OF A FLOOR SYSTEM WITH FLAT SOFFIT3.1 CONCEPT ‘This chapter discusses the Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) design procedure. The underlying concepts of the EFM procedure are outlined in Section 1.3. In summary, the floor Is subdivided into intersecting lines of suppor, each with its own tributary. A line of support and its associated tributary are treated as an isolated plane framo. The influence of the biaxial plate action, that is normally lost in a two-dimen- sional frame modeling, is accounted for in the EFM through {an adjustment in relative column and slab stifness. The method provides an approximate, but safe solution. The {degree of approximation depends on the extentafloor sys- tem doviates from the uniformity of an orthogonal, equidis- tant support layout and constant slab thickness. This point is further discussed by way of the example in Chapter 5. 3.2 PROCEDURE Consider atypical floor from a multistory building with col- tumns and walls below and above as shown in Fig. 3.2.1-1 “Tho structural modeling of ths floor is used to illustrate the EFM procedure, wa SLAB WALL sus. EDGE PLAN OF FLOOR SLAB Design Procedure Using The Equivalent Frame Method 3.2.1 DEFINE OUTLINE OF FLOOR SLAB In the first stop the engineer clearly defines the boundary ofthe slab and any openings, steps or other discontinui 32.2 DEFINE SUPPORTS ‘Next, the engineer identifies the position and dimensions ofall the floor supports, such as walls and columns. Beams are considered part of the floor system and are modeled ‘and designed in conjunction with the floor slab. They are rot assumed to be part of the support system of the floor. Forth example selected, the supports are identified in Fig. 821-4 32.3 DEFINE LINES OF SUPPORT The engineer then determines a series of support lines in ‘each of the two principal directions. Typically, these are lines joining adjacent supports along which an experienced en- ineeris likely to intuitively place reinforcement. Fig. .2.3- 1 shows the lines of suppor selected inthe X-irection and labeled A through G (F isnot designated a in of suppor. Similar five fines of support are identified inthe Y-direc- tin and labeled 1 through 5 in Fig. 323-2, DESIGNATION OF LINES OF SUPPORT IN X-DIRECTION FIGURE 3.2.1-1 FIGURE 3.2.3-1 Post-Tensioning Institute‘Design Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors DESIGNATION OF LINES OF SUPPORT SELECTION OF DEMARCATION IN Y-DIRECTION POINTS FOR TRIBUTARIES (DESIGN STRIPS) FIGURE 3.2.3.2 FIGURE 3.2.41 Ina highly irregular floor system where columns are signifi- cantly offset from one another, designation of the support lines may be less apparent. However, the criteria for seloc- tion aro stil the same as in a regular slab. The suppor lines are selected as the lines along which an experienced structural engineer is likely to place the primary reinforce- ‘ment for resisting the gravity load. 3.2.4 DEFINE TRIBUTARIES For frames in the X-direction, the halfway points along the support lines in the Y-direction are used as demarcation points for designating tributaries to the corresponding lines of support in the X-direction. For example, in Fig. 3.2.4-1 point 8is the midpoint between the supports marked 3 and 6. ‘The midpoint demarcations are joined to identity the bound aries of the tributary associated with each suppor ling, A support line together with its tributary is referred to as a design strip. The tributaries obtained for the design strips in the X-direction are hatched in Fig. 3.2.4-2. Similarly, de- sign strips and thoir associated tributaries for the Y-dlrec- tion are identified in Fig. 3.2.43. 7 Ly TRIBUTARIES FOR DESIGN STRIPS IN X-DIRECTION ~ FIGURE 3.2.4-2 - =TRIBUTARIES FOR DESIGN STRIPS | IN Y-DIRECTION FIGURE 3.2.4-3 32.8 CONSTRUCT THE GEOMETRY OF DESIGN STRIPS Each design strip is extracted from the floor and recon- structed in isolation, including appropriate support bound- ary conditions and the loading on the strip tributary, to cre- ate an approximated frame model for analysis. Each strip is then treated as an independent structural system, iso- lated from adjacent design strips. Additional approxima- tions may become necessary for nonstandard conditions. ‘Some specific standard and non standard conditions are described below: A. Typical Interior Design Strip Consider design strip B shown as a separate entity in plan (Fig. 3.2.5-1(a)) and in elevation (Fig. 3.2.5-2). For plane frame analysis, the strip is straightoned along its line of support as ilustrated in Fig. 3.2.5-1(b). Note that in the straightoned model, the span longths corresponds to the slant distance between adjacent supports (see ‘span 3-4) Also note tha the trbutary shown in Fig. 3.2.5- ‘{a) varies in width over a single span. These varying tributary lines are idealized to create a uniform trbutary width in each span in order to simplify the analysis (Fig. 32.5-1(c)). Generally, the idealized tributary is chosen to cover a floor area thats slightly larger than the actual tributary. Where the change in tributary width in a span is more than about 20%, the tributary may warrant be- ing modeled as a series of stops to economize on rein- {forcement demand. Design Procedure Using The Equivalent Frame Method B. Design Strip with Interior Walls ‘Two-way floors are generally supported on columns at interior locations. There are conditions, however, where support is provided by walls (see line ¢ of Fig 32.5-3). Interior shear walls and elevator shafts are typical ex- amples. Fig. 32.5-3(a) shows a portion of a floor plan in which the design strip at line 1 is supported, in part, by an interior U-shaped wall. Two options are available for the structural modeling of such a condition. The tributary of design strip 1 is highlighted with hatch lines in Fig. 3.2.5-3(b). The floor is assumed to be post- tensioned and the tendons are assumed banded along agridine 1 (see part (ofthe figure). Note however that the two methods described herein would apply equally to a distributed tendon layout. For analysis purposes, the design strip may bo approximated in one of two ways: (@)_astwoindependontly analyzed segments, as shown In par (4) of the figure - Model 1; or {il)_as one continuous segment as shown in part (e) of the figure - Mode! 2 In model 1, the frame is divided in two at the wall ends and the resulting segments are assumed clamped (rotationally fixed) at the locations where the slab con- nnects to the wall. Since the tendons will be continuous. over the wall, the two segments should be designed with similar tendon forces. Therefore itis suggostod to: (design the more critical segment of the frame first, and determine tho governing post-tensioning force inthat segment. Then, (i) analyze the second segment ofthe trame using the post tensioning force obtained from the first sog- mont. Model 2 (part e ofthe figure) is a more convenient struc tural model because the frame can be analyzed in one step. In this model, the wall is represented by a very short span (CD) equal to about 2% of a longer adjacent clear span. The modeling assumes knife edge supports, representing each end of the wall. For dimensions com- ‘mon in most building structures, this assumption leads to moments at the ends of the wall essentially equal to the condition of ful fit. In most cases, a span of 100mm. t0.200mm (4 to 8 in) yields acceptable results for walls whose length is 25% or more of the adjacent spans. Moments atthe face ofthe wall, not those atthe support centerlines should be used for design, ‘The typical profile of tondons over a wall is shown in art (g) ofthe fgute. Note that the tendons inthe figure are kopt straight and at the high point over the entire length ofthe wall support. Sometimes tho banded ten- dons that are over a wall are lowered, typically 12 mm (172, in the midal ofthe wall to allow distibuted ten- dons to be placed at their high point without confit. 3-5 Post-Tensioning InsituteDesign Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors €. Design Strips with Openings AAdesign strip with an opening is modeled with a tribu- tary following the boundary ofthe opening. Fig 1.1.1-4 ilustrates a design strpin which part of the second span is cut out to account for an opening. . Defining Boundary Conditions For tho gravity design of a typical system, the floor is usually assumed to be rigidly connected to the associ- ated columns and walls (see Fig. 22.5.2). The supports are assumed to extend one level below and above the floor and to be rotationally fied at ther far ends. Other boundary conditions may also apply for special situa (a) DESIGN STRP IN PROTOTYPE 9pm mp ns 8 @f4—4+—-+—+ [ (t) STRAGGHTENED DESIGN STAP ioeaLeeD » fF——+—+—4 ora (o) IDEALIZED TRIBUTARY FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OF DESIGN STRIP IN PLAN FIGURE 3.2.5-1 DESIGN STRIP IN ELEVATION FIGURE 3.2.5-2 | fo Co (PARTIAL PLAN OF SLAB SHONING (al PARTIAL PLAN OF SLAB FRAME TO BE ANALYZED e 9» rT CG wones 1 » ©0@ ® rr" wo Mone. 2 4 ® 'p Seco oF suas THROU! WaL| ir “TENDON LAYOUT _TREATMENT OF TENDONS OVER WALLS FIGURE 3.2.5-3 tions. Assumotions for other frequent boundary condi tions are described in Section 2.4.5. 3.2.6 DEFINE LOADING A. Uniform Loading: Uniform loads typically consist of seltweight, superim- posed dead loads, such as topping, and live loads. A Lniform loading is assumed to act over the entire tribu- tary area of the design strip. Building codes typically allow a reduction in the intensity of lve loading based on the sizo of the area itcovers. When reducing the live loading, the idealized panel dimensions are utlized in the calculation, instead of the actual dimensions (see Fig. 3.2.6-1), in order to maintain consistoncy of assump- tions and ensure conservatism of design. - Concentrated Loading: Since the EFM reduces each design strip to a two-di- mensional plane frame, the method can only capture the overall impact of a concentrated load on the mo- ments and shears in the design strip. Other measures must be taken to investigate the local response of a sys- tom in resisting a concentrated load. When modeling concentrated foads in the EFM, three items must be Considered: (i) the overall madeting ofthe concentrated loading, i) the distrbution ofthe load within its immedi- ate vicinity, and (i) punching shear. These items are discussed below.C. Treatment of Loading from Closely Spaced Walls: (0) Fig.3.2.6-2 shows a partial view ofa floor plan acted upon by a concentrated loading of dimensions a and b. For design, the load patch (a, b) is assumed to be distributed over an aroa equal to the load di ‘mensions plus four times the slab thickness on each side (Fig. 32.6-2(b)). In the b direction, the width would be b'=b48h. and in the a direction, a’=a+dh, In the simplest approach to concentrated loading, the enti load Is smeared over the entire tributary ‘width on which itrests. The conceptis illustrated in - 3.2.6-2(c). For dosign strip 2 the patch load is “smeared” over the entie tributary width, as shown by the crosshatched area of width b Likewise, for design stip E, the entire loading is smeared over the crosshatched area of width a’. This approach is consistent with the concept of the load on each tributary being carried by its associated design strip, ‘Also, since this approach is consistent with the orig nal concept of treating each design strip in isola tion, it lends itself to simplo automated procedures (computer sotware).. Part (b) of Fig. 9.2.6-3 shows the applied load be- ing resisted by framo lines 1-2and 23, as described above, with each frame designed to take 100% of the loading. A more detailed, less frequently used, approach is shown in parts (c) and (d) ofthe figure. In part (e), the loadis procated between frame lines 1-2.and 3-4. This is followed by prorating the entira loading once more among the frames t-walland 2- 4. In the refined approach, four design strips are affected by the concentrated loading, as opposed to two design strips in the consistent approach de- sorbed above. In this example the load was cis- tributed along the X and Y axes. In general, other directions may prove more rational @ Depending on the intensity of the loading and its position with respecto the supports, it may become necessary to place additional reinforcement directly below the load to resist local intensification of the moment and mitigate cracking. Alternatively, the ‘engineer may have to direct one or more tendons undemeath the load. This localized response can- not be obtained from an EFM analysis, since the EFM gives the overall behavior ofthe entire design stip. Like the local moment intensification described above, the punching shear safety of a floor sub- jected to a concentrated loading must be checked independently. The punching shear check is per- formed aftor completing the design for flexure, In many hotel, office and residential buildings, the su- perstructure rests on a transfer slab which covers one ‘oF more levels of below-grade parking. Typically the superstructure walls are spaced more closely than the parking level supports. Thus the support layout of the Design Procedure Using The Equivalent Frame Method 6 IDEALIZED @ S— —— 4 WN i TRBUTARY APEA ASSUMED TRIBUTARY AREA FOR REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADING MODELING OF CONCENTRATED LOADING FIGURE 3.2.6-1 (@ Woo. (b) ASSUMED LOAD SPREADING (@) ACTUAL LOADING o @ (co) REPRESENTATION OF PATCH LOADS IN DESIGN STRIPS FIGURE 3.2.6-2 parking lovels doos not match that of the superstruc- ture, In addition, the transfer slab, also referred to as a Podium slab, often extends beyond the footprint of the ‘superstructure. ‘A faithful modeting of the line loading, on the podium slab due to the superstructure walls, isa laborious task when using the EFM procedure. Therefore, for design of the floor slab, the loading from closely spaced walls, is assumed smeared uniformly over the area coverod by the superstructure. The substitution of uniform load- ing is performed on the basis of equal moments. ost-Tensioning InstituteFundementals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors —— _ : wa) Co Gia | PATTERN Lonows AsmaNenent 4 + a LowD 7 pan 4 ma | i AA -speom i, Sine 4 3 4 LS all 2 (a) POSITION OF LOAD —(b) CONSISTENT. AND SUPPORTS: ‘MODELING 4 ‘ ‘ i | my | 5 (c) DISTRIBUTION FOR ‘(d) DISTRIBUTION FOR | = — ‘Y-DIRECTION STRIPS. XCDIRECTION STRIPS e a cece cece eee ee MODELING ALTERNATIVES FOR O CONCENTRATED LOADING PATTERNS OF LIVE LOADING FIGURE 3.263 FIGURE 326-5 ‘To understand the concept of equivalent moments, ro- fer to the inset sketch at the top of Fig. 3.2.6-4, Gon- sider a simply supported beam of span L, subjected to ‘number of equally spaced, concentrated forces, each ‘of magnitude P. The magnitude of the uniformly smeared load on the beam is P/a. For equal moments, the uni- {ormly distributed loading must be multiplied by the mag- nification factor identified by the thick line in the figure, ‘which is an envelope to the theoretical solutions for ‘equal moments, + Dasgn equivalent lad 18) weKPh | For example, ta span of «podium foor bo 2m and trewal spacing above men altea2~0.99 The associated magaieaion factor rom to gurls road oft ag 1.1. Tass the tector by whch tie unfomiy tr Smearedlosdng ofthe wales mulipiodvnon design. ie ing tho floor slab, The magniication doesnot apply fo the design of columns and athe supporing elements . | ofthe si, The method of equal moments ts approx eee tmate. Ie based on modeing the floor asa sors of SPACNG OF CONCNTENTE LOHENG at by towing for corny oft fou ve suppers A. Pattern Loading LOAD MAGNIFICATION FACTOR Pattern or skip loading is used to maximize the effects i of live loading in multi-span structures. For a singlo ‘design strip, the six load patterns shown in Fig. 3.2.6-5 Cacti sheme! are used to ensure the determination of maximum loads at the supports and inthe fold Vates Used For Design MAGNIFIACATION FACTOR K