10. Nouns - Articles 10; Nouns - Articles Does this bus stop at the River Thames? Well fit doeon’t there'l be a big 3plashl betel Mad sae m Ona YA. Z "i four kinds of nouns : abstract (ove, beauty etc), common (chair, table etc), collective (class, audience, family, government, staf, team etc), proper (Ann, Ted, Spain etc) Gender en, boys, animals when we know their sex (he) Feminine = women, gir's, ships, animals when we know theit sex (she) Neuter = things, babies/animals when we don't know their sex (jt) Most personal nouns have the same form whether male or female (doctor, teacher etc). Some nouns. have different forms, though. Some of these are: actor - actress ‘emperor - empress. king - queen prince « princess ‘barman - barmaid father - mother landlord - landlady ‘son - daughter boy - girl gentleman - lady lord «lady steward - stewardess (bride)groom - bride grandiather - grandmother monk - nun uncle - aunt brother - sister hero - heroine nephew - niece waiter - waitress duke - duchess husband - wife policeman policewoman widower - widow @ Put (M) for male, (F) for female or (M/F) for both in the spaces. 1. doctor MIF 7.pilot 13. child 19. landlord 2.nurse 8. waiter 14. tora 20. stewardess 3.teacher s.wite 15. queen 21. grandtather 4. typist 10. driver 16. lacy 22. policeman 5. student 11. barman 17, scientist 23, engineer 6.bride 12. king 18. prince 24, musician @ Wie the masculine or feminine of the following if there isa difference. 1. husband wife. 6.nephew 11. doctor 2. politician 7. policeman 42. monk 3. brother 8 lawyer 13. duke 4.uncle 9. waiter 14. clerk 5. student 10. actor 15. shop assistantliana aye The Plural of Nouns ‘Nouns are made plural by adding: 8 to the noun. (pen - pens etc) €8 to nouns ending ino (tomato - tomatoes) es to nouns ending in-s,-88,-x,-ch,-sh. _-s to nouns ending in: vowel +0 (radio radios), double o (us - buses, glass - glasses, box - bores, {200 - 2008), abbreviations (ohotograph/photo - photos), torch - torches, bush - bushes etc) ‘musical instruments (piano - pianos) and proper nouns (Eskimo - Eskimos). Some nouns ending in -o can jes to nouns ending in consonant + y. take either -es ors. These are : buffalo, mosquito, (aby - babies, lady - ladies ete) volcano ete. -s to nouns ending In vowel + y. -ves to some nouns ending in tte. eet - leaves) (boy - boys, day - days etc) (but: chiefs, roots, cilfs, handkerchiefs, safes etc) ‘Compound nouns form their plural by adding -s/-es to the second noun if the compound to the first noun if the compound consists of two consists of two nouns. girtriend - gifriends nouns connected with a preposition. sister-inlaw ~ sisters-in-law to the noun if the compound consists of an _at the end of the compound If this is not made up adjective and a noun. frying pan - frying pans of any nouns. breakdown - breakdowns Irregular Plurals ‘man - men, woman - women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, child - children, (goose - geese, sheep - sheep, deer - deer, fish - fish, trout - trout Write the plural of the following noun: city cities &dish 15, knife 2. brother-in-law Stray 16. potato 3.headline 10. root 17, sleeping pill 4. photo 11. sitin 18.calf 5. bank robbery 12. hold-up 19, water-bottle 6.steplather 13, mouse 20. sunshade 7.couch 14. tooth 21. trout ‘Some nouns take only a plural verb. These are objects which consist of two parts: garments (trousers, pyjamas etc), tools (scissors,compasses etc), instruments (binoculars spectacles etc) oF nouns which have 4 plural meaning such as : belongings, cattle, clothes, congratulations, earnings, goods, green: (good) looks, outskirts, people, police, riches, stairs etc. ‘Some nouns take only a singular verb. These are: mass nouns (bread, tea, sugar etc), abstract nouns (adhvice, love, death etc), words ending in-cs athletics, mathematics etc), games/diseases ending in -s (biliards, mumps etc), nouns such as: weather, luggage, furniture, money, news etc, Group nouns refer to a group of people. These nouns can take either a singular or a plural verb depending on whether we see the group as a whole or as individuals. ‘Such group nouns are : army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council, crew, family, ‘government, press, public, staff, eam etc. The team was the best in the country. (the team as a group) The team were all given medals. (each member separately as individuals.)Fe rere en eee ecaccne rca 10. Nouns - Artic! ‘Some nouns have a different meaning in plural Singular The needle of a compass always points north Itis an English custom to celebrate the Queen's birthday. ‘She has alot of experience working with children. Plural You can draw a perfect circle with compasses. When he got off the plane his bag was searched at Customs. We had lots of exciting experiences on our journey through Atca. Would you tke a glass of ik? He can't see very well without his glasses. ‘She has got long, blonde hair. There are two hairs in tis soup! They were shocked atthe scale ofthe disaster. ‘She weighed herself on the scales. This door is made of wood. The boy got lost in the woods. He goes to work every day except Sunday. Picasso's works are realy fascinating Fill in: is or are. 1.Where are... your rousers? 10. My luggage t00 heavy to carry. 2 Could you tell me where the scissors 2 11.Myadvie to you to stay inbed 3. Tonight, there athiaties on TV. 12. Physics my favourite subject. 4 Money ‘easy to spend and dificult to save. 13. Measles ‘a common ilness. 5.Gloves wor in cold weather. 14. The giasses in the cupboard 6 This student's knowledge amazing. 15. My mum's hair really long 7. Love the reason for much happiness in 16. Our bathroom scales quite accurate. the word. 17, Darts ‘ popular game in England. 8. This bread siale. 18. This work too hard for me. 9. Your pyjamas ‘on the bed. 19, People ..... unhappy with the new tax system, ‘Countable - Uncountable Nouns Nouns can be countable (those that can be counted, eg. 1 bag, 2 bags etc) or uncountable (those that ‘can't be counted eg. suger). Uncountable nouns take a singular verb, They are not used with a/ an. ‘Some, any, no, much etc can be used with them. eg. / need some help. (not: eselp) There isn't much sugar let. ‘The most common uncountable nouns are: accommodation, advice, anger, baggage, behaviour, blood, ‘bread, business, chess, coal, countryside, courage, damage, dirt, education, evidence, food, frult, furniture, gold, hair, happiness, help, homework, housework, information, jewellery, knowledge, laughter, luck, luggage, meat, money, music, news, rubbish, seaside, shopping, soap, spaghetti tratfic, trouble, water, weather, work, writing etc. Note that the nouns for types of meat are also uncountable: beet, mutton, venison etc ‘Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by means of partitives. a piece of cake/information/advicerturniture; a glass/bottle of water: a jar of jam: a tin of beans: a pint of milk; a box of chocolates; a packet of biscuitstea: a slice/loaf of bread: a pot of yoghurt; a potcup of tea: a kilo/pound of meat: a bottle of vinegar; a tube of toothpaste; a bar of chocolate/soap: a bit/plece of chalk; an ice cube; a lump of sugar; a sheet of paper; a bag of flour; a pair of trousers; a game of soccer; a(n) itenvpiece of news; a drop/ean of oil; a can of cola; a carton of mik; a block of wood ete. @ Write (C) countable or (U) uncountable. 4. sugar U | Bball 11. house 16. food 2.bird | T.s0ap 12. luggage 17. dog 3.pen 8. bridge 18. boy 18. furniture 4. transport —S.water 14. rit 19. weather 5. housework 10. news 18. chess 20, sausageLc aodein naineeemeniiniabiiaiiainintmneinna ry eying Make the following uncountable nouns plural as in the example: 1. ice two ice cubes. B.advice. © two 18.paper wo 2toast three S.sugar two 16.hockey wo 3.soap two 10. yoghurt two 17. chocolate three ‘tea two 11.wood three 18. spectacies wo S.lam> three 12.news wo 19. toothpaste three 6. ink two 13. jam three 20. information two 7.cola two 14. beet three 21. spaghetti three Alan - The ‘A/An is used only with singular countable nouns to talk about things in general. We don’t use a/an with uncountable or plural nouns. We can use some instead. AV/An is often used after the verbs be and have. A at is a domestic animal. (Which cat? Cats in general,) Bring me some milk, please! ‘We can use a/an or the before a singular countable noun to refer to a class of people, animals or things. However, we omit a/an or the before a noun in the plural when it represents a class. AlThe dolphin is a mammal, Also: Dolphins are mammals. Exception: Man is a mammal too. (not: The-riaA) ‘The is used with singular and plural nouns, countable and uncountable ones, to talk about something ‘specific, or when the noun is mentioned for a second time. Whose is the van parked in front of our house? (Which van? The one parked in front of our house.) He found a cat in the park. He took the cat home. (The word “cat” is mentioned for a second time.) ‘The is also used with the words beach, cinema, country(side), ground, jungle, radio, sea, seaside, theatre, world ete. eg. He likes going to the theatre. We usually say “television” without “the”. We often watch television. but: Turn on the television (sel). We also say : He lives near the sea. but: They are at sea (© they are sailing.) We normally omit “the” before the words last and next when we talk about a period ‘of time immediately before or after the moment of speaking. He graduated last yeer. I meet you next week. | went to work on Monday but the next day I stayed at home. Fill in: a, an or the. 1) ..The.... tiger is 2) large carnivorous animal which belongs to 3) cat family. 4) ‘males are about three feet high and can be as long as twelve feet, including 5) tail. There are about eight Varieties of tiger found around 6) world. 7) tiger is 8) wild animal, which lives in 9) jungle where water and prey are plentiful. 10) tiger will only attack 11) person if itis starving or if itis threatened. 12) tiger is 13) easily recognized animal as it has 14) thick yellow or white coat with distinctive black stripes. @ruina.ancr me vnere noes. Last summer we went to 1) ..the.... seaside for two weeks. Unfortunately, we hadn't booked 2) ‘accommodation before we went, and we had 3) aul time finding 4) room to stay in. 5) ‘only room we could find was very small, but ithhad 6) lovely view of 7) sea ‘and was only two minutes from 8) beach. 9) weather was very hot, and on 10) first day | stayed out so long, | got 11) terrible sunburn and had to stay in bed 12) next day. After that, however, everything went well and we had 13) wonderful holiday.10. Nouns = ‘Theis used before: nouns which are unique. the Earth, the Eifel Tower names of cinemas (the Rex), hotels (the Sheraton), ‘theatres (the Apollo), museums (the Prado), newspapers/magazines (The Guardian, but: Newsweek), ships (the Marie Celeste), institutions (the RSPCA), galleries he Tate Galler. ‘names of rivers (the Seine), seas (the Black Sea), ‘groups of islands/states (the Bahamas, the USA), ‘mountain ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Sahara desert), oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the Suez Cena) and names or nouns with “of” (the Tower of London, the Statue of Liberty). Note: the equator, the North/South Pole, the north of England, the South/West/NorthiEast ‘musical instruments, dances. the piano, the tango names of families (the Browns), nationalities ‘ending in-sh, -ch or -ese the English, the Dutch, the Japanese). Other plural nationalities are used with or without the (the Greeks, the Italians etc). tiles (the Queen, the Prince). “The” is omitted before titles with proper names (Queen Victoria). adjectives used as plural nouns (the poor, the rich, the young, the blind etc) and the superlative degree of adjectives/adverbs (the worst) ‘She's the most beautiful gid in her class. Note: “most” used as a determiner followed by a noun, does not take “the”. ‘Most people believe he's a lar. the words station, shop, cinema, pub, library, city, village ete. She went to the station to see Jim off. ‘morning, afternoon, evening, night. Til be at home in the evening. but: at night, at noon, ‘at midnight, by day/night, at 4 o'clock etc. historical references/events. the Renaissance, the ‘Midale Ages, the First World War (but: World War!) only, last, first (used as adjectives). He was the last person to come. ‘The is omitted before: proper nouns. Jim comes from New York. names of sports, games, activities, days, months, holidays, colours, drinks, meals and languages (not followed by the word “language”). ‘She plays squash well. She likes red. We speak English, but: The English language is spoken all over the word. ‘names of countries (aly, cities (Rome), streets (Oxford Street, but: the High Street), squares (Trafalgar Square), bridges (Tower Bridge but: the Golden Gate Bridge, the Sever Bridge), parks (Hyde Park, stations (Victoria Station), individual mountains (Everest, islands (Cyprus), lakes (Lake Michigan), continents Europe) but: the Argentine, the Netherlands, (the) Sudan, the Hague, the Vatican. possessive adjectives. This isn't your bag. two-word names whose first word is the name of ‘ person or place. Kennedy Airport, Westminster Abbey but: the White House, (because the frst word “White” is not the name of a person or place.) pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and hotels which have the name of their founder and end ins or-'s. Harrods, Lloyds Bank, Emma's pub but: the White Horse (oub) (because “White” is not a name) bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, school, university, when we refer to the purpose for which they exist. Tom was sent to prison. (He isa prisoner.) but: His ‘mother went to the prison to see him last week. (She went to the prison as a visitor) Work (place of work) never takes “the”. She's at work. the words home, father/mother when we talk ‘about our own home/parents. Mother is at home. ‘means of transport: by bus/by car/by train/by plane etc but: in the car, on the bus/train etc. ‘She travelled by plane. but: She let on the 6 o'clock plane yesterday. illnesses. He's got malaria. But we say: flufthe flu, ‘measies/the measles, mumps/the mumpsFill in “the” where necessary. ime of my life home at moment | Dear Sue, nts now. im having 2) ere int) X, New York fr so month noe Wel ve been herein!) 4) fal ands, 3) Bronsone. S ’ ee all 5), American 20h irports where 9) --- most PEPSI ee wy ret Iv 10) famous sia! ave "m looking forward to visiting 16) ame tei) anon Hn ae “re going by 12) bus instead. ome for 27) «= CRASEMAS. ae carvved at 8) of eightseeing since best were 12) 2» Washington 15) White House. Mr Bre RoE ogg to are 8 fave co sin oF nw a er a2) Seater and 26) Love, mm Jessica asreaang 2920) oo) family. Ill be 26) Underline the correct item. 4. All of his belongings was / were in one small suitcase. 2. Soccer is / are a popular game in England, 3. Aerobics do / does you allot of good. 4. Chocolate makes / make you put on weight. 5 Most people enjoy / enjoys Christmas, 6. The money he makes is /are enough to live on. 7. The police is looking / are looking for the murderer. 8. Her good looks always gets / get her what she wants. 9. The young couple is getting / are getting married next year. 10. My advice is / are to stop smoking immediately. 111, Measles, whichis / are a children’s disease, Is / are dangerous for aduts. 42. The audience was / were given fee tickets to the next show. 18. The economics | learnt at school is/are out of date now. 114, Her grandparents’ death ina car accident was / were a great shock. 415, Fish is /are easy to look after as pets 16. Television news gives / give you more information than racio news. 17. The stairs tothe first floor is/are over thee. 418. The information | got was / were very helpful 1) The... Larkins are a very interesting family. 2)... Mr Larkin isa travelwtiter who has been all over 3) world and written books about 4) China and 5) Chinese. He has also published aicles in newspapers such as 6) Times and 7) Observer. 8) bis wite, Syvia, is a journalist who has interviewed people lke 9)... Prince of Wales and 10) ....... President Reagan. At the moment, she is witing an article about 11) homeless. Their son, 12) Jack, isa professional footballer who plays in 13)... USA. He has been playing 14) football since he was a child. Jack met his wie, Sally, at 15) Chicago Airport 16) ‘moming after he had lett 17) home tolive in 18) States. She is a musician who plays 19)... drums in a rock band. In 20) ‘summer the whole family meet at 21) Maxim's in 22) Pati, thon travel by 23) car around 24) Europe for a month, 25) Last year they spent 26) whole month of 2) Luly in Portugal before going back to 28) work ill 'the” where necessa10. Nouns - Articles Fill in “the” where necessary. 1) _X-, Last summer we went to stayin 2)... vilage where my grandmother was bor. !had never been there before, so when we arrived at 3) ...... station | was surprised to see how smal it was. As in 4) ‘many vilages i 8) north of 8) England, a7) houses are bul of 8) same stone. Running tough the vilage is 9)... River Tyne. The vilage has a church which was built in 10) Midcle Ages. Athough 11) population is only about 500 people, ths village has 12) best cricket team in 13) county, and many people play 14) rugby as wel. Aart from 18) sport, though, so litle happens there that many of 16) ....... people stil remember 17)... time 18) Queen visite their village in 19) 1955 @ Fill in: a, an or the where necessary. Lastweek Ihad1) ait. accident in 2)... taly. I was skiing in 3)... Alps. One day | was going too fast down a mountain, when lerashed into 4)... tee. I broke both my legs and cut my arm “There was so much 5)... blood, | had to be rushed 1 6) hospitalin7)...... ambulance. When got there, 2)... doctor told me that | would have to stay there frat least wo weeks. | was very depressed. All| wanted to do was go 8)... home. ‘The teacher divides the class into two teams and says countable or uncountable nouns. The teams in turn ‘add "a/an” or "some". Each correct answer gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. Teacher: bread Teacher: book Team AS1: some bread ‘Team B $1: a book ete, ‘The teacher divides the class into two teams and says nouns. The teams in turn add “the” where necessary. Each correct answer gets 1 point, The team with the most points is the winner. Teacher: Taj Mahal Teacher: Buckingham Palace ‘Team A St: the Taj Mahal Team B 81: Buckingham Palace etc. Tense Review Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense forms. Yesterday evening a fre badly 1) ..damaged....... (damage) the Grand Hotel in Bournemouth. The police 2) (believe) that the fire was started deliberately. They 3) (find) an empty petrol can and a box of matches in one of the hotel lifts. Broken glass 4) (injure) a number of the guests who 5) (enjoy) a New Year's Eve party atthe hotel. Ten people 6) (take) to hospital where they 7) (treat for shock. Police 8) (interview) guests and hotel staf since this morning Ss } ff to discover wnat 9) (happen). One guest ae : 10) (tel) our reporter that he 11) (see) two men enter the lft carrying a petrol can just before the time the fire 12) (think) to have started. He 13) (Give) their descriptions to the police. So far the hotel management 14) (refuse) to comment on the situation.eee Fill in : a, an or the where necessary. 1... The... Grand Canyon is in Avizona. 2.He visited Pyramigs while he was in Egypt. 3 Morpeth is town in north of England. 4, She lives in castle near River Rhine. 5.1 went shopping at ‘Macy's and bought expensive overcoat. 6. They are going for walk near London Zoo in Regent's Park. 7.There is cinema in Bridge Street called Odeon, 8. Anna comes from NNethertands but she lives in USA now. 8 Malta isin Mediterranean. 10. Victoria Coach Station is near Apollo theatre. 11. When we went to Paris we saw Eiffel Tower and Louvre, 12 ‘Smith's book shop is in| High Street opposite Barclays Bank Fill in “make” or “do” in the correct for 1.Atterhhe had done... the washing-up he went ut .t0 do... the shopping 2.Although | my best, I'm atraid | several mistakes, 3.When you your homework, could you please the beds? 4.You have to ‘a decision soon. 5. few days in the country would me good. 6. You will mare progress if you the exercises carefully 7.dohn a fortune on the Stock Exchange. 8. Those children 0 much noise! 8. Soldiers must always their duty 10.She such good work that she always 1a good impression. 11. To see the dentist, you'l have to an appointment. 12. They've decided to some Improvements before moving into the office. 19. After | my Maths homework, | had ‘my mother sure it was allright. 14. She is used to business with foreigners, 18. She some research when she the discovery. 16.To ‘a success of this business, we will have to some changes. 17, Would you an offort to this translation by next week? 18. She her excuses for not attending the meeting, 19. Someone an offer for the house. 20. Eating too many sweets can harm to your health @ Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition. 1. Somebody threw a snowball at... me as | was walking along the road. 2.1'm bored! Can't you think something we can do? 3. Can you transiate this French? 4. | wonder why Pam is so tertfied dogs. me so | can shoot a basket. you 5. Throw the ball 6, The manager would like to talk your work. 7.1 will think the matter and give you iy decision tomorrow. 8, The children teased Sally being fat.