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TTLV THS - Tranngoctu
TTLV THS - Tranngoctu
TRN NGC T
H NI - 2010
1
NI DUNG
Chng 3. Kt qu m phng
Kt lun
2
Chng I. Nghin cu cc l thuyt tng quan v x l nh v mt s phng
php x l nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh.
1.1 Nghin cu cc l thuyt tng quan v x l nh
1.1.1 X l nh, cc vn c bn trong x l nh
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Hnh 1.4. Qu trnh hin th v chnh sa, lu tr nh thng qua DIB.
+ M hnh Vector:
Trong m hnh vector ngi ta s dng hng gia cc vector ca im nh
ln cn m ho v ti to hnh nh ban u nh vector c thu nhn trc tip t
cc thit b s ho nh Digital hoc c chuyn i t nh Raster thng qua cc
chng trnh s ho
4
+ Phng php ni suy tuyn tnh
* Mt s k thut ci thin nh nh phn
- Dn nh
- Co nh
1.2.2 Khi phc nh
L phc hi li nh gc so vi nh ghi c b bin dng. Ni cch khc,
khi phc nh l cc k thut ci thin cht lng nhng nh ghi m bo gn c
nh nh tht khi nh b mo.
Cc nguyn nhn bin dng thg do:
Do camera, u thu nh cht lng km.
Do mi trng, nh sng, hin trng (scene), kh quyn, nhiu xung.
Do cht lng.
M hnh chung:
N 1 M 1
( m, n ) u ( m , n ) h ( m k , n l ) ( m , n ) (1.49)
k 0 l 0
trong :
u(m,n) l nh gc; m[0, M 1]; n[0, N 1]
v(m,n) l nh ghi c;
h(m k, n l) hm p ng xung hai chiu; k[0, N 1], l[0, M 1]
Cc k thut khi phc nh:
+ M hnh khi phc nh c: m hnh to nh, m hnh gy nhiu, m hnh
quan st.
+ Lc tuyn tnh c: lc ngc, p ng xung, lc hu hn FIR.
+ Cc k thut khc: Entropy cc i, m hnh Bayes, gii chp.
* Cc m hnh quan st v to nh
- M hnh quan st nh.
- M hnh nhiu.
M hnh nhiu l m hnh tng qut. Trong h thng c th nh quang in,
m hnh nhiu gy bin dng c biu din c th nh sau:
(m, n) g (m, n )1 (m, n) 2 (m, n) (1.54)
Trong (m,n) l nhiu ph thuc thit b, xy ra vic truyn in t
ngu nhin.
* K thut lc tuyn tnh
- K thut lc ngc
- Lc gi ngc
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- Lc Wiener
- Lc Wiener v p ng xung hu hn FIR
- K thut lm trn Spline v ni suy
* K thut lc phi tuyn trong khi phc nh
- Lc nhiu m
- K thut Entropy cc i
- Phng php Bayesian
Tm tt
Chng 1 trnh by l thuyt tng quan v x l nh nh cc vn c bn
trong x l nh, phng php nhu nhn v biu din nh; Mt s phng php x
l nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh nh ci thin nh dng ton t im, ton t
khng gian v cc k thut phc hi nh.
6
a) b) c)
a) Wavelet Harr, b) Wavelet Daubechies 4, c) Wavelet Synlets 4
Hnh 2.1: Ba dng hm wavelet
2.1.1.3 Cc tnh cht ca hm wavelet
a. Tnh cht sng
b- c trng v nng lng
2.1.1.4 Biu din cc h s wavelet
C hai cch biu din cc h s wavelet. Th nht, biu din cc h s wavelet
W(s, b) trong h ta ba trc vung gc (x, y, z) vi trc x biu din tham s dch
chuyn (v tr) b, trc y biu din tham s t l (l nghch o tn s) s v trc thng
ng z biu din h s wavelet W. Th hai, biu din cc h s W(s,b) trong mt
phng khng gian t l (x, s) (gi l t l ) dng cc ng ng tr hay
dng nh; cch biu din ny thng dng trong x l nh.
2.1.1.5 Php bin i wavelet nghch
Nu php bin i wavelet thun c dng (2.1) th php bin i wavelet
nghch c dng:
1 1 x b
f ( x) db 0 s W ( s, b) 0 ( s )ds (2.7)
cg
trong :
- cg l hng s ph thuc vo hm wavelet c s dng.
Cng thc (2.7) cho php khi phc li tn hiu nguyn thy t cc h s bin
i wavelet bng php tnh tch phn theo ton b cc tham s t l s v dch chuyn
b. Trong (2.7), hm wavelet 0 c s dng thay cho hm lin hip phc ca n
trong biu thc (1.1).
2.1.2.6 Php bin i wavelet lin tc hai chiu v nhiu chiu
Php bin i wavelet 2-D c cho bi phng trnh:
1 RB
W ( s, B ) f ( R) 0* dR (2.9)
s s
trong :
- R(x1, x2) l vct ta gm hai thnh phn l x1 v x2 tha h thc:
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R 2 x12 x 22
- B (b1, b2) l vct v tr, c hai thnh phn tha h thc: B2 b12 b22
H s (1/s) chun ha nng lng ca sng wavelet 2-D, c suy ra t
trng hp 1-D. Tn hiu f(R) l hm theo hai bin khng gian l x1 v x2.
Php bin i wavelet nghch 2-D c vit di dng:
1 1 RB
f (R) dB 3
W ( s, B) 0 ( )ds (2.10)
cg 0
s s
Php bin i wavelet n chiu (n > 2) c th xy dng n gin bng cch m
rng s phn t trong cc vct R v B n n gi tr theo cch biu din:
R(x1, x2, xn) v B(b1, b2, bn). (2.12)
Hm wavelet 0(s,B)(R) trong khng gian n-D c vit dng:
1 RB
0( s, B ) ( R) ( n / 2)
0( ) (2.13)
s s
Nn php bin i wavelet trong n-D c vit li di dng:
1 RB
W ( s, B ) ( n /2) f ( R) 0* dR (2.14)
s s
v php bin i wavelet nghch ca n trong n-D c dng:
1 1 RB
f (R) dB n 1
W (s, B ) 0 ( )ds (2.15)
cg 0
s s
2.1.1.7 Tiu chun chn hm wavelet
a- Trc giao hay khng trc giao
b- Phc hay thc
c- rng
d- Chn hay l
e- Cc momen trit tiu
f- ng hng hay khng ng hng
2.1.1.9 Ri rc ha php bin i wavelet lin tc
tnh cc h s ca php bin i wavelet lin tc trn my tnh, hai tham s
t l v tnh tin khng th nhn cc gi tr lin tc m n phi l cc gi tr ri rc.
2.1.2.10 Hiu ng bin
Khi ly bin i wavelet ca tn hiu hu hn v ri rc, do nh hng bi tch
trong ca hm wavelet vi cc gi tr ln cn trn cc bin ca tn hiu nn gi tr
ca h s wavelet b bin i kh mnh, hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng bin.
S bin dng do hiu ng bin cng ln khi thc hin php bin i wavelet cc t
l ln
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2.1.2. Php bin i wavelet ri rc
2.1. 2.2- Php bin i wavelet ri rc v phn tch a phn gii
Mi quan h gia hm t l v hm wavelet c cho bi:
N 1
(x) ck (2x k) (1.25)
k 0
N 1
(x) ( 1) K cK .(2x k N 1) (1.26)
k 0
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Tn hiu S(n) c th c ti to theo cc bc ngc li gi l php bin i
wavelet ri rc nghch (IDWT, inverse discrete wavelet transform) c cho bi:
S(n) (y high (k).g(2k n)) (y low (k).h(2k n)) (2.30)
k
2.1.2.4 Lc nhiu
Php bin i wavelet ri rc c p dng rng ri trong vic lc nhiu. Nh
trnh by trn, php bin i wavelet ri rc khai trin d liu gc thnh hai nhm
h s: cc h s xp x v cc h s chi tit trn mi tng v nhiu nm trong cc h
s chi tit ca mi tng. Gi s chng ta thc hin php bin i wavelet ri rc n
tng th k v gi s rng h s xp x tng th k hu nh loi nhiu hon ton.
Tuy nhin, trong cc nhiu b loi c c nhng thnh phn tn s cao ng vi cc
cu trc a phng c ch. Do nu ly h s xp x th k em phc hi (s dng
IDWT) s nhn c cc d liu lc nhiu th nhng khng cn cc thnh
phn tn s cao c ch.
2.2. ng dng ca php bin i Wavelet trong gim nhiu v nng cao cht
lng nh
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2.2.1. M hnh x l nhiu c bn
M hnh nn tng cho kh nhiu c bn
s(n) f (n) e(n) (2.35)
e(n) l nhiu trng hay nhiu khng trng dao ng trong khong 2
f(n) tn hiu khng c nhiu
Quy trnh kh nhiu tin hnh theo 3 bc :
Bc 1. Phn tch tn hiu. Chn mt wavelet thch hp v chn mc phn
tch N. S dng DWT phn tch. Tnh cc h s phn tch wavelet ca tn hiu
mc N.
Bc 2. t ngng ton cc hay t ngng cc b cc h s chi tit trn
cc mc, chn mt ngng thch hp cho kt qu th tt nht.
Bc 3. Ti to tn hiu ban u. Tnh s ti to wavelet da trn cc h s
ca xp x mc N v cc h s chi tit thay i t mc 1 n N.
2.2.2. Phng php t ngng tn hiu.
2.2.2.1. L thuyt ngng
- t ngng cng: t cc gi tr v 0 cc phn t m gi tr tuyt i thp
hn ngng.
- t ngng mm: u tin thit lp v 0 cc gi tr tuyt i thp hn
ngng v sau h dn cc h s khc v 0.
- Phng php wavelet shrinkage l qu trnh kh nhiu hnh nh phi tuyn
loi b nhiu bng cch thu hp li h s wavelet trong min wavelet.
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sign(d j (k)).(| d j (k) | T) | d j (k) | T
(d j (k)) nu (2.37)
0 | d j (k) | T
- H s wavelet ngng cng:
d j (k) | d j (k) | T
(d j (k)) nu (2.38)
0 | d j (k) | T
T l ngng c p dng.
Tn hiu c khai trin thnh nhng h s wavelet c nhiu, k hiu c j,k, .
Dng phng php t ngng kh nhiu ta nhn c tn hiu s c loi tr
nhiu theo biu thc sau:
x s (c j,k, ) j,k (2.39)
(k m) ( j, )
H s c j,k, bao gm cc thnh phn c nhiu e j,k, v thnh phn khng nhiu
c j,k,
x s
(k m) ( j, )
(c j,k, e j,k, ) j,k (2.40)
Nhiu trng c phn phi u, trung bnh zero v phng sai 20 th nhiu
trng ca h s wavelet e j,k, c phn phi u, trung bnh zero v phng sai:
2 20 / 2 2m (2.44)
Tr trung bnh bnh phng sai s ca nh (MSE) l:
2
E( x f L2
) (T 2 2 ) [c 2j,k, E(s 2T (e j,k, )) ] (2.46)
c j,k , T c j,k , T
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+ Minimaxi:
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2.2.4.1 Phng php Visushrink
Visushrink l l phng php chn ngng bng cch p dng ngng Universal
xut bi Donoho v Johnstone. Ngng ny c cho bi 2logM vi l bin
nhiu v M l s lng cc im nh trong image. N c chng minh rng cc
gi tr ca M ln nht iid nh N(0,2) s nh hn ngng universal vi xc sut
cao. Nh vy vi xc sut cao, mt tn hiu nhiu thun c c tnh bng khng.
Tuy nhin, vi kh nhiu hnh nh, Visushrink c tm thy to ra c
tnh qu mn nh trong hnh 2.10. iu ny l do ngng universal (UT) c ly
theo rng buc vi xc sut cao. V vy, UT c xu hng ti cc gi tr ln ca M,
loi b nhiu h s tn hiu cng vi nhiu. Nh vy, ngng khng thch ng tt
trong tn hiu khng lin tc.
2.2.4.2 Phng php Neighshrink
Cho d(i, j) biu th cc h s wavelet quan trng v B (i, j) l mt ca s ln
cn xung quanh d (i, j). Cng cho S2=d 2(i,j) trn ca s B (i, j). Sau , h s
wavelet c ly ngng b co li theo cng thc,
d(i,j)= d(i,j)*B(i,j) .(4)
Vi cc yu t co li c th c nh ngha l B(i,j) =( 1- T2/ S2(i,j))+, v k
hiu + phn cui ca cng thc ngha l gi gi tr dng, t n l s khng khi
n m.
2.2.4.3 Phng php SureShrink
b. La chn ngng trong cc trng hp ri rc
Cc c tnh trong cc phng php lai lm vic nh sau:
x
t F (x i ) s d2 d
(x)i d (2.55)
t s(x i ) s d2 d
ton t ngng
2
Vi sd2
(x
i i 1)
, d
log 3/2
2 (d)
(2.56)
d d
c. ng dng SURE kh nhiu nh
Ngng SURE c xc nh cho mi subband s dng (2.53) v (2.54). La
chn gia ngng ny v ngng universal bng cch s dng (2.55). Cc biu
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thc sd2 v d trong (2.56), cho = 1 phi sa i ph hp theo phng sai nhiu v
phng sai ca h s trong cc subband.
2.2.4.3 Phng php BayesShrink (BS)
a. Ngng thch nghi cho BayesShrink
Trong BayesShrink xc nh ngng gi s cho mi subband mt phn
phi Gaussian tng qut (GGD). GGD c cho bi
GGX,(x) = C(X, )exp{[(X, )|x|] } (2.57)
< x < , X > 0, > 0, vi
1/2
(3 / )
1
( X , ) X (2.58)
(1/ )
v
.(X , )
C( X , ) (2.59)
2(1/ )
V (t) e u u t 1du l hm gamma
0
Gi tr d kin ca sai s bnh phng trung bnh MSE (mean square error).
X)2 = E E (X
(T) E(X X)2 (2.60)
X Y|X
2V
Gi tr ngng TBS(X) = (2.62)
X
c tnh ngng TB = 2/X khng ch gn ti u m cn c trc quan hp
dn. Khi /X << 1, tn hiu mnh hn nhiu nhiu, Tb/ c chn nh duy tr
hu ht cc tn hiu v loi b mt s nhiu; khi /X>> 1, nhiu chim u th v
ngng chun c chn ln loi b nhiu trn ngp tn hiu. Nh vy, s la
chn ngng ny iu chnh c nhng c im tn hiu v nhiu nh c phn
nh trong cc tham s v X.
b. c lng tham s xc nh ngng
Cc m hnh quan st c th hin nh sau:
Y=X+V (2.63)
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y Y l bin i wavelet ca hnh nh xung cp, X l bin i wavelet
ca hnh nh ban u, cn V l bin i wavelet ca nhng thnh phn nhiu theo
cc phn phi Gaussian N(0, 2V ) .
2Y 2X 2V (2.64)
- Phng php hin ti xut pht t nhiu:
N c ch ra rng o hm ca nhiu chun 2V c th c c tnh chnh xc
t mc phn tch u tin HH1 ca subband cho bng c tnh trung v
v Median(| HH1 |)
(2.65)
0.6745
- S nh gi phng sai ca hnh nh xung cp Y: Cc phng sai ca hnh
nh xung cp c th c c tnh nh
1 M 2
2Y Am (2.66)
M m 1
Vi Am l cc bc ca wavelet trong mi t l, M l tng cc h s ca
wavelet.
- Tnh gi tr ngng T:
2V
TBS (2.67)
X
Vi
X
max
2y
2y
(2.68)
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Bc 1. Thc hin phn tch a t l hnh nh b hng bi nhiu Gauss s dng
bin i wavelet.
Bc 2. c lng phng sai nhiu ( 2V ) v tnh ton tham s t l tng
ng
Bc 3. Vi cc chi tit ca tng cc subband
- u tin tnh lch chun y , X
Tm tt
Chng 2 ca Lun vn trnh by v php bin i wavelet nh bin i
wavelet lin tc, bin i wavelet ri rc. ng thi lun vn cng a ra c ng
dng ca php bin i wavet trong gim nhiu nng cao cht lng nh, phn ny
trnh by ng dng ca bin i wavelet ri rc vo x l nh 2D, phng php
s dng l phng php chn ngng, phn ny cng a ra mt s phng php
c p dng, sau a ra phng php ti u.
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CHNG 3. KT QU M PHNG
3.2. Chng trnh m phng
3.2.1 Lu thut ton
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a nh vo
Chn h Wavelet
bin i DWT
vi tng mc
M-1
No
M<N
Yes
Chn ngng
END
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3.2.3.1 nh hng ca nhiu ti phng php t ngng
Qu trnh thc nghim vi Image: thieunu1.jpg, ti mc phn tch level 3
Kt qu thu c nh bng Bng 3.1
Salt & pepper (0.2) 28.7654 0.0841 27.1294 0.1657 26.16 0.2420
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Lavel Lavel 1 Lavel 2 Lavel 3 Lavel 4 Lavel 5
KT LUN
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