Formulae & Tables

Page 1
Formulae and Tables

for use in the State Examinations
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Observations are invited on this draft booklet of Anyone receiving this document should note its draft
Formulae and Tables, which is intended to replace status, and should not assume that content currently
the Mathematics Tables for use in the state in the draft will be included in the final version. The
examinations. final version will be circulated to all schools in
advance of its introduction in the state examinations.
In 2007, the State Examinations Commission
convened a working group to review and update the The working group recognises that the Mathematics
Mathematics Tables booklet, which is provided to Tables booklet is used by other institutions in their
candidates for use in the state examinations. The own examinations and by various individuals for
Department of Education and Science and the other purposes. Whereas the needs of such users will
National Council for Curriculum and Assessment are be noted, final decisions will be taken in the context
represented on the working group. of the booklets primary purpose as a reference for
candidates taking examinations conducted by the
The group has carried out some consultation and now State Examinations Commission.
presents this draft for wider consultation.
Comments should be forwarded by e-mail to
This draft is available in English only. The final tables@examinations.ie before 31 May 2008.
booklet will be provided in both Irish and English.
Page 2
Contents
Length and area ....................................................................................................................................................4
Surface area and volume.......................................................................................................................................5
Area approximations.............................................................................................................................................6
Trigonometry ........................................................................................................................................................7
Co-ordinate geometry .........................................................................................................................................10
Geometry ............................................................................................................................................................11
Algebra ...............................................................................................................................................................12
Sequences and series ..........................................................................................................................................12
Number sets notation .......................................................................................................................................13
Calculus ..............................................................................................................................................................14
Financial mathematics ........................................................................................................................................16
Statistics and probability.....................................................................................................................................18
Units of measurement .........................................................................................................................................26
Common quantities, their symbols and units of measurement ...........................................................................28
Frequently used constants...................................................................................................................................33
Particle physics ...................................................................................................................................................34
Mechanics...........................................................................................................................................................36
Heat and temperature..........................................................................................................................................41
Waves .................................................................................................................................................................41
Electricity............................................................................................................................................................43
Modern physics...................................................................................................................................................45
Electrical circuit symbols ...................................................................................................................................46
The elements.......................................................................................................................................................51
.
Page 3
Length and area

Parallelogram Arc / Sector Triangle
b h c
b
C h
a r
Perimeter = 2a + 2b C
Area = ah When is in radians: a
= ab sin C Length of arc = r Perimeter = a + b + c
1
Circle / Disc Area of sector = r 2 1
2 Area = ah
2
When is in degrees: 1
= ab sin C
r 2

Length of arc = 2 r
360 = s ( s a)( s b)( s c) ,
a+b+c
Length of circle = 2 r where s = .
Area of sector = r 2 2
Area of disc = r 2 360
Page 4
Surface area and volume

Cylinder Sphere Solid of uniform cross-section
(prism)
r
h r
h
A
Curved surface area = 2 rh Surface area = 4 r 2
Volume = r 2 h Volume = Ah , where A is the
4 2
Volume = r area of the base.
3
Cone Pyramid on any base
Frustum of a cone
l h
h r
r h A
R
Curved surface area = rl Volume = 1

Ah , where A is the
1
Volume = 1
3
( 2
h R + Rr + r 2
) 3
Volume = r 2 h area of the base.

3
Page 5
Area approximations
Trapezoidal rule:
h
Area
2
[ y1 + y n + 2( y 2 + y3 + y 4 + L + y n1 )] y1 y2 y3 y4 yn
h
or [first + last + twice the rest ]
2
h
Simpsons rule:
h
Area [ y1 + y n + 2( y3 + y5 + L + y n2 ) + 4( y 2 + y 4 + L + y n1 )] , (where n is odd)
3
h
or [first + last + twice the odds + four times the evens]
3
Page 6
Trigonometry
Definitions 1
(cos A, sin A)
sin A 1
tan A = cot A =
cos A tan A
1 A 1
1 1
sec A = cosec A =
cos A sin A
Trigonometric ratios of certain angles 1
A (degrees) 0 90 180 270 30 45 60

3
A (radians) 0
2 2 6 4 3
3 1 1 Basic identities
cos A 1 0 1 0
2 2 2
cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 1
1 1 3
sin A 0 1 0 1 cos( A) = cos A
2 2 2
sin( A) = sin A
not not 1
tan A 0 defined
0 defined
1 3 tan( A) = tan A
3
Page 7
Compound angle formulae Double angle formulae

cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B cos 2 A = cos 2 A sin 2 A
cos( A B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B 1 tan 2 A
sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

1 tan 2 A
cos 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A
tan A + tan B
tan( A + B) = 2 tan A
1 tan A tan B sin 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A
tan A tan B
tan( A B) =
1 + tan A tan B
cos 2 A = 1
2
(1 + cos 2 A)
sin 2 A = 1
2
(1 cos 2 A)
Page 8
Products to sums and differences Trigonometry of the triangle

2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A B )
A
2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin( A B ) c
b
1
2 sin A sin B = cos( A B) cos( A + B) Area = 2
ab sin C
B
2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B ) sin( A B ) C
a
a b c
Sums and differences to products Sine rule: = =
sin A sin B sin C
A+ B A B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos Cosine rule: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
2 2
A+ B A B
cos A cos B = 2 sin sin In a right-angled triangle,
2 2
opposite
A+ B A B sin =
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos hypotenuse
2 2
adjacent
A+ B A B cos =
sin A sin B = 2 cos sin hypotenuse
2 2
opposite
tan =
adjacent
Page 9
Co-ordinate geometry
Line
y 2 y1
Slope: m =
x 2 x1
( x1 , y1 )
Distance = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2
x + x 2 y1 + y 2 ( x2 , y 2 )
Midpoint = 1 ,
2 2
Equation of a line: y y1 = m( x x1 ) or y = mx + c
1
Area of a triangle with one vertex at the origin = 2
x1 y 2 x 2 y1
bx + ax 2 by1 + ay 2
Point dividing a line segment in the ratio a : b = 1 ,
a+b a+b
ax1 + by1 + c
Distance from a point to a line =
a2 + b2
Page 10
Circle
Equation of a circle, centre (h, k ) , radius r: ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
Circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 has centre ( g , f ) and radius g2 + f 2 c
Tangent to circle through given point: ( x h)( x1 h) + ( y k )( y1 k ) = r 2 or

xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
Geometry
Notation Vector operations
Line through A and B: AB v 1 = x1i + y1 j , v 2 = x 2 i + y 2 j
Line segment from A to B: AB Scalar product: v 1 v 2 = x1 x 2 + y1 y 2
Distance from A to B: AB = v 1 v 2 cos
Vector from A to B: AB Norm: v = x2 + y2

Vector from origin O to A: OA = a
Page 11
Algebra
b b 2 4ac
Roots of quadratic equation: x =
2a
n

n n r r n n n n 1 n n n
Binomial theorem: ( x + y ) n = x y = x + x y + x n 2 y 2 + L x n r y r + L + y n
r =0 r 0 1 2 r n
De Moivres theorem: [r (cos + i sin )] = r n (cos n + i sin n ) = r n e in or (r cis ) = r n cis(n )

n n
a b 1 d b
Inverse of matrix A = : , where det A = ad bc
c d det A c a
Sequences and series

Arithmetic sequence or series Geometric sequence or series
Tn = a + (n 1)d Tn = ar n 1
n a (1 r n )
Sn = [2a + (n 1)d ] Sn =
2 1 r
a
S = , where r < 1
1 r
Page 12
Number sets notation

Natural numbers: N = {1, 2, 3, 4, L}
Whole numbers: W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, L}
Integers: Z = {L 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, L}
p
Rational numbers: Q= p Z, q Z , q 0
q
Real numbers: R
Complex numbers: {
C = a + bi a R, b R, i 2 = 1 }
Page 13
Calculus
Differentiation
f (x) f (x) Product rule Quotient rule
du dv
xn nx n 1 v u
dy dv du u dy dx dx
y = uv =u +v y= =
1 dx dx dx v dx v 2
ln x
x
Chain rule
ex ex dy du dv
y = u (v( x)) =
e ax ae ax dx dv dx
ax a x ln a
cos x sin x Newton-Raphson Iteration
sin x cos x f ( xn )
x n +1 = x n
tan x f ( x n )
sec 2 x
x 1 Maclaurin series
cos 1
2 2
a a x f (0) 2 f ( r ) ( 0) r
f ( x) = f (0) + f (0) x + x +L + x +L
x 1 2! r!
sin 1
a a2 x2 Taylor series
x a h2 hr
tan 1 f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x) + f ( x) + L + f (r )
( x) + L
a a + x2
2
2! r!
Page 14
Integration
Constants of integration omitted. Integration by parts
f (x) f ( x)dx udv = uv vdu
x n +1
x n , (n 1)
n +1 Solid of revolution about x-axis
1
ln x x =b
x
ex ex
Volume =
y 2 dx
x =a
1 ax
e ax e
a
ax
a x (a > 0)
ln a
cos x sin x
sin x cos x
tan x ln sec x
1 x
(a > 0) sin 1
2 2
a x a
1 1 x
(a > 0) tan 1
x + a2
2
a a
Page 15
Financial mathematics
In all of the following, t is the time in years and i is annual rate of interest, depreciation or growth, expressed as a
decimal or fraction (so that, for example, i = 008 represents a rate of 8%)1.
Compound interest: F = P(1 + i )

t
(F = final value. P = principal)
F
Present value: P = (F = final value. P = present value)
(1 + i )t
Depreciation reducing balance method: F = P(1 i )
t
(P = initial value. F = later value.)
initial cost residual value

Depreciation straight line method: Annual depreciation =
useful economic life
Amortisation (mortgages and loans equal repayments at equal intervals):
i (1 + i ) t
R=A (R = repayment amount, A = amount advanced)
(1 + i ) t 1
1
The formulae also apply when compounding at equal intervals other than years. In such cases, t is measured in the relevant
periods of time, and i is the period rate.
Page 16
Annual percentage rate (APR) statutory formula

The APR is the value of i (expressed as a percentage) for which the sum of the present values of all advances is
equal to the sum of the present values of all repayments. That is, the value of i for which the following equation
holds:
k =M j =m
Rj
(1 + i)
Ak
=
k =1
(1 + i )Tk j =1
tj
where:
M is the number of advances
Ak is the amount of advance k
Tk is the time in years from the relevant date to advance k
m is the number of repayments
Rj is the amount of repayment j
tj is the time in years from the relevant date to instalment j.
Converting period rate to APR/AER

i = (1 + r ) m 1
where:
i is the APR or AER (expressed as a decimal)
r is the period rate (expressed as a decimal)
m is the number of periods in one year.
Page 17
Statistics and probability

Mean

x The standard error of the mean is and the
From list: = n
n
fx pq
From frequency table: = standard error of the proportion is .
f n
Standard deviation Hypothesis testing

Tukey quick test:
( x ) 2
From list: = Significance level 5% 1% 0.1%
n Critical value of tail-count 7 10 13
f ( x ) 2
From frequency table: =
f X
t-test: t=
s

n
Sampling
k

The sample mean x is an unbiased estimator of the 2 2 (Oi E i ) 2
population mean . The adjusted sample standard
-test: =
Ei
i =1
( x ) 2
deviation s = is an unbiased estimator
n 1
of the population standard deviation .
Page 18
Probability distributions Binomial coefficients

Binomial distribution:
n n n!
n = C r = C (n, r ) =
P (r ) = p r q n r r r!(n r )!
r n
= np Some values of C r :
r
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
= npq n
0 1
1 1 1
Poisson distribution:
2 1 2 1
r
P(r ) = e , = np 3 1 3 3 1
r! 4 1 4 6 4 1
=
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
= 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
Normal (Gaussian) distribution: 8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
( x )2
1
2 2
9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9
f ( x) = e
2 10 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45
Standard normal distribution: 11 1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165
1 12 1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495
1 2 z2
f ( z) = e 13 1 13 78 286 715 1287 1716 1716 1287
2
14 1 14 91 364 1001 2002 3003 3432 3003
x
Standardising formula: z = 15 1 15 105 455 1365 3003 5005 6435 6435

Page 19
Area under the standard normal curve
z1 1 z 2

1
P ( z z1 ) = e 2 dz
2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 z 2 3
1
z1 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009
00 05000 5040 5080 5120 5160 5199 5239 5279 5319 5359
01 05398 5438 5478 5517 5557 5596 5636 5675 5714 5753
02 05793 5832 5871 5910 5948 5987 6026 6064 6103 6141
03 06179 6217 6255 6293 6331 6368 6406 6443 6480 6517
04 06554 6591 6628 6664 6700 6736 6772 6808 6844 6879
05 06915 6950 6985 7019 7054 7088 7123 7157 7190 7224
06 07257 7291 7324 7357 7389 7422 7454 7486 7517 7549
07 07580 7611 7642 7673 7704 7734 7764 7794 7823 7852
08 07881 7910 7939 7967 7995 8023 8051 8078 8106 8133
09 08159 8186 8212 8238 8264 8289 8315 8340 8365 8389
10 08413 8438 8461 8485 8508 8531 8554 8577 8599 8621
Page 20
Area under the standard normal curve (continued)

z1 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009
11 08643 8665 8686 8708 8729 8749 8770 8790 8810 8830
12 08849 8869 8888 8907 8925 8944 8962 8980 8997 9015
13 09032 9049 9066 9082 9099 9115 9131 9147 9162 9177
14 09192 9207 9222 9236 9251 9265 9279 9292 9306 9319
15 09332 9345 9357 9370 9382 9394 9406 9418 9429 9441
16 09452 9463 9474 9484 9495 9505 9515 9525 9535 9545
17 09554 9564 9573 9582 9591 9599 9608 9616 9625 9633
18 09641 9649 9656 9664 9671 9678 9686 9693 9699 9706
19 09713 9719 9726 9732 9738 9744 9750 9756 9761 9767
20 09772 9778 9783 9788 9793 9798 9803 9808 9812 9817
21 09821 9826 9830 9834 9838 9842 9846 9850 9854 9857
22 09861 9864 9868 9871 9875 9878 9881 9884 9887 9890
23 09893 9896 9898 9901 9904 9906 9909 9911 9913 9916
24 09918 9920 9922 9925 9927 9929 9931 9932 9934 9936
25 09938 9940 9941 9943 9945 9946 9948 9949 9951 9952
26 09953 9955 9956 9957 9959 9960 9961 9962 9963 9964
27 09965 9966 9967 9968 9969 9970 9971 9972 9973 9974
28 09974 9975 9976 9977 9977 9978 9979 9979 9980 9981
29 09981 9982 9982 9983 9984 9984 9985 9985 9986 9986
30 09987 9987 9987 9988 9988 9989 9989 9989 9990 9990
Page 21
Chi-squared distribution inverse values
The table gives the value of k corresponding to the

indicated area A.
That is, given a required probability A, the table gives A
( )
the value of k for which P 2 > k = A . k
Degrees of
A = 0995 099 0975 095 005 0025 001 0005
freedom
1 00000 00002 00010 00039 38415 50239 66349 78794
2 00100 00201 00506 01026 59915 73778 92103 10597
3 00717 01148 02158 03518 78147 93484 11345 12838
4 02070 02971 04844 07107 94877 11143 13277 14860
5 04117 05543 08312 11455 11070 12833 15086 16750
6 06757 08721 12373 16354 12592 14449 16812 18548
7 09893 12390 16899 21673 14067 16013 18475 20278
8 13444 16465 21797 27326 15507 17535 20090 21955
9 17349 20879 27004 33251 16919 19023 21666 23589
10 21559 25582 32470 39403 18307 20483 23209 25188
11 26032 30535 38157 45748 19675 21920 24725 26757
12 30738 35706 44038 52260 21026 23337 26217 28300
13 35650 41069 50088 58919 22362 24736 27688 29819
14 40747 46604 56287 65706 23685 26119 29141 31319
Page 22
Chi-squared distribution inverse values (continued)

Degrees of
A = 0995 099 0975 095 005 0025 001 0005
freedom
15 46009 52293 62621 72609 24996 27488 30578 32801
16 51422 58122 69077 79616 26296 28845 32000 34267
17 56972 64078 75642 86718 27587 30191 33409 35718
18 62648 70149 82307 93905 28869 31526 34805 37156
19 68440 76327 89065 10117 30144 32852 36191 38582
20 74338 82604 95908 10851 31410 34170 37566 39997
21 80337 88972 10283 11591 32671 35479 38932 41401
22 86427 95425 10982 12338 33924 36781 40289 42796
23 92604 10196 11689 13091 35172 38076 41638 44181
24 98862 10856 12401 13848 36415 39364 42980 45559
25 10520 11524 13120 14611 37652 40646 44314 46928
26 11160 12198 13844 15379 38885 41923 45642 48290
27 11808 12879 14573 16151 40113 43195 46963 49645
28 12461 13565 15308 16928 41337 44461 48278 50993
29 13121 14256 16047 17708 42557 45722 49588 52336
30 13787 14953 16791 18493 43773 46979 50892 53672
40 20707 22164 24433 26509 55758 59342 63691 66766
50 27991 29707 32357 34764 67505 71420 76154 79490
60 35534 37485 40482 43188 79082 83298 88379 91952
70 43275 45442 48758 51739 90531 95023 10043 10421
80 51172 53540 57153 60391 10188 10663 11233 11632
90 59196 61754 65647 69126 11315 11814 12412 12830
100 67328 70065 74222 77929 12434 12956 13581 14017
Page 23
Students t-distribution two-tailed inverse values

The table gives the value of k corresponding to the indicated area A A A
in the two tails of the distribution. 2 2
That is, the table gives the value of k for which P ( t > k ) = A .
-k k
degrees of Significance level
freedom 20% 10% 5% 2% 1% 02% 01% 002% 001%
1 3078 6314 1271 3182 6366 3183 6366 3183 6366

2 1886 2920 4303 6965 9925 2233 3160 7070 9999
3 1638 2353 3182 4541 5841 1021 1292 2220 2800
4 1533 2132 2776 3747 4604 7173 8610 1303 1554
5 1476 2015 2571 3365 4032 5893 6869 9678 1118
6 1440 1943 2447 3143 3707 5208 5959 8025 9082
7 1415 1895 2365 2998 3499 4785 5408 7063 7885
8 1397 1860 2306 2896 3355 4501 5041 6442 7120
9 1383 1833 2262 2821 3250 4297 4781 6010 6594
10 1372 1812 2228 2764 3169 4144 4587 5694 6211
11 1363 1796 2201 2718 3106 4025 4437 5453 5921
12 1356 1782 2179 2681 3055 3930 4318 5263 5694
13 1350 1771 2160 2650 3012 3852 4221 5111 5513
14 1345 1761 2145 2624 2977 3787 4140 4985 5363
15 1341 1753 2131 2602 2947 3733 4073 4880 5239
Page 24
Students t-distribution two-tailed inverse values (continued)

degrees of Significance level
freedom 20% 10% 5% 2% 1% 02% 01% 002% 001%
16 1337 1746 2120 2583 2921 3686 4015 4790 5134
17 1333 1740 2110 2567 2898 3646 3965 4715 5043
18 1330 1734 2101 2552 2878 3610 3922 4648 4966
19 1328 1729 2093 2539 2861 3579 3883 4590 4899
20 1325 1725 2086 2528 2845 3552 3850 4539 4838
21 1323 1721 2080 2518 2831 3527 3819 4492 4785
22 1321 1717 2074 2508 2819 3505 3792 4452 4736
23 1319 1714 2069 2500 2807 3485 3768 4416 4694
24 1318 1711 2064 2492 2797 3467 3745 4382 4654
25 1316 1708 2060 2485 2787 3450 3725 4352 4619
26 1315 1706 2056 2479 2779 3435 3707 4324 4587
27 1314 1703 2052 2473 2771 3421 3689 4299 4556
28 1313 1701 2048 2467 2763 3408 3674 4276 4531
29 1311 1699 2045 2462 2756 3396 3660 4254 4505
30 1310 1697 2042 2457 2750 3385 3646 4234 4482
40 1303 1684 2021 2423 2704 3307 3551 4094 4321
50 1299 1676 2009 2403 2678 3261 3496 4014 4228
60 1296 1671 2000 2390 2660 3232 3460 3962 4169
80 1292 1664 1990 2374 2639 3195 3416 3899 4095
100 1290 1660 1984 2364 2626 3174 3390 3861 4054
1282 1645 1960 2326 2576 3090 3290 3719 3891
Page 25
Units of measurement
Base units
The International System of Units (Systme International dUnits) is founded on seven base quantities,
which are assumed to be mutually independent. These base units are:
Base quantity SI base unit Symbol for unit

length (l) metre m
mass (m) kilogram kg
time (t) second s
electric current (I) ampere A
temperature (T) kelvin K
amount of substance (n) mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
Page 26
Prefixes
Prefixes are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. The common prefixes are:
Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol

1012 tera T 1012 pico p
109 giga G 109 nano n
106 mega M 106 micro
103 kilo k 103 milli m
2 2
10 hecto h 10 centi c
1 1
10 deka da 10 deci d
The symbol for a prefix is combined with the unit symbol to which it is attached to form a new unit symbol,
e.g. kilometre (km), milligram (mg), microsecond (s).
Page 27
Common quantities, their symbols and units of measurement

Symbol for
Quantity Symbol SI unit Non-SI unit used
SI unit
absorbed dose D gray Gy = J kg1
acceleration a metre per second squared m s2
acc. due to gravity g metre per second squared m s2
activity A becquerel Bq
amount of substance n mole mol
amplitude A metre m
angle radian rad degree ()
minute (')
second ('')
angular velocity radian per second rad s1 rpm
area A metre squared m2 are (a) = 100 m2
hectare (ha)
=100 a = 10 000 m2
atomic number Z
capacitance C farad F = C V1
charge q coulomb C=As
Page 28
Symbol for
SI unit
concentration c mole per litre mol l1 ppm; %(w/v), %(v/v)
critical angle C
density kilogram per metre cubed kg m3 g cm3
displacement s metre m
dose equivalent H sievert Sv = J kg1
electric current I ampere A
electric field strength E volt per metre V m1 = N C1
electronic charge e coulomb C=As
energy (electrical) W joule J=Nm kW h
energy (heat) Q joule J
energy (kinetic) Ek joule J
energy (potential) Ep joule J
energy (food) joule J kcal = 4182 J = 1 Cal
enthalpy h joule J
focal length f metre m
force F newton N = kg m s2
Page 29
Symbol for
SI unit
frequency f hertz Hz = s1
half-life T1/2 second s
length (distance) l, s metre m
magnetic flux weber Wb
magnetic flux density B tesla T = Wb m2
magnification m
mass m kilogram kg tonne (t) = 1000 kg
mass number A
molarity mole per litre mol l1
moment of a force M newton metre Nm
moment of inertia I kilogram metre squared kg m2
momentum p kilogram metre per second kg m s1
permittivity farad per metre F m1
periodic time T second s
power P watt W = J s1
pressure P, p pascal Pa = N m2 bar = 105 Pa
Page 30
Symbol for
SI unit
refractive index n
resistance R ohm = V A1
resistivity ohm metre m
speed u, v metre per second m s1 knot = 0.514 m s1
sound intensity I watt per metre squared W m2
sound intensity level I.L. bel (1 B = 10 dB)
1 1
specific heat capacity c joule per kilogram per kelvin J kg K
strain
stress Newton per metre squared Pa = N m 2
temperature T kelvin K
temperature t, degree Celsius C
change in temperature kelvin K
tension T newton N
thermal conductivity k watt per metre per kelvin W m1 K1
Page 31
Symbol for
SI unit
time t second s minute (min)
day (d)
hour (h)
year (y)
torque T newton metre Nm
velocity u, v metre per second m s1
voltage V volt V = J C1
potential difference
U-value watt per metre squared per W m2 K1
kelvin
volume V metre cubed m3 litre (l) = 1000 cm3
wavelength metre m
weight W newton N = kg m s2
work W joule J=Nm
Youngs modulus E Newton per metre squared Pa = N m 2
Page 32
Frequently used constants

Constant Symbol Value
alpha particle mass m 6.644 6565 1027 kg
Avogadro constant NA 6.022 1415 1023 mol1
Boltzmann constant k 1.380 6505 1023 J K1
electron mass me 9.109 3826 1031 kg
electron volt eV 1.602 176 53 1019 J
electronic charge e 1.602 176 53 1019 C
Faraday constant F 96 485.3383 C mol1
gravitational constant G 6.6742 1011 m3 kg1 s2
neutron mass mn 1.674 927 28 1027 kg
permeability of free space 0 4 107 N A2
permittivity of free space 0 8.854 187 817 1012 F m1
Planck constant h 6.626 0693 1034 J s
proton mass mp 1.672 621 71 1027 kg
proton-electron mass ratio mp/me 1836.182 672 16
speed of light in vacuo c, c0 2.997 924 58 108 m s1
universal gas constant R 8.314 472 J K1 mol1
Page 33
Particle physics
Mass Year of
Class Name Symbol Mean life
(mass of electron = 1) discovery
electron e 1 stable 1897
3
neutrino < 10 stable 1956
Leptons + 6
muon 207 2 10 s 1937
+ 12
tau 3500 1 10 s 1975
+ 8
pi meson 273 2.6 10 s 1947
Mesons o 264 8.4 1017 s 1947
+ o
K meson K K K 970 ? 1947
proton p 1836 > 1032 y 1897
neutron n 1839 960 s 1932
lambda o 2183 2.6 1010 s 1947
Baryons + o 10
sigma 2327 ~ 10 s 1953
chi + o 2573 ~ 1010 s 1954
10
omega 3272 ~ 10 s 1964
Page 34
quark antiquark
u up u
s strange s
t top t
d down d
c charmed c
b bottom b
Page 35
Mechanics
Linear motion with constant acceleration v = u + at

1 2
s = ut + at
2
2 2
v = u +2as
u + v
s= t
2
distance
average speed =
time
Relative motion sbc = sb sc
vbc = vb vc
abc = ab ac
Momentum of a particle mv
Newtons experimental law (NEL) v1 v2 = e(u1 u2)
Conservation of momentum m1 u 1 + m2 u 2 = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2
Impulse (change in momentum) mv mu
Page 36
s
Angle in radians =
r

Angular velocity =
t
Linear velocity and angular velocity v = r
v2
Centripetal acceleration a = r 2=
r
2 mv 2
Centripetal force F = mr =
r
Gm1m2
Newtons law of gravitation F=
d2
Force and acceleration F = ma
GM
Weight and acceleration due to gravity W = mg = Vg ; g=
R2
4 2 R 3
Period of a satellite T2 =
GM
Moment of a force M = Fd
Torque of a couple T = Fd
Page 37
Centres of gravity
3 r from centre
Hemisphere, radius r 8
1 r from centre
Hemispherical shell, radius r 2
1
Right circular cone h from the base
4
1 x + x 2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
Triangular lamina from base along median = 1 ,
3 3 3

r sin
Arc, radius r, angle 2

2r sin
Sector of disc, radius r, angle 2
3
Moments of Inertia
Uniform rod, length 2l Centre: 1 ml 2 One end: 4 ml 2

3 3
Uniform disc, radius r Centre: 1 mr 2 Diameter: 1 mr 2

2 4
Page 38
Uniform hoop, radius r Centre: mr 2 Diameter: 1 mr 2

2
2 2
Uniform solid sphere, radius r Diameter: mr
5
2
Parallel axis theorem I b = I c + m bc
Perpendicular axis theorem IZ = I X + I y
Hookes law F = ks
2
Simple harmonic motion a=s
1 2
T= =
f
s = A sin ( t + )
2 2
v = ( A 2 s2)
l
Simple pendulum T = 2
g
I
Compound pendulum T = 2
mgh
Work W = Fs = Fds
Page 39
Potential (gravitational) energy Ep = mgh

1
Kinetic energy Ek = mv 2
2
Principle of conservation of mechanical energy Ep + Ek = constant
Mass-energy equivalence E = mc 2
W
Power P= = Fv
t
power output 100
Percentage efficiency
power input

Youngs modulus E=

F
Stress =
A
l
Strain =
l
m
Density =
V
Page 40
F
Pressure p=
A
Pressure in a fluid p = gh
Thrust on an immersed plane surface T = A pcentroid
Boyles law pV = constant
Heat and temperature

Celsius temperature t / C = T /K 273.15
Energy needed to change temperature E = mc E = C
Energy needed to change state E = ml E = L
Waves
Velocity of a wave c = f
fc
Doppler effect f =
cu
1 T
Fundamental frequency of a stretched string f =
2l
Page 41
1 1 1
Mirror and lens formula = +
f u v
v
Magnification m=
u
1
Power of a lens P=
f
Two lenses in contact P = P1 + P2
sin i real depth
Refractive index n= =
sin r apparent depth
1 c1
n= =
sin C c2
Diffraction grating n = d sin
Page 42
Electricity
1 q1 q2
Coulombs law F=
4 d 2
F
Electric field strength E=
q
W
Potential difference V=
q
Ohms law V = IR
RA
Resistivity =
l
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2
1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = +
R R1 R2
R 1 R3
Wheatstone bridge =
R2 R4
Joules law P = RI 2
Page 43
Force on a current-carrying conductor F = IlB

Force on a charged particle F = qvB
d
Induced emf E=
dt
V0 I0
Alternating voltage and current Vrms = I rms =
2 2
q
Capacitance C=
V
A 0
Parallel-plate capacitor C=
d
1
Energy stored in capacitor W= CV 2
2
Power P = VI
Magnetic flux = BA
Vi N p
Transformer =
Vo N s
Page 44
Modern physics
Energy of a photon E = hf
2 1
Einsteins photoelectric equation h f = + mvmax
2
Law of radioactive decay A = N

ln 2
Half-life T1 2 =

2
Mass-energy equivalence E = mc
Page 45
Electrical circuit symbols

Conductors
junction of conductors conductors crossing with

no connection
Switches
normally open normally closed

push-to-make switch push-to-break switch on-off switch (SPST)
on-off switch (SPST)
two-way switch dual on-off switch

(SPDP) (DPST) dual two-way switch relay
(DPDT) (SPST)
Page 46
Power
cell battery d.c. supply a.c. supply
transformer fuse earth

photovoltaic cell
Resistors
variable resistor
fixed resistor preset variable resistor potential divider
(rheostat)
thermistor
light-dependent resistor
Page 47
Capacitors
electrolytic capacitor preset variable capacitor

capacitor (polarised capacitor) variable capacitor (trimmer)
Diodes
diode Zener diode photodiode light-emitting diode

(LED)
Meters

voltmeter galvanometer ammeter ohmmeter
oscilloscope
Page 48
Amplification
amplifier
npn-junction transistor pnp-junction transistor light-sensitive transistor (block symbol)
Audio
microphone earphone loudspeaker bell
buzzer piezoelectric transducer aerial (antenna)
Lamps
filament lamp signal lamp neon lamp
Page 49
Other devices
M
inductor with
motor heater inductor ferromagnetic core
Logic gates
AND NOT NAND

OR
(inverter)
NOR
Page 50
The elements
Periodic table of the elements
1 18
1 2
H He
1.008 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg A1 Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (97.90) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209.0) (210.0) (222.0)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut* Uuq Uup* Uuh Uus* Uuo
(223.0) (226.0) (227.0) (261.1) (262.1) (266.6) (264.1) (277.0) (268.1) (271.0) (272.2) (285.0) (289.0) (289.0) (293.0)
* These elements have not yet been detected (2008).

See page 54 for the Lanthanoid and the Actinoid Series.
Page 51
First ionisation energies of the elements

(in kJ mol1)
1 18
1 2
H He
1312 2 13 14 15 16 17 2372
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
520.2 899.5 800.6 1087 1402 1314 1681 2081
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
495.8 737.7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 577.5 786.5 1012 999.6 1251 1521
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
418.8 589.8 633.1 658.8 650.9 652.9 717.3 762.5 760.4 737.1 745.5 906.4 578.8 762.0 947.0 941.0 1140 1351
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
403.0 549.5 600.0 640.1 652.1 684.3 702.0 710.2 719.7 804.4 731.0 867.8 558.3 708.6 834.0 869.3 1008 1170
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
375.7 502.9 538.1 658.5 761.0 770.0 760.0 840.0 880.0 870.0 890.1 1007 589.4 715.6 703.0 812.1 89040 1037
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
380.0 509.3 499.0 580.0

Page 52
Electronegativity values of the elements

(Using the Pauling scale)
1 18
1 2
H He
2.20 2 13 14 15 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0.93 1.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.60 2.16 2.10 2.20 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.10 2.66 2.60
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
0.79 0.89 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.90 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.40 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.20
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
0.70 0.90 1.10

Page 53
Periodic table of the elements

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanoid Series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (144.9) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinoid Series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 (237.0) (244.1) (243.1) (247.1) (247.1) (251.1) (252.1) (257.1) (256.0) (259.1) (262.1)
First ionisation energies of the elements

(in kJ mol1)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
534.4 527.0 533.1 540.0 544.5 547.1 593.4 565.8 573.0 581.0 589.3 596.7 603.4 523.5
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
587.0 568.0 597.6 604.5 584.7 578.0 581.0 601.0 608.0 619.0 627.0 635.0 642.0 470.0
Electronegativity values of the elements

(Using the Pauling scale)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.00
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
1.30 1.50 1.70 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
Page 54
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Page 1

Formulae and Tables

Draft for consultation

Length and area

Surface area and volume

Cone Pyramid on any base

Curved surface area = rl Volume = 1

Volume = r 2 h area of the base.

Trigonometric ratios of certain angles 1

A (degrees) 0 90 180 270 30 45 60

Compound angle formulae Double angle formulae

sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

Products to sums and differences Trigonometry of the triangle

Circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 has centre ( g , f ) and radius g2 + f 2 c

Tangent to circle through given point: ( x h)( x1 h) + ( y k )( y1 k ) = r 2 or

Vector from A to B: AB Norm: v = x2 + y2

De Moivres theorem: [r (cos + i sin )] = r n (cos n + i sin n ) = r n e in or (r cis ) = r n cis(n )

Sequences and series

Number sets notation

Compound interest: F = P(1 + i )

initial cost residual value

Annual percentage rate (APR) statutory formula

Converting period rate to APR/AER

Statistics and probability

Standard deviation Hypothesis testing

Probability distributions Binomial coefficients

Area under the standard normal curve

Area under the standard normal curve (continued)

Chi-squared distribution inverse values

The table gives the value of k corresponding to the

Chi-squared distribution inverse values (continued)

Students t-distribution two-tailed inverse values

1 3078 6314 1271 3182 6366 3183 6366 3183 6366

Students t-distribution two-tailed inverse values (continued)

Base quantity SI base unit Symbol for unit

Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol

Common quantities, their symbols and units of measurement

Frequently used constants

Linear motion with constant acceleration v = u + at

Uniform rod, length 2l Centre: 1 ml 2 One end: 4 ml 2

Uniform disc, radius r Centre: 1 mr 2 Diameter: 1 mr 2

Uniform hoop, radius r Centre: mr 2 Diameter: 1 mr 2

Potential (gravitational) energy Ep = mgh

Principle of conservation of mechanical energy Ep + Ek = constant

Heat and temperature

Diffraction grating n = d sin

Force on a current-carrying conductor F = IlB

Law of radioactive decay A = N

Electrical circuit symbols

junction of conductors conductors crossing with

normally open normally closed

two-way switch dual on-off switch

cell battery d.c. supply a.c. supply

transformer fuse earth

electrolytic capacitor preset variable capacitor

diode Zener diode photodiode light-emitting diode

microphone earphone loudspeaker bell

buzzer piezoelectric transducer aerial (antenna)

filament lamp signal lamp neon lamp

AND NOT NAND

* These elements have not yet been detected (2008).

First ionisation energies of the elements

* These elements have not yet been detected (2008).

Electronegativity values of the elements

Formulae & Tables

Formulae & Tables