Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 2001
Riak pada air kolam terjadi karena perambatan getaran akibat
jatuhnya batu pada air kolam tersebut.
Gejala Gelombang
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
*B@B</< ?7/9 ;3:7<59/? >/2/ >3?;B9//< /7? ;3?B>/9/< @/:/6 @/AB A. Pemahaman
03<AB953:=;0/<5'=:/=;0/903?03<AB9:7<59/?/<E/<5A3?:76/A@3;/97<
;3<E30/? 2/>/A A3?8/27 93A79/ @30B/6 0/AB 278/AB69/< 93 2/:/; /7? Gelombang
*3>7<A/@ A/;>/9 >3?;B9//< /7? 03?53?/9 03?@/;/ 53:=;0/<5 B. Gelombang
*303</?<E/ >3?;B9//< /7? A72/9 03?53?/9 03?@/;/ 53:=;0/<5 !/?/9 27
Berjalan dan
/<A/?/ ?7/9?7/9 53:=;0/<5 27@30BA >/<8/<5 53:=;0/<5 />/A9/6 <2/
;3;0B9A79/< 0/6D/ >3?;B9//< /7? A72/9 03?53?/9 03?@/;/ 53:=;0/<5 Gelombang
*303</?<E/ />/9/6 53:=;0/<5 7AB Stasioner
'3;/6/;/< A3<A/<5 538/:/538/:/ 53:=;0/<5 ;3<8/27 @3@B/AB E/<5
C. Sifat-Sifat
>3<A7<5 B<AB9 ;3;>3:/8/?7 53:=;0/<5 A7<59/A :/<8BA @3?A/ ;3;/6/;7
/>:79/@7<E/2/:/;A39<=:=57%/6>/2/0/07<7<2//9/<;3<1/?7A/6B Gelombang
A3<A/<5 538/:/ 2/< 17?717?7 53:=;0/<5 @31/?/ B;B; @3?A/ >3<3?/>/<<E/
2/:/; 93672B>/< @36/?76/?7 &:36 9/?3</ 7AB >3?6/A79/< ;/A3?7 0/0 7<7
23<5/< 03</? 93:/9 <2/ /9/< ;3?/@/ A/98B0 =:36 @74/A@74/A 53:=;0/<5
E/<5 ;3<57@E/?/A9/< 0/6D/ +B6/< A3:/6 ;3<17>A/9/< @35/:/ @3@B/AB
23<5/< >3<B6 >3?67AB<5/< E/<5 A/9 A3?A/<27<57
Gejala Gelombang 1
3<AB9
3:=;0/<5
arah getar
?/653A/?/< +35/9:B?B@23<5/</?/6 *3/?/623<5/</?/6?/;0/A/<
?/;0/A/<53:=;0/<5 53:=;0/<5 0
'/<8/<5 $3?B>/9/<8/?/9/<A/?/ $3?B>/9/<8/?/9/<A/?/?/>/A/< Gambar 1.1
3:=;0/<5 >B<1/993>B<1/9 93?/>/A/<03?79BA<E//A/B Berdasarkan arah getarnya,
53:=;0/<503?79BA<E/ ?3<55/<5/<93?3<55/<5/< gelombang mekanik
03?79BA<E/ dikelompokkan menjadi:
(a) Gelombang transversal;
3:=;0/<5A?/<@C3?@/:/2/:/653:=;0/<5E/<5/?/653A/?/<<E/A35/9 (b) Gelombang logitudinal.
:B?B@ A3?6/2/> /?/6 ?/;0/A/<<E/ 1=<A=6<E/ 53:=;0/<5 >3?;B9//< /7?
53:=;0/<5 >/2/ A/:7 2/< 53:=;0/<5 1/6/E/ 3:=;0/<5 :=<57AB27</:
/2/:/6 53:=;0/<5 E/<5 /?/6 53A/?<E/ @38/8/? 23<5/< /?/6 ?/;0/A/<<E/
1=<A=6<E/ 53:=;0/<5 0B<E7 2/< 53:=;0/<5 >/2/ >35/@
3:=;0/<5 >/2/ >35/@ /A/B @:7<97 2/>/A ;3<55/;0/?9/< 03<AB9
53:=;0/<5A?/<@C3?@/:2/<53:=;0/<5:=<57AB27</:03?5/<AB<50/5/7;/</
1/?/ >35/@ A3?@30BA 2753A/?9/< !79/ >35/@ 2703?7 B@79/< A35/9 :B?B@
A3?6/2/> >/<8/<5<E/ /9/< A3?03<AB9 53:=;0/<5 A?/<@C3?@/: 2/>B<
879/ >35/@ 2703?7 5/E/ @3/?/6 23<5/< >/<8/<5 >35/@ >/2/ >35/@ /9/<
A3?8/27 ?/>/A/< 2/< ?3<55/<5/< E/<5 27@30BA 53:=;0/<5 :=<57AB27</:
B/A:/6;=23:53:=;0/<523<5/<;3<55B</9/<@3BA/@A/:7E/<5@/:/6
@/AB B8B<5<E/ 2779/A9/< >/2/ A7/<5 "3;B27/< 53?/99/< A/<5/< <2/
</79AB?B<@367<55//9/<A3?:76/A0/5/7;/</@30B/653:=;0/<5;3?/;0/A Gambar 1.2
@3>3?A7 >/2/ '+ $3<B?BA <2/ />/9/6 A/:7 79BA ;3?/;0/A Gelombang pada tali.
93A79/ 2753A/?9/<
/:/; >3?/;0/A/<<E/ 53:=;0/<5 ;3;7<2/69/< 3<3?57 2/< A72/9
;3<E3?A/9/< >3?/;0/A/< ;327B;<E/ '/2/ 9/@B@ 53:=;0/<5 A/:7 53?/9/<
A/<5/<</79AB?B<;3;0/<597A9/<3<3?57;39/<79>/2/A/:7<3?57;39/<79
A3?@30BA ;3<553A/?9/< 2/3?/6 27 @397A/?<E/ @367<55/ 2/3?/6 27 @397A/?<E/
79BA >B:/ 03?53?/9 </79 AB?B< 23;797/< @3A3?B@<E/ @/;>/7 B8B<5 A/:7
Gejala Gelombang 3
/A/B! H
"3A3?/<5/<
! 13>/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/<5 ; @
>/<8/<5 53:=;0/<5 ;
>3?7=2353:=;0/<5@
4?39B3<@7 53:=;0/<5 F
bukit
y
gelombang '3?6/A79/< '+ /;0/? A3?@30BA ;3?B>/9/< >?=E39@7 2/?7
B F @7;>/<5/< # 2/< >3?>7<2/6/< " 2/?7 @30B/6 53:=;0/<5 3<AB9<E/
;3<E3?B>/7 03<AB9 53:=;0/<5 A?/<@C3?@/: A3?27?7 2/?7 0B97A 2/< :3;0/6
C E
A B' F' G
x 3?2/@/?9/< 5/;0/? A3?@30BA >/<8/<5 53:=;0/<5 /2/:/6 8/?/9 2/?7
D H 93 /A/B 8/?/9 2/?7 93 ;>:7AB2= /2/:/6 <7:/7 @7;>/<5/<
lembah A3?03@/?E/<52/>/A271/>/7>/?A793:;327B;E/7AB8/?/92/?793/A/B
gelombang 2/?7 93 'B<1/9 53:=;0/<5 /2/:/6 A7A79 A3?A7<557 >/2/ 53:=;0/<5
Gambar 1.4 E/7AB A7A79 2/< A7A79 /@/? 53:=;0/<5 /2/:/6 139B<5/< /A/B :3;0/6
Panjang gelombang ( ) pada
grafik simpangan (y) terhadap A3?3<2/6 E/7AB A7A79 2/< A7A79 2/>B< @7;>B: /2/:/6 A7A79A7A79 >/2/
arah rambat (x). 53:=;0/<5 93A79/ ;3<1/>/7 93@3A7;0/<5/< /A/B @7;>/<5/<<E/ <=:
Contoh 1.1
3:=;0/<5>/2/A/:7;3?/;0/A23<5/<9313>/A/<; @!79/8/?/9/<A/?/
>B<1/9
53:=;0/<5E/<503?B?BA/</2/:/6
;3A3?A3<AB9/<
/ >/<8/<553:=;0/<5
2 = 36 m
0 4?39B3<@753:=;0/<5A3?@30BA
0
793A/6B7
!; @
!/?/9/<A/?/
>B<1/9
;
!
1;I
F v=
5m
= 2,5 m/s
T 2s
1; @
s = vt
; @ 10 m = (2,5 m/s)t
!/2713>/A?/;0/A53:=;0/<5>/2//7?/2/:/6; @
10 m
t= =4s
2,5 m/s
7/D/:0/07<7<2/A3:/6;3<53A/6B70/6D/53:=;0/<5276/@7:9/<
=:36 53A/?/< E/<5 27?/;0/A9/< ,<AB9 ;3<567AB<5 3<3?57 53:=;0/<5
<2/ 6/?B@ ;3<57<5/A 93;0/:7 ;/A3?7 27 "3:/@ . A3<A/<5 3<3?57 A=A/:
;/@@/E/<503?=@7:/@7>/2/>35/@<3?57A3?@30BA27AB:7@9/<@30/5/703?79BA
23<5/<
@30/5/7 9=<@A/<A/ 5/E/ 2/< /2/:/6 /;>:7AB2=
*3:/<8BA<E/ >3?6/A79/< 5/;0/? 03?79BA
m x
Gambar 1.5
Gerakan tangan dirambatkan
oleh tali dalam bentuk
gelombang.
Gejala Gelombang 5
Gambar 1.6 P1 t1 + t
(a) Pada waktu t1, gelombang tali 0
mencapai titik P1 dan memiliki
energi karena gerak harmonik
elemen-elemennya. x
(b) Pada saat waktu bertambah
sebesar t , gelombang tali
menjalar sejauh v t . v t
'+
;3;>3?:76/A9/< @30B/6 53:=;0/<5 E/<5 ;3<8/:/? 93
9/</< '/2/ @//A 53:=;0/<5 A3>/A ;3<1/>/7 A7A79 ' *3A7/> @35;3<
A/:7>/2/0/57/<97?7';3;7:7973<3?57 E/<52703?79/<=:36 +,'(
1 *3A3:/6 53:=;0/<5 A3:/6 ;3<8/:/? @38/B6 " ! @3>3?A7
Tantangan A3?:76/A >/2/ '+
<3?57 E/<5 27A?/<@;7@79/< ;3:/:B7 '
untuk Anda @3:/;/ /2/:/6
Grafik simpangan terhadap waktu
"
sebuah gelombang yang memiliki
kecepatan 0,05 m/s seperti pada
gambar berikut.
! H
y(cm)
10 *3:/<8BA<E/ 8B;:/6 3<3?57 E/<5 27A?/<@;7@79/< @3A7/> @/AB/< D/9AB
27@30BA :/8B 3<3?57 /A/B @/;/ 23<5/< 2/E/ E/<5 27A?/<@;7@79/< *31/?/
t(s) ;/A3;/A7@ 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA
150 cm
! H
Berdasarkan gambar tersebut,
tentukan:
a. amplitudo (A);
/?7 +,'( 1 <2/ 2/>/A ;3:76/A 0/6D/ 2/E/ E/<5 27A?/<@
b. periode (T); ;7@79/< 03?0/<27<5 :B?B@ 23<5/< 9B/2?/A /;>:7AB2= 9B/2?/A 4?39B3<@7
c. frekuensi gelombang (f). 2/< :/8B 53:=;0/<5
Contoh 1.3
*30B/653:=;0/<5>/<8/<5<E/
1;2/</;>:7AB2=<E/1;03?53?/923<5/<
9313>/A/<; @27@3>/<8/<5A/:7E/<5>/<8/<5<E/;2/<;/@@/<E/
5
/ 3?/>/9/63<3?57A=A/:53:=;0/<5>/2/A/:7
0 3?/>/9/62/E/E/<527?/;0/A9/<A/:7A3?@30BA
0
793A/6B7
1; ;
1;
5?/;
! ; @
F2/</;>:7AB2=1;
/ >/<8/<553:=;0/<5 / 7AB<5:/6>3<5B?/<5/<3<3?57879/4?39B3<@7<E/
0 >3?7=23 A3A/>2/</;>:7AB2=<E/03?B0/6;3<8/27
1;
1 4?39B3<@753:=;0/<5 0 7AB<5:/6 3<3?57 53:=;0/<5 A3?@30BA 879/
3?79/< 2B/ /:/@/< ;3<5/>/ 53:=;0/<5 /7? :/BA 1
4?39B3<@72/</;>:7AB2=<E/;3<8/27 9/:72/?7
/;>:7AB2=<E/@3;/97<9317:879/@3;/97<8/B62/?7 2
@B;03?53:=;0/<5 @3;B:/
B/0B/65/0B@03?8/?/9;"32B/5/0B@A3?@30BA *B/AB53:=;0/<5A?/<@C3?@/:E/<5;3;7:7974?39B3<@7
03?/2/27/A/@>3?;B9//</7?"32B/5/0B@03?53?/9
9F ;3<553A/?9/< >/?A793: 03?;/@@/
;5
</79AB?B<03?@/;//<23<5/<>3<8/:/?/<53:=;0/<5 23<5/</;>:7AB2=;;!79/
67AB<5:/6
/7?*/AB5/0B@03?/2/27/A/@0B97A53:=;0/<52/< 03@/?3<3?5753A/?E/<527;7:797=:36@B;03?53A/?
@/AB :/57 03?/2/ 27 :3;0/6 53:=;0/<5 7 /<A/?/ 53:=;0/<5A3?@30BA
Gejala Gelombang 7
!
"
03?53A/?@3:/;/@39=<;/9/A7A79/9/<03?53A/?@3:/;/H @39=<
!
'3?@/;//< @7;>/<5/< 53:=;0/<5 27 A7A79 ' /2/:/6
" H
# @7<
!
+,'( 1 03?:/9B B<AB9 53:=;0/<5 E/<5 ;3?/;0/A 93 /?/6
@B;0B">=@7A742/>B<>3?@/;//<53:=;0/<5E/<5;3?/;0/A2/?7@B;0B"
>=@7A74 ;3<B8B @B;0B" <35/A74 /A/B >B@/A 9==?27</A /2/:/6
"
# @7<
H
!
'/2/ +,'(12/< +,'(1/;>:7AB2=03?6/?5/
>=@7A74 9/?3</ 27/<55/> /D/: 53A/?/< 27;B:/7 2/?7 A7A79 @3A7;0/<5 &
03?53?/9 93 /A/@ !79/ 53?/9/< 27;B:/7 2/?7 A7A79 @3A7;0/<5 & 03?53?/9
93 0/D/6 ;/9/ /;>:7AB2= 03?6/?5/ <35/A74 @367<55/ >3?@/;//<
Ingatlah @7;>/<5/< 53:=;0/<5 27 ' @31/?/ B;B; ;3<8/27
"
y = A sin
t kx # @7<
H
+A = awal getaran gelombang ke !
atas
A = awal getaran gelombang ke /:/; 03<AB9 :/7< +,'( 1 2/>/A 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA
bawah
+k = gelombang merambat ke
kiri
# @7<
" H
k = gelombang merambat ke
kanan
23<5/< /2/:/6 <7:/7 2/?7 /A/B
!
"
# @7<
" @7<
/?7 >3?@/;//< A3?@30BA 03@/? @B2BA 4/@3<E/ /2/:/6
"
H
2/< 03@/? 4/@3<E/ /2/:/6
"
H
@367<55/6B0B<5/</<A/?/@B2BA4/@32/<4/@353:=;0/<5<E/2/>/A27AB:7@
@30/5/7 03?79BA
y
H
A B
'3?6/A79/< '+ +7A79 E/<5 03?8/?/9 " 2/?7 A7A79 /@/: O x
53A/?/< & A3:/6 03?53A/? @3:/;/ @39=< ;3;7:797 4/@3 '/2/ /D/:
53A/?/< E/<5 @/;/ A7A79 03?8/?/9 " 2/?7 A7A79 /@/: 53A/?/< & 2/< x1
&)'(!,.('#
;3:B:B6:/<A/99/<0B;7136+B5/@<2/1/?7:/67<4=?;/@7;3<53</753:=;0/<5
A@B</;7A3?@30BA@3>3?A70/5/7;/</A3?8/27<E//>/>3<E30/0>3<E30/0<E/9/>/<
2/<27;/</>3?</6A3?8/27+@B</;72/<7<4=?;/@7:/7<<E/A3<A/<5A@B</;75/?
:3076;3</?79A/;0/69/<5/;0/?5/;0/?E/<5?3:3C/<932/:/;AB:7@/<<2/
Gejala Gelombang 9
Contoh 1.5
*30B/653:=;0/<5;3?/;0/A93/?/6@B;0B">=@7A7423<5/<93:/8B/<; @4?39B3<@7
F2/</;>:7AB2=53A/?1;3:=;0/<5A3?@30BA;3:/:B7A7A79'E/<503?8/?/9
;
2/?7A7A79&!79/A7A79/@/:A3:/603?53A/?@3:/;/
@39=<2/<A7A79&9/:7>3?A/;/
03?53A/?23<5/</?/6@7;>/<5/<930/D/6A3<AB9/<:/6
/ >3?@/;//<@7;>/<5/<53:=;0/<52/:/;03<AB9@7<B@
0 >3?@/;//<53A/?/<27A7A79'
1 @B2BA4/@32/<4/@353:=;0/<5
2 @7;>/<5/<27A7A79'
0
793A/6B7
Tantangan ! 1; @
F
untuk Anda 1;
@39=<
Sebuah gelombang merambat dari
sumber S ke kanan dengan laju / '3?@/;//<@7;>/<5/<53:=;0/<503?8/:/<2/:/;03<AB9@7<B@23<5/<A7A79&"
8 m/s, frekuensi 16 Hz, dan @//A
03?53?/9930/D/62/</?/6?/;0/A<E/93@B;0B">=@7A74/2/:/6
amplitudo 4 cm. Gelombang
"
tersebut melalui titik P yang #H@7< " @7<
1
berjarak 9 m dari S. Jika S telah
!
2 "
1 #H
@7<
bergetar 1 S dan arah gerak
4
pertamanya ke atas, hitunglah
0 #H
@7<
simpangan titik P pada saat itu.
#H
@7<
2. Gelombang Stasioner
simpul
3:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3? 2/>/A A3?8/27 9/?3</
#
$7@/:<E/ @B>3?>=@7@7 A3?B@;3<3?B@ /<A/?/ 53:=;0/<5 Gambar 1.9
2/A/<5 2/< 53:=;0/<5 >/<AB: E/<5 ;3?/;0/A >/2/ 53:=;0/<5 A/:7 Gelombang pantul dari seutas
'/2/ 53:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3? A3?2/>/A A7A79A7A79 E/<5 03?53A/? 23<5/< tali yang bergerak bebas (tidak
ada perubahan fase).
/;>:7AB2= ;/9@7;B; +7A79 7<7 27</;/9/< 3?BA 53:=;0/<5 @32/<59/<
A7A79A7A79 E/<5 03?53A/? 23<5/< /;>:7AB2= ;7<7;B; 27@30BA @7;>B:
gelombang
53:=;0/<5 3:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3? 2/>/A 276/@7:9/< 2/?7 @3BA/@ A/:7 0/79 datang
23<5/< B8B<5 A72/9 A3?79/A '+ ;/B>B< 23<5/< B8B<5 A3?79/A
'+
a. Gelombang Stasioner pada Tali dengan Ujung Bebas
gelombang pantul
3:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3? >/2/ A/:7 23<5/< B8B<5 030/@ B8B<5 A/:7
Gambar 1.10
2707/?9/< 03?53?/9 </79AB?B< @32/<59/< B8B<5 E/<5 :/7< 2753A/?9/< Gelombang pantul dari seutas
'/2/ 53:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3? 7<7 A72/9 A3?8/27 >3?B0/6/< 4/@3 /?A7<E/ 4/@3 tali yang terikat.
53:=;0/<5 2/A/<5 @/;/ 23<5/< 4/@3 53:=;0/<5 >/<AB:
'3?6/A79/<'++7A79&/2/:/6A7A79/@/:?/;0/A/<53:=;0/<5
2/A/<523<5/< >/<8/<5A/:72/<"8/?/9A7A79'2/?7B8B<5030/@ gelombang gelombang
+7A79 ' ;3<5/:/;7 >3?>/2B/< 53:=;0/<5 2/A/<5 # 23<5/< 53:=;0/<5 pantul datang
"
# @7<
H
!
/@7: >3?>/2B/< @7;>/<5/< 53:=;0/<5 2/A/<5 # 2/< @7;>/<5/<
53:=;0/<5 >/<AB: # 27 A7A79 ' 2/>/A 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA
Gejala Gelombang 11
" "
;7@/:9/<
2/<
! !
;/9/ >3?@/;//< @7;>/<5/< # ;3<8/27
# @7< @7<
03?2/@/?9/< /AB?/< >3?8B;:/6/< @7<B@ E/7AB
@7< @7< @7< 1=@
@367<55/
" "
" "
y p = @7<
1=@
! ! ! !
&:369/?3</
! 2/< >3?@/;//<53:=;0/<5@A/@7=<3?
/970/A >3;/<AB:/< B8B<5 030/@ 2/>/A 27AB:7@9/< @30/5/7 03?79BA
"
# @7< 1=@ H
'3?@/;//< @7;>/<5/< # 2/>/A 8B5/ 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA
"
# 1=@ @7< H
'3?6/A79/< +,'( 1 '3?@/;//< ;3?B>/
9/< /;>:7AB2= 53:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3? 27 A7A79 ' !/27 /;>:7AB2= 53:=;0/<5
27 A7A79 ' 2/>/A 27<E/A/9/< 23<5/< >3?@/;//<
"
1=@ 1=@ " H
#3A/9 >3?BA 2/< @7;>B: 2/?7 B8B<5 030/@ 2/>/A 27A3<AB9/<
03?2/@/?9/< +,'( 1
'3?BA A3?8/27 93A79/ A3?03<AB9 @7;>/<5/< ;/9@7;B; @E/?/A<E/
1=@ " /A/B " @367<55/ 27>3?=:36
" 23<5/<
H
3<5/< 23;797/< >3?BA A3?03<AB9 >/2/ >=@7@7 "
" 23<5/<
H
3<5/< 23;797/< @7;>B: A3?03<AB9 >/2/ >=@7@7 "
2/?7 B8B<5 030/@
b. Gelombang Stasioner pada Tali dengan Ujung Terikat
3:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3? >/2/ A/:7 23<5/< B8B<5 A3?79/A 27>3?=:36 2/?7 gelombang gelombang
53A/?/< @3BA/@ A/:7 E/<5 B8B<5<E/ A3?79/A @367<55/ A72/9 2/>/A 03?53?/9 pantul datang
@3>3?A7 A3?:76/A >/2/ '+ A P
y1
&:36 9/?3</ B8B<5 A/:7 A72/9 2/>/A 03?53?/9 ;/9/ /9/< A3?8/27 x y2 O
"
# @7<
H
!
-/9AB E/<5 27>3?:B9/< 53:=;0/<5 2/A/<5 2/?7 A7A79 & @/;>/7 A7A79
"
'/2/:/6 @32/<59/<D/9ABE/<527>3?:B9/<=:3653:=;0/<5>/<AB:
!
"
2/?7 A7A79 & 93 @/;>/7 27 A7A79 ' /2/:/6 3:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3?
!
>/2/A/:723<5/<B8B<5A3?79/A;3;7:797032/@B2BA4/@3/<A/?/53:=;0/<5
2/A/<52/<53:=;0/<5>/<AB:@303@/?
G3<5/<23;797/<>3?@/;//<
@7;>/<5/< # 53:=;0/<5 >/<AB: /2/:/6
"
# @7<
H
!
Gejala Gelombang 13
"
# @7< 1=@ H
"
!79/ <2/ >3?6/A79/< +,'( 1 @7< ;3?B>/9/<
/;>:7AB2=53:=;0/<5@A/@7=<3?>/2/A7A79'3<5/<23;797/</;>:7AB2=
53:=;0/<5 27 A7A79 ' 2/>/A 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA
"
@7< H
Contoh 1.7
*3BA/@A/:7>/<8/<5<E/;B8B<5'A3?79/AA/:72753A/?9/<A?/<@C3?@/:23<5/<4?39B3<@7
F/;>:7AB2=53:=;0/<51;2/<:/8B53:=;0/<5; @+3<AB9/<@7;>/<5/<
E/<5A3?8/2727A7A79(E/<503?/2/;2/?7A7A79/@/:53A/?/<&@3A3:/603?53A/?
@3:/;/@39=<
2,4 m
Jawab:
Q P
793A/6B7 O
; ;
! ; @ 1; 4m
F @
" H
H;
! ; @
;
@
F
F
;/9/
"
# @7< 1=@
@7<
1=@
I1;I
H
H1;
!/27@7;>/<5/<E/<5A3?8/2727A7A79(/2/:/6H1;
Gejala Gelombang 15
Pembahasan Soal
Tali yang panjangnya 5 m ber- P S P S beban
tegangan 2 N digetarkan sehingga
terbentuk gelombang stasioner. 2. Hidupkan pembangkit getaran dengan menghubungkannya ke sumber
Jika massa tali 625 103 kg, maka tegangan sehingga pada tali terbentuk gelombang seperti pada gambar.
cepat rambat gelombang tali 3. Jika belum terbentuk gelombang stasioner, ubahlah berat beban yang
adalah .... tergantung pada ujung katrol sehingga pada suatu saat terbentuk gelom-
a. 2 m/s
bang stasioner.
b. 5 m/s
c. 6 m/s
4. Amatilah dengan saksama gelombang yang terjadi dan tulislah kesimpulan
d. 10 m/s Anda dari kegiatan tersebut.
e. 40 m/s 5. Lakukan langkah 1 sampai 4 untuk kawat kedua yang berbeda massanya.
UMPTN 1996
Pembahasan: =0/ @39/?/<5 <2/ 0/<27<59/< 93@7;>B:/< <2/ 23<5/<
Diketahui:
= 5 m; F = 2 N; m = 625 103 kg. 93@7;>B:/< & 03?79BA
Menurut Melde kecepatan rambat 3>/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/<5 A?/<@C3?@/: E/<5 ;3?/;0/A ;3:/:B7 @3</?
gelombang tali adalah >/2/ >3?1=0//< & @30/<27<5 23<5/< /9/? 5/E/ A35/<5/< 9/D/A
F
v = 2/< 03?0/<27<5 A3?0/:79 23<5/< /9/? ;/@@/ 9/D/A >3? @/AB/< >/<8/<5
F 9/D/A *31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ >3?@/;//< 13>/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/<5 27AB:7@9/<
=
m @30/5/7 03?79BA
2N 5m
= 6,25 10 -3 kg
= 40 m/s ! /A/B! H
Jawaban: e
*3BA/@A/:72753A/?9/<@367<55/;3;03<AB953:=;0/<5E/<503?4?39B3<@7
F2/<
13>/A?/;0/A53:=;0/<5; @+3<AB9/<A3;>/A932B2B9/<>3?BA2/<@7;>B:2/?7
B8B<5>3;/<AB:/<53:=;0/<5A3?@30BA
0
793A/6B7
F
! ; @
! ; @
;
1;
F
/ "32B2B9/<>3?BA
,<AB9
1;
1;
1;
!/27932B2B9/<>3?BAB<AB903?/2/>/2/8/?/91;03?/2/
>/2/8/?/91;2/<B<AB9
03?/2/>/2/8/?/9
1;2/?7B8B<5>3;/<AB:/<
0 "32B2B9/<@7;>B:
,<AB9
1;
1;
1;
!/27932B2B9/<@7;>B:B<AB903?/2/>/2/8/?/9
1;03?/2/
>/2/8/?/9
1;2/<
03?/2/>/2/8/?/9
1;2/?7B8B<5>3;/<AB:/<
Contoh 1.10
'/2/>3?1=0//<$3:23A3?03<AB9
>3?BA53:=;0/<52/?7@3</?E/<5>/<8/<5<E/ Tantangan
; !79/ >/2/ B8B<5 9/D/A 275/<AB<59/< 030/< 5 2/< ;/@@/ @3</?
5 untuk Anda
A3<AB9/<
/ 03<AB953:=;0/<5@3</?A3?@30BA Kawat untuk saluran transmisi listrik
0 >/<8/<553:=;0/<5>/2/@3</? yang massanya 40 kg diikat antara
dua menara tegangan tinggi yang
1 13>/A?/;0/A53:=;0/<5
jaraknya 200 m. Salah satu ujung
2 4?39B3<@7@B;03?53A/? kawat dipukul oleh teknisi yang
0 berada di salah satu menara,
sehingga timbul gelombang yang
793A/6B7 merambat ke menara yang lain. Jika
; gelombang pantul terdeteksi
030/< 5I
H95 setelah 10 s, berapa tegangan kawat?
@3</?
5
I
H
95
Gejala Gelombang 17
0 '/<8/<553:=;0/<527>3?=:362/?7>3?@/;//<
;
;
!/27>/<8/<553:=;0/<5>/2/@3</?/2/:/6;
@3</?
1 I
H
95 ;
030/<II
HI
%
!
; @
!/2713>/A?/;0/A53:=;0/<5/2/:/6
; @
2 ?39B3<@7@B;03?53A/?
!
F
!/274?39B3<@7@B;03?53A/?/2/:/6
F
F;3;7:797
/ /;>:7AB2=53:=;0/<527A7A79E/<503?8/?/91; 9313>/A/<
; @
2/?7A7A79/@/:53A/?/< / 3?/>/9/6 8/?/9 /<A/?/ 2B/ A7A79 /5/? @B2BA
0 @7;>/<5/<53:=;0/<527A7A79A3?@30BA@3A3:/6A/:7 4/@3<E/03?032/@303@/?
G
0 3?/>/9/6>3?032//<@B2BA4/@3@B/ABA7A79E/<5
03?53A/?@3:/;/ @ 03?53A/?2/:/;@3:/<5D/9AB
H
@39=<
1 :3A/9@7;>B:932/<>3?BA93
2/?7A7A79/@/: *30B/653:=;0/<5;3?/;0/A2/?7A7A79&93A7A79'
53A/?/< 23<5/<13>/A?/;0/A; @4?39B3<@7F/;>:7AB2=
*3BA/@A/:7>/<8/<5<E/;*/ABB8B<5A/:72779/A93 1;2/<8/?/9&'
;+3<AB9/<@7;>/<5/<A7A79'
27<27<5 2/< B8B<5 A/:7 :/7<<E/ 2753A/?9/< 23<5/< @//A&A3:/603?53A/?@3:/;/@
/;>:7AB2= 1; @3?A/ >3?7=23
@ @367<55/ +3<AB9/<@B2BA4/@353:=;0/<527A7A79'879/A7A79&
53:=;0/<5>/2/A/:72/>/A;3?/;0/A23<5/<93:/8B/< A3:/603?53A/?@3:/;/@39=<23<5/<8/?/9A7A79&
1; @*30B/6A7A79'>/2/8/?/9";2/?7B8B<5 93'/2/:/6;3A3?2/<03@/?13>/A?/;0/A53:=;0/<5
>3;/<AB:/<A3<AB9/<:/6 ; @
/ >3?@/;//< @7;>/<5/< 53:=;0/<5 2/A/<5 2/< *3BA/@ A/:7 E/<5 >/<8/<5<E/ ; 27?3<A/<59/<
53:=;0/<5>/<AB:27A7A79' 6=?7F=<A/:*/:/6@/ABB8B<5<E/2753A/?9/<2/<B8B<5
0 >3?@/;//<@7;>/<5/<@B>3?>=@7@753:=;0/<527 :/7<<E/ A3A/> *3A3:/6 A3?8/27 53:=;0/<5 @A/@7=<3?
A7A79' A3?<E/A/ >3?BA 93 03?8/?/9
; 2/?7 A7A79 /@/:
*/:/6@/ABB8B<52/?7@3BA/@A/:7E/<5;3;7:797>/<8/<5 53A/?/<
1; 2753A/?9/< 6/?;=<79 </79AB?B< @32/<59/< / 3?/>/>/<8/<553:=;0/<5E/<5A3?8/27
B8B<5:/7<<E/2707/?9/<030/@03?53?/9 0 7AB<5:3A/9@7;>B:9327B9B?2/?7A7A79/@/:
53A/?/<
Gejala Gelombang 19
tempat dangkal
gelombang datang
/?7'+A3?:76/A0/6D/>/<8/<553:=;0/<527A3;>/AE/<5
:3076 2/:/; :3076 03@/? 2/?7>/2/ >/<8/<5 53:=;0/<5 27 A3;>/A E/<5
2/<59/: @367<55/13>/A?/;0/A53:=;0/<5<E/>B<03?032/3<5/<
/
23;797/< >3?B0/6/< >/<8/<5 53:=;0/<5 ;3<E30/09/< A3?8/27<E/
>3;03:=9/< 53:=;0/<5 '3;03:=9/< 53:=;0/<5 27</;/9/< >3;07/@/<
;07::/6@30/A/<50=:>=7<:/:B;/@B99/<932/:/;53:/@9/1/E/<5
03?7@7 /7? 03<7<5 =:>=7< A3?@30BA /9/< A3?:76/A 03<59=9 '3?7@A7D/ 7<7
27@30BA >3?7@A7D/
=<A=6 >3?7@A7D/ >3;07/@/< E/<5
:/7< /2/:/6 43<=;3</
2/< >3:/<57
'3;07/@/< A3?8/27 /970/A /2/<E/ >3?032//< 7<239@ 07/@ '3?032//<
7<239@ 07/@ ;3<E30/09/< >3?B0/6/< 13>/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/<5 '/2/
>3?7@A7D/0=:>=7<272/:/;53:/@1/6/E/E/<527>/<AB:9/<93;/A/;3:3D/A7
A75/;/1/;0/6/<'3?A/;/1/6/E/E/<527>/<AB:9/<;3:3D/A7/7?272/:/;
53:/@"3;B27/<;3:3D/A70/6/<E/<5932B/E/7AB9/1/53:/@2/<A3?/967?
Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
;3:3D/A7 B2/?/ "3A75/ ;/1/; 0/6/< A3?@30BA ;3;7:797 7<239@ 07/@ E/<5
03?032/032/ @367<55/ 13>/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/<5 03?B0/6B0/6
0 B9B; E/<5 ;3<55/;0/?9/< 43<=;3</ 7<7 /2/:/6 B9B; *<3::7B@
sinar A3<A/<5 >3;07/@/< '3?6/A79/< '+ B9B; *<3::7B@
datang
;3<E/A/9/< 0/6D/
@7</?2/A/<55/?7@<=?;/:2/<@7</?07/@A3?:3A/9>/2/@/AB072/<52/A/?
1 @7</? 2/A/<5 ;3;03<AB9 @B2BA A3?6/2/> 5/?7@ <=?;/: 2/< @7</?
n1 07/@ ;3;03<AB9 @B2BA A3?6/2/> 5/?7@ <=?;/: 2/< ;3;3<B67
>3?@/;//< 03?79BA
n2
2 @7< @7< H
sinar "3A3?/<5/<
bias 13>/A ?/;0/A 1/6/E/ 27 ?B/<5 6/;>/ ; @
n2 > n1
! 13>/A ?/;0/A 1/6/E/ 93A79/ ;3:3D/A7 ;327B;
7<239@ 07/@ ;BA:/9 0/6/<
Gambar 1.18 '3?6/A79/< +,'( 1
*7;0=: 2/; ;3?B>/9/<
(a) Pembiasan terjadi pada 9=<@A/<A/ A/9 03?27;3<@7 "=<@A/<A/ A3?@30BA 27</;/9/< 7<239 07/@
bolpoin yang dicelupkan ke
dalam air; (b) Skema perjalanan *7;0=: 1 /2/:/6@B2BAE/<52703<AB9=:36@7</?2/A/<52/<5/?7@<=?;/:
sinar pada proses pembiasan. 2/>B< 2 /2/:/6@B2BAE/<52703<AB9=:36@7</?07/@2/<5/?7@<=?;/:
<38 <38
D
/;.+<+;5+8 )*%& / .+:+= .35/=+2>3 ,+2@+ ,/<+;8A+
<>.>= ,3+< ,/;1+8=>81 :+.+ <>.>= .+=+81
38./5< ,3+< 7/.3>7
:/;=+7+
.+8 38./5< ,3+< 7/.3>7 5/.>+
35+<+7+./81+8
+5+8<+7+./81+8
%+.+5/+.++8383
;/0;+5<3=3.+57/8A/,+,5+8:/7,/695+8<38+;(38+;.+=+81+5+8.3=/;><
5+8=+8:+:/7,/6955+8+;+2</:/;=3=/;632+=:+.+%)
35+6/,32,/<+;.+;3:+.+
+5+86/,325/-36.+;3:+.+
%+.+
5/+.++8 383 <38+; .3,3+<5+8 7/8./5+=3 1+;3< 89;7+6 .+8 7/84+>2
1+;3< :/;:+84+81+8 <38+; .+=+81 </:/;=3 :+.+ %)
35+6/,325/-36.+;3:+.+
+5+86/,32,/<+;.+;3:+.+
%+.+
5/+.++8383<38+;.3,3+<5+87/84+>231+;3<89;7+6.+81+;3<:/;:+8
4+81+8 <38+; .+=+81 </:/;=3 :+.+ %)
1 1 1
n1 n1 n1
n2 sinar n2 n2
sinar
2 bias 2 2 bias
sinar Gambar 1.19
bias Pembiasan sinar bergantung
pada indeks bias medium.
n2 = n 1 n2 > n 1 n2 < n 1
+ , -
Contoh 1.8
(/,>+21/697,+81.+=+81:+.+,3.+81,+=+<+8=+;+.>+7/.3>7./81+8<>.>=.+=+81
C 35+:/;,+8.381+8+8=+;+38./5<,3+<7/.3>7:/;=+7+.+87/.3>75/.>++.+6+2
=/8=>5+8<>.>=,3+<8A+.+86>53<5+8:/7,3+<+81/697,+81=/;</,>=
-
35/=+2>3 <>.>=.+=+81
C
38./5<,3+<
Gejala Gelombang 21
37
<38
medium 1
<38
medium 2
<38
53
3. Polarisasi
%96+;3<+<3 7/;>:+5+8 :/;3<=3@+ A+81 7/7:/;632+=5+8 -3;3 52+<
1/697,+81 =;+8<?/;<+6 %/;3<=3@+ :96+;3<+<3 .+:+= =/;4+.3 5+;/8+ :/;3<=3@+
:/7+8=>6+8:/7,3+<+8,3+<5/7,+;</6/5=30.+8:/;3<=3@+,3.+811/=+;
%/;3<=3@+ :96+;3<+<3 .+:+= .3?3<>+63<+<35+8 ./81+8 7/7,+A+815+8
1/697,+81 =;+8<?/;<+6 :+.+ </>=+< =+63 %/;2+=35+8 %)
celah
Gambar 1.20
Gelombang tali yang
terpolarisasi. gelombang
terpolarisasi
(/>=+<=+63.31/=+;5+8./81+87/6/@+=3</,>+2-/6+2</7:3=?/;=35+6
)+63 =/;632+= 7/8A37:+81 </:/;=3 <:3;+6 (/=/6+2 1/697,+81 =+63 7/6/@+=3
-/6+2 2+8A+ +;+2 1/=+; ?/;=35+6 <+4+ A+81 7+<32 =/;<3<+ </.+815+8 +;+2
1/=+; 29;3B98=+6 .3;/.+7 +=+> .3</;+: 96/2 -/6+2 </7:3= =/;</,>=
/697,+81 A+81 5/6>+; .+;3 =+63 .3</,>= 1/697,+81 =/;:96+;3<+<3 638/+;
*8=>5 6/,32 7/7+2+73 :96+;3<+<3 +7+=36+2 %)
%) 7/7:/;632+=5+8 1/697,+81 =;+8<?/;<+6 A+81
gelombang .36/@+=5+8:+.+.>+-/6+2A+81:9<3<38A+<+7+.+81/697,+81=+63=/;8A+=+
terpolarisasi 6969< :+.+ 5/.>+ -/6+2 =/;</,>= %) 7/7:/;632+=5+8
1/697,+81 =;+8<?/;<+6 A+81 .36/@+=5+8 :+.+ .>+ -/6+2 A+81 <+6381
7/8A36+81 =/1+5 6>;>< )/;8A+=+ 1/697,+81 6969< :+.+ -/6+2 A+81
:/;=+7+ A+3=> -/6+2 A+81 </4+4+; ./81+8 +;+2 1/=+; =/=+:3 =3.+5 6969<
+
:+.+ -/6+2 A+81 6+38 A+3=> -/6+2 A+81 =/1+5 6>;>< ./81+8 +;+2 1/=+;
gelombang
tidak /;.+<+;5+8 %) .+8 %) .+:+=
terpolarisasi .3<37:>65+8,+2@+2+8A+1/697,+81=;+8<?/;<+6A+81.3:/81+;>23-/6+2
/697,+81 A+81 .+:+= 6969< .+;3 -/6+2 2+8A+ 7/736353 <+=> +;+2 1/=+;
/697,+81 A+81 ./7353+8 .3</,>= 1/697,+81 :96+;3<+<3 (38+; +6+73
</:/;=3 <38+; 7+=+2+;3 ,>5+8 =/;7+<>5 <38+; =/;:96+;3<+<3 (37,96 >8=>5
, <38+; A+81 =3.+5 =/;:96+;3<+<3 +.+6+2 </.+815+8 <37,96 >8=>5
Gambar 1.21
Polarisasi gelombang tali. <38+; A+81 =/;:96+;3<+<3 +.+6+2
getaran horizontal
diserap sempurna
oleh polaroid Gambar 1.22
cahaya diteruskan Cahaya tak terpolarisasi
terpolarisasi linear dilewatkan pada sebuah kristal.
4. Interferensi Gelombang
(/6+38 :/7+8=>6+8 .+8 :/7,3+<+8 <30+= 6+38 .+;3 1/697,+81 +.+6+2
38=/;0/;/8<3 (30+= 38=/;0/;/8<3 :+.+ 1/697,+81 +.+6+2 :96+ :/81>+=+8
38=/;0/;/8<3 598<=;>5=30 .+8 :96+ :/81236+81+8 38=/;0/;/8<3 ./<=;>5=30
7>5+1/697,+81.+;3.>+1/697,+81A+81<+6381,/;=/7>*8=>57/632+=
:96+ 383 6/,32 4/6+< :/;2+=35+8 %) ,/;35>=
interferensi konstruktif
Gambar 1.23
interferensi destruktif Interferensi gelombang air
Sumber: www.physics.umd.edu
5. Difraksi Gelombang
30;+5<3.+6+7,+2+<+</2+;32+;3.+:+=.3+;=35+8</,+1+3:/6/8=>;+8
%/;3<=3@+ .30;+5<3 +=+> :/6/8=>;+8 1/697,+81 .+:+= .3+7+=3 ./81+8
7/811>8+5+8 =+8153 ;3+5 .+8 :+:+8 ,/;-/6+2 $+7>8 1/697,+81 A+81
=37,>6.3+3;=3.+5.32+<365+896/21/=+;+8=+81+87/6+385+8.+;31/;+5+8
7+4> 7>8.>; </,>+2 :+:+8 </23811+ 7>5+ 1/697,+81 ,>5+8 ,/;,/8=>5
63815+;+8 35+ 8.+ 7/6+5>5+8 2+6 =/;</,>= 8.+ +5+8 7/8.+:+=5+8
Gejala Gelombang 23
Gambar 1.25
Difraksi pada gelombang air
Sumber: Physics for Scientist & Engineers
gelombang air
with Modern Physics, 2000 gelombang air setelah
melewati celah
6. Efek Doppler
35+ 8.+ 7/7,>+= 1/=+;+8 :+.+ :/;7>5++8 +3; 7/811>8+5+8
</,>+2 +6+= :/811/=+;
:+.+ :/;7>5++8 +3; =/;</,>= +5+8
=/;,/8=>5 1/697,+811/697,+81 A+81 7/;+7,+= 5/ </1+6+ +;+2 </:/;=3
.3=>84>55+8 %)
:+ A+81 =/;4+.3 435+ ?3,;+=9; .3=+;35 5/
s
5 4 3 2 1 5+8+8 35+?3,;+=9;.3=+;355/5+8+8+5+8=/;,/8=>563815+;+81/697,+81
+3; </:/;=3 :+.+ %)
+;+5 1/697,+81 .3 </,/6+2 5+8+8 6/,32 ;+:+= .3,+8.3815+8 ./81+8
4+;+5 1/697,+81 .3 </,/6+2 53;3 )/;632+= ,+2@+ :><+= .+;3 </=3+: 7>5+
1/697,+81 A+81 .32+<365+8 ,/;1/;+5 5/ 5+8+8 </23811+ 4+;+5 +8=+;+
+ :>8-+5 5/ :>8-+5 1/697,+81 A+81 ,/;./5+=+8 .3 </,/6+2 5+8+8 6/,32
:/8./5 .+;3:+.+ :+84+81 1/697,+81 .3 </,/6+2 53;3 ;=38A+ <>7,/;
1/697,+81 A+81 ,/;1/;+5 7/8A/,+,5+8 :/;>,+2+8 :+84+81 1/697,+81
%+84+811/697,+81A+81,/;>,+2+5+87/8A/,+,5+8:/;>,+2+80;/5>/8<3
vp
%/;3<=3@+ :/;>,+2+8 0;/5>/8<3 1/697,+81 +53,+= :/81+;>2 1/;+5 ;/6+=30
vs
+8=+;+ <>7,/; 1/697,+81 .+8 :/81+7+= .38+7+5+8 /0/5 9::6/;
s 5 4321
P
8.+ .+:+= 7/81+7+=3 /0/5 9::6/; 5/=35+ ,/;.3;3 .3 :38113; 4+6+8
.+8 +.+ 79,36 7/8>4> +=+> 7/8./5+=3 8.+ ,>8A3 79,36 =/;</,>= =/;
./81+; </7+538 =38113 /7353+8 :>6+ 435+ 79,36 =/;</,>= 7/84+>23
8.+,>8A379,36=/;</,>==/;./81+;</7+538;/8.+2/897/8+=/;</,>=
, 5+63 :/;=+7+ .3+7+=3 96/2 </9;+81 03<35+@+8 ><=;3+ )!*+!& '(($)
Gambar 1.26
D
</23811+ .38+7+5+8 /0/5 9::6/;
Sumber gelombang yang
bergerak pada permukaan air
%/;>,+2+8 ,>8A3 79,36 7/84+.3 =38113 +=+> ;/8.+2 =/;</,>=
menyebabkan panjang .3</,+,5+8 96/2 :/;>,+2+8 0;/5>/8<3 !/=35+ 79,36 =/;</,>= 7/8./5+=3
gelombang lebih pendek 8.+0;/5>/8<38A+</7+538,/<+;(/,+6358A+5/=35+79,36=/;</,>=,/;
sesuai arah gerak.
1/;+5 7/84+>23 8.+ 0;/5>/8<38A+ </7+538 5/-36 %/;>,+2+8 0;/5>/8<3
=/;</,>= .+:+= .34/6+<5+8 </,+1+3 ,/;35>=
!/=35+ <>7,/; ,>8A3 .+8 :/8./81+; .3+7 1/697,+81 ,>8A3 A+81
.3:+8-+;5+8 96/2 <>7,/; ,>8A3 7/736353 :+84+81 1/697,+81 A+81 <+7+
./81+8 1/697,+81 ,>8A3 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; ,/;6+5> :/;<+7++8
$+7>8:+.+<++=<>7,/;,>8A3,/;1/;+5.+8:/8./81+;.3+77+5+
:+84+81 1/697,+81 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; +.+6+2
D+
*8=>55+<><</,+6358A+:+.+<++=<>7,/;,>8A3.3+7.+8:/8./81+;
,/;1/;+5 :+84+81 1/697,+81 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; +.+6+2
</23811+ 0;/5>/8<3 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; +.+6+2 </,+1+3 ,/;35>= Tokoh
D,
Christian Johann
Doppler
(/-+;+ >7>7 :/;<+7++8 /0/5 9::6/; >8=>5 <>7,/; ,>8A3 .+8 (18031853)
:/8./81+; ,/;1/;+5 ,/;6+5> :/;<+7++8
D
!/=/;+81+8
0;/5>/8<3 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; B
0;/5>/8<3 .+;3 <>.>= ,>8A3 B
5/-/:+=+8 1/697,+81 ,>8A3 7<
5/-/:+=+8 1/;+5 :/8./81+; 7<
5/-/:+=+8 1/;+5 <>7,/; ,>8A3 7<
Christian Johann Doppler adalah
%/;4+843+8 =+8.+ A+81 .31>8+5+8 .+6+7 :/;<+7++8 +.+6+2 </,+1+3 fisikawan yang lahir di Salzburg,
,/;35>= Austria. Dia belajar di Vienna dan
35+ :/8./81+; 7/8./5+=3 <>7,/; :/8./81+; :9<3=30 menjadi seorang profesor Fisika
(1851). Dia terkenal dengan
35+ :/8./81+; 7/84+>23 <>7,/; :/8./81+; 8/1+=30 pengamatannya tentang variasi
35+ <>7,/; 7/8./5+=3 :/8./81+; <>7,/; 8/1+=30 frekuensi gelombang suara dan
35+ <>7,/; 7/84+>23 :/8./81+; <>7,/; :9<3=30 gelombang cahaya karena pengaruh
kecepatan gerak relatif antara
sumber dan pengamat.
Sumber: www. allbiographic.com
Contoh 1.11
(/,>+279,36,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8574+7<+7,367/7,>8A35+856+5<98
./81+80;/5>/8<3 B+;3+;+2,/;6+@+8+8</9;+81:/81/8.+;+79=9;,/;1/;+5
./81+85/-/:+=+8
574+7)/8=>5+80;/5>/8<3,>8A356+5<98A+81.3./81+;96/2
:/81/8.+;+</:/.+79=9;=/;</,>=435+-/:+=;+7,+=,>8A3.3>.+;++.+6+2
7<
-
35/=+2>3
79,36 574+7 7<
:/8./1+;
574+7
7<
>.+;+
7<
56+5<98 79,36 B
>.+;+ :/8./81+;
:/8./81+; 56+5<9879,36
>.+;+ 79,36
7<
7<
7< 7< B B
+.3:/81/8.+;+</:/.+79=9;7/8./81+;,>8A356+5<98./81+80;/5>/8<3B
Gejala Gelombang 25
Rangkuman
/;.+<+;5+8<>7,/;8A+1/697,+81.35/697:955+8
7/84+.3.>+7+-+7A+3=>1/697,+817/5+835.+8
1/697,+81/6/5=;97+18/=35 (37:+81+8 1/697,+81 ,/;4+6+8 .3 <>+=> =3=35
/;.+<+;5+8 +;+2 1/=+;8A+ 1/697,+81 .3,/.+5+8 .38A+=+5+8./81+8:/;<+7++8
7/84+.3 1/697,+81 =;+8<?/;<+6 .+8 1/697,+81
69813=>.38+6 <38 <38
/<+; -/:+= ;+7,+= 1/697,+81 ,/;,+8.381 6>;><
./81+8:+84+811/697,+81.+8,/;,+8.381=/;,+635 %/;<+7++8 5/-/:+=+8 </,>+2 =3=35 .+6+7 <>+=>
./81+8@+5=>>8=>57/8/7:>2<+=>1/697,+81 1/697,+81=/;2+.+:@+5=>+.+6+2=>;>8+8:/;=+7+
%A+81.38A+=+5+8./81+8:/;<+7++8
<38
/<+;8A+ .+A+ A+81 .3=;+8<73<35+8 7/6+6>3 <>+=>
1/697,+81 ,/;,+8.381 6>;>< ./81+8 5>+.;+= -9<
+7:63=>.95>+.;+=0;/5>/8<3.+86+4>1/697,+81
:+.+>4>81=+63,/,+<+.+6+2
.+:>8 6/=+5 :/;>= 1/697,+81 .+;3 >4>81
-9< <38
:/7+8=>6+8:+.+>4>81=+63=/;35+=+.+6+2
"/=+5:/;>=./697,+81.+;3>4>81:/7+8=>6+8:+.+
0/5 9::6/; 7/;>:+5+8 0/897/8+ :/;>,+2+8
>4>81=+63,/,+<+.+6+2
0;/5>/8<31/697,+81+53,+=:/81+;>21/;+5;/6+=30
+8=+;+ <>7,/; 1/697,+81 .+8 :/81+7+= (/-+;+
>7>7.38A+=+5+8./81+8:/;<+7++8
%/;<+7++81/697,+81<=+<398/;+53,+=:/7+8=>6+8
:+.+>4>81=+63=/;35+=+.+6+2
Peta Konsep
/697,+81 /697,+81
#/5+835 .+:+= 7/81+6+73 );+8<?/;<+6
,/;.+<+;5+8 ,/;.+<+;5+8
<>7,/;8A+ $'%& +;+2 1/=+;8A+
=/;.3;3 +=+< =/;.3;3 +=+<
/697,+81 /697,+81
,/;.+<+;5+8
6/5=;97+18/=35 +7:63=>.98A+
"9813=>.38+6
=/;.3;3 +=+<
/697,+81 /697,+81
(=+<398/; /;4+6+8
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu telah Selain itu, coba Anda sebutkan manfaat lainnya yang
mengetahui jenis-jenis gelombang serta sifat-sifatnya. Anda peroleh setelah mempelajari materi bab ini.
Dari materi bab ini, bagian mana yang Anda anggap sulit?
Coba diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
Gejala Gelombang 27
(/,>+21/697,+816+>=.+=+817/7/-+2:+8=+3</=3+:
<37:+81+81/697,+81.3+.+6+2896 35+:+84+81 </598</5+63 +;+5</=3+:1/697,+81
7 +.36+4>
1/697,+81
-7.+8+7:63=>.9
-7<37:+81+8=3=35 1/697,+817/8>4>:+8=+3</,/<+;
+ 7< . 7<
:+.+<++=0+</=3=35 ;+.+.+6+2 , 7< / 7<
+ -7 . -7 - 7<
, -7 /
-7
+7,+;,/;35>=7/8>84>55+81/697,+81=;+8<?/;<+6
- -7 ,/;4+6+8
(/,>+2 1/697,+81 =;+8<?/;<+6 .38A+=+5+8 ./81+8 Q U
:/;<+7++8 <38
./81+8 .+8 P R
S
T V
.+6+7-7.+8.+6+7</5987+5+ +6+7<+=>:/;39./.3=/7:>24+;+5
:+84+811/697,+818A+
-7 + %D&D'D( . &D'D(
0;/5>/8<38A+ B , 'D(D)D* / 'D(D)
+7:63=>.98A+
-7 - %D&D'D(D)
-/:+=;+7,+=8A+ -7<
35+1/697,+81+3;7/;+7,+=.+;3=/7:+=A+81.+6+7
%/;8A+=++8A+81,/8+;+.+6+2 5/=/7:+=A+816/,32.+815+67+5+
+
.+8 .
<+4+ + -/:+=;+7,+=.+8:+84+811/697,+81=/=+:
,
.+8 / </7>+,/8+; , -/:+=;+7,+=7/84+.36/,32,/<+;.+8:+84+81
- .+8
1/697,+81=/=+:
(/>=+<=+63:+84+818A+7.+8,/;7+<<+ 1;+7
35+ <>7,/; ,>8A3 =/;</,>= .3+7 </.+815+8
.3=/1+815+8 ./81+8 1+A+
$ 35+ 0;/5>/8<3
:/8./81+; ,/;1/;+5 ./81+8 5/-/:+=+8
7<
<>7,/;1/=+;+88A+ B-/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81
7/8./5+=3<>7,/;,>8A30;/5>/8<3A+81.3./81+;
=+63=/;</,>=+.+6+2
96/2:/8./81+;+.+6+2 35+-/:+=;+7,+=,>8A3.3
+
7< . 7<
>.+;+7<:/;,+8.381+8
+.+6+2
, 7< /
7<
- 7<
+
.
%/;3<=3@+:/;:+.>+8+8=+;+.>+1/697,+81.3<>+=>
=3=35.+6+7@+5=>A+81,/;<+7++8.3</,>=
+ :/7,3+<+8 . .30;+5<3
, /
, :/7+8=>6+8 / :96+;3<+<3
- <>:/;:9<3<3
(/>=+<=+63A+81:+84+818A+
75/.>+>4>818A+
.335+=./81+8/;+=!/7>.3+8:+.+=+63.3=37,>65+8
-
1/697,+81</23811+=/;,/8=>5,>+2:/;>="/=+5
:/;>=5/637+.+;3>4>81=/;4+>2+.+6+2
+
7 . 7 (/9;+81:/8/;,+81A+81:/<+@+==/;,+818A+7/8>4>
,
7 / 7 5/7/8+;+,+8.+;+7/8./81+;,>8A3<3;38/7/8+;+
-
7 ./81+80;/5>/8<3 B 35+:+.+<++=3=><3;38/
35+</,>+21/697,+817/6/@+=3:/812+6+81A+81 7/7+8-+;5+8,>8A3./81+80;/5>/8<3
B.+8
7/736353-/6+2</7:3=+5+8=/;4+.3:/;3<=3@+ -/:+= ;+7,+= ,>8A3 .3 >.+;+
7< 5/-/:+=+8
+ 38=/;0/;/8<3 . ;/0;+5<3 :/<+@+==/;,+81=/;</,>=+.+6+2
, .30;+5<3 / :96+;3<+<3 +
574+7 . 574+7
- ;/06/5<3 , 574+7 / 574+7
35+:+.+:/;-9,++8#/6./=/1+81+8.3,>+=</7,36+8 -
574+7
5+63.+;3</7>6+-/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81:+.+=+63
(/,>+21/697,+81,/;4+6+87/6+6>3=3=35.+8A+81
=/;</,>=7/84+.3 ,/;4+;+5-7%+.+<++= <37:+81+81/697,+81
.3+.+6+2 35+:+84+81 1/697,+818A+
-7.+8
+ 5+63</7>6+ . 5+63</7>6+
+7:63=>.98A+
-7 <37:+81+8=3=35:+.+<++=0+</
, 5+63</7>6+ /
5+63</7>6+ =3=35 +.+6+2-7
- 5+63</7>6+ + .
(/,>+2<>7,/;,>8A3./81+80;/5>/8<3
B,/;
1/;+5 7/8./5+=3 </9;+81 :/81+7+= ./81+8 , /
5/-/:+=+8
7<!/-/:+=+8;+7,+=,>8A3.3>.+;+ -
+.+6+2 </,/<+;
7< 35+ :/81+7+= ,/;1/;+5 (/>=+<=+63:+84+818A+
7.31/=+;5+8=;+8<?/;<+6
7/84+>23<>7,/;,>8A3./81+85/-/:+=+8
7< "+4>;+7,+=1/697,+81=;+8<?/;<+6:+.+=+63=/;</,>=
,/<+;0;/5>/8<3,>8A3A+81.3./81+;96/2:/81+7+= 7< 35+1+A+=/1+81+8:+.+=+63=/;</,>=$
+.+6+2 7+<<+=+63+.+6+2
+ B .
B +
51 .
51
,
B /
B , 51 / 51
-
B - 51
Gejala Gelombang 29
%+.+<>+=><++=,/8=>51/697,+81=;+8<?/;<+6</,+1+3 .+6+7<+=>+8-7.+8.38A+=+5+8.+6+7<+=>+8<
0>81<3.+;3=/7:+=5/.>.>5+8.3=>84>55+8</:/;=3 )/8=>5+8836+3.+;3
:+.+1+7,+;,/;35>= + 0;/5>/8<31/697,+81
B F , :+84+811/697,+81
- -/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81=/;</,>=
A C E G I
D H (/,>+21/697,+81,/;4+6+8.+;3=3=355/=3=35
./81+8+7:63=>.9
-7.+8:/;39./ </598 +;+5
)/8=>5+8.>+=3=35A+810+</8A+<+7+
-7 35+ ,/<+; -/:+= ;+7,+= 1/697,+81
8=/;0/;/8<3 A+81 .+:+= 7/812+<365+8 1/697,+81
=/;</,>=7<=/8=>5+8
<=+<398/;.+:+=.3:/;96/2.+;3:/;-9,++8#/6./:+
+ </63<320+</.+8
5+2 A+81 .37+5<>. ./81+8 1/697,+81 <=+<398/;
, <37:+81+8.3<++==3=357/6+6>35/.>.>5+8
/6+<5+8./81+87/7:/;1>8+5+81+7,+;
</37,+818A+
(/>=+<=+63./81+8:+84+81.31/=+;5+82+;79835
(/,>+21/697,+81<=+<398/;.3,/8=>5.+;338=/;0/;/8<3
</6+7+
< .3 >4>81 </23811+ 7/812+<365+8
.>+,>+21/697,+81A+817+<3817+<3817/736353
1/697,+81=;+8<?/;<+6,/;4+6+8./81+85/-/:+=+8
7<;/5>/8<31/697,+81
B.+8+7:63=>.98A+ +7:63=>.9 -7,36+81+81/697,+81 -7
-7)3=35,/;+.+7.+;3 35+7>6+3.31/;+5
5+85/+=+<23=>816+2 .+80;/5>/8<3<>.>=
;+.<
+ <37:+81+8.3 + 3=>814+;+5+8=+;+.>+:/;>=1/697,+81A+81
, 0+</.3 ,/;>;>=+8
%/;<+7++8 </,>+2 1/697,+81 =;+8<?/;<+6 ,/;4+6+8 , /;+:++7:63=>.91/697,+81<=+<398/;.3
-7
+.+6+2 <38
./81+8.+8.3
(/,>+2<>7,/;,>8A3,/;0;/5>/8<3 B,/;1/;+5