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alunos = {maria, ana, pedro}
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f rutas iniciando com letra l = {laranja, lim
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AB = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 17, 21}
AB = {1, 3, 5, 13}
AB = {2, 7, 11, 17, 21}
A|B = {7, 11, 17}
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 temp
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A X
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A = {(x, A (x)) | x X}
R R

P

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A (x) A (x) [0, 1]
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X = {0, 0, 5, 1, . . . , 9, 5, 10}
0)$9T T{2$7"6U)x8?p$+3${&& +x2 $Z&\+YZ'*T5+-)xU+8?7=+3$N& $cI0 + x7 2 &S08?$z8+3|}7"+y +38?p*038?2OS$+YZ& 8 $tU*x +&S2 )T& 2pUYZ8 $B$ *T{T{8 y0 +Y$8?T{p$*R8$B)Zp*O+3OSO $9x0 8 $!2 ]YZ${+{8ROST{Y+8+2 8?YZ0 T{$$9p$5: R)O?+3p*T{O?$*x8V$UE x! x$Z$ZYZYZ++{TWYZ8F+ +H8?p $&I6&S$+3)xO?$&S& $9*8 +0 x$pz$R&?)O 2 p*p9O?$9OS$ 8
A = {(6, 5, 0, 25), (7, 0, 5), (7, 5, 0, 75), (8, 1), (8, 5, 0, 75), (9, 0, 5), (9, 5, 0, 25)}
aluno
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5 altura + 9, 5
se 1, 70 altura < 1, 90
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,2 :&2P1 8 53 M2 [

-, /
"" 8 > . ? aGM2J,R2U1 s" /E1 B^ 8B1.NH2 > 2

%
1
B(x; , ) = 2
x
8FO> 2 /9|}))& pU2 r3sK$ !=yP 2 x 7=2 )&S8R+ OS0 & +2 '9)) T2 pU+ YZ $ +3T{)Ux8 27"$T{YZ$9+J8t|}$9)8HpUOSr+3sz&S${T{6$9+38-O 2 pU! +36)7"$98?$98 #> :&2/ 2, /9:f2 1 *.0,!/0238 > .1.
1+
X
0>l+p*#O?& : 2 X7 +3O )0 !T 2 7=x $92 & &DzT{+y+8RODOS&?$ ! Y+Up+ 2 |}$&ST 2 Y 2 0 )& 2 +]x$9&+ +3T{x7"$ ]$ '9) 2 p*O?$ x +&FOS$ Y$ 2 7=$9&
1

x
`
R

> /)& 2 KZ!"yK IX[]$9pR)p*O?${p+6)7"$98?$5)8F) 2 7=T{+p9OS+!

0 0.5 1
0.5
0
+
> /)& 2 K!=yP I > )UpUr3s${V+3O 2 !
b l _ 0 $pzR)p*O?$YZ$98p T{+&?$*8&?+ 2 8]x+3&?O?$YZ$p T{+&?$u f: >
" # / & 2 ZK !"3 E ! QD QD
1
C(x) =
1 (x 5)2
-
% ! ) '*2'*! - &('*)+",-)/.0'* ,-2'* '*
`c?> b9d%H2 ef9U? :&2_ l m :_8B12 X1 _^`b 8B1b 2N1."fK8
y: J>y. !8;/cb*. % lhy
)
# " "9 ,R2A/9: 1 l?> H2 9? :&2 ! k V]2 " 2 Y )
'*KZ)!"yu2 (p!{YZT [$B2 8?0 8F+3$$ );p 0 2 O + 2 |}TO?)$pU2 r3p&?s+$7 $B290YZt+ $T{p p2 +30YZp7=$$9)&8?2 s'*$ $c)+-YZp+sz$B$;8?))8Fp +Fx" $2c+3&?&DO?0 +8?$$BT{ YZx +t$ 290Y YZO 2+8 0 )8F )&D+8Fx&?$B$+T5&?$O?& +$*/8I0 pT $92T52 7 x 802$O 0 2 T{OS&D$UYZ$!W++y8R'9OD)U + 8?)7= )Ux8F$9& O?&F12& OS2 +8IY&S$ +3/p 0 & $922 T58I> x 8?/+32)&D0 szOS& $2$
SA = {x X | A (x) > 0}
22 O&S=T 2 2 Y@+32 p8]2 xT5$9&+p*0O?2 $tY +H2 &S+3+p*0 O?)& 2xY +32& 2 03r32 s)U$8 YZ2 pU+ YZ0 $t$p'*U)+ +0 $5T{8 +38Rp*OSO?+3${T 7"2$ 038?2 +R7 2 x$98F$98S862 &?+ 8?03+32 &w&?x&S+3+3/ &D2Y YZYZ$I$U+! $ T{x$&?O 2 p9OS+ 0 $p 0 + O?$Y+
R R

P

1
1/(1+(x-5)*(x-5))
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
> /9)& 2 K!=JI > )pr3sz${x+3&?O?$YZ+tu!

0 2 4 6 8 10
1 1
0 0
0
S S
> / )U& 2 KZ!"yu I QZ)x$9&FOS+ 0 $T{x 290 OS$5+JpUs$ 0 $T{x 290 OS$U!
Suporte nao compacto Suporte compacto
b l_ []$9pU8 YZ+& 2 pUYZ$$+ +3T{x7"$KZ! Bx$Y+3T{$98 +& 02 &'*)+5$8?)x$&?O?+{YZ$ 0 $pzR)p*O?$ $
0 $9pR)p*O?$" #
! A
`c! b9k d% V]2 ef" 2 U _ .l: *Y , V]2 >d
y2 y" 2 k9K U/c. b Y H0j.H2> .91?2 :&12 Hm 2:I8B 1927? 1 :&s2PHV #>2Al/9: # :f2 [ " e H2 , 9?/9: :&2PH H#>2A/9: .27H2 Y- 9?:&M:&22
SA = {6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5}
# ) )

) )
1 _^` 8B12DHA2 > 2
: KZ!" E
A = {x X | A (x) }
: KZ!"yK E
>0 $/p)R)U& p92 OSKZ$ !"{T{ $*0 8ROS2 & T 2 2 )UYZT ${YZ0 $+ p0 R$9)Upp9ROS)$p*pO?$ +60 )$7"&?$9O?8?+ $ 0 $9|}$TW&?O?|}+9)! pr3sz$YZ+ p 0 7")U8Ssz$OS& 12 pU/)7 2 & 0 $T{x 20 O 2 +t$
A, = {x X | A (x) > }

0 $9&FOS+ ) 2 ! 7"'*)+&w|})pUrsz$BYZ+ p 0 7")U8?s$)p T{$Y 2 7 0 $T8?)x$9&FOS+-pUs$ 0 $9T5x 20 OS$x$Y+8?+3&wOS& 2 pU8R|}$9&?T 2 Y 2 +3T
A,
)T 2 |})pUrsz$ 0 $9T{x 20 O 2 T 2 8wY+8 0 $p*O =p) 2 0 $TW$ 0 $&?O?+ 0 $9T5${+y8RODT{$*8ROS& 2 YZ$p 25> /)& 2 KZ!"Z!

3
b l_ []$p8 YZ+3& 2 pYZ$Hp$ 2 T{+3p*OS+w$ 0 $9pR)p*O?$-YZ$t+ +3T{x7"$KZ! JO?+T{$98$*88?+3/) p*O?+y8 0 $pR)p*OS$98 I

" #
A0.5 = {7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0}

`
R

nivel alfa

x
> /9)& 2 K!=y I > )pr3sz$ 0 $TW8?)x$&?O?+ 0 $9T{x 20 O?$5+ 0 $&?O?+ 2 7=| 2 !
0
nivel alfa
0
> /)& 2 KZ!" I > )pUr3s$ 0 $T8F)x$&?O?+JpUs$ 0 $T{x 290 OS$+ 0 $&?O?+ 2 7=| 2 !
A,0.5 = {7.5, 8.0, 8.5}
A0.75 = {7.5, 8.0, 8.5}
`cb9d%efU _ lZn mZelmlefmb n .A/c.

^` 8B1.NH02 > 2
# ?> H02 9? :f2 ! k Vb2 " 2 ^` 8;:f2
)
A
.DH.A/c18 .VW8B1.1 |A|
Y 1 1
X
| A |= (x)
.PH./c1A8 .AVW8B1.1 / V].A:_8;O.N1 Y 1 B^ 8B1.NH2 > 2

xX
A
|A|
kAk =
|X|
b l _ 02 &DY p 2 7 Y 2 YZ+JYZ$ 0 $pzR)p*O?$YZ$+ +T5xU7=$KZ! 5 /9) 2 7 2

" #
+ 2{032 &SY p 2 7 Y 2 Y+&S+37 2 O =2

| A |= 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.75 + 1.0 + 0.75 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 4.0
4.0
kAk = = 0.19
21
R s

P y

032 &DY p 2 7 Y 2 YZ+&?+7 2 O "2 x$ZYZ+H8F+& p*O?+&?x&S+O 2 Y 20 $9T5$ 2 |}& 2 rsz$5YZ+J+37"+3T{+3p*O?$*8YZ+ '*)++y8RODsz$5+3T
*x$pUYZ+& 2 YZ$98%x+37"$98/& 2 )U8 YZ+ p 0 7=)U8Ssz$H+T !%# 2 & 2J0 $9pR)p*O?$*8 pUp O?$*8 2H032 &SY p 2 7 Y 2 YZ+(YZ+Up Y 2
0 $9T{$
X
A A A
Z
][ 7 2 &S$5'*)+ 2{032 &SY p 2 7 Y 2 YZ+psz${+ 8ROS+J8?+3T{x&S+!

A= A (x)dx
x
`cb9d%efU _ lBfm .V: /c.P1 i?> H2 9? :&2

# % ) ! k V]2 " 2 Y 1 B^ 8B1.NH2 > 2
: KZ!"P E
A
HA = max{A (x)}
xX
E?> H2 9? :&2 Y 1 B^ 8B12NH2 > 2 2/ > .V "#
) J"9 k & 2A/ > .AV 2PH. " 2NH2 :I/cpA/98B2[
1
`c-Yb9d%1 Bêf U8B1.D_ Hl2 > 2 èlh3kefm

HA = 1
# 1 . 18 " : H#8B. e d?> O.V]2A/ 9" :&pD1. 1 _^` 8(aUM2C8B1 .AV12 H2 9? :&2
* )

se A (x) = 0
d(A, x) =
> /9)& 2 K!=y 7=)8ROS& 2 +8FO?+ 0 $p 0 + O?$!

1
A (x) 1 caso contrario
A
1
d(A,x)
ideal d(A,x)
0
x
> /)& 2 KZ!"JI 8FOSp 0 12 +3p*OS&?+J)Tx$9p9OS${+ 2 Y+Up r3s$ YZ+ 2 7YZ$ 0 $pR)p*OS$U!
x
" #3 -
# 6 +. C> A
<!
i7C6/ #32 !45,6GC6
\: 8-$x+3& 2 ry+y98 u 0 E $T+T0 $ypR9)Uu p9OS2 $9xU8J&?+yp8F++6p9)OS$7"$9) 8?$9)8HT 8Sszx$;&S$YZx+$98Fp O 2 Y 2YZ8H+ +0 T $T{O?$ +&?2T{x$*7 "08H2 Y &J2 8I+8F|}O?)+yp8 r0$9+p 8H0 YZ+ + OS$9p8 0 2 7=)U$*8S8 sz0$$9!pR )2 p*YO?+3$* 8
p+6)7"$98?$98!

,
`cb9d%efU _ lY 1 B^8Bef1U.P H2 > 2 ? aGM2 1 8 HV 5" M2 1. ? 8BM2 12 " H2 9? :&2 "l! k V]2 " 2 "
/
# %
U (x)
)
A B
: KZ!"3 E
U =AB
`cb9d%efU _ lY 1 _^` 8B1b*.DhyH0b*2 k9> 2 ? aGM2 1 8 HV 5" M2 1. 8 : / " H0aGM2 12 " H02 9? :f2 "
U (x) = max(A (x), B (x)), x X
# % )
I (x) A B
, /
: KZ!"yu E
I =AB
I (x) = min(A (x), B (x)) x X

zK `
R

`cH2 b9 d%9? ef:&2 U _ _ Y 1%_^f`b 8B1b.DyH02 > 2 b$m

)
# " % ? aUM2P1 8 H#V 5" M2 C (x)
12NH2 > ,!V #>l# :f2N12
: KZ!" E
A (C = A)
X8F!HO 2 8 |}.8F&SO?Tt+T )U7 2 $8X)Z8SOSsz& 2$H8\+'*+ ) O?"+3p2 7"8F+3p*+O?8I+y8 x 22 &82$x2 8I+3& $2 xr3+3&+2 8 r30 7"+98\8?8 Y"0+ 2 8p*'*O?)+&S2 8?pU+ YZ0 $-r3sz$ $ 0 : $pzE R))p*pO?$ sz$ : E \+{&?+ypYZ+3)/ @ 2 rYZsz$-$Bx '*2 )& 2+
C (x) = 1 A (x), x X
8?+3&Dsz$ 2 p 2 7 8 2 Y 2 8]T 2 8 O |}&?+p*O?+!

[0, 1]
{0, 1}
|'*2)0 +(b 7 $ O 2 0 &y$!%lp R\)8S_p*8FOSl)$- T YZ2 +('*T{QZ)+R++( Y2 $JY $ T{2 8+0 8?$YZT{p+ R$H)2 p*8?x8 OS&?$ $Y|}) +YZ8S+Y 8F2$96YZ&$9+ O pU2 0 8 T$9T{2 67=+)Tr pU2 $90 8+7 T2 8?8 JYZ + $ 0 $+2){28?+3+3T{OS)UHx8 7"2 $ H7=)U8?KZp+3! T{$98%xx'9&S+$)U& +2 2)&?8?T{+8 x+YZ+3p9)O O 2T{Y pU2 $9YYZ8 $J+92!Y'*+\) 8?8?!L)uIx T 2 +3&T 2&
" #
A
p0 $9+!Lu{T{6)x$ 7"$$9p*8?O?$9$8 !J+ pUY+BYZ+ 2 7=0 )$pU&S$9&S+88?6x$$9ppU8YZ+V+ YZ2 + y2 7=) pU$98 YZ2+8?x8&1&SYZ+)8?+3$9pU8r &?2 +y8F+x+ 0 O 2 "2 T{+3YZp*+O?+x|}&?$+y& 8F2+TpUr 2YZ!\+U\p 8SYZ8 $*T 8x$9+387"$\0 xU$9&?p$R|})+p*8SO?8F$*$9&8
A B
A(bons alunos) = {(6.5, 0.25), (7, 0.5), (7.5, 0.75), (8, 1), (8.5, 0.75), (9, 0.5), (9.5, 0.25)}
B(alunos assiduos) = {(6, 0.25), (6.5, 0.5), (7, 0.75), (7.5, 1), (8, 1), (8.5, 1), (9, 1), (9.5, 1), (10, 1)}
AB = {(6, 0.25), (6.5, 0.5), (7, 0.75), (7.5, 1), (8, 1), (8.5, 1), (9, 1), (9.5, 1), (10, 1)}
AB = {(6.5, 0.25), (7, 0.5), (7.5, 0.75), (8, 1), (8.5, 0.75), (9, 0.5), (9.5, 0.25)}

B = {(0, 1), (0.5, 1), (1, 1)(1.5, 1), (2, 1), (2.5, 1), (3, 1), (3.5, 1), (4, 1),
(4.5, 1), (5, 1), (5.5, 1), (6.0.75), (6.5, 0.5), (7, 0.25)}
> /9)& 2 K!=y 7=)8ROS& 2 +8FO?+y8 0 $9pR)p*O?$*8+ 2 8$x+3& 2 r3+8!

' !3- & '*)+",)*.0'* ,-2'* '*

?8 +32 /T{) $*p*8(O?+yYZ8+ $xp +3&\& 2 $9r38 *0+y$98 p0 R$)p*p*O O?$*p8w) 2pT +6)27"$97=+8?$9pU8YZ${x 2 & 2{+ 0 $9ppUR)$ p*0O?$$*pz8Rp)+3p*6UO?)$7=$*)8Fp $*"8MI+&S8?$ +H$ 0 $pzR)p*O?$ 2 @ $ !V\8

A B C X
mZye efmb
BhyhykelmZe efmb
AB =BA AB =BA

b X k9efm
A (B C) = (A B) C, A (B C) = (A B) C

`cefh3e}%ye elmb
"
A B = A, A A = A
%hyUU
A (B C) = (A B) (A C), A (B C) = (A B) (A C);

l9
A (A B) = A, A (A B) = A
fb bhtb3h
A = A

%hyUU
A = A, A X = A
`cb $m
A = , A X = X
r0 $9T+y8] 2'* 8)8R+I7"OS+ +HpU8(sz)${YT 2{8?2 +\4 Y T sz|}$B2+p*&?[]+O?pU$Trp*2 O?& '*6U2 ) 9Y 2 8 pUr103szY2 $ $ +3: 2 p*xOS&?7 10+J32 $9Y 8 2-0 $2 p$9E R8 )U+-0 p9$Y OSpz$92 R8w) pUp*ZO?+30 $967=8V))8?7"p$9s+8?${6$9)8VY7"${+$98 0 2 $!+ pXR$ )8Fp*O: 2OS$9Y 8|}p +=&?O +YZpU$9r 82 !XE +! M8FOS5tY&?+) 7 2 298w0 $9$xp +2 & Y 2 2
(A B = A B,

7"T{+ $9838F![]O?& $[]2 T{$YZT{$H$$p p 2 2;+ 7">.+3/ T{/9"0)x2 & 7"2$ p +3KZ6U!L2Kz)T{U7=$*! $98 28 2$*0 $T58 pU0$*8 $98 pY0R+3)& 2p*2 TO?&I$*$2 8 &IpU0 $$sp$-0 R$98?)spp*$HROS)$cp p*YZO?O $$*Y 8 YZ2 T{2$*YZ8 +3)Up*2 7 O?YZOS+$9)8I7=YZO?++5$*U8HYp YZ$9YZ+8J$*pU8 s+3$ +{7"+2$;8XYpU8F)sz+7 )$HOS$9$908H6$YZT{+y+YZxU+ 7"p0 +3+3T{YZT $9+38p*2 OS0 +$ $8FT{O $*2 $ 88
A A A A X
YZ$*8pUsz$ 2 Y)7 OS$98wYZ+ ! A

A
R s

P

K
> / )& 2 KZ!"JI +T5xU7=$*8(YZ+J$x+3& 2 r3*+y8V+3p*O?&S+ 0 $pzR)p*O?$98!

+ 2 7"[]/)U$3T{T&?+$ 2 YZ)+t8FT $9KTt 0 6$2 &Spp+ R2$9)Y8p*2 YZOS$ + T{p$9Y 8F2O O?YZ& YZ2+J$ x28 $Z22 YZO +-8Fp*| 8?O?2 +3+@ & &S8?02 + $850 pUr37"sz8 + $Y8+3Y&Y $92 28 YZ$0 4 $2spYZ$ R)U)U[]p97 OSOS$9$5$9p98+JOS!I& pU2 sY $6Ur38?2sz+3YZ$& )++-7=O?'*$ Y )2 2 +-$5 $ T{00 +y$97"8F)UpT{8?Rs)$5$ p*O?O?+Y$T5$pxsz$U$!+ $ +;2 @ $*$ 8
0'*$9)UpszR${)p*pO?+$*685)7"p$9+38?6$)U)U7=$*T 8F$*0 8$9ppRsz)$ p* O?${\$*98! 9$ 7=+-:FB: Y'*+3)%p$9+AT'*) pw$9)cy+y8R O EF2 E T5x+y&S$Y x Y 92 8{YZ'*+ )+# 8F:_+;/020)U,!8 8B2. 8S!8F+k + 8FVbO?2 +y" 85.!| 2 O?$*8{x 2 & 2 T{+yY &
$
`cH2 b9 d%9? ef:&2 UY 1 _ B^_ 8B1 . , Vb. % efhAm / >i V]b*. % lhym 2 " 8B1 / ?> H2 9? :f2 ! k Vb2 " 2 [ # :_/020,!8B. 1 #" :
# " )
A
%
: KZ!" E
)

c(A A)
E(A) =
c(A A)
2 1 / _# / f" . ?> .PH2 :f. K>
.18(aGM2C2 8 : fK /0.AaGM2 " 2k#/ 2 "9 ,2/9: 12PH2 9? :&2[
1 , +/ )
x$&?O2 6Up*+38?OSp*+3$ O?& &S2 $2 +x &(p912'*OS)&?c$9+tx )x 12T 2 & YZ2 2 +HT{))UT +T Y 0 0Y $$92 pzpRR'*)))p*p*+BO?O?$B${&S+pp |} +=O O &?YZ+3YZ$B$ 8?+$B28?p$7")+HT{T{8F+++3p9T{& OS2 +xYZ&?$92 +H$&(Ut0! $98?p+3RT{)xp*&SO?+t$ +3+tT$B6$9YZ& +32 pU$pUT Y p &S+2 O YZ2 $9T{&\+3tp*O?8?+;+3T{8F$x|}&S& +2 +
c
&S+ 0 + 6 252 > p /))3& p2 0 KZ"2 !LKzY${x$Z8 YZ8ROS++3T{T $92{8V0O $& T{2 &wx$97"+8wOS$ 8?+32 /9O?) & 2p9 OSy+88 Y22 7"$p&S+8)I 3p 0 "2 YZ$*8 0 $9pR)p*O?$*8 @ p$*83!

c(A A) = 5

c(A A) = 20 + 20 5 = 35
5
E(A) = = 0.14
35
KK `
R

nao adulto adulto
adulto adulto e nao adulto
0 10 20 30 40
> /)& 2 KZ!LKzJI []$9pR)p*O?$*8wYZ+ 2 YZ)U7 OS$98+HpUs$ 2 YZ)7=O?$98!

idade

&('*% - ) -' $ &(2""!# #'/% ,-2'*
?8Q +38R/OS) +3T p*O?2 +I8 |}4$9&?+3T 6)2 7"$9/8?+$9& 28 7 I 0 $9T5${8?+3&D 8FO?$5T 2 8 2 Y 12 p*OS+ Z8?s$ 0 $pU8FO?&S) 1YZ$98 0 $9T6 2 8?+I+3T&S+3/9& 2 8X'*)+O?+3T 2

4 +y8RO 2 &?+/& 2 $98 2 p*O?+ 0 +YZ+p*O?+8w8Ssz$ IF x IS X AN D y IS Y T HEN r IS R
%#oqp*$O?&w+&S+ 8? + +0 T{r3szx$ 7=${: )T 2 &SE 3+ /& 2 2 $9xx$Z+YZ& +-2 r38?s+3&$6U8 "02 x 2 & 220 $pU8FO?&S)Ur3s$YZ$98 2 p*O?+ 0 +yYZ+3p*O?+y8\Y 2 &?+/& 2 8p+36U)7=$*8 2 83!
x IS X AN D y IS Y
AN D
pT{=O+ 12Y 2 2 8T{Y +2 $*YZp8 +H+60 + $9)pZ2 7"$97=|}O?+38 $&2 !%8 &Bp $92 8BY8F+$9+U7=|})U+p rOSr3sz$9s$(8c${YZY p+X2 )O T $9Y x2 xU+&&?YZ$92 +6r38FszO?7=++y$ T8 Y02 +$+ pz Rp9+3)OST{p*+3O?&Dx$98F7"+8$U0 !+yr8R#szOD$ 25& T502 $9$*T{8F8RO?OSx$ & 2 2& Y2 2 T{2 pUY$*p $820 >$9$98pU/98 +3)|}YZ& + 2+&O?KZ$*2 !L&8KZYZ9!Y $ 2 8B8 0 YZ$+pURp)p*rOS$9+88 I
IF water temperature IS low AN D air temperature IS low T HEN switch on water heater longer
Meia 1 Alto 1
Idade
0 0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 idade 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8
> /)U& 2 KZ!LKZ I[]$9pR)p*O?$*8 2 7=O?${+HT{+ 12 Y 2 YZ+Jp =O YZ$98!

altura
|})pUrsz$YZ+ p 0 7")U8Ssz$YZ$ 0 $9pR)p*O?${T{+ 12 Y 2 YZ+J 2 8F+/) p*O?+ I

0 se idade < 35
meia idade (idade) = 1 se 35 idade 45
0 se idade > 45

R s

P

KP
|})pUrsz$YZ+ p 0 7")U8Ssz$YZ$ 0 $9pR)p*O?$ 2 7=O?${ 2 8?+3/) p*O?+ I

0 se altura < 1.70
alto (altura) =
+3T{x[]&S$+3/p2 8 YZYZ$*+38&S+YZ+J$*)8T Y 22 YZYZ$9+8cOS+3Y &S2T p 22 6Y +2 7 2 +3T{KZx!LK &S+&S8 +2 O ! & 2 YZ$ Y+ )T 6 2 p 0 $ YZ+Y 2 YZ$*8 0 $T pZ|}$&ST 2 r+y8B8?$6&S+
1 se altura 1.70
2 6+37 2 K! K I%T{x&?+/ 2 YZ$98 Z8F) 2 8 2 7=O?)& 2 8V+ Y 2 Y+8!

4 $T{+ (7=O?)& 2 oRY 2 YZ+
((pp*O2 9p $ !!P Puz

<
$*$*sz8F $ !! * zP9K

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+/ +"# $%&'"

)(+*,-
min(A (x), B (x)) max(A (x), B (x))
F (!,
1 min(1, ((1 A (x))k + (1 B (x))k )1/k ) min(1, (A (x)k + B (y)k )1/k )
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f(x,y)
or soma limitada
0.5
0 0.5
0.5
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0
1
B (x)k )1/k
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ln (A (x)k + B (x)k )
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lim ln Q =
k k

A (x)k ln A (x) + kB (x) ln B (x)

lim ln Q = lim
k A (x)k + B (x)k
A (x)k
k (x)
ln A (x) + ln B (x)
lim ln Q = lim B
A (x)k
= ln B (x)
#%$&?O 2 p9OS$tOS+3T{$98w'*)+
k +1
B (x)k
lim Q = lim (A (x)k + A (x)k )1/k = B (x) = max(A (x), B (x))

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k k
(A (x)k + A (x)k )1/k 1
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A (x)k + A (x)k 1
3 D
w w a b
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k
|}.&STt)7 2 x 2 & 2 $ 0 z7 0 )7"$YZ${$x+3& 2 pUY${ 4

k
5"
n
AB (x) = 1 min 1, (1 A (x))k + (1 B (x))k
1/k o : KZ!LKu E
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3
k
k
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!L!uzzuz99 !L!uzz9u !L!uzz9u UU!!Lu9KuzKZ UU!L!LzuzP9K 9!9! 99
! 9 ! 9 ! 9 U!=y U!=y 9! 9
2 6+37 2 KZ!"JIIv YZ+J 2 /+3&x 2 & 2 !
! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9
k = 16

!L!uzzuz99 !L!uzz9u !L!uzz9u UU!!Luuz UU!L!Luzuz9K 9!9! 99
! 9 ! 9 ! 9 U!=y U!=y 9! 9
2 6+37 2 KZ!" IIv YZ+J 2 /+3&x 2 & 2 ! k = 64
+8FO 2{4\2 $8VU &?2 T 2 T562 ++3r3p*7 sz2 O?$+I8]KppU!=.9szy8$5xZH$ZKZ.YZ!LKz6 +3 T{*${$*KZ8!L'*KZ)0\T$9+J5pUx 8 $*2 8RYZ& OS2+& & 2 2 T &V'*$9)8 + 22 2 7=$9x |}&?2)+y&Fp8XO r3Y &sz2 $$8?x+J+3&?& +y2 YZr3)s@ $-2 YZ+ p*O?+&S8?+ 0 r3sz$tx 2 & 2 O?&S!# 8 2 & 2 2 7"$x&S&?+$ 8Y2 $ &
k min (A (x), B (x))
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k k
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5"
: KZ!LKz E
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1
A (x) = (1 A (x)k ) k
k [0, 5] k=1
A (x) = 1 A (x) k
" > -
i7#3 $ #7- # C>
G *,+.- 4# @ A
<!
i76 /1#324!45,676
x,0 $9$!p*p*tO?O?& $!6+3) T2 YZr3*+3)+yT8(|}$x 2 x&$;+32B& x02 & )O?6T{+$ $+ & : &S"2$ !2 p*8 2 O?pU&S$YZY$ )0@ $&E p !%0 Y+ 2O?12$*&FO 8('*\/)+$*+{$8 T{9)$ T OS:(&'*010$9)%$*p+8wR'*)+3p*)7"+5O?U$;+3yp p0 +9$6K p*)E O?7"+&S$9$ 8J)OS+3xpU&S$+YZY8?++x) $*8F8R2+O & 2 YZ8w x "28ROS2 $ & +(20 |}$+2 @T{7"/p$;)$ T )22T 88
M86

Y'*)2 8{2 p*xOS+$5&?/9)U)T p*O 0 2 $98pR|}))p*pO?Y ${2 T{p++36p*)O 7"2 $98?8${x I2 &)U2 T2 8?),6 .90/ $103p2 R)U4 p9OS+$6)YZ7"+J$98 $2 )ZI;OS&?'9$ )G sz$ p+36)U7=$*8F$ ;)T 0 $pR)p*OS$ pU+36)7"$98?$ G
! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9
! 9 ! 9 ! 9 U!=y U!=y 9! 9
2 6+37 2 KZ!" IXIv YZ+J 2 /9+3&x 2 & 2 k = 128
!
P `
R

! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9

!!LKuz99 !! 99 !!LKZ9y UU!! 9Kz9 UU!! 9K9uz UU!! 9K9uz
!L!uzzuz99 !! 99 !L!LKK*u UU!! Zu UU!!LuzP UU!!Luuz
! 9 ! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9
2 6+37 2 KZ!" I 4 YZ+J 2 /+&Vx 2 & 2 !
! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9
k = 16
!!LKuz99 !! 99 !!LK9 UU!! 9K9uz UU!! 9K9uz UU!! 9K9uz
!L!uzzuz99 !! 99 !L!LKKuu UU!! *uz9 UU!!LuP UU!!Luuz
! 9 ! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9
2 6+37 2 KZ!LKz I 4 YZ+J 2 /+&Vx 2 & 2 ! k = 64
I8{x 2 x& &S2 $ &S8S+38 xU$9&?+yp 8F2 +p98{O Y2 &2 0 z$&Sp+ R2)Up90 $*OS$98ROS8)pT +32 6UT~)7=$*)U8F8$*2 83&{! |})UXpU8RrO 28B+8B|})'9pU)Ur3+*+yT 8B2 xx$Z+ "2YZ+3T~T )&ST+3xU&?YZ+y$8FT+p9"O p 2 &$ 2 8F+pT{$ p*p*O O?10+33& 2 2 YZ7"$$
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X
[0, 1]
Y T{&S+3+3xpU&S+8?8?+3+p*8O! 2 YZ$B/9+3$9T5+3!O?& "0'92 )UT{++3Ip*OS+3+ p*G OSs $t)&ST+3x$90 $8FO p2 R)Up9OS)$T pU+3x6$)p*7"OS$9$;8?$ Y+3p*O?YZ&S$+UYZp +YZ)$5T p+y 8ROSx+I+3YZ& 0 $9)T 6=$p )$ pZ'*OS)2& pU$YZYZ$t+ +7=+
X
X = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } A
03YZ2 + 8F$[]O?$+0 pT$8 p*YZOSY3+3) T&S2+ 8w$*0 Y8V$9T{8?T{+3$/9+3)pU+ 8? p9+3OS+T{+8 8 Zx0$7"$$9)p)R8?T)+R p*2 O?0 $*$)8 pTR)'*p*) OS2$ YZ0 & $92 TYZ${YYZ$ +H8(7 2 +3YZ7"+3$ T{+/p9) OS2 $97!8 2X8F)O?T;+8 !]0 $pz0R$)pp*RO?)$9!p*8OS YZ$5+xU$zpxOS++33TW&p 0 0 $9"2)8 60 $B7"39&?p8?O +y8108R10OS+$+8
n
X = {x1 , x2 }
)YZ0 $9T$tT{'*+3$5) 7"2+3xYZT{$& p*+32 OSp*YZ$9O?$J8$c! + x0 +3$&?&SO?&?+3+yp 8F0 x+{$$p) YZ+3pUT sz$ 2 $92 8 $ x0 $$p*pOSR$9)8 p*:OS $U !{ E : > /E ) & :2 =KZ! E PPB+ :T5$*= 8RE OS*& 2$pU+Y8F+(O?+y$98 8X0 )$9pUp8R)+\p*@3O?+3$*&S8J$98&?+xpU&?Y +y"08F+2 p*T O 2 '9Y)U$9+ 8
X 2X = {, {x1 }, {x2 }, X}
4'*) +y2 8R[]OSp*+ OS$$ p0 $8 '*pzYZ)R+3+)&Sp*+3O?T{$ $*x8 $c+32 &?+/O?7=+3$9+p T{& 20 +3+ p*$ O?0 0$ $$9TpR)/p*x& O?2+3$)&?O?pU+p+360 +)7"2$9$8?$ 0 $pR)p*OS!$ 0'*$)T + 8?/9+3& & 2 12) YZ+3p*+ OSspU$ 0T57"$)U$*8S8R0szOS$&$ 2pYZR)${p*pOS$ 2>YZ+/9)OS$Z& 2YZ$9K 8! +P9$9pZP8 !
A = {(x1 , 3/8), (x2 , 6/8)}
8?0 ))U660$$)pRp )UODp9zOS& $98$ p+36U)7=$*8F$*8 8F!O?$B$ Y$5$ ${0 $9+yp8Fx R)2 p*r${O?$px+ 0$+O?8S8Sp z0 & 12 $px +2 6& )2 7"$9&S+38?xU$ &?+y8F+p9O 2 &G /X+$8FO?T{+ +0 OS$9& 10p3R2 )T{p*O?+3$Bp*O?t+ )0 T$9pR )p*xO?+$*&F8
x1 A A (x1 ) = 3/8
x2 A (x2 ) = 6/8
xp+$z6O?)p 7"$90 x8?12$$9p*8IpO?x+3$ 6U$Z0)YZ+37=+$*p*8FOS8?$& +32 &-YZ7 +Y: +UE p ! YZYZ$ $;0 x)$6& $B5$ 0 $pR!B)Up9OS$ +8?0 x $2 Tr$ T p*2 OS$+3&&I$9/&J& 2 Y)$ YZ0 +)6p$c+36)U7=xU$*&?8 +Y+3p2 0Y + YZx$c$9x&S'*+)7=$ +t0 O?$$ZpYZR$*)8\p*OS$*$ 8
F (2X )
I n = [0, 1]n
{X, I n }
8?+3)U8t+37"+3T{+3p*O?$*8HOS+3T/& 2 ) YZ+ p 0 7=)8?s$ /9) 2 7 2 !X8FO?+Bx$p*OS$O?$O 2 7=T{+3p*OS+ p 0 $9T5x 2 O& +7 0 $9T 2
X
C
1/2
! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9

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! 9 ! 9 !LKu U! u U!Luz 9! 9
2 6+37 2 K! K I 4 YZ+J 2 /+3&x 2 & 2 k = 128
!
R ?
% s

N ! 8

P
Negacao de Yager
1
k=5.0
k=2.0
0.75
k=1.0
k=0.75
0.5 k=0.5
0.25
f(x)=x
> /)U& 2 KZ! P9K I%I&D 0 $98VT{$98FO?& 2 pYZ$ 2 pU)U3p 0 "2 YZ${x 2 &ST5+3O?&S$ p 2 |})pr3sz$YZ+Hp+/ 2 r3sz$5YZ+J 2 /9+3&y!
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
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: K! K* E
r$3s0 $H$9(YpTR2 )8%p*$9p*O?x$O?++&&?+y2 8?r298 02 +p*T8%OSYZ+2 +w| T52 )OSp+$Jp sV0 $ $I$ p xp*2 $9O?YZ8 +3$"0& !X0 $9+y\8?p 8S8 2 sz2 T{$ pU+3Y2 p*$ )OS$2T 8w&S+30 $7$x2 pO+3R=& )U 2 $\p9r3OSp$J+$J8+(+YZ8F8?++x ) 2 r0 $$T{Y$9x8 7"+30 T{$9p+3Rp*x )O?2 p*$& O?2!$*#%8T{$9&?&+yx8F+7")+3 T{7=+3O T{2 +p*p9xO?O 7"+2 $ 8%& Y 02 2I$8wpU2 $8 xUx7YZ+310+33& &S22 +
C =C C =C C =C
r+y86U8 "02 88?$6&S+ 0 $pzR)p*O?$98VOS+3T{$98w'*)+J$*8 0 $pzR)p*O?$98&S+8?)7=O 2 p9OS+8w8Ssz$

A max min
A = (3/8, 6/8)
A = (5/8, 2/8)
A A = (5/8, 6/8)
A A = (3/8, 2/8)
8$ 0 p $90 &? &?&S$9+ p> 122 /9)p8F& +3+ 2 6U2 )K| 7=!2 $*P8R8{O 2Y T5pU2 $*YZYZ8R$+OS& +3T2{T 0 $Y T{T &?${+y2 r3! +sz8F$ O?Q++32 8(/9$9x)8 $9pU0 p9YZ$9OS$ p$9R8()8?p*$9+HO?8 $*Y 8$8R0OS$ &7"96x8?8)$"0+p*T$9O?$8Hp$90 $)+3p*+y+3OS8FT~& x 2 2 7 rY $0 &S$9! +&?Xr&Ssz+8F8?$O?x+8($92 $pUxYZ$9x+ p9$9OSp*2 $9$O?8($ 8?6+H0 )+3&T{p*2O?$0 & $2 +7]Tp$+pU/+3Y&ST $+
Y2 2 &?7"T ./2 "0rsz2 $cp{+6+)'*)7"$9"82 2 7=+$9p*pUO?+YZ+2 p 8F2 ) Y 2 2 p+3/ Y 2 8Rr3O s$Up!5/9) X 8FO?+3+7 :Bx'*$)%p*O?+A$'* ) 2 y8?$*7")UK r3E !s$4 x $2 &x2 $9p9$*OS8J$ x 0 2 +3& p*2 OSYZ& $2 7%$*O?8+3T{YZ$$*8HT{'9+)Up9+O )&S$9T 8?2$
<
xYZ+2 & []2 YZ&S$+O 2 $98HYZOS$*+38T{0 $9$98{pR'*))p*+cO?$*)8HT YZ2+{2 O?U$Z&SYZT $*8J2 r3$9s8 $ 0 $9pR)T{p*xO?$*7 108H32 '*)+{+pUsz$8ST{sz$cx7T5103+2 Tt6&S! $98HXY7 2 +{8t8 OS+3T{T~+8?$T{T{$98+8?T{+O $ 0 ! /9&4 2 +) 8FO?YZ++8
A A A A
P `
R

{x2}=(0,1) X=(1,1)
A=(3/8; 6/8)
6/8
x2 C=(1/2, 1/2)
=(0,0) {x1}=(1,0)
3/8
> /)U& 2 KZ! PPJI[]$9pR)p*O?$*8wvw+3xU&?+y8F+p9O 2 YZ$*8 0 $T{${x$9p*O?$98!

x1
{x2}=(0,1) X=(1,1)
A A A
6/8
x2
A A A
2/8
=(0,0) {x1}=(1,0)
3/8 5/8
> /)& 2 KZ! PzJI%#& p 0 "x $98wYZ+-\& 8ROS.zOS+37"+8p${X8?x 2 r3$U!

x1
+&SY 2 YZ+I+Hx$9&FO 2 p*O?$5x$Y+3T8?+3&w+p*O?+3pY Y 2 8 0 $9T{$

V (A) = V (A)
V (A) = 1 V (A)
#2 2 8?&$2{T 0 20$2 YZpz&DR$*Y )8p*p /O?2 & $97 2 8Y)pU28 +3YZYZ6+H+ )YZ7"p$9+t8?0 )U$97")U8T 8S2 sz0 $-YZ$+YZpUR+ )p 03p*2 r3OSYs$ $2 0 )K71T!=8Su8-10YZT{$9$ 8X$*0 +38R$OS7"+3p*& T{2O 2 +3'*p*'*)O?) + $*2 82p9YZOS03$9$ 2 8w&S0 Y +$7=pp+RT{2 )U7 +3p9Y p*OS2$UO?$*Y!%8(+I xYZ0+3+H2&?)UO?&D+3YT p p 0 0 +32 $9T 7 pY R22)YZp*++(O?8F${O?YZ+ $p0+0 $6$pz)pR7"R)$9)p*8?p*${O?OS$U$ !
V (A) = 1/2
pO?9+OS&?+3T &Sxp &S2 +O p2 $r3s0 $B$9p/R+)$p*T{O?/9$) OS2 & 7 103 2 2c0 $90 T5$9pU$58 +8F8FO?OS+ p9OS7=+)!58ROS& 27 2 YZ${ p /2{) > 2 !57 /2)U$& 2 T{O 2 KZ+yT !Y P92 uY p! 2 $Y 2;YZ$032 &D+3Y O?$9p &J2 7 '*Y )2 + YZ0+$O T{2 Tt+r 62 3pT 2 OS$9+3& T/+)T T 2+
A = (3/8, 6/8) |A| = 3/8 + 6/8 = 9/8
Y 8ROD# zp2 &0 2{"2 0 +$p9T{OS&?x+H&S$ YZ$ 2 &8+x8F$O p*2 OS$9p*8 O?+&?x&S+O 2 rsz$ 2 T{$98 0 $+pU8 YZ+3& 2 & 2 |}.9&?T)7 2 YZ+- Y 2 p Y 2 $ (x$8 *& ABx 2 & 2{032 7 0 )U7 2 & 2
A
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P = (p1 , p2 , . . . , pn ) Q = (q1 , q2 , . . . , qn )
d(P, Q) = (
n
X
|pi qi |t ) t
1 : KZ!LKz E
i=1
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P9
{x2}=(0,1) X=(1,1)
A=(3/8; 6/8)
6/8
x2 |A|
=(0,0) {x1}=(1,0)
3/8
> /9)& 2 KZ! P9u IX[ 2 &DY p 2 7 Y 2 YZ+ 0 $T{$ +OS$&y!

x1
$pYZ+ OS+3T{$$98 p 2 T{Y +38F&SOS$zp YZ0+ 12 0 $Y$9+&SYZ +p 2 2pY 2 2 8IOFO YZ2 $px+{$9x p*2O?$;& 2 + $;O?O +xT{$$98 YZ+2 Y Y 8F8ROSODzzp p 0 0 12"2c2 )8?+30 & 7 YZ0+2 27 0 p )2 7 2!BY 2 ! Y 8ROD) z2 p p0 YZ"2$
QD 3
YZM +;2 T{ T 2 pUp /{2 O?pO +2 6p)7"x$9$Z8 YZ2 +c+p*O O?2 &STt+6)3T T~0 8?$9+3p& R)0 p* O?2 $ T 2 Y 2 Y+cY 8FOSzp 0 12 YZ+;M 2 T{T p/ p+36U)7=$*8 2 ! + 2 Y $98FOS& /p +0 T 12 *$9Y) +
n t
t=1 t=2
$ 0 $9pR)p*O?$ 2 @ $ : O = 0, 0, . . . , 0
+-Y 2 Y 2 x$9&
A = (x1 , (x1 )), (x2 , (x2 )), . . . , (xn , (xn ))
n
X
d(A, O) = |A (xi ) 0|
i
n
X
: K! K E
d(A, O) = |A (xi )|
i
d(A, O) = |A|
9 `
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x y
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R (a, b) R aRb
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a b n
n n
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A1 , A2 , . . . , Ar
(a1 , a2 , . . . , ar ) a1 A1 a2 A2 . . . ar Ar A1 A 2 . . . A r
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Ai Ar
: PU!= E
X Y
X Y = {(x, y) | x X, y Y }

*K ? s s D

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" #
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {0, 1}
A B = {{1, 0}, {2, 0}, {3, 0}, {4, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 1}, {3, 1}, {4, 1}}
B B = {{0, 0}, {0, 1}, {1, 0}, {1, 1}}
;
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A1 A 2 . . . A r
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r=2
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R(A1 , A2 , . . . , Ar ) A1 A2 . . . Ar
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XY (x, y) =

1, (x, y) X Y
0, (x, y)
/ X Y
: PU! K E
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" #
Rd S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
x y Rd S S
'*)+HY " YZ+TW$)O?&S$U!

x y S
QD
: P! P E
+7 8F/ OS2 ($9TpU8 Y 02 "0=& &?20 +)YZ7 2 7"$-$9r38sp $t2-0 $x> p*$OS/9Y+3)pU+J& YZ28?$H+3PU&$*!=&S89!+3x2 &S7"+$8?0 &S+3$+p*p8wO R2w+)Y p*I2 OSK$ Y+IpY$9+y)Z8R"0ODO?2 &S$9'*O 8V)Y T{+(&?$$Z+ YZO $92 2 8 7"$+\&wx$ $9Y&+ O= ++3YZ8ST{'*+x)K7"+3!${&DY )2 T8?!+#%O/2$& 2&]x|}+ $5$ YY+3+\T{&?8F+ x+0 &7"$ $6 p 2 Y2 YZ8F&?+3$+ O 0 20 $$'*T{p )2 $+ 7
Rd = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (6, 6)}
x 2 & 2$9)Z8OS&?0$*2 8]8?T{$98V$Z+3YZT$*8w'9YZ)U+J+ &?2 +x&S&?+3+y7 28F+rp*szO$ 2 &V2 &S7=+3+J7 2 pr$*8w+y8VYZ$ 8Ssz8($58?O+32p*6O +3YZ7 2$*883! +JT 2 O?& @3+8! 2 6+7 2 PU!=IT{$98FO?& 2 )UT 2 $9)ZO?& 2
x y
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0 1 0 1 1

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R = {(x, y) | y x/2, x X, y Y }

1, y x/2
R (x, y) =
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0, y < x/2

&( -!)- 2! - 23 &(2 "! #
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n X m Y
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X nX Y nY R
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nXY nX nY
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nP (XY ) = 2(nX nY )
!
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B = {x, y} AB
32=6 232 = 64
? s s D

> /9)& 2 PU! K I I&D 0 ${Y 2 + x&S+8S8?s$

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y = x/2

' !3- 23 $!)-!3 &(2 "! #
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S X Y S = XY x X
y Y R S R
xRy (x, y) R(X, Y )
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R x S xRx
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x, x R (x, x) = 1

|}$& z7 Y$ Z$);8?+R 2

x S xRx
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R (x, x) = 0
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xRy
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yRx R (x, y) = 1 R (y, x) = 1
YZ) 2 8&S+37 2 r3+8 + |}$9&?+T+ x&S+8S8F+y8 7 Y 2 48 x y S
Bye Dh%e *3efk9m (T 2 &?+7 2 r3s$ 2 p*O q8 T{OS& 1032 8?+tx 2 & 2 O?$ZYZ$ + +T 20 $p*O?+ 0 +&\'*)+58?+ +
xRy yRx

|}$&S+3T 7 YZ$98+p*OSsz$ x y S xRy
mUhye}ye m (T 2 &S+37 2 rsz$IwO?& 2 pU8 O "2 8?+wx 2 & 2 O?$ZYZ$ + +3T O = +3&ST5$*8'*)+(8?+ |}$& 7 YZ$H+
yRx x=y
yRz
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xRz
x y z S
R (x, y) = 1
xRy
+
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x y S
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x 6= y xRy yRx

x, y z S
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xRz yRz x=y

x, y z S xRy
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R
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R(X, X) X
1
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R(X, X)
1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 3
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(a) Reflexiva (b) Simtrica (b) Transitiva
+3&S+37"+37 2T{0 +$p9p OS$2 YZ$*8 2 *xx+3$Z7 YZ2 +&ST5+37 $*2 8XrszYZ$-+UYZp +&X+'*)) T "02 $7=pp R)0 12p*OS!$ 0 $9*p'*R))+ p*O?0 $ $9p9OS3T x$ZO?YZ$Z+YZ$*8?8+3&V$98XYZ++3U7"+3p T{YZ+3$tp*OS|}$9$8&ST 2 YZ7"T5+ +p*O?'9+ )U0 +\$8?T{s$$
xX Ax y X
x Ax
3&S0 +32 7 Y+327"2 0 +3T{+$7=p +3+2p*T{YZOS+3$ $ p*O?0 ${$TYZx + 2 $9&?)ZO?O?+X&SYZ$5+ +3&S7"+3+37 T{20Y+3+ $9p* pO?${2 YYZ$'*$ )2 +J0 x$pU&ST $szx$50& 2++8FY O?Y 2 +F2 )YZ2 TW+ +YZT YZ+X$*&S8X+U$9!+ )Z O?X=&S8F$9O?8]Y+ 2+30 7"YZ$9+3+9T{p! R+)*p9p*wOSO?$9'9${8)U!H+ 4 YZ++3pU p*O?&)UY2 T$ pU8 0+3$O7"+3"T{T{2 $5+3+Xp*)O?8 T ${T{2YZ+0 OS7 & 2 108?38?2 +
Ax = {y | (x, y) R(X, X)}.

x Ax R
YZ+H+y'9) =2 7"3p 0 12 YZ+ 0 $9T&S+8?x+ OS$ 2 !

Ax Ax
Ax
0'*$9) T{+ b $0 $9T5+lx;+3O?T fT 2 $t&S+3T{7 2 2 +T{r8?sz$9T{$ 8 $t0 '*$&S)+pU+H8F8 O?8S$tYZsz+3'*$N& ) I2 2 & p2 YZ&S$+37Y 2 "rszY $ YZ$*8Xx$&Pp!$ #%$Z0 $YZp+3RT{)$9p*8]OS$ 7 8FO 2 &XOS$Y$98]$98]x 2 &S+8]YZ+\p YZ+T{Up +3&SY $92 8
R(X, X) x
" #
R(X, X) X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
QD
x y
\[]78w2 O?& &S2 T{8 +30 p*7 2O?+]8S8?++8F8O 2 YZ+H&?++7 2'*r3) sz"$2 ]7"3&Sp +0 "2+ YZ=+2 Up 8 Y T52 38wO?x& "02 & 2 2 +]+yO?8R& O 2 2 p&S8 +3O7 2"r2 sz${+Vx8?s$9$ &FO 2 2 8wp*O?8F$+/V) )Up*T O?+y2 8M&SI +37 2 r3s$\YZ+V+'*) "2 7"3p 0 "2 !
R = {(1, 1), (1, 4), (1, 7), (2, 2), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 4), (5, 2), (5, 5), (6, 3), (6, 6), (7, 1), (7, 4), (7, 7)}
A1 = A4 = A7 = {1, 4, 7}
A2 = A5 = {2, 5}
A3 = A6 = {3, 6}
(T > 2 /9)&?+& 7 2 2 r3T{sz$$98FYZO?& +2 +y$'*)/=& 2 2 |}${7=p'90)U12+I&SY +3xU" &?+yY8F++p9+O T 2 +y/8R&SO )2 x&?$*+87 2 8?r3+3szx $2 ! & 2 YZ$*8-+37"+3T{+p9OS$985'*)+8Ssz$ +'*) "2 7=+p*O?+858?+
7"+ 2 vw&ST{+7 $92 8Vr+3+T 8 0 +3$Tp*O )25T2 )YZ+p U= p +3&Dr38Fs$ ${Y 2 '*&S+3)7 +2 r2 szxU$&?! +y8F+p9O 2 T 2 8(xU&?$9x& +Y 2 YZ+y8wYZ+t&S+U+ = Y 2 YZ+H+58 T{+OS& 12 8?s$
0 2 T 2 Y 2 8YZ+H&S+37 2 rsz$5YZ+JO?$97=+&Sp 0 12 $9)cY+Hx&?$ T Y 2 YZ+! X
9 ? s s D

1 2 3
4 5 6
> /9)& 2 PU! NII& 2 |}$5YZ+H)UT 2 &S+37 2 rsz$5YZ+H+'*) "2 7"3p 0 "2 !
b l lZn Q)x$p 2 '9)U++3T )T 0 & 0 ) OS$ +37"+OS& 9p "0 $ 0 $9T5x$98FO?$ Y+ 0 p 0 $ T{.ZYZ)7"$98 p*OS+3&?
00 $9$9pp*O+ 20 O 2| 2 YZOS$9$8&S!+8{\O T 2 8 +3pU0 /$+3T{pUJ$I+ &?p $cUT5+8F+OSc&?$ xY&S$ + 0 )p9& OS2 +3p& YZ0 $9$pY + 8?x+$98{&H++p98FOSO?&?++8IT{$98.ZYZT{).Z7"$9YZ8J)7"+$9T 8B+ )T 0 $92 Tx 2 $ 8FO T7" )2 pUYZ7"+$ 2 + pU YZO?+$;& +3$T &
" # <
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D
M = {m1 , m2 , m3 , m4 , m5 }

1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 1

R=
0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 0
x0 $9$7=Y$ X+I08F2 8?O YZ+32 &V$*8\&S+ +3 7 7 =x2 &Sr&S+sz+38S$T{8 2 +3p*p&SOS$t++/9p + & 2 2 =|}x $-2 2 T{8R+O $97"88F O?T{2& 2 xYZO?$9$-& &J103p 2'*2)+> +{x/$c$9)p&F& O 2 2 p*+3!7O? $YZ+ >)T /p*2)UO?+3& &&?2 +0 $97 pU2 pr3Y + sz10 3$s2 $YZ'*+B+3)p*+\O?O?$9&S$*7=+5+8X&ST{+37"p +.Z08JYZ12)+57"$9$9$88I) Pt$x)Z+\&SOS$ &?5 $*x8IT $ZT5YZY +.Z2 TYZY)U+8F7=$*++&8
0 1 0 0 1
pUs$5 T{x$9&FO 2 p*O?+J+HpUs${'*)+J+7=+y8pUsz${+8FOSs$ p*O?+&F 0 $9p+ 0 O 2 YZ$98 0 $9T$98$9)ZO?&S$98!

#'*% 2 &(23 ""!#
0Q$9+FT{2 xT 7=+3O 2{+0 $9T{$ YZ)2 2885T &?2 +O?7 &2 r@3++8V8&S+3p7 $ 2 r)szp$ " +&S+ 8?$[ T{2 &F$9OS8F+O?8& "22 Y p2 $ 8 2 6 2 = $U! +;YZ+Up 22 &S+37 2 rsz$p)7 2 + 2 &S+37 2 r3s$
R S
O E
X Y,
!! !! : PU! u E

0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
O= E=

T+{ ++8?T5(T{TxU$U7=!$ O Z# xx2$+&7 2 2+y8FT x)+T 2 0 OS"2& )U7@ p YZ= +{+3&D&?8F+$ 7 2 r3[ sz2 $c&?O? +y8 2 12 &?p+$ 7 2 r3sz$ Y +3p*2O Y &?2+7Y2 + r3s: $ E Y'*+3p*)O+{Y &S2+37Y2+0 x$9p$ZYZ2+c02 8?+3Y &{2 &S+3+37"x+3T{&S++8?p9+3p*OS$O 2 0 YZ$$ T x+3$7"+&
0 0 0 1 1 1
I
XX
!! : PU! E

1 0 0
0 1 0
I =

YZ+Up Y O?2 & 2 0 pU$98?T5x$9$ 8 rsz$ Y+c)UT 2 T 2 OS& @c&?+7 2 r3sz$ : E |}$&Sp+ 0 + 2 T 2 OS& @;Y 2 ?& +7 2 r3sz$ p +3&D8 2 YZ+ ;+
0 0 1
R1 R
? ? s
Z
2 5
3 4
> /)U& 2 P!Lu II& 2 |}${YZ+H)T 2 &?+7 2 r3s$5YZ+JOS$7"+3&Dzp 0 "2

: P! E
$pYZ+ + x$ZYZ+T 2 7"+3&(5$9) 9!
R1 (y, x) == R (x, y)
: P! E
R R1
p*OSs$8F+ 2 &?+7 2 r3s$ -Y+Up Y 2 x+37 2 T 2 O?& @J&S+37 2 rsz$PU!

(R1 )1 = R
!! : PU! E

R (x1 , y1 ) R (x1 , y2 )
R (x1 , yn )
R (x2 , y1 ) R (x2 , y2 )
R (x2 , yn )
R=

2 &?+7 2 r3s$ p +3&D8 2 ZY + '*)+J OS+3T 2 T 2 O?& @J&S+37 2 r3s$9PU!=y

R (xm , y1 ) R (xm , y2 ) R (xm , yn )
R R1
!! : P!" E

R (x1 , y1 ) R (x2 , y1 ) R (xm , y1 )
R (x1 , y2 ) R (x2 , y2 ) R (xm , y2 )
R1 =

%# $ZYZ+3T{$98wY+Up & 2 8w8?+3/9) p9OS+8$9x+& 2 r+8]+3p*O?&S+J&?+7 2 r+8 0 7"98?8 "02 8I
R (x1 , yn ) R (x2 , yn ) R (xm , yn )
cel
yb9hybkU

R S RS = R (x, y) S (x, y)
lb b*y R S RS = R (x, y) S (x, y)]

"
R R (x, y) = 1 R (x, y)
befmb +
R S R (x, y) S (x, y)
# 2 & 2 +y8RO 2 8$9x+& 2 r+8 0 $9T&S+37 2 r+y8V'*)+ 29032 6 2 & 2 TYZ+Up Y 2 8 2 7"+3T 2 8w8?+3/9) p*OS+8Vx&S$x& +yY 2 Y+8I
O XE
9 ? s s D

mZye efmb
BhyhykelmZe efmb
RS =SR RS =SR

`cefh3e}%ye elmb R (S T ) = (R S) T R (S T ) = (R S) T

l9
R (S T ) = (R S) (R T ) R (S T ) = (R S) (R T )
b X k9efm R=R
befmb
"
A A = A, A A = A
A = A, A X = A, A = , A X = X

&('*% '*"! ' - 23 ' &(2 "! #
Q ) x+{$pU) T 2 2 '9$)U)Z+OS& + 2 &?8F+O 7 2 2 r3)sT $ 2 &?'*+)7 2 +5r3sT $ 2 x+ 12'*)++;7=+T T{2 +3xp*O?+ $*12 8IY+37"$+3T{)p+3p*= OS+3$9&D88F$ YZ+;)pT$c))pp "" +3+&D&S8?8?$$ +[]T$9T5)Tx$98 )r3p sz"$+&S8?2$
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R X
Y S Y Z..
X Z
R S
X Y Z
T
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" = f Xhel m ef
Tp $ 2 $p2x+ +3&?&& +22 7 2rTszr3s$52 $tYZ8 p+ ${0 0 $$9xTtT5&S)U$ZxTYZ$9)Z8 O?YZ$r3+sz[ ${8F+{2 YZ&F$9+-OS6Z+YZ8O?"2)+&2 p80$ $&S+3T{7 2 xr$98 +yr8]szYZ$9$U+6ZU!O p Y Y 2{20 2$xT{x +32x7 2 &?$9O 8 |}.&(r&SszY Tt$c2 )8Y 7 2$2 x8I+3&S& +32 7 r2 r+y8V+y8 Y+HT{+ T{: ${+JT E "p {T{)T$2
# # # "
R S RS
X Z
Z
: PU!=9 E
$Y p8 YZ0 +;&?+3$O?${&8 $"Tt8 6"Tt$7"6$ $7"$8YZ+J/9p )p 03sz2 ${2 x$0 Y$+-T{8Fx+$9&(8 8Fr)sz6$ 8RO Y OS2 ) 8{"Y&S$+37 x2 r+7 2 +y8 8?$T 2 + + 2 ! |}.9&?)T2 )p7 YZ2 $ $02 x&S$ZYZ)ZOS$ [ 2 &FOS+8 "2 p$
RS = max[min(R (x, y), S (y, z))]/(x, z)
XZ y
3
R S
RS =
X
max[min(R (x, y), S (y, z))]/(x, z)
: PU!=K E
&SY +32 7 2 |}r3.s&S$ Tt)2 7 27=+ 290 T 2 x$Y+3T{$98 +& 032 &'*)+c$ /9& 2 ) YZ+ p 0 7=)8?s$ YZ+ 032 Y 2 x 2 &5Y++7=+T5+p*O?$98p 2 : Pp!"$ P2 E
y
XZ
RS (x, z) = max[min(R (x, y), S (y, z))].

y
? ? s
*
8+ T 2 YZ7 2 +J& $9Tx2 + )& 2 T T{r32sz$ $Tt2 YZ)+ 8F7=$9O 0 T xz772 "00 ! )U2 7=r3$s$YZ$*YZ8H+H/T & 2 2 )OS&8H@3Y +y2 8$p pU0 YZ7")U+ 8S2sz$$9xYZ+$*& 8-2 r3+3s7"+3$5T{YZ++Hp9OST $9"8Hp p T52 $ &?+0 7 $2 &Sr3&Ssz+$;8?x $9pU02YZ7+ 0 )2 7 2 TtY)$7=O YZx+7 "0|}$2 &Sr3T s$2
b []$T{l$c + f+3 T{ x 7"$;YZ+8FO?+ 0 7 0 )7"$ 2 T{$*8 0 $pU8 YZ+3& 2 & 2 8J&S+37 2 r+y8 + '*)+{7 / 2 T $*8 2 7=$9&?+y8 2 $*8
" #
T{2 $97"$8FO?&S&+28 Y 2 8V+-+3TW$98 PU!=2 7=5$9&?+H+y8 PU!=u-2 &S$9+8 8?x+2 0 7=$9O =&?+y2 8 T{+Up9OST{+$*! 8ROS& 2 Y 2 8p 2B> /)U& 2 PU!L 0 ) 2 8(T 2 OS& @3+y8(YZ+-&S+37 2 rsz${+8FOSs$
yi yi zi
R S xi
X1 y1 z1
X2 y2 z2
X3 y3 z3
X4
> /9)& 2 P! I vw+7 2 r+8 + ! R S
: P!"3 E

R (x1 , y1 ) R (x1 , y2 ) R (x1 , y3 ) 1 1 0
R (x2 , y1 ) R (x2 , y2 ) R (x3 , y3 ) 0 1 0
R=
R (x3 , y1 )
=
R (x3 , y2 ) R (x3 , y3 ) 0 0 1
+ R (x4 , y1 ) R (x4 , y2 ) R (x4 , y3 ) 0 0 1

S (y1 , z1 )
S = S (y2 , z1 )
: P!"yu E
S (y1 , z2 ) S (y1 , z3 )

1 0 0

S (y2 , z2 ) S (y2 , z3 ) = 0 0 1
0 $9T{x$*8 r3s$+p9OS&?+J+y8RO 2 8wYZ) 2 8&?+7 2 r+8V)ZO 7 @ 2 pYZ$zq8F+ 2 |}.&STt)7 2 P!"Pt|}$&Sp+ 0 + 2 ?8 +3/9) p9OS+JT 2 O?& @
S (y3 , z1 ) S (y3 , z2 ) S (y3 , z3 ) 1 0 0

1 0 1
0 0 1
RS =
1

0 0
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1 0 0
" = 1_ Xhel j e

+4 '*+y) 8R2OS+r3sO $5xYZ$ + YZ0 +$T{0 $xT{$98 xr$9sz8 $ rsz $ 032 2 $x+3& 2 rsz$YZ+x&S$ZYZ)ZOS$ 8F)U6U8RO OS) ]2 |})pUr3s$YZ+T " p T{$! \ +y8ROS+T{$Y$ 2
# # # " !
uz ? s s D

X1 z1
X2 z2
X3 z3
X4
> /9)& 2 PU! JI 12 /& 2 T 2 Y 2 &?+7 2 r3s$ RS
RS =
Z
max[R (x, y) S (y, z)]/(x, z)
: PU!=y E
|}# )2 pU& r2 sz$)Up YZ=+ +3&Dp 8F0 $*7"8)U8SY sz${8 0 Y &S+2 OS$9&S+38I7 2 $cr3s8 $p 2YZ7+ YZ0 + $T{p*xO?$9+3/98 & r2 szr3$ s$2 7=+ 8F)68RO OS) "Y$cx+37"$8 p 2 7%Y+{8?$T 2 O?.& U$ !5 2 7=$9&IY 2
XZ y
RS (x, z) = max[R (x, y) S (y, z)]

y
: P!" E
" = " Xhel j e elm
+4\8F2OS 0 $pUT{Y x103$92 8 YZr${szp$c2 T{|}. &S TtT{)$z7 2 T{P!"Y 12c2 6 2 2 $9 x$ +& 2 r3s$cYZ+T "p T5$8?)6U8FO O?) "YZ$x+37 2 T{Y 122 & OST{O 1032;0 $T{$
# # # "
R<+>S=
Z
1
max{ [R (x, y) + S (y, z)]}/(x, z)
: PU!=y E
+ 2 |})pUrsz$YZ+ p 0 7")U8Ssz$ 2 7=+ XZ y 2
1
RS (x, z) = max{ [R (x, y) + S (y, z)]}
y 2
: P!" E

2 ,-2'*
T{T +3p*O?&S$+37 x2 r3$Z*YZ+y+]8wxp++&F6OS+3)p 7"$90 +38 2& 8(2 $*)8\T +7=0 +$9T{pR+3)p*p*O?$*O?$I8(8Fx$9$T{Y+3+3Tp*O?+ +28FOO?2]&)&ST +37 02+30 &?$9O?$p 2 YZ2 $*7=$98&x!2 vw& +30 7122 r37"T{*+y+38p*pO?++6)2 8?7"$98 8 T 2 80 8?$sT{$ 0$$9)pRT)p*+3O?7"$*+8
p0 )U+6&S8?)$7"$9YZ8?+$9=8- $YZ)+ UYZp +5YZO?$9+38t&+38FT$9T5x+&Sp*$O?Y+{)Z)O?T$*82 [ Y 2 T{&?O?+y+pU8 128?sp$ $*8H: YZ+ E x0 $2 p& R2 )U8?p9+3OS&H$98 Tt0 )U7"97 O 8?8q10Y $9T58 +pU$98 ) $98Fp +F2 72 : $(p = +3&D8F$YZ+ 8RE !
T{+ $$9+8FT5T{O?& xU+2 7=8?pU$T{YYZ$c$+H$*T{&S8 +3$7 2 Y2 r$ 7"sz$$t'*&S+)6 8J+ pU&S+3@3&7 2+312 0T{$!$*p 8 2 0 YZ$9$*T 8+0 $$pzR8?)+3)p*O?$9/98t& 2 p) +36UYZ)+B7=$*&?+8F$*7 2 8-r3szx$ $ZYZ0 +3$9T{T{$9$c8t+y&?8R+ODx &S+p8?+3Y p*"0O 22 YZ&-$&?+p 7 22 r+'*+8-) 2 pr+3sz6$;)U7=P$*!L8Kz2 8
X X Y Z
R = {(x, y), R (x, y)}

: P!LKz E
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u
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R=
X : P!LKZ E
R (xi , yi )/(xi , yi )
$# p2 YZ& 2+ $()UTW8F$9T x&S2 $ZO?YZ.9&)ZO?$ $BpU[ Y 2 "0&FOS2 +'98 "2)U+ p$2 &?0 +$7 p*2 O&r3"sp$ )$5O?%+|}&&$ 2&STT{2$9Y8 2 x+7 2 )p sz$wYZ+ OS$Y$98 $*8+37"+3T{+3p*O?$*8
(xi ,yi )XX
R
! R (xi , yi )/(xi , yi )
R=
Z
: P!LKK E
R (x, y)/(x, y)
8?+3/) #%$Zp*YZO?+I+3T{|}$9$9&?8T O2 2 Tt63T &?+x&?+y8F+p*O 2 &)UT 2 &?+7 2 r3s$ 6 pU& 12 x$9&BT{+ $ YZ+ )T 2 T 2 OS& @ 0 $9T 2
XY
mn
!! !! !! !! : P!LKzP E

R (x1 , y1 ) (x1 , y2 ) R (x1 , yn )
R (x2 , y1 ) R (x2 , y2 ) R (x2 , yn )
R=

pO?UTY 10\3&?2 8I+Y 7 &S22 +3r8(7 2 p +r32 8*8(+y8(p T p2++O?&S6&8 )2 @87"+$9 8\8 2 2 Y 8\82 &S8(p+3)7+y2 7'*2r3) *+2 +yr38w0 *$p+yT{+8(6x+)T7"+7"$9O 82PU2 ! u5O?+5 T P! 2z+ &S8\+8?8?) xO?2 +8T0 O =p 2 2 +3T{T{&D8++y2 p98F8(T OS+YZ2 !(+ UY+p 8?U8 Y p T 2 r38Is0 YZ$c$$BT{Y T{2$8+y&S8F&?+3T{+7 27 $2 rr3T{sz+y$ 8$ZYZ00 $U7171!8S8S88 #%101033$22 &?88

R (xm , y1 ) R (xm , y2 ) R (xm , yn )
O E I
OYZ2 +p*UO?p $ Y 2 2OS0 & $92 T5pU8?$ x$*8 r3s$;Y+)T 2 T 2 OS& @&S+37 2 r3s$ : E |}$&Sp+ 0 + 2 T 2 OS& @BY 2 &S+37 2 rsz$ p +3&D8 2 YZ+ +B RT R
: P!LK E
+ RT (x, y) == R (x, y)
: P!LKu E
p*OSs$8F+ 2 &?+7 2 r3s$ -Y+ Up Y 2 x+37 2 T 2 O?& @J&S+37 2 rsz$PU! KR
(RT )T = R
!! : P!LKz E

R (x1 , y1 ) R (x1 , y2 ) R (x1 , yn )
R (x2 , y1 R (x2 , y2 R (x2 , yn
R=

2 &?+7 2 r3s$ p +3&D8 2 ZY + '*)+J O?+T 2 T 2 OS& @J&?+7 2 r3sz$*P!LK9

R (xm , y1 R (xm , y2 R (xm , yn
R RT
!! : P!LK9 E

R (x1 , y1 ) R (x2 , y1 ) R (xm , y1 )
R (x1 , y2 ) R (x2 , y2 ) R (xm , y2 )
RT =

R (x1 , yn ) R (x2 , yn ) R (xm , yn )

' !3- 23 ,23'*
+8?Q+3+F/ 2) )p*TO?+y)+38T7"x+3T{&Sx$+3&Sxp*$Z& OSYZ$;+y)ZY O?Y2 $+ Y+[ 82 I !&?O?[]+8 $12pUp8 $YZ+3YZ&S+c+3T{YZ$9$ 8 8 0 $)UpTR)U2 p9OS&S$9+38 7 2 rsz$+ p+36:)U7=$*8 2 +3T !E X+ 8FO 2 &S)+3T7 2 r+3sz7"$B+3T{x+$Zp9YZOS+{$ O?YZ++ & 2 8
y
S
Y R
X Y S = X Y
S
x X
Bb b |} $e & m z 7 (Y 2T 2 8R&SOS+3$57 2 Hr3${s$ x 2 & p: +6)7"E $9O8 22 TH6&?+TU+ x"+3&?2 O?+38?p +H0 +3x & 2 &2 2 &S'*+37) 2 2 r71sz'*$ )9+3$9&\)c+37"8?+3+RT{ 2 +3p*O?$ Y+ 2 &?+7 2 r3sz$

R x S xRx
Bye Sb b e m (T 2 &S+37 2 rsz$I 2 p*O &?+ U+ "2 8?+wpUsz$HU$) +3& )T+37"+3T{+3p*OS$ +3T x 2 & 2 $-'9) 2 7
x, x R (x, x) = 1

|}$& z7 Y$

x S xRx
e *3elkm (T 2 &S+37 2 r3s$8 T{O?& 1032 8?+-x 2 & 2 O?$ZYZ$ + +T |}$9&?+T z7 Y 2 8 2 8w+ x&S+8S8F+y8 +
yRx
x y S xRy
u K ? s s D

Bhyhye *3elkm \T 2 &S+37 2 rsz$5 2 8S8 T{O?& 1032 8?+JpUsz${$9) +&+37"+3T{+3p*O?$*8 + +3T x 2 & 2 $98w'*) 2 8
+ |}$&S+3T+ x&?+y8?8?+8 z7 Y 2 8 x y S xRy
Bye Dhe% *3efk9m (T 2 &?+7 2 r3s$ 2 p*O q8 T{OS& 1032 8?+tx 2 & 2 O?$ZYZ$ + +T 20 $p*O?+ 0 +&\'*)+58?+ +
yRx

|}$&S+3T 7 YZ$98+p*OSsz$ x y S xRy
mUhye}ye m (T 2 &?+7 2 r3s$tIO?& 2 pU8 O "2 8?+Ix 2 & 2 O?$ZYZ$ Z+ +3T O " +&?T{$*8]'*)+H8?+ |}$9& z7 YZ$
yRx x=y
+ O 2 T6T z7 YZ${+3p*OSs$ 7 YZ$5O 2 Tt63TC x y z S xRy
bkzymm + p9\ODszT ${2 $) &S+37 2 r3s$ 0z$7 pYZ+ ${0 O$2 ) Y 2 '*) 2 p YZ$Bx 2 & 2 OS$ZYZ$ + +3T $8?+3/9) p9OS+H|}$& +&SY 2 YZ+ IQ+
yRz xRz
x y S
elkm b h 7b*YZ${m + \T 2 O 2 &STt+37 62 3rTsz$+3{p*OSYZs+$ 8FO?+O x$;! '*) 2 pYZ$Bx 2 & 2 O?$ZYZ$ + +3T O = +3&ST5$*8'*)+58F+

x 6= y

xRy yRx
x, y z S
elkm 7 YZe}${b+e}ym \TO 2 2 Tt&S6+337 2TWrsz+$Hp*OSszY$ +8FO?+O x! $5'9) 2 pUYZ$x 2 & 2 OS$Y$ + +3T O = +3&ST{$98X'*)+I8F+

xRz yRz x=y
x, y z S xRy
xRz y=z

#'*% 2 ,-2'*
rQ+F+y2 8T +3p*O?&S+J+ &?+7 Y2 )r2 +8]8V&?p+7+2 6r)7"+$98X8 2p8+3I 6U)7=$*8 2 8p$)p " +&S8?$5[ 2 &?O?+y8 12 pU$U!#$ZYZ+T{$98VYZ+Up & 2 8V8F+/) p*O?+y8X$9x+& 2
R S
cel
yb9hyb

R S RS = R (x, y) S (x, y)
lb b*y R S RS = R (x, y) S (x, y)

"
R R (x, y) = 1 R (x, y)
befmb + R S R (x, y) S (x, y)
# 2 & 2 +y8RO 2 8$9x+& 2 r+8 0 $9T&S+37 2 r+y8V'*)+ 29032 6 2 & 2 TYZ+ Up Y 2 8 2 7"+3T 2 8w8?+3/9) p*OS+8Vx&S$x& +yY 2 Y+8I
O XE
mZye efmb
BhyhykelmZe efmb
RS =SR RS =SR

`cefh3e}%ye elmb R (S T ) = (R S) T R (S T ) = (R S) T

l9
R (S T ) = (R S) (R T ) R (S T ) = (R S) (R T )
b X k9efm R=R
befmb
"
A A = A, A A = A
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A = A, A X = A, A = , A X = X
: P!LKz E
+ R R 6= E
: P!LKz E
R R 6= O
b l f
03+ 2 Q7 0))xO 7 $2 &?pU& + 72 22 r3\'*sp)$ +sp${.*+I8T oqO?p*+2 OST5+3$9&D$*&I8F8 +y'*2r3)8sz+ $YZ) +3p*2 O?8'*&S)&?+I++7+&?2 +8FrOT{2 +$9888(&S+3:$97 6Z2 O?r3+ +& +8E !pUoR8FY O?10$532 '9Y )U2 8?+8+ p 8 2 /98p0 $9 &?2 &S036+2 +38?7x2 $98%pUPUYZ! /+P9) \O 2 +w7&S+3P2 7 ! 2Pr9!sz%$$ ) xU &?t$9/6T ) 7=+22 T 7 $22 &
" #
R S
'*)+ + *'*)+\8 /p 032 /) 2 7 2 + (T 2 $&V'9)U+ ! + +3T{$98O?$9T 2 & 0 ) Y 2 YZ$ 0 $T 2 7"/)T 2 8 S R x
y S T x y R S, x y x
y R S x y x y
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x
/) 2 7 2 +3T 0 +3&?O 2 T{+Y Y 2 +JO 2 Tt63TT 2 $&('*)+ +3T 0 +3&?O?${/& 2 )!
y y

1 2 3 4 5 6
: P! P E

1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

2 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

R (x e igual a y) =
3 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6

5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8
6 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1 2 3 4 5 6
: P! P E

1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

S (x e maior que y) =
3 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

5 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0
pT 2 2 8\OS& &S+3@3)7 +y2 p 8wr3*sP+y$B! P98(KtY + 2 +J8\2 PU&?! +p*P97 O?P2 +3!r&D8?++r38 s$ 2+ x 2 H&?O |}$9&&?YZT $*28\Y T{2 +3+pU8 $0 &S$9+7=8 +pU2 YZ7=$9$&?+y8?+H8$$6ZT OS2+3pU$Y& $zq8F2 +7=$9$9&\8YZ&?$9+y88F)YZ7=$ O 2 8(YZ/9$9&8\2 T{)U8($98FYZO?+ & 2 YZp $*0 7=8()p8?s2 $ 8

6 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
R S

1 2 3 4 5 6
: P! P9K E

1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

2 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

R S [(x igual y) OU (x maior y)] =
3 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6

5 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8
6 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0

1 2 3 4 5 6
: P! PP E

1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

R S [(x igual y) E (x maior y)] =
3 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0
6 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0

&('*% '*"! ' - 23 ,23'*
)Q)p x" []$+pU&S$8? T{$ 2 x'*$9)8 +;r+sz+ ${)U T 8FO2 2 2 $&S)+3)Z7TOS2 & r22 sz$&S&?+3+'*77 22 )rr3+tszs$$T 2px+36U+ p"2)+7=6$*$*)8 8w7"2 $9T{8 2 +8?'*'*T{))$9+c+c8(TT +7=2 2 +xxT{+ + +3"212p*O?+3+$*7"7=8\+3+T{T{YZ+++3p9p*OSO?$9$*8585pU$9YZY8($ +cT{)U)U+ypT 8F=T{ )+3$9&Dp 8\8F"$ +3+37"+3&DT{8?$ p+3$p*OS$9)8\+p T~"Y+ +)&S8?T $ !
R X
Tpvw2 +2 7 p&S2 +3+ r7 2 & +2r38s8$!p +3+6Up*$O?)&Sx7=+I$*+38& $*2 2 88-r+3szx7"$J+3$ZT{xYZ& +3+3T~p*p OS0 $98?x 8w+32 & YZ7U+ 0'*$9) T52 pUx+-YZ$9YZ$H8F+O +2 8F8tO !2 +6p*+O?7=&S+ +0 +8 T5x$*28 & 0 2 $9T{|}$x&ST$*8 2 r&5)+8T 2 03$2 )7 0 O?)& 72 2 &&S+3$97 82 r3/s& $2 )UYZ8+cY+Y |}p +0&?7"+)Up*8?O?s+$ 8
Y S Y
Z.. X Z
X Z
" f Xhel m ef
TH )$p T x: +32 & 2pE r3$ s$tT2 YZ2&?++p7 + 2 0 r3$9& sz2T{$Txp$*2 ${8 8 xr3s0&S$9$t$TtYYZ)Z)+JO?T$YZ) [ YZ2 +I2 8V&F8F&SOS++3+78 $2 "26Zr3OS*p+3+y$ & 80 p$9+T56)x7"$9$98 8Y2 r3+8]szU$p$!6ZY O 2 Y 0x2$9+3T52 7 2 xx |}$92 .&?8 &SO Ttr3&sz)$Y 7 2 2 Y 8V2 8]$x&?++37& 2 2 rr3++8 8XY++ T 2: : E +E
# # # "

R S RS
: PU! P E
X Z
X _
RS = [R (x, y) S (y, z)]/(x, z)
XZ y
u ? s s D

$$p8 YZ"Tt+X$I6$8 7""$TtYZ6+H$7")$ p 8sz${/p x$Z YZ02(+H2\8F+0 &($8FT{)x6$*8RO8 OSr3) s"$(YY$2 x8+&S7 +32 7 2 8?r$T +y82 + +2 |}.9! &?T)) 72 2 pYZ $(02 $\xU&?$ZYZ)ZOS$J[ 2 &FOS+8 "2 p$(]Y 8 0 &S+OS$
R S
3
RS =
X _
[R (x, y) S (y, z)]/(x, z)
: PU! P*u E
&SY +32 7 2 |}r3.s&S$Tt)2 7 2B7=+ 290 T 2 x$Y+3T{$98 +& 02 &'*)+ 2 |})pUr3s$cY+ p 0 7")U8Ssz$;YZ+ 032 Y 2 x 2 &IYZ+{+7=+T5+p*O?$98p 2 : Pp! $P 2 E
XZ y
_
RS (x, z) = [R (x, y) S (y, z)].
8+ T 2 YZ7 2 +J& $9Tx2 + )& 2 T T{r32sz$ $Tt2 YZ)+ 8F7=$9O 0 T xz772 "00 !%)U2 X7=r3$s8FO?$YZ+J$*YZO8H+Hx/T $& 2 2 YZ)OS+J&8H$@3Y x+y2 8+3& $p2 pUr30 YZs7")U+ $t8S2szH$$97 2 xYZ&S+$*/ & 8-2 2 T5r3+3s7"++3$5p*T{O?YZ+I++Hp9+3OST T{$9"8Hxp &Sp +3T52 / $2 &?Y +0 27 $2 &S+r3&STsz+$;8?x2 $9xpU70102YZ372+ 0 r)2 7 +2 Tt8Y)$YZ7=+O YZx0+$7 "0|}p*$O?2 &S&Sr3T $s7"$2+
y
'*)+J)U8 2 TW7"./ "02 pU+36)7"$98 2 !

b l f
8Ssz2 $T{ $9T{2 8$9T{+38FT{$*O?& 8 x2 0&SY $+32 /p8J28 &p YZ2 2 +38-& |}2 .T & &STt2 2 O?8w)& 7 YZ@2 )+T8-2 8(2PU&?! P+7T 2 r+BpP+YZ8! +PU0 !B$+ T{# x2 $*& T{2 8 $9r3+38Fsp O?$ 0& $2 : p*YPOS2! P& 8V2 p&E 2x 22 > 0& 2$9/9T5)+3&p x2 0 $9$PU8 p*! r3O?sz& 2$0 & )Y 2 2 2 T8H8w&S2T +3O?7&2 2 O?@\r& Y@3+y++8 8wp Y0 + 7=)p8?s0 $-7=)'98?)Us$+
" #
R S
&S+3x&S\+8?8+3T p*O 2 25O?& 2 @&?++8 7 2 r3s+ $ !8?s$ 2 88F+/) p*O?+8I

T = RS
T
R S
: P! P* E

R (x1 , y1 ) R (x1 , y2 ) R (x1 , y3 ) 1.0 0.8 0.6
R (x2 , y1 ) R (x2 , y2 ) R (x2 , y3 ) 0.8 1.0 0.8
R=
R (x3 , y1 )
=
R (x3 , y2 ) R (x3 , y3 ) 0.6 0.8 1.0
+ R (x4 , y1 ) R (x4 , y2 ) R (x4 , y3 ) 0.4 0.6 0.8

S (y1 , z1 ) S (y1 , z2 ) S (y1 , z3 )
S = S (y2 , z1 ) S (y2 , z2 ) S (y2 , z3 )
S (y1 , z4 )

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

S (y2 , z4 ) = 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6
: P! P E
S (y3 , z1 ) S (y3 , z2 ) S (y3 , z3 ) S (y3 , z4 ) 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8
1.0 1.0
x1 y1
0.8 0.8 z1
0.6 0.6
0.4
0.8 0.8
1.0 1.0
x2 y2 0.8 z2
0.8
0.6
0.6 0.6
0.8 0.8
1.0 1.0
x3 y3 z3
0.8
0.4 0.6
0.8
x4 z4
> /9)& 2 P! I vw+7 2 r+8 + ! R S

? ? s
u9u
0 $9T5x$98 r3sz${YZ+y8RO 2 8wYZ) 2 8&?+7 2 r+8 02 /9) 2 7 +p9ODsz$ 2
: P! P E

1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6
0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8
T =RS =
0.8

0.8 1.0 0.8
+H$Y 12 /& 2 T 20 $&S&S+8?x$9pUYZ+3p*OS+ 2 +8FO 2 &S+37 2 rsz$5+8FOS5T{$98FO?& 2 YZ$5p 2{> /9)& 2

0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8
1.0
x1 z1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.8
1.0
x2 z2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
x3 1.0
0.8 z3
0.6 0.8
0.8
0.8
x4 z4
> /)& 2 P!" I "2 /& 2 T 2 Y 2 &S+37 2 rsz$ T
" 1_ Xhel j e

+4 '*+y) 8R2OS+r3sO $5xYZ$ + YZ0 +$T{0 $xT{$98 xr$9sz8 $ rsz $ 032 2 $x+3& 2 rsz$YZ+x&S$ZYZ)ZOS$ 8F)U6U8RO OS) ]2 |})pUr3s$YZ+T " p T{$! \ +y8ROS+T{$Y$ 2
# # # " !
RS =
Z _
[R (x, y) S (y, z)]/(x, z)
: PU! * E
|}# )2 pU& r2 sz$)Up YZ=+ +3&Dp 8F0 $*7"8)U8SY sz${8 0 Y &S+2 OS$9&S+38I7 2 $cr3s8 $p 2YZ7+ YZ0 + $T{p*xO?$9+3/98 & r2 szr3$ s$2 7=+ 8F)68RO OS) "Y$cx+37"$8 p 2 7%Y+{8?$T 2 O?.& $U!5 2 7=$9&IY 2
XZ y
RS (x, z) =
_
[R (x, y) S (y, z)]
: P! U E
" " Xhel j e elm
y
+4\8F2OS 0 $pUT{Y x103$92 8 YZr${szp$c2 T{|}. &S TtT{)$z7 2 T{P!"Y 12c2 6 2 2 $9 x$ +& 2 r3s$cYZ+T "p T5$8?)6U8FO O?) "YZ$x+37 2 T{Y 122 & OST{O 1032;0 $T{$
# # # "
R<+>S=
Z _ 1
{ [R (x, y) + S (y, z)]}/(x, z)
: PU! K E
+ 2 |})pUrsz$YZ+ p 0 7")U8Ssz$ 2 7=+ XZ y 2
uz ? s s D

w

=
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0 $9T{$5$ 0 $pR)p*OS${Y+JO?+3&ST{$98 T
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T = {gelado, f rio, normal, morno, quente}
gelado normal quente

1 frio
morno
0
-30
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idade {novo, velho, meia
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velocidade
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0.8
lenta rapida
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0.4
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