Section A ‘Anowe all quosons in ws section, 4) Deeining Fish Stocks Extract 1: Aslan fshermen suffer as fish stocks In region doctine Mote and more ote, fishermen in Asia rtum home with nothing but afew smal sh in thee ‘ets Stophn Hal, hoa of tho Wore Fish Cente, Malaysia rosearch inet, eaye tata over ‘Asia, 00 fa stocks have gone down by almost 80% since the 1870s. Hal cay tho cause of tho Gece is overfishing. "Thore are feo many fishermen and the boats are too power. We have {ol highyetoctvetehing method, and we basialy ver-harested The doctor of conservation {tthe Hong Kang ofa oft Worlanide Fund for Natur eaye there are vo main reaeone for ‘he everching. One isthe rapid population growth nthe rgion Tha other he says is at mary ‘countriee nthe region have not taken faherlae management seriously enough, You dont even ‘ed a fconce to lh commercially within Hong Kang watar. So thar sno contol whalsoover on ah stocks, the ize of the cates, te lz ef nets = nothing io hat e “The doctne of sh stocks is a global problem, bu It hits Ast harder than othor pars ofthe works [Not only i tho Asia-Pacific rogion the wos largest producer of ich, but people ere consumo ‘more ish and soatood than anor else, Whe fh stocks are doting, the dora for sealood hae eon ae a reel ofthe rogione growing aluonce Prove have gone up, eepecil for argo ‘and rare specie ‘Experts say the large commercial fehing operators in Asia are sil aie to make monoy. But the ‘esi fish stocks are devastating to millons of small fishermen, who are among th poorest poopie in Asa ‘Source: Maly Nows, 18 June, 2007Extract 2: fish stock modo o a fishery “The curve in tho dlagram shows the relationship botwoon te stock of ina fishary and the Treteeee in tho fish stock (ho dilerence between biths and desths) i here was acomplete ban ‘on fishing Figure 1: Fie stock and increase in fish stock increase in “fo lustato how tis simpliiod model works, suppeae tho ban was itraduced when the stock ZR itktnad talento 5,-M1 Sy Intho abeenee of any fishing, an excecs of births oer deaths wil ‘aioe tho sick to increase by, hereby intiatnga recovery inthe fh soc. As tho recovery proceeds, tie would be reflected in the diagram by a movement tothe right along the horizontal te, Graculy ao tho fh stock corinuos to ris, increxsed compotion for fnd and increased nerabity fo predators are lly fo caueo doath rats to increase relate to tty rates, Ths ‘itm dow the nerease inthe stock, and beyond a certain poi Sz, in the diagram, the oreph {urns downward, Le the Increase i he stock bosin fo decine. I important to noe, However, that Oo abuenco of fahing, the stock Hse wi continue to rise, abe more ard more slowly, Unt evontuay et tock Snow asthe shor’ carrying capacty, births just qual deaths, and ‘he popuaton stables. Lotus now consider the impact of rentedicng fishing int the model Suppone we stat again at Sr ie absence f fing, we now that at fore would bea inreas no cook cau 12 Fotos that tabermon wore to catch a harvest oqua to, ts woulave the stock of inusebanged an bo nn sock would tan remain a, inehnitly. Thus, the curve tls us nat tony the inroase In tho sock corresponding to ay glvonfvel of stock nthe ebsence of shine. (roo tals'us fr each love! of stoes, the amount of eh that ean be caught without depleting tho sock Le. tho so-called stainable yl or sustlnabe harvest. The declared aim of good ‘many ahing poses 9. tho EU Fishing Palys to manage te av! o inputs irto each tery {So as to achiev tho maximum susazable yi! or hare, ndosted in Figure 1 by the harvest comeepaning 10 stock vel Sys Sousce: rig materi coucieeanoc ane seonovene Tur overExtract 8:The stock effect (On economic and envicnmental grounds, sh stocks should be alowed o ise well above the eves that conventional feheios poley would consider optimal, aecong toa stay pulsed ‘eday in the journal Sconce, Tadonal poley sims to restore depleted socks to a love! that maximises the sustainable harvest of fish Bu rsoarchere atthe Australian National Univoriy {and tne Universi of Washington found tat bottar pros can be mde from fhing wi los fenvionmental impact, stocks aro alowed to ierease furor Toy studied four commercially Important species and foun that inal eases tho cptinal levels wore wall above those calculated ‘itn adtonal methods. The reason isthe ‘sock ete the fact hat when fle are more pletid ‘anc thus oasior to catch, these fishing doit have to apend us much or fool and thor cost of tholenet, ‘Wo bei theso results wil help porsuade fichors that by reducing the catch now they wi more than make up any temporary facial losses with increased profits athe futuro! sald Quon Grafton of the Australian National University ‘Soures: Financial Times, 2 Decomber 2007 Extract 4: Can ‘catch shares’ prevent collapse of fisheries? 1 global fisheries ofer tho prospoct of large potential profits yet the profs re only realeod the fisheries are managed sustainably, why are actualy managoe fcherce oysomeScally ‘verexploted? The answer les in the msalighment of incentives. Evon wien meniagomont sete harvest quotas that could maximise profs, te Incanive of the indvdalharvestr ate typical Inconsistent with poft maximisation for th float. Because nda lnk escuo rights to pat of ‘he quote, they have a perverse motvaton 1 "aco to fh o out-comgete others This race can lead to poor stowardship and lobbying for evorSarger harvest quotas, eating a sia of reded ‘stocks, excessive harvests, and everivalcalapse of fihoros. Boeconomie hoor sggoss tha assigning nvidia Tanslrele Quotas (Ts) rach shares’ tolndvisul ahormen, communis or cooporatves woud algnincenvesandiceats slic enhance hope and coon peformanee. An examination of 118 global teas four ‘hat 2005 te racton of To-managod shais tat ha olapso wae abt hal ato er 170 fore. Those fangs suggest tas cls share are hrensray implemented pcb, {oh sod, andthe profs rom harvesing tam, have the portale esoversbsantay. Source: Sconce, 19 September 20085 Figure 2: Exont of explotation of world fsh stocks since 1974 Percentage tah cae “1476 7a Go" Gs 66 ta 00 Ge Gh Gh GB 'Oh GSH Ge Year oy: —- Underapated + Model erpoted aot Ruy eoted vrei’ » Deleted Recovering panty Note: \Undoroxpotiod + Moderataly explote: capable of producig more Ful piled: ator close to sustanabi ite ‘Ovorexpoted + Depoted + Recovoring: no possbilty of ithe experson and increased isk of furor doctnes Source: United Nations Food and Acutural Organisation eucies ance emote {Tur over6 Figure 3: Global fishing catch and capac —tishing power index (umber of vossalsequstod for improved =. technoigy), millon | otal veal, mitions a8} $0 catch por vessel, tonnes pert ‘Source: Word Bank vestions {Assess the extent to which th tends in ih stocks ropertad in he resource matrials aro ‘oneitent wt the prodiction of econemic theory. 10 {) Consider now far Figure & and the other data help to explaln why large commercial fishing ‘operators ‘are Slab to make money el (6) Assess the argument that alowing fish stocks to fll below the point that maximises the ‘sustainable harvest rom a fishery I prosuctivly inoficient cr (2) raluate the argument that while indlvidua Tancferablo Quotas (Ts) might work in theory, thoy arena kay to provide a practical solution te tho problem of ove ishing. 8) 0 marks}