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Baigiang KTMT 2010 1
Baigiang KTMT 2010 1
-----------------------------------
HONG XUN DU
BI GING
KIN TRC MY TNH
H NI 2010
LI NI U
1
Chng 6 trnh by v h thng bus v cc thit b ngoi vi. Phn trnh by v h thng bus
cp n cc loi bus nh ISA, EISA, PCI, AGP v PCI-Express. Phn gii thiu cc thit b
vo ra cp n nguyn l hot ng ca mt s thit b vo ra thng dng, nh bn phm,
chut, mn hnh v my in.
Ti liu c bin son da trn kinh nghim ging dy mn hc Kin trc my tnh trong
nhiu nm ca tc gi ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, kt hp tip thu cc
ng gp ca ng nghip v phn hi t sinh vin. Ti liu c th c s dng lm ti liu
hc tp cho sinh vin h i hc v cao ng cc ngnh cng ngh thng tin v in t vin
thng. Trong qu trnh bin son, mc d tc gi rt c gng song khng th trnh khi c
nhng thiu st. Tc gi rt mong mun nhn c kin phn hi v cc gp cho cc thiu
st, cng nh kin v vic cp nht, hon thin ni dung ca ti liu.
2
MC LC
1
3.5.3 Cc lnh iu khin chng trnh ............................................................................ 28
3.5.4 Cc lnh vo ra ........................................................................................................ 29
3.6 GII THIU C CH NG LNH (PIPELINE) ......................................................... 30
3.6.1 Gii thiu c ch ng lnh ....................................................................................... 30
3.6.2 Cc vn ca c ch ng lnh v hng gii quyt .............................................. 31
3.7 CU HI N TP ........................................................................................................ 35
CHNG 4 B NH TRONG ............................................................................................... 36
4.1 PHN LOI B NH MY TNH .............................................................................. 36
4.1.1 Phn loi b nh ...................................................................................................... 36
4.1.2 T chc mch nh ................................................................................................... 36
4.2 CU TRC PHN CP B NH MY TNH .......................................................... 37
4.2.1 Gii thiu cu trc phn cp h thng nh .............................................................. 37
4.2.2 Vai tr ca cu trc phn cp h thng nh ............................................................ 38
4.3 B NH ROM V RAM .............................................................................................. 39
4.3.1 B nh ROM ........................................................................................................... 39
4.3.2 B nh RAM ........................................................................................................... 40
4.4 B NH CACHE .......................................................................................................... 42
4.4.1 Cache l g? ............................................................................................................. 42
4.4.2 Vai tr v nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... 42
4.4.3 Cc dng kin trc cache ......................................................................................... 45
4.4.4 Cc dng t chc/nh x cache................................................................................ 46
4.4.5 Cc phng php c ghi v cc chnh sch thay th ............................................. 52
4.4.6 Hiu nng cache v cc yu t nh hng .............................................................. 53
4.4.7 Cc phng php gim miss cho cache ................................................................... 55
4.5 CU HI N TP ........................................................................................................ 56
CHNG 5 B NH NGOI ................................................................................................ 57
5.1 A T........................................................................................................................... 57
5.1.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................................. 57
5.1.2 a cng .................................................................................................................. 58
5.2 A QUANG .................................................................................................................. 62
5.2.1 Gii thiu v nguyn l ........................................................................................... 62
5.2.2 Cc loi a quang ................................................................................................... 63
5.2.3 Gii thiu cu to mt s a quang thng dng ..................................................... 64
5.3 RAID .............................................................................................................................. 66
5.3.1 Gii thiu RAID ...................................................................................................... 66
5.3.2 Cc k thut to RAID ............................................................................................ 66
5.3.3 Gii thiu mt s loi RAID thng dng ................................................................ 67
5.4 NAS ................................................................................................................................ 69
5.5 SAN ................................................................................................................................ 70
5.6 CU HI N TP ........................................................................................................ 71
CHNG 6 H THNG BUS V CC THIT B NGOI VI ........................................... 72
6.1 GII THIU CHUNG V H THNG BUS ............................................................... 72
6.2 GII THIU MT S LOI BUS THNG DNG .................................................... 73
6.2.1 Bus ISA v EISA ..................................................................................................... 73
6.2.2 Bus PCI .................................................................................................................... 74
6.2.3 Bus AGP .................................................................................................................. 77
6.2.4 Bus PCI Express ...................................................................................................... 78
6.3 GII THIU CHUNG V CC THIT B NGOI VI ............................................... 78
6.3.1 Gii thiu chung ...................................................................................................... 78
6.3.2 Cc cng giao tip ................................................................................................... 79
6.4 GII THIU MT S THIT B VO RA THNG DNG ..................................... 81
6.4.1 Bn phm ................................................................................................................. 81
2
6.4.2 Chut ....................................................................................................................... 82
6.4.3 Mn hnh .................................................................................................................. 83
6.4.4 My in ...................................................................................................................... 86
6.5 CU HI N TP ........................................................................................................ 89
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 90
3
DANH MC CC THUT NG TING ANH V VIT TT
4
CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG
B nh trong
ROM RAM
Ghp ni vo Ghp ni ra
Thit b vo Thit b ra
Bn phm Mn hnh
chut My in
a a
My qut
Cc thit b ngoi vi
6
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
1.2.2.3 Cc thit b vo ra
Cc thit b vo ra (Input Output devices), hay cn gi l cc thit b ngoi vi (Peripheral
devices) m nhim vic nhp d liu vo, iu khin h thng v kt xut d liu ra. C hai
nhm thit b ngoi vi: (1) Cc thit b vo (Input devices) v (2) Cc thit b ra (Output
devices). Cc thit b vo dng nhp d liu vo v iu khin h thng, gm: bn phm
(keyboard), chut (mouse), a (Disk Drives), my qut nh (Scanners),... Cc thit b ra
dng xut d liu ra, gm: mn hnh (Screen), my in (Printers), a (Disk Drives), my
v (Plotters),...
7
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
8
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
Cc my tnh hin i ngy nay s dng kin trc my tnh von-Neumann ci tin cn gi l
kin trc my tnh von-Neumann hin i, nh minh ho trn Hnh 5.
n v x l
trung tm (CPU)
n v iu
khin (CU)
B nh chnh Cc thit b
n v s (Main memory) vo ra (I/O)
hc-logic
(ALU)
Cc thanh
ghi
(Registers)
Bus h thng
Hnh 5 Kin trc my tnh von-Neumann hin i
Kin trc my tnh Harvard chia b nh trong thnh hai phn ring r: B nh lu chng
trnh (Program Memory) v B nh lu d liu (Data Memory). Hai h thng bus ring c
s dng kt ni CPU vi b nh lu chng trnh v b nh lu d liu. Mi h thng bus
u c y ba thnh phn truyn dn cc tn hiu a ch, d liu v iu khin.
My tnh da trn kin trc Harvard c kh nng t c tc x l cao hn my tnh da
trn kin trc von-Neumann do kin trc Harvard h tr hai h thng bus c lp vi bng
thng ln hn. Ngoi ra, nh c hai h thng bus c lp, h thng nh trong kin trc
Harvard h tr nhiu lnh truy nhp b nh ti mt thi im, gip gim xung t truy nhp
b nh, c bit khi CPU s dng k thut ng ng (pipeline).
10
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
1.6.1.2 H m nh phn
H m nh phn l h m c s 2, ch s dng 2 ch s: 0 v 1. Mi s trong h 2 cng c
th c biu din thnh 1 a thc:
(anan-1...a1)2 = an*2n-1an-1*2n-2*...*a1*20
V d:
(11001010)2 = 1*27 + 1*26 + 0*25 + 0*24 + 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20
= 128 + 64 + 8 + 2 = (202)10
Vic chuyn i s h thp phn sang s h nh phn c th c thc hin theo thut ton
n gin nh minh ho trn Hnh 7.
11
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
Word (t) l n v d liu k tip byte. Mt word l mt nhm ca 16 bits, hoc 2 bytes. Mt
word c th lu n 216 (65536) gi tr, t (0000)16 n (FFFF)16. Hnh 10 minh ho n v
biu din d liu word.
1.6.3 S c du v s khng du
Trong cc h thng tnh ton, vi cng mt s bit c th biu din cc gi tr khc nhau nu s
c biu din l c du hoc khng du. biu din s c du, ngi ta s dng bit cao
nht (bn tri nht) biu din du ca s - gi l bit du, chng hn bt du c gi tr 0 l s
dng v bt du c gi tr 1 l s m. Vi s khng du, tt c cc bit c s dng biu
din gi tr ca s. Nh vy, min gi tr c th biu din ca mt s gm n bt nh sau:
S c du: min biu din t t -2n-1 n + 2n-1
12
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
13
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
1.7 CU HI N TP
1. Phn bit khi nim kin trc & t chc my tnh.
2. Nu s khi v m t chc nng tng khi ca my tnh?
3. So snh hai kin trc von-Neumann v Harvard.
4. Cc h m 2, 10 v 16.
5. Cc n v lu tr d liu trn my tnh.
14
CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
CU A
IR Y
Internal Bus
PC
ALU
A
Bus MAR
Z
D
Bus MBR
FR
Hnh 14 trnh by s khi nguyn l tng qut ca CPU. Cc thnh phn ca CPU theo s
ny gm:
B iu khin (Control Unit CU)
B tnh ton s hc v logic (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
Bus trong CPU (CPU Internal Bus)
Cc thanh ghi ca CPU:
- Thanh ghi tch lu A (Accummulator)
- B m chng trnh PC (Program Counter)
- Thanh ghi lnh IR (Instruction Register)
- Thanh ghi a ch b nh MAR (Memory Address Register)
- Thanh ghi m d liu MBR (Memory Buffer Register)
- Cc thanh ghi tm thi Y v Z
- Thanh ghi c FR (Flag Register)
Chng 2- Khi x l trung tm
16
Chng 2- Khi x l trung tm
SP
Stack
17
Chng 2- Khi x l trung tm
Ngn xp (Stack) l b nh c bit hot ng theo nguyn l vo sau ra trc (LIFO). Con
tr ngn xp SP (Stack Pointer) l mt thanh ghi lun cha a ch nh ngn xp. C hai thao
tc chnh vi ngn xp:
Push - y d liu vo ngn xp:
SP SP + 1 ; tng a ch nh ngn xp
{SP} D liu ; np d liu vo ngn xp
Pop - ly d liu ra khi ngn xp
Thanh ghi {SP} ; chuyn d liu t nh ngn xp vo thanh ghi
SP SP 1 ; gim a ch nh ngn xp
2.2.1.7 Cc thanh ghi tng qut
Cc thanh ghi tng qut (General Purpose Registers) l cc thanh ghi a nng, c th c s
dng cho nhiu mc ch: cha ton hng u vo hoc cha kt qu u ra. Chng hn,
CPU Intel 8086 c 4 thanh ghi tng qut: AX - Thanh tch lu, BX - thanh ghi c s, CX -
thanh m v DX - thanh ghi d liu.
2.2.1.8 Thanh ghi trng thi FR
Thanh ghi trng thi (SR - Status Register) hoc thanh ghi c (FR Flag Register) l mt
thanh ghi c bit ca CPU: mi bt ca thanh ghi c lu trng thi ca kt qu ca php tnh
ALU thc hin. C hai loi bt c: c trng thi (CF, OF, AF, ZF, PF, SF) v c iu khin
(IF, TF, DF). Cc bt c thng c s dng nh l cc iu kin trong cc lnh r nhnh
to logic chng trnh. Kch thc ca thanh ghi FR ph thuc thit k CPU.
Hnh 16 biu din cc bit ca thanh ghi c FR. ngha c th ca cc bit nh sau:
ZF: C Zero, ZF=1 nu kt qu=0 v ZF=0 nu kt qu<>0.
SF: C du, SF=1 nu kt qu m v SF=0 nu kt qu dng.
CF: C nh, CF=1 nu c nh/mn, CF=0 trong trng hp khc.
AF: C nh ph, AF=1 nu c nh/mn na thp ca ton hng.
OF: C trn, OF=1 nu xy ra trn, OF=0 trong trng hp khc.
PF: C chn l, PF=1 nu tng s bit 1 trong kt qu l l v PF=0 nu tng s bit 1
trong kt qu l chn.
IF: C ngt, IF=1: cho php ngt, IF=0: cm ngt.
bn ngoi. Hnh 17 minh ho phng thc lm vic ca khi iu khin CU. Khi iu khin
CU nhn ba tn hiu u vo: (1) Lnh t thanh ghi lnh IR, (2) Gi tr cc c trng thi ca
ALU v (3) Xung nhp ng h CLK v CU sn sinh hai nhm tn hiu u ra: (1) Nhm tn
hiu iu khin cc b phn bn trong CPU (Internal control signal) v (2) Nhm tn hiu
iu khin cc b phn bn ngoi CPU (External control signal).
Internal External
control control
signal signal
IR
19
Chng 2- Khi x l trung tm
IN IN
NOT OR
OUT
Hnh 18 B tnh ton ALU
2.6 CU HI N TP
1. Nu s khi tng qut v cc thnh phn chnh ca CPU?
2. Nu chu trnh x l lnh ca CPU?
3. Nu vai tr v chc nng ca cc thanh ghi ca CPU?
4. Nu s v chc nng ca CU v ALU?
20
CHNG 3 TP LNH MY TNH
22
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
3.4 CC CH A CH
3.4.1 Gii thiu v ch a ch
Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc hoc cch thc CPU t chc cc ton
hng ca lnh. Ch a ch cho php CPU kim tra dng lnh v tm cc ton hng ca
lnh. S lng cc ch a ch ph thuc vo thit k ca CPU. Sau y l mt s ch
a ch thng dng:
1. Tc th (Immediate)
23
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
200
R1 200
24
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
25
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
3.4.2.4 Ch a ch ch s (Indexed)
Trong ch a ch ch s, a ch ca 1 ton hng c to thnh bi php cng gia 1 hng
v thanh ghi ch s (index register). Ton hng cn li c th l mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc
a ch mt nh.
V d:
LOAD Ri, X(Rind); Ri M[X+Rind]
X l mt hng v Rind l thanh ghi ch s.
Hnh 23 minh ho php tham chiu trong ch a ch ch s.
26
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
27
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
V d:
Lnh cng:
ADD R1, R2, R3; R1 R2 + R3
Cng ni dung 2 thanh ghi R2 v R3, kt qu lu vo thanh ghi R1.
ADD A, B, C; M[A] M[B] + M[C]
Cng ni dung 2 nh B v C, kt qu lu vo nh A.
Lnh tr:
SUBSTRACT R1, R2, R3; R1 R2 - R3
Ly ni dung thanh ghi R2 tr i ni dung thanh ghi R3, kt qu lu vo thanh ghi R1.
Lnh logic:
NOT R1; R1 !( R1)
Ly gi tr o (ph nh) ca ni dung thanh ghi R1.
AND R1, R2; R1 R1 R2
Nhn bit ni dung 2 thanh ghi R1 v R2, kt qu lu vo R1.
cu CPU thc hin chng trnh t mt v tr mi thay v thc hin lnh k tip lnh ang
thc hin. Cc lnh iu khin chng trnh s dng cc c ca ALU (lu trong thanh ghi c
FR) xc nh iu kin r nhnh hoc nhy. C th chia cc lnh iu khin chng trnh
thnh 3 loi chnh sau:
Cc lnh nhy / r nhnh c iu kin (CONDITIONAL BRANCHING/
CONDITIONAL JUMP);
Cc lnh nhy/ r nhnh khng iu kin (UNCONDITIONAL BRANCHING /
JUMP);
Cc lnh gi thc hin (CALL) v tr v (RETURN) t chng trnh con.
V d: Cng ni dung 100 nh cnh nhau, bt u t a ch 1000. Kt qu lu vo R0.
LOAD R1, #100; R1 100
LOAD R2, #1000; R2 1000
LOAD R0, #0; R0 0
Loop: ADD R0, (R2); R0 R0 + M[R2]
INCREMENT R2; R2 R2 + 1
DECREMENT R1; R1 R1 1
BRANCH-IF-GREATER-THAN Loop;
; Quay li thc hin lnh sau nhn Loop nu R1 cn ln hn 0.
3.5.4 Cc lnh vo ra
Cc lnh vo ra (I/O instructions) c s dng vn chuyn d liu gia my tnh v cc
thit b ngoi vi. Cc thit b ngoi vi giao tip vi my tnh thng qua cc cng vo ra
chuyn dng (IO dedicated ports). Mi cng vo ra c gn mt a ch ring bit. C hai
lnh vo ra c bn:
INPUT: s dng chuyn d liu t thit b vo (input devices) n CPU;
OUTPUT: s dng chuyn d liu t CPU n thit b ra (output devices).
29
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
(b) C pipeline
Hnh 25 minh ho c ch thc hin lnh (a) khng pipeline v (b) c pipeline. Trong , vic
thc hin lnh c chia thnh 5 giai on:
Instruction Fetch - IF: c lnh t b nh (hoc cache);
Instruction Decode - ID: gii m lnh v c cc ton hng;
Execute - EX: thc hin lnh; nu l lnh truy nhp b nh: tnh ton a ch b nh;
Memory Access - MEM: c/ghi b nh; no-op nu khng truy nhp b nh; no-op l
giai on ch, tiu tn thi gian CPU, nhng khng thc hin thao tc c ngha;
Write Back - WB: Ghi kt qu vo cc thanh ghi.
C th thy, vi c ch thc hin khng pipeline, ti mi thi im ch c mt lnh c thc
hin v ch c mt n v chc nng ca CPU lm vic, cc n v chc nng khc trong
trng thi ch. Ngc li, vi c ch thc hin c pipeline, c nhiu lnh ng thi c thc
hin gi nhau trong CPU v hu ht cc n v chc nng ca CPU lin tc tham gia vo qu
trnh x l lnh. S lng lnh c x l ng thi ng bng s giai on thc hin lnh.
Vi 5 giai on thc hin lnh, x l 5 lnh, CPU cn 9 nhp ng h vi c ch thc hin
c pipeline, trong khi CPU cn n 25 nhp ng h thc hin 5 lnh vi c ch thc hin
khng pipeline. Hnh 26 minh ho vic cc n v chc nng ca CPU phi hp thc hin
lnh trong c ch pipeline.
30
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
Vic la chn s giai on thc hin lnh sao cho ph hp l mt trong cc vn quan trng
ca c ch ng lnh. V mt l thuyt, thi gian thc hin lnh trung bnh s gim khi tng s
giai on thc hin lnh. Cho n hin nay, khng c cu tr li chnh xc v s giai on
thc hin lnh ti u m n ph thuc nhiu vo thit k ca CPU. Vi cc CPU c (h Intel
80x86 v tng ng) s giai on l 3 n 5. Vi cc CPU Intel Pentium III v Pentium M,
Core Duo, Core 2 Duo s giai on l khong 10 n 15. Ring h Intel Pentium IV c s giai
on vo khong 20 v c bit phin bn Intel Pentium IV Prescott chia vic thc hin lnh
thnh 31 giai on.
31
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
Hnh 27 minh ho tranh chp d liu kiu RAW gia hai lnh ADD v SUB c thc hin
k nhau trong c ch ng lnh. C th thy lnh SUB s dng kt qu ca lnh ADD (thanh
ghi R1 l kt qu ca ADD v l u vo cho SUB) v nh vy hai lnh c s ph thuc d
liu. Tuy nhin, lnh SUB c thanh ghi R1 ti giai on gii m (ID), trc khi lnh ADD
ghi kt qu vo thanh ghi R1 giai on lu kt qu (WB). Nh vy, gi tr SUB c c t
thanh ghi R1 l gi tr c, khng phi l kt qu to ra bi ADD. SUB c c gi tr mi
nht ca R1, giai on ID ca SUB phi li 3 nhp, n v tr giai on WB ca ADD kt thc.
C mt s gii php cho vn tranh chp d liu kiu RAW. C th:
1. Nhn dng tranh chp RAW khi n din ra;
2. Khi tranh chp RAW xy ra, tm dng (stall) ng lnh cho n khi lnh pha trc
hon tt giai on WB;
3. C th s dng trnh bin dch (compiler) nhn dng tranh chp RAW v thc hin:
Chn thm cc lnh NO-OP vo gia cc lnh c th gy ra tranh chp RAW;
NO-OP l lnh rng, khng thc hin tc v hu ch m ch tiu tn thi gian CPU.
Thay i trt t cc lnh trong chng trnh v chn cc lnh c lp vo gia cc
lnh c th gy ra tranh chp RAW;
32
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
Mc ch ca c hai phng php k trn l li vic thc hin lnh gy tranh chp d
liu cho n khi lnh trc n hon tt vic lu kt qu.
4. S dng phn cng nhn dng tranh chp RAW v d on trc gi tr d liu ph
thuc.
Hnh 28 minh ho gii php khc phc tranh chp RAW bng cch chn thm cc lnh
NO-OP. Hnh 29 minh ho gii php khc phc tranh chp RAW bng cch chn thm cc
lnh c lp vi hai lnh c tranh chp. Cc lnh c lp c th c c bng cch thay i
trt t thc hin cc lnh ca chng trnh m khng thay i kt qu thc hin n. Cng c
th s dng gii php kt hp chn NO-OP v lnh c lp.
Hnh 28 Khc phc tranh chp RAW bng chn thm NO-OP
33
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
Hnh 31 Khc phc vn lnh r nhnh bng cch chn NO-OP hoc lnh c lp
34
Chng 3- Tp lnh my tnh
3.7 CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim lnh v tp lnh? Chu k lnh v cc giai on thc hin lnh.
2. Dng lnh v cc dng a ch ton hng.
3. Khi nim ch a ch v cc ch a ch.
4. Nu mt s dng lnh thng dng.
5. Nguyn l hot ng ca c ch ng lnh ca CPU?
6. Cc vn ca c ch ng lnh ca CPU v hng khc phc.
35
CHNG 4 B NH TRONG
Trong cu trc phn cp h thng nh, dung lng cc thnh phn tng theo chiu t cc
thanh ghi ca CPU n b nh ngoi. Ngc li, tc truy nhp hay bng thng v gi
thnh mt n v nh tng theo chiu t b nh ngoi n cc thanh ghi ca CPU. Nh vy,
cc thanh ghi ca CPU c dung lng nh nht nhng c tc truy cp nhanh nht v cng
c gi thnh cao nht. B nh ngoi c dung lng ln nht, nhng tc truy cp thp nht.
B li, b nh ngoi c gi thnh r nn c th c s dung vi dung lng ln.
Cc thanh ghi c tch hp trong CPU v thng hot ng theo tn s lm vic ca CPU,
nn t tc truy cp rt cao. Tuy nhin, do khng gian trong CPU rt hn ch nn tng
dung lng ca cc thanh ghi l kh nh, ch khong vi chc byte n vi kilobyte. Cc
thanh ghi thng c s dng lu ton hng u vo v kt qu u ra ca cc lnh phc
v CPU lm vic.
B nh cache c dung lng tng i nh, khong t vi chc kilobyte n vi chc
megabyte (khong 64KB n 32MB vi cc my tnh hin nay). Tc truy cp cache cao,
nhng gi thnh cn kh t. Cache c coi l b nh thng minh do c kh nng on
trc c nhu cu lnh v d liu ca CPU. Cache on v ti trc cc lnh v d liu
CPU cn s dng t b nh chnh, nh vy gip CPU gim thi gian truy cp h thng nh,
tng tc x l.
B nh chnh gm c b nh ROM v b nh RAM, c dung lng kh ln (khong t
256MB n 4GB vi cc h thng 32 bit), nhng tc truy cp tng i chm so vi
cache. Gi thnh b nh chnh tng i thp nn c th s dng vi dung lng ln. B nh
chnh c s dng lu lnh v d liu ca h thng v ca ngi dng.
B nh ngoi hay b nh th cp, gm cc loi a t, a quang v bng t. B nh ngoi
thng c dung lng rt ln, khong 20GB n 1000GB, nhng tc truy cp rt chm.
B nh ngoi c u im l gi thnh r v thng c s dng lu tr d liu lu di
di dng cc tp (files).
4.2.2 Vai tr ca cu trc phn cp h thng nh
Khng hon ton ging vi vai tr ca cu trc phn cp trong cc c quan v doanh nghip
l chia tr, cu trc phn cp trong h thng nh c hai vai tr chnh: (1) tng hiu nng
h thng thng qua vic gim thi gian truy cp cc nh v (2) gim gi thnh sn xut.
S d cu trc phn cp trong h thng nh c th gip tng hiu nng h thng l do n gip
dung ho c CPU c tc cao v phn b nh chnh v b nh ngoi c tc thp. CPU
s ch yu trc tip truy cp b nh cache c tc cao, v cache s c nhim v chuyn
38
Chng 4- B nh trong
trc cc d liu cn thit v t b nh chnh. Nh vy, CPU s khng phi thng xuyn
truy cp trc tip b nh chnh v b nh ngoi tm d liu cc thao tc tn nhiu thi
gian do cc b nh ny c tc chm. Nh vy, c th ni rng, thi gian trung bnh CPU
truy nhp d liu t h thng nh tim cn thi gian truy nhp b nh cache.
Cng vi vic c th gip ci thin hiu nng, cu trc phn cp trong h thng nh c th
gip gim gi thnh ch to h thng. C s chnh l trong h thng nh phn cp, cc thnh
phn c tc cao v t tin c s dng vi dung lng rt nh, cn cc thnh phn c
tc thp v r tin c s dng vi dung lng ln hn. Nh vy c th gim c gi
thnh ch to h thng nh m vn m bo c tc cao cho c h thng. Nu ta c hai
h thng nh hot ng vi cng tc th h thng nh phn cp s c gi thnh thp hn.
Qu trnh pht trin ROM tri qua nhiu th h. ROM cc th h u tin hay cn gi l
ROM nguyn thu (Ordinary ROM) s dng tia cc tm ghi thng tin. Trong th h tip
theo - ROM c th lp trnh c (PROM - Programmable ROM), thng tin c th c ghi
vo PROM nh mt thit b c bit gi l b lp trnh PROM. Tin thm mt bc, vi
ROM c th lp trnh v xo c (EPROM - Erasable programmable read-only memory),
thng tin trong EPROM c th xo c s dng tia cc tm c cng cao. K tip
EPROM, EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) l loi ROM tin tin nht hin nay.
EEPROM c th xo c bng in v c th ghi c thng tin s dng phn mm chuyn
dng. B nh Flash l mt dng b nh EEPROM c dng ph bin lm thit b lu tr
trong cc thit b cm tay. Flash c tc c ghi thng tin nhanh hn EEPROM v thng tin
c c ghi theo tng khi.
39
Chng 4- B nh trong
4.3.2 B nh RAM
B nh RAM c ch to theo cng ngh bn dn v thuc loi b nh khng n nh, tc
l, thng tin trong RAM ch tn ti khi c ngun in nui v mt khi khng cn ngun in
nui. RAM l b nh cho php truy cp ngu nhin cc nh ca RAM c th c truy
cp mt cch ngu nhin khng theo trt t no v tc truy cp cc nh l tng ng
nhau. RAM thng c dung lng ln hn nhiu so vi ROM v thng c s dng lu
tr cc thng tin ca h thng v ca ngi dng.
C hai loi RAM c bn: RAM tnh (Static RAM hay SRAM) v RAM ng (Dynamic RAM
hay DRAM). Mi bit RAM tnh cu to da trn mt mch lt (flip flop) cn gi l mch
trig lng n (bistable latching circuit). Thng tin trong SRAM lun n nh v khng phi
lm ti nh k. Tc truy nhp SRAM cng nhanh hn nhiu so vi DRAM. Ngc
li, mi bit DRAM cu to da trn mt t in. Do bn cht ca t in lun c khuynh
hng t phng in tch, thng tin trong bit DRAM s dn b mt. V vy, DRAM cn c
lm ti (refresh) nh k bo ton thng tin. DRAM thng c tc truy cp thp hn
so vi SRAM, nhng b li, DRAM c cu trc gn nh nn c th tng mt cy linh kin
dn n gi thnh mt n v nh DRAM thp hn SRAM.
4.3.2.1 B nh SRAM
C C
B B
E E
Mt mch lt (flip-flop)
n gin Mt nh SRAM loi 6T
40
Chng 4- B nh trong
Transistor
Capacitor
Mt bit DRAM
41
Chng 4- B nh trong
DDR2 SDRAM: tn s lm vic 400, 533, 800 MHz: c kh nng chuyn 4 t d liu
trong 1 chu k ng h;
DDR3 SDRAM: tn s lm vic 800, 1066, 1333, 1600 MHz: c kh nng chuyn 8 t
d liu trong 1 chu k ng h.
4.4 B NH CACHE
4.4.1 Cache l g?
Cache hay cn gi l b nh m, b nh khay l mt thnh phn ca cu trc phn cp ca
h thng b nh nh trnh by trong mc 4.2. Cache ng vai trong trung gian, trung chuyn
d liu t b nh chnh v CPU v ngc li. Hnh 38 minh ho v tr ca b nh cache trong
h thng nh. Vi cc h thng CPU c s dng cng ngh tch hp thp, b nh cache
thng nm ngoi CPU; vi cc CPU mi s dng cng ngh tch hp cao, b nh cache
thng c tch hp vo trong CPU nhm nng cao tc v bng thng trao i d liu
gia CPU v cache.
42
Chng 4- B nh trong
Neighbour
cell
Current
cell
Neighbour
cell
43
Chng 4- B nh trong
Start of
loop Instruction 1
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
Instruction 4
End of loop
Instruction 5
Individual Block of
data items: data: 16, 32,
byte, word 64 bytes
Hnh 41 minh ho vic trao i d liu gia CPU vi cache v b nh chnh: CPU trao i d
liu vi cache theo cc n v c s nh byte, t v t kp. Cn cache trao i d liu vi b
nh chnh theo cc khi, vi kch thc 16, 32 hoc 64 bytes. S d CPU trao i d liu vi
cache theo cc n v c s m khng theo khi do d liu c lu trong cc thanh ghi ca
CPU vn c dung lng rt hn ch. V vy, CPU ch trao i cc phn t d liu cn thit
theo yu cu ca cc lnh. Ngc li, cache trao i d liu vi b nh chnh theo cc khi,
mi khi gm nhiu byte k nhau vi mc ch bao ph cc mu d liu ln cn theo khng
gian v thi gian. Ngoi ra, trao i d liu theo khi (hay m) vi b nh chnh gip cache
tn dng tt hn bng thng ng truyn v nh vy c th tng tc truyn d liu.
4.4.2.4 Cc h s Hit v Miss
Hit (on trng) l mt s kin m CPU truy nhp mt mc tin v mc tin y c trong
cache. Xc sut c mt hit gi l h s hit, hoc H. D thy h s hit H thuc khong (0,
1). H s hit cng cao th hiu qu ca cache cng cao. Ngc li, Miss (on trt) l mt s
kin m CPU truy nhp mt mc tin v mc tin y khng c trong cache. Xc sut ca mt
miss gi l h s miss, hoc 1-H. Cng c th thy h s miss 1-H thuc khong (0, 1). H s
miss cng thp th hiu qu ca cache cng cao.
44
Chng 4- B nh trong
CPU SRAM
Main
Memory
45
Chng 4- B nh trong
CPU
Cache Tag
SRAM
controller RAM
Main
Memory
46
Chng 4- B nh trong
Page 1
Page 0
Line n-1
Line n-1
Line 1
Line 1
Line 0
Line 0
Memory Cache
47
Chng 4- B nh trong
48
Chng 4- B nh trong
Line m-1
Line n-1
Line 1
Line 0
Cache
Line 1
Line 0
Memory
Tag Word
Hnh 48 a ch nh trong nh x kt hp y
49
Chng 4- B nh trong
50
Chng 4- B nh trong
Page m-1
Page 1
Way 0 Way 1
Page 0
Line n-1 Line n-1
Line n-1
Line 1 Line 1
Line 1
Line 0 Line 0
Line 0
Cache
B nh
Hnh 50 a ch nh trong nh x tp kt hp kt hp
51
Chng 4- B nh trong
52
Chng 4- B nh trong
54
Chng 4- B nh trong
Vn to cache nhiu mc
Khi cache c chia thnh nhiu mc vi kch thc tng dn v tc truy nhp gim dn
s gip ci thin c hiu nng h thng do h thng cache nhiu mc c kh nng dung ho
tt hn tc ca CPU vi tc ca b nh chnh.
V d: xem xt 2 h thng nh c s mc cache khc nhau: h thng 3 mc cache (L1, L2 v
L3) v h thng 1 mc cache (L1). Gi thit CPU c thi gian truy nhp l 1ns, cc mc
cache L1, L2, L3 c thi gian truy nhp ln lt l 5ns, 15ns v 30ns. B nh chnh c thi
gian truy nhp l 60ns.
CPU L1 L2 L3 B nh chnh
Cache 3 mc: 1ns 5ns 15ns 30ns 60ns
Cache 1 mc: 1ns 5ns 60ns
C th thy h thng nh vi nhiu mc cache c kh nng dung ho tc gia cc thnh
phn tt hn v c thi gian truy nhp trung bnh h thng nh thp hn. Trn thc t, a s
cache c t chc thnh 2 mc: L1 v L2. Mt s cache c 3 mc: L1, L2 v L3. Ngoi ra,
nhiu mc cache c th gip gim gi thnh h thng nh.
4.4.7 Cc phng php gim miss cho cache
4.4.7.1 Cc loi miss ca cache
Mt h thng nh vi cache tt cn t c cc yu t: (1) h s hit cao, (2) h s miss thp
v (3) nu xy ra miss th khng qu chm. c th c gii php gim miss hiu qu, ta cn
phn bit r cc loi miss. C th, tn ti ba loi miss chnh: miss bt buc (Compulsory
misses), miss do dung lng (Capacity misses) v miss do xung t (Conflict misses). Miss
bt buc thng xy ra ti thi im chng trnh c kch hot, khi m chng trnh ang
c ti vo b nh v cha c np vao cache. Miss do dung lng li thng xy ra do
kch thc ca cache hn ch, c bit trong mi trng a nhim. Do kch thc cache nh
nn m ca cc chng trnh thng xuyn b tro i gia b nh v cache. Theo mt kha
cnh khc, miss do xung t xy ra khi c nhiu dng b nh cng cnh tranh mt dng
cache.
4.4.7.2 Cc phng php gim miss cho cache
Trn c s cc loi miss c cp, hai phng php gim miss c th phi hp p dng
nhm t hiu qu gim miss ti a, gm: tng kch thc dng cache v tng mc lin kt
cache. Bin php tng kch thc dng cache c th gip gim miss bt buc do dng c kch
thc ln s c kh nng bao ph cc mc tin ln cn tt hn. Tuy nhin, bin php ny s
lm tng miss xung t, do dng kch thc ln s lm gim s dng cache, dn n tng mc
cnh tranh ca cc dng nh n mt dng cache. Ngoi ra, dng kch thc ln c th
gy lng ph dung lng cache do c th c nhiu phn ca dng cache ln khng bao gi
c s dng. Hin nay, kch thc dng cache thng dng hin nay l 64 bytes.
Bin php tng mc lin kt cache hay tng s ng cache c th gip gim miss xung
t, do tng s ng cache lm tng tnh mm do ca nh x trang b nh n ng cache
do c nhiu la chn hn. Tuy nhin, nu tng s ng cache qu ln, c th lm cache
chm do tng khng giam tm kim cc ng cache. Hin nay, s ng cache hp l cho
miss ti u thng dng l khong 8 ng.
55
Chng 4- B nh trong
4.5 CU HI N TP
1. H thng b nh phn cp: c im, vai tr.
2. ROM l g? cc loi ROM.
3. RAM, SRAM, DRAM l g? Cu to ca SRAM v DRAM.
4. B nh cache:
Cache l g? vai tr v nguyn l hot ng.
Kin trc cache
T chc/nh x cache
c ghi thng tin trong cache
Cc chnh sch thay th dng cache
Hiu nng cache v cc yu t nh hng
Cc bin php giam miss cho cache.
56
CHNG 5 B NH NGOI
5.1 A T
5.1.1 Gii thiu
a t (Magnetic Disks) l mt trong cc loi thit b lu tr c s dng rng ri nht trong
cc thit b tnh ton ni chung v cc my tnh c nhn ni ring. a t thuc loi b nh n
nh thng tin lu trn a t lun c duy tr, khng ph thuc vo ngun in nui bn
ngoi. a t cng l b nh kiu khi c dung lng ln, c bit l cc a cng, dng
lu tr thng tin lu di di dng cc tp (files). lu c thng tin, a t s dng cc
a nha hoc a kim loi c ph lp bt t trn b mt. Bt t c s dng thng l oxit
st hoc cc hp kim ca st.
C hai dng a t ch yu l a t mm (gi tt l a mm Floppy Disks) v a t cng
(gi tt l a cng Hard Disks). a mm lm bng plastic, c dung lng nh, tc
chm v d b h hng. Ngi ta s dng a mm (FDD Floppy Disk Drive) c ghi
a mm. Hnh 51 minh ho a mm v a mm dung lng 1,44MB vi kch thc a
3,5 inches. Ngy nay, do s pht trin mnh m ca cc loi a quang v c bit l cc th
nh flash kt ni qua cng USB, a mm ngy cng t c s dng. Nhiu h thng my
tnh lp mi khng i km a mm.
5.1.2 a cng
5.1.2.1 Cu to a cng
58
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
59
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
Khe cm u cm u cm
d liu SATA d liu SATA ngun SATA
60
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
Hnh 57 minh ho cc thnh phn ghp ni a cng vi bng mch chnh theo chun
SATA. Chun SATA s dng cng tp lnh mc thp nh chun ATA nhng SATA s dng
ng truyn tin ni tip tc cao qua 2 i dy vi b iu khin SATA s dng chun
AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface). SATA h tr nhiu tnh nng tin tin vt tri
so vi ATA, nh truyn d liu nhanh v hiu qu hn v c bit l tnh nng cm nng (hot
plug). SATA cung cp tc truyn d liu cao hn nhiu so vi ATA. Vi SATA th h 1,
tc t 1,5 Gb/s v ln lt t 3,0 Gb/s v 6,0 Gb/s vi cc th h 2 v th h 3.
Chun ghp ni SCSI
SCSI l mt tp cc chun v kt ni vt l v truyn d liu gia my tnh v thit b ngoi
vi, thng c s dng trong cc my ch. Tt c cc thit b SCSI u kt ni n bus SCSI
theo cng mt kiu v mi bus SCSI c th kt ni 8-16 thit b SCSI. Tng t SATA,
chun SCSI cng cung cp nhiu tnh nng tin tin nh tc truyn d liu v tnh n nh
rt cao v tnh nng cm nng. Tnh nng cm nng rt hu dng trong cc my ch do SCSI
cho php thm, bt cc cng m khng phi tt my, gim thi gian ngng cung cp dch
v. SCSI t c tc truyn d liu: 5, 10, 20, 40MB/s vi cc SCSI c v 160, 320,
640 MB/s vi cc SCSI mi. Cc cng SCSI thng rt t tin v c thng c s
dng cho cc my ch v cc h thng lu tr tin tin nh RAID, NAS v SAN.
5.1.2.3 Qun l a cng
Cc a cng c qun l theo hai mc: mc thp (lower level) v mc cao (high level).
Qun l a mc thp c thc hin bi cc chc nng ca ROM-BIOS, a c qun l
mc cao bi h iu hnh. Cc vn lin quan n qun l a cng gm: nh dng a
cng, phn khu v bng phn khu a cng, cung khi ng, h thng file v th mc gc.
nh dng a cng
a cng cn c nh dng (format) trc khi s dng. C hai mc nh dng a cng:
nh dng mc thp (lower level format) v nh dng mc cao (high level format). nh
dng mc thp l qu trnh gn a ch cho cc cung vt l trn a v c th c thc hin
bi cc chc nng ca BIOS. Hin nay, hu ht cc a cng u c nh dng mc
thp khi xut xng. Sau khi c nh dng mc thp, a cn c nh dng mc cao
bi h iu hnh trc khi c th lu thng tin. nh dng mc cao l qu trnh gn a ch
cho cc cung logic v khi to h thng file.
Phn khu v bng phn khu a cng
Mt a cng vt l c th c chia thnh nhiu phn thun tin cho qun l v lu tr.
Mi phn c gi l mt phn on hay mt phn khu (partition). C hai loi phn khu:
phn khu chnh (primary partition) v phn khu m rng (extended partition). Thng thng,
mi a ch c th c mt phn khu chnh v mt hoc mt s phn khu m rng. Mt phn
khu li c th c chia thnh mt hoc mt s a logic. Phn khu chnh ch c th cha
duy nht mt a logic, nhng phn khu m rng c th c chia thnh mt hoc mt s
a logic.
Bng phn khu (partition table) l mt bng gm cc bn ghi lu thng tin qun l cc phn
khu a cng. Cc thng tin c th v mi phn khu nh sau:
61
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
5.2 A QUANG
5.2.1 Gii thiu v nguyn l
a quang (Optical Disks) hot ng da trn nguyn l quang hc: s dng nh sng c
v ghi thng tin trn a. Cc a quang thng c ch to bng plastic vi mt mt c
trng mt lp nhm mng phn x tia laser. Mt a quang c khc rnh v mc lm
ca rnh c s dng biu din cc bit thng tin, nh minh ho trn Hnh 58. Trn thc
t, cc a quang m nhc v phim c ch to hng lot theo kiu ch bn in gm 2 khu:
Trc ht, to bn a ch cha thng tin dng m bn bng thit b chuyn dng, sau
s dng bn a ch in thng tin ln cc a quang trng.
Vic c thng tin trn a quang c thc hin trong a quang (Optical Disk Drive), nh
minh ho trn Hnh 59 theo cc bc:
1. Tia laser t it pht laser i qua b tch tia n gng quay;
2. Gng quay c iu khin bi tn hiu c, li tia laser n v tr cn c trn mt
a;
3. Tia phn x t mt a phn nh mc li lm trn mt a quay tr li gng quay;
62
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
4. Gng quay chuyn tia phn x v b tch tia v sau n b cm bin quang in;
5. B cm bin quang in chuyn i tia laser phn x thnh tn hiu in u ra. Cng
ca tia laser c biu din thnh mc tn hiu ra.
Output
signal
Sensor
Rotation
Laser Diode mirror
Beam
spitter
CD-ROM
63
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
Hnh 60 Cu to a CD-R
64
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
Hnh 62 Cu to a DVD-R
65
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
a DVD-R c cu to tng t a CD-R, nhng s dng tia laser c bc sng ngn hn, l
650nm, nh minh ho trn Hnh 62. Hnh 63 minh ho mt ct cc lp trong a DVD-RW.
Lp bn kim loi ghi thng tin c t trong hai lp bo v.
Hnh 63 Cu to a DVD-RW
5.3 RAID
5.3.1 Gii thiu RAID
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) l mt cng ngh to cc thit b lu tr tin
tin trn c s cc a cng, nhm t cc yu cu v tc cao (high performance / speed),
tnh tin cy cao (high reliability) v dung lng ln (large volume). Mc d RAID l mt
mng ca cc a cng, nhng khng phi tt c cc loi cng u c th s dng to
RAID. Trn thc t, ch c cc cng theo chun SATA, SCSI v tng ng mi h tr
to RAID.
5.3.2 Cc k thut to RAID
C hai k thut chnh c s dng to RAID: k thut to lt a (Disk Stripping) v k
thut soi gng a (Disk Mirroring). Hnh 64 minh ho k thut to lt a. im mu cht
ca k thut ny l iu khin RAID cung cp kh nng ghi v c song song cc khi ca
cng mt n v d liu. Nh vy tng c tc c ghi. Theo , cc d liu cn ghi
c chia thnh cc khi cng kch thc v c ghi ng thi vo cc a vt l c lp.
Tng t, trong qu trnh c, cc khi ca d liu cn c c c ng thi t cc a
cng c lp, gip gim thi gian c.
66
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
Trong khi k thut to lt a hng n tc cao, k thut soi gng a nhm t tin
cy cao cho h thng lu tr. Hnh 65 minh ho k thut soi gng a. Theo , d liu cng
c chia thnh cc khi v mi khi c ghi ng thi ln hai hay nhiu a c lp. Nh
vy, ti mi thi im ta u c nhiu bn sao d liu trn cc a cng c lp, m bo tnh
an ton cao.
RAID
Controller
Computer
A1 A2
B1 B2
C1 C2
Disk 1 Disk 2
RAID
Controller
Computer
A A
B B
C C
Disk 1 Disk 2
5.3.3.2 RAID 1
Khc vi RAID 0, cu hnh RAID 1 da trn k thut soi gng a v cng cn ti thiu hai
a vt l, nh minh ho trn Hnh 67. u im chnh ca RAID 1 l t tin cy cao, do
ti mi thi im lun c nhiu bn sao lu d liu trn cc a c lp. Tc truy nhp v
dung lng ca RAID 1 u tng ng vi mt a n.
RAID
Controller
Computer
A1 A2
B1 B2
C1 C2
Disk 1 Disk 2
RAID
Controller
Computer
A A
B B
C C
Disk 1 Disk 2
5.3.3.3 RAID 10
Cu hnh RAID 10 l s kt hp ca RAID 1 v RAID 0, da trn c hai k thut to lt a
v soi gng a. RAID 10 cn ti thiu 4 a c lp nh minh ho trn Hnh 68. u im
ca RAID 10 l t c c tc cao v tnh tin cy cao, nn rt ph hp vi cc h thng
my ch i hi tnh an ton cao, hiu nng ln nh my ch c s d liu. Dung lng
RAID 10 bng mt na tng dung lng cc a c lp tham gia to RAID. Nhc im duy
nht ca RAID 10 l gi thnh cao.
68
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
Mirroring
Computer
A1 A2 A1 A2
B1 B2 B1 B2
C1 C2 C1 C2
5.4 NAS
NAS (Network Attached Storage) l mt dng thit b lu tr c gn trc tip vo mng,
thng l mng cc b LAN. Hnh 69 minh ho mt thit b NAS USR8700 c gn vo
mng LAN v cung cp thit b lu tr cho c mng.
69
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
5.5 SAN
70
Chng 5- B nh ngoi
5.6 CU HI N TP
1. a cng: cu to, cc chun ghp ni, bng phn khu, th mc gc v h thng file.
2. a quang: cu to, nguyn l c CD v cc loi a quang.
3. RAID: RAID l g? cc k thut chnh to RAID; cc cu hnh RAID 0, 1 v 10.
4. Khi nim v NAS.
5. Khi nim v SAN.
71
CHNG 6 H THNG BUS V CC THIT B NGOI VI
Hnh 72 minh ho h thng bus nguyn l mt h thng bus duy nht kt ni ba thnh phn
quan trng nht ca my tnh l CPU, b nh (memory) v cc thit b vo ra (I/O). Trn thc
t, h thng bus thng c chia thnh mt s h thng bus con theo tn s lm vic v bng
thng, nhm lm cho h thng bus lm vic nhp nhng hn vi cc thnh phn c lin quan.
Hnh 73 minh ho h thng bus ca cc my vi tnh c s dng gn y. Theo , h thng
bus gm cc bus: Backside Bus (BSB), Frontside Bus (FSB), AGP Bus, PCI Bus v ISA Bus.
BSB l bus ring kt ni CPU vi b nh cache, cn FSB kt ni CPU vi b nh chnh.
AGP l bus dnh ring phc v card giao tip ho v PCI bus thng c s dng kt
ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi. Bus ISA c s dng kt ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi c. Cc
h thng bus con c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc cu bus (Bus Bridge).
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
73
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
Bus EISA l mt m rng ca bus ISA ra i vo nm 1988. EISA h tr bng thng 32 bits,
nhng n vn tng thch vi cc thit b theo chun ISA 8 v 16 bit. EISA hot ng vi
xung nhp 8.33MHz v t tc truyn d liu 33MB/s. Hnh 75 minh ho cc khe cm m
rng ca bus EISA c dng kt ni vi cc card m rng ISA v EISA. Hin nay, bus
ISA v EISA lc hu v khng cn c s dng.
74
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
Hnh 78 nu s khi nguyn l hot ng ca bus PCI. Theo PCI l mt bus dng
chung hay bus chia s (shared bus). PCI h tr nhiu thit b kt ni ng thi, nhng ti mi
thi im, ch c mt cp thit b c s dng bus trao i d liu. Vic trao i d liu
trn bus PCI c thc hin thng qua cc giao dch (transaction). Thit b khi to (Initiator)
qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l thit b ch (ABH Master) v thit b nhn d liu hay
75
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
76
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
Hnh 80 minh ho cc tn hiu trong pha d liu ca giao dch PCI. Sau pha a ch, khi tn
hiu DEVSEL# mc thp l mt hoc mt s pha d liu. Kt thc pha d liu, thit b ch
gi tn hiu STOP#.
6.2.3 Bus AGP
Bus AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) do Intel pht trin nm 1993 vi mc ch chnh s
dng cho kt ni vi cc mch x l ho tc cao. AGP hon ton thay th PCI trong
lnh vc giao tip ho trong cc nm sau . AGP h tr bng thng 32 bt vi tc
truyn d liu nhanh gp nhiu ln so vi bus PCI. C th, AGP h tr 4 cp tc truyn d
liu l 1x, 2x, 4x v 8x, vi tc ln lt l 266MB/s, 533MB/s, 1066MB/s v 2133MB/s
ti cc tn s tng ng 66MHz, 133MHz, 266MHz v 533MHz.
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Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
Khc vi PCI l bus chia s, bus PCI Express c kh nng cung cp ng truyn ring cho
cc cp thit b tham gia s dng bus. ng thi PCI Express cng h tr nhiu cp thit b
cng tham gia truyn d liu s dng cc lung truyn khc nhau. Hnh 82 minh ho vic
truyn d liu qua b chuyn mch (Switch) trong PCI Express.
78
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
79
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
80
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
81
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
82
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
- pha i din c 2 b cm bin chuyn nh sng hng ngoi sau bnh rng ca
thnh tn hiu in;
- Tn hiu in thu c phn nh chuyn ng ca chut c chuyn cho my tnh
x l.
Khc vi chut bi, chut quang (optical mouse) khng c bi nn thng nh v t chnh
xc cao hn. Hin nay, chut quang thay th hu ht cc chut bi. Hnh 90 minh ho chut
quang v cu to ca n. Chut quang s dng nguyn tc lin tc chp v phn tch nh b
mt chut di chuyn pht hin chuyn ng ca chut. C th, nguyn tc hot ng ca
chut quang c th tm tt nh sau:
Mt i-t pht nh sng qua ng knh chiu xung mt phng di chut; nh sng
phn x t mt phng di chut quay ngc tr li pha di chut;
Mt camera t pha di chut lin tc chp nh ca b mt di chut nh nh sng
phn x. Tc chp l khong 1500 nh/giy;
IC iu khin chut s phn tch v so snh cc nh k nhau v qua pht hin ra
chuyn ng chut;
Tn hiu biu din chuyn ng chut do IC iu khin chut sinh ra c chuyn cho
my tnh x l.
Tng t nh chut quang, chut laser cng s dng phng php chp v phn tch nh b
mt k nhau pht hin chuyn ng. Tuy nhin, chut laser s dng nh sng laser vi tc
chp nh ln n 6000 nh/giy. Nh vy, chut laser thng c chnh xc v nhy
cao hn s vi chut quang.
6.4.3 Mn hnh
Mn hnh (monitor / screen) l thit b ra chun c th hin th thng tin di dng vn bn
hoc hnh nh. Cng vi bn phm v chut, mn hnh l thit b khng th thiu i vi my
tnh. C ba dng mn hnh c s dng thng dng: mn hnh ng in t CRT, mn hnh
83
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
84
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
85
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
Bn thn tinh th lng khng c kh nng pht sng, nhng chng c kh nng lc hay thay
i cng nh sng i qua theo in p dng in t vo. Hnh 93 minh ho m hnh lc
nh sng ca tinh th lng c iu khin bng in. Da trn phng php iu khin cc
tinh th lng, ta c 2 loi LCD: LCD ma trn th ng (Passive matrix) v LCD ma trn ch
ng (Active matrix). LCD ma trn th ng s dng li hoc ma trn nh ngha tng
im nh (pixel) bi hng v ct ca n. Mt im nh (giao gia 1 hng v 1 ct) c kch
hot khi in p c t vo ct v dng tng ng c ni t. Ngc li, LCD ma trn
ch ng s dng mt TFT (Thin Film Transistor) iu khin mt phn t tinh th lng.
Cc TFT hot ng tng t nh cc b chuyn mch, nh minh ho trn Hnh 94.
86
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
Hnh 96 My in ba
87
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
Hnh 97 My in kim
Hnh 98 My in Laser
88
Chng 6- H thng Bus v cc thit b ngoi vi
6.5 CU HI N TP
1. Cc thnh phn ca h thng bus v cc loi bus.
2. Nguyn l lm vic ca bus PCI.
3. Nguyn l lm vic ca bus PCI Express.
4. Gii thiu cc thit b vo ra v cc cng vo ra.
5. Nguyn l hot ng ca bn phm.
6. Nguyn l hot ng ca chut quang.
7. Nguyn l hot ng ca mn hnh CRT.
8. Nguyn l hot ng ca mn hnh TFT LCD.
9. Nguyn l hot ng ca my in laser.
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TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Stallings W., Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, 8th
Edition, Prentice Hall 2009.
2. Mostafa Abd-El-Barr and Hesham El-Rewini, Fundamentals of Computer Organization
and Architecture, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.
3. Hennesy J.L. and Patterson D.A., Computer Architecture. A Quantitative Approach,
Morgan Kaufmann, 4th Edition, 2006.
4. H Khnh Lm, K thut vi x l, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2005
5. Trn Quang Vinh, Cu trc my vi tnh, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1999.
6. Trang Wikipedia.org, tham kho nm 2009 v 2010.
7. Trang Howstuffworks.com, tham kho nm 2009 v 2010.
8. Trang PCGuide.com, tham kho nm 2009 v 2010.
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