Simian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Simian (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Simies.

Simians
Temporal range: MiddleEoceneHolocene

Lar gibbon

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primates

Suborder: Haplorhini

Infraorder: Simiiformes
Haeckel, 1866[1][2]

Parvorders

Catarrhini (Old World monkeys & apes)

 Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)

The simians (infraorder Simiiformes, Anthropoidea) are the higher primates: the Old World
monkeys and apes, including humans (together being the catarrhines), and the New World
monkeys or platyrrhines.
The simian line and the tarsier line diverged about 60 million years ago. Forty million years ago,
simians from Africa colonized South America, giving rise to the New World monkeys. The remaining
simians (catarrhines) split 25 million years ago into apes and Old World monkeys.

Contents
[hide]

1 Classification and evolution

2 See also

3 References

4 External links

Classification and evolution[edit]

In earlier classification, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humanscollectively
known as simians or anthropoidswere grouped under Anthropoidea (/n
pdi/, Gr. , anthropos, human, also called anthropoid apes), while
the strepsirrhines and tarsiers were grouped under the suborder "Prosimii". Under modern
classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder Haplorhini while the
strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini. [3] Despite this preferred taxonomic division, the
term "prosimian" is still regularly found in textbooks and the academic literature because of
familiarity, a condition likened to the use of the metric system in the sciences and the use
ofcustomary units elsewhere in the United States.[4] In anthropoidea, evidences indicate that the old
and the new world primates went through parallel evolution. [5]
Primatology, paleoanthropology, and other related fields are split on their usage of the synonymous
infraorder names, Simiiformes and Anthropoidea. According to Robert Hoffstetter, and supported
by Colin Groves, the term Simiiformes haspriority over Anthropoidea because of the taxonomic
term Simii by van der Hoeven, from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.[1][6] In contrast,
Anthropoidea by Mivart dates to 1864,[7] while Simiiformes by Haeckel dates to 1866, leading to
counterclaims of priority.[1] Hoffstetter also argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper
infraorder name (ending in -iformes), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -oidea, which is reserved for
superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is too easily confused with "anthropodes", which
translates to "apes" from several languages.[6]
The simians are split into three groups. The New World monkeys in parvorder Platyrrhini split from
the rest of the simian line about 40 mya, leaving the parvorderCatarrhini occupying the Old World.
This group split about 25 mya between the Old World monkeys and the apes. "Monkeys" are
a paraphyletic group (i.e. not a single coherent group).
The following is the listing of the various simian families, and their placement in the order Primates: [1]
[2]
 Order Primates

Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians

Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes

Infraorder Tarsiiformes

Infraorder Simiiformes

Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys

Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins

Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys

Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys

(douroucoulis)

Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris

Family Atelidae: howler, spider and woolly monkeys

Parvorder Catarrhini

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea

Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys

Superfamily Hominoidea

Family Hylobatidae: gibbons

Family Hominidae: great apes, including

humans

See also[edit]
Simia, Carolus Linnaeus's original classification of these primates.

References[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations
related to: Simians
 Wikispecies has information
related to: Simian

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Groves, C.P. (2005). "Simiiformes". In Wilson, D.E.;

Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and
Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press. p. 128. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.

2. ^ Jump up to:a b Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity

of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A,
Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American
Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior,
Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.

3. Jump up^ Cartmill, M.; Smith, F. H (2011). The Human Lineage. John
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-21145-8.

4. Jump up^ Hartwig, W. (2011). "Chapter 3: Primate evolution". In

Campbell, C. J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K. C.; Bearder, S. K.; last =
Stumpf, R. M. Primates in Perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford University
Press. pp. 1931. ISBN 978-0-19-539043-8.

5. Jump up^ Richard Swann Lull (1921). "Seventy Seven". Organic

Evolution. Newyork: The Macmillan Company. pp. 641677.

6. ^ Jump up to:a b Hoffstetter, R. (1974). "Phylogeny and geographical

deployment of the Primates". Journal of Human Evolution 3 (4): 327
350. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-1.

7. Jump up^ Tobias, P. V. (2002). "The evolution of early hominids". In

Ingold, T. Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity,
Culture and Social Life. Taylor & Francis. p. 35.ISBN 978-0-415-
28604-6.

External links[edit]
BioMed Central Full text Gene conversion and purifying selection of
a placenta-specific ERV-V envelope gene during simian evolution

ADW Simiiformes Classification

Taxonomy browser (Simiiformes)

Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation

of African anthropoids

Mouse-Sized Primates Shed Light on Human Origins

Categories:
Primates
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