STRAIN GAUGE USERS’ GUIDE Measurement Using Strain Gauges TML Strain Gauge Characteristics Planning and Preparation for Strain Measurement How to Use Strain GaugesOF HF-LPI—-¥-ZAWAK STRAIN GAUGE USERS’ GUIDE AW CORAOBRTR ‘Special Reference in This Book ROME DS MEL ORRWAEAL TORT, Guide to careful attention to satty operation, BRL ORAL TET. ‘Guide to special technique on operation, ACM STC CARA IRIEL TOE, {Guide to further explanation for convenience, He > Bie MEw ance IMLOFS4—FI-Y—AAAKRUBMMBIMT SEMIS DAL, BRASL SEMA TRUST, Eh, AME SED UL ARMA OL UA AMAR CMU LLET Ifyou have any questions about this book, please contact TML or your local representatives. MONS TS FORE SE TMCE BHUET, BODUDE TREE, Please note tha this book is subject to change without prior noticeTML Strain Gauges (IMLOF AGF) 19545 OM LIK, AIRMAN S DIEM DMM L—AEL TOF APF EROCBELON THM BERL TEWELI, LOSOFLEDELOPC, MAMRELO=— RELI, RABEL LOS 00088 (ase MRR BER EARL, SHR D=— ACEO SIGALT HUET, TMLOF 2/71 BL SB BUR REEETO— LAMM OEE, [1MICA SRBC) | ERIS, NAS 942, OIMLSEOEIRA QCLIGMOMRERKL, DEOBAMECRUIAT HUET. (IMLO-F 4 —JI—V—-RHAE) TMLUF ASSO MERE DY, AEC OMMERBLT DUET SCOOT H HIMBEE ATH RMAC RUA CML ST. OF AF —TEMEARIOME, (HERE 7: BER ECRIRL, ELCRUSG SCE), HEORUOT ABLES TEETT. LD Lina, COMMITEE LETHRAAADOT 44 TORI ANE, RE CHEER TT DUT HUET DC, OF AF AAT BER EDBELET, LOITMLUFAY—F 1-F-AH{K|EOTAMEOMOBE, UF AT -TOMRM SI BR, IF 17 ECOMTAREELS, MPT THC HDI BEL EL he COITMLU TAT YAH AOS AES CONT ICCA EHC IEOREDH ID, SHOLBSEVHA BUST RRR AF DATOSEREPDICV TAY —YOWRLORAEEED CHET. OF AF-IOR VAUEMENROMR TR TR, MULLIN), SMSRECUET IH, COLTMLOG AA Y A—F—AH 4B | a8AS(TMLO Fa ES GHUIERL, <> Since it was founded in 1954, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo Co., Ltc.(TML) has established itself as specialized manufacturer of stress measurement instruments. The TML original producis cover the full range of strain ‘gauges as well as many aseociated products. Throughout its 80-year history TMIL has striven to meet the reeds ofits customers, providing as many as 4,000 models to choose from, the largest product range in the industy. TML strain gauges are built using an integrated system of development, production, testing and inspection. This integrated eyetom ensures that our products are subjected to the full range of tests required by international standards such as NAS842 and OIML. In ie with our policy of "Building Products You Can Trust, sirict product quality control applies to every TMI strain gauge <> ‘The wide range of TML strain gauges cater to almost all measurement condlions, and all TML strain gauges function by being attached to tho specimen either by adhesive bonding or resistance welding. Accurate ‘measurements can only be obiained as long as the specimen material, operational temperature and strain {gauge dimensions are selected correctly and the strain gauge Is correctly installed. However, because even the latest strain gauges aro typically bonded to the specimen by hand, the strain gauge must be installed by fan experienced technician, The TML. Strain Gauge Users’ Guide is dasigned to allow engineers who have limited experience with strain gauges to use them correctly and effectively, and covers each step {rom ‘selecting the correct etrain gauge through to attaching the gauge to the specimen, connecting the lead wires, ‘and applying coatings. This Users’ Guide was complied for use as an on-site handbook for using TML strain {gauges, and its explanations stress the actual tasks involved in using the strain gauge, whether you are using the gauge in your factory of out inthe fild. Strain gauges can be installed on a specimen in many different ‘ways depending on the shape and dimensions of the specimen, the material it is made of, and the environment in which the measurements are taken. Always refer to this TML Strain Gauge Users! Guide before using a TML strain gaugo. ay v UKAS. tin oor ‘RGEINIHWER 1S09001 ‘oprovalGuticate 1809001 OT AF-9, OF ME Design and manufacture of gauges, stan measur BM, BARORE Lae squpmnent and wanaders| 5 Table of Contents i OF) Ic cBU TOME 1. DFAAORNEU TH —TOMME 1 Stain Gauge Purposes and Citra or Selacton, 4 2, OTB TORR CHE: 2Stain Gauge Pencpesand Structure 2 eens 1. TMB OF —TOREE TI eens ‘.Marufactung Pecos or TL Fol Stan G29 8 2. TMLO BHI —LORBE os eeoes eee 5 NL Sin Gage GOES eee neers 8, TMLO SY —JORHBE eee 8TML Stain Gauge Chara nn 8 4, TMLO D8 —JORAERIRARH 11 -4THL Stain Gauge TetngandinepeconStandrd....11 PE 1, DFGMEOMMREO TI —TRTEE 12 1 Sielesreen ed and Pain Stan Gage hae. 12 2. UdaMEOAE: 2Stain Meesuement Methods. 8 3, ‘Stain Gauge Types and Selection, 18 4. |4.Adnasve Types and See nn 19 5. UKE: 7 FOMBEBR:- 5.Lead Wire and Connecting Terminal Typos and Slacson.22 G, BAER iesseessrsecuotscsae a 23 7. DF 4 Y TROBE > ‘oating Maia Types ard Selection 25 1, UFHS-DORANE TEM «+++ 2B | Basic Strain Gauge instllation Procedure. 2B 2. UPHF-URR LOE» 2uNotes on Handing Stain Gauges. 2 3. UR Sutacigthe Gauge at 4. PvE ROFLYD- .Checigte Ataches Gave a 5. U- BORER S.Connectingthe Load Wios 0 6. F429 GETAI) +--+ 1 BB ‘6 Aopjngthe Coan (Exam) 55 Senn) Ee ee eee 2. Rit GEMICKORMIOTH) » (2.Thermal Output (Apparent Strain with Temperature)......63 8. BMITASY TERI a ‘8.Gauge Factor Change with Temperature. 65 4. RRAORACME ICO 4.Effects of Test Specimen Thickness and Elastic Modulus 67 5. WHOS Ie- 5.Strain Gauge Characteristic Distribution. 69 2, DYIV—-b- EWFILOUFHAE: +--+ 73 2.Sirain Measurementin Concrete and Mortar. 73 8, PAF YIHOUSHME 000+ BO ‘G.Sirain Measurementin Plastics. 80 4. BRROUFHME +>: tteeeee BS 4.Sirain Measurement in Magnetic Fields . _ 83 5. B- ERMA PICHISO SHAE :---- 84 ‘5 Stain Measurementin High-and Low-Temperature Envrorments 84 6. AUTHOME- = .Measurernent of Large-Elongation Strain, 89 18 1, Bete BeR eee +1.Materials Properties. seaabtaiclancenlll See eee eae ee aUFHT—-VICKOOFHAME Measurement Using Strain Gauges 1, UFHNEORNLUFHS—VOBit Strain Gauge Purposes and C: ria for Selection __eeeeeEeEee ee 1.1 OFHAEORN OF AMER ES DOR MNBHET, CUT ACLERAMENIAV EE. OOF AMS GN EN, TOHAELEENERVEMEIOR SheMURUBA. OFAC RAT SOMA REMAIN ROE. OF AMEE MHS LURES SHORE OETA O FAF-SABR PECL, BAMEERDBES BENT ust 1.2 UFH7—VORIHE SOME ATO SOO, —B TBR GSE BR, OF AR, GH, RRSECNLT EOWA BNET T, SLPUDRR ERM COTA S— FE RIDRIBNET, ORAM CHER, SULA MENRMOD ARES. OR AIMER CTS, MAMIE TES, MUSH. DORA RIEIER TES. OS ROMANE AIBMIEN TES. OH AMBRREOT, F— 2A ES. Qurar—somR CECH LTR ERUPT OS OAH, HANES ENR, fick “AR SOREN EOD RW RNCF I= EBT S. evra y—ortt Strain Gauge Characteristics wit. 1.1 Strain Gauge Purposes Strain gauges are generally used for one of throo reasons: (© To ascertain the amount of deformation caused by strain, (© To ascariain the stress caused by strain and the degree of safety of a material or of a structural element that uses that material ©7To indirectly ascertain various physical quantities by Converting them to strain. “There are a number of ways of measuring strain mechanically and ‘electrically, but the vast majority of stress measurement is carried ‘out using strain gauges due to their superior measurement ‘characteristics. 1.2 Selecting a Strain Gauge Sirain gauges are provided with many convenient features, but they also have liitations. Each strain gauge has is limitations in terms of temperature fatigue, the amount of stain, and the measurement environment. ‘These limitations must be examined before a strain gauge is usod. (1) Strain Gauge Features © Simple construction witha small mass and volume so as nol to, interfere with the stresses on the specimen. @ snort distances between measuring points for localized evaluation. © Good frequency response for tracking rapid fluctuations in stress. © Simultaneous measurement of mutiple points and remote ‘measurement © Electrical ouput for easy data processing. (2) Strain Gauge Shortcomings: © suscepti to temperature variations. © Low resistance to moisture and humidity, necessitating ‘waterproofing or other protective measures. © Need for skiled technicians. Mat Cie 1 FOR DAD OT AY —FORMAMEBNDEL, HARE COBRA BEE NLT ‘TML wil appraise ll client staff ofthe current strain gauge technical standards, and wil briefly explain how to use the strain ‘gauge effectively within the usage limitations. i Tokyo Sokki Kenkyu2. OF HF—-LORMBERE Strain Gauge Principles and Structure es 2.1 UFHES HPUCERRD (SAEED) AM DUETE, THUCAGT SIGN 0 oF MAABIBELET. COBDILALABIRO TH (ERO TH) PREL, RELOMMELTAL (EAIL—AL LET, COEROLEALOMSEOF AER UET, 2.1 What is Strain? When a material is stretched (or compressed), the force used {generates a corresponding stress < inside the material. This etress Jn turn generates a proportional tensile strain (or compressive strain) which deforms the material by L-+AL (or LAL ), where L i the orginal ength ofthe material When this occurs, the strain isthe ratio of JL to L P< ie Uta €: Strain L AAooRs L Init material length ALPE LORIE al Fra AL: Deformation caused by exer fre P Pian z L 2 : External oreo aL satu pe ea ae < = emwsuta ec AR OVARBURERORARI ER KF DBF TCHR) AR/R 2.2 Strain Gauge Principles resistence, ab Equation 12>) € a L € : Strain measured Fi : Gauge resistance AR : Resistance change due to strain K: Gauge factor (shown on gauge package) Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo When strain is gonoratad in the material being measured (referred {to hereafter as the ‘est specimen) and a strain gauge is attached, the strain is relayed via the gauge base to the resistance wire or fol in the gauge. This strain changes the cimensions of the wire or fil, which causes a corresponding change in the resistance. Equation 112 shows the relationship between the sirain and the variation in2.3UFHT—-LOME DF AH AL TI N- AO EICBFROMMARS REI 4b TY FL ML AAA ETO, BIS LAR(F—7U—K) EAS Ott. CERI ORE( BERRA CEMLTRELET wr ‘r-Daca ann URL 7nLom Wire Gauge AML —7-TML L090: DsKGid Y-YN-ReGauge Baso y-Pi-Kcawgeload $HRrAhesve & BAK Measurement Als 2.3 Strain Gauge Structure {A strain gauge consists of a gauge base, onto which a resistance wire laid out in a gid or a photographically etched metalic resistance filis bonded. Gauge leads are then attached to the resistance wire or {oil.The strain gauge is attached to tho surface ofthe test specimen Using a special bonding achesive. 7+Foil Gauge 7-2 Gauge Lerath PPeT-Gauge Tob =I Fo.12 OF a7-70mR Suture ofa Strain Gauge eF-FN-2 F—FEBBORERS, BEEDUT AE FOLELDROMBOER ERAT BD CT. ad o7-98 VFAT-IOF-IRGMORETY, MELE OMMOR act. eaux LEB CEM RST SB TT. POTD REMAN LAME T. RUST e-TICBWT. 4 BEOORBLMD TT. es tKe-2 PUKOPRLCRUSAAAMRDLOT—ITF ON 71 F-FEBBEBRTSROD, MUTATE. ex-s3F 8 BUT, FUER AU SR DICER ROTU BBATT, onan OF a7 —-VERIREA EEL, OF AEFI N—ANERLET., (© Gauge Base (Matrix) “The gauge base maintains the shape ofthe sensitive elements inthe (gauge, and relays the strain inthe test specimen to the sensitive elements. The gauge base aso functions as an electrical insulator. © Gauge Length ‘The gauge length is the length of a sensitive element in the strain gauge, and isthe distance between end loops. ecrid ‘The grid ie that part of the strain gauge's sensitive element that produces the change in resistance, © Gauge Leads The gauge leads are fine conducting wires that are connected to the gauge's sensitive element or gauge tabs. © End Loops (On a foil gauge, the end loops are the loops formed in the grid where the sonsitive element oops back in the opposite direction. (© Measurement Axi “The measurement axis is an axis running through the centor ofthe ‘tid (indicated by locating arrow markers). ‘© Cover Film (Encapsulation) “The cover fm isa thin film used to protect the sensive element, © Gauge Tab (On a foll gauge, the gauge tabs are the areas where the sensitive element widens to allow gauge loads to be attached. @ Adhesive ‘Adhesive ie used to ond the strain gauge tothe test specimen and, to relay the strain to the gauge base. 3 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoTMLU FHF —VOO BEE ‘TML Strain Gauge Manufacturing Process and Characteristics 1. TMLSUS85—-JORELE Manufacturing Process for TML Foil Strain Gauges TARAS » 7 —DEREt T Research and Development - Gauge Design | ave LP -INI-YOBEt 3.A—2 MORE 5.7 — SRR B OBE Gauge Gra Design ‘Gauge Base Resin Formulation niyo Gane Se at Vv Vv Vv 2.74 bYADORIE ] 4.9°—-DR-2OBHE 4 | 6 SAR EEEREA TCR) O58 Photomask Production Gauge Base (Matix) Production tno Terra Ct Restace 7.24 bly FIT Photographic Etching Process BFR Inspection of Grid Configuration Bonding of Gauge Leads SirectEELc Ny teesteSEEE | 10.9 DRE | ‘Adjustment for Gauge Resistance| VAN 4 LOBE Cover Film Lamination ITE EEE TREE rrting Svea pgp Seen 1S AREAS HERR Performance Charactristios Testing 14. 8uRReaT Visual and Microscopie Inspections econ 15.208 « HHT Ls Packaging and Shipping Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 42, TMLUSHF—-JORB TML Strain Gauge Glossary Oe-7347 VFA TOMROZET, AEEBIN-FOLETT. en F-RRBN AYR y yb Stron, UM AVS LOMA TLE TRAN AUT A ZEC HHEERT INT OF ene PI tto PIcmPC RSH A, S17 EU DyhOOFAF—IOZETT. oh BADUVTAEMETSRDIESNLUTAS—ICE, 0 3H. FDLOAMOUFAEMETSROCIESN, 1-7 REBE BLDVTAY-VCT, F-PBBBORBOLD 0, OD, CAMBICKRMEATT. OTL ARS ABN ROTA, BUC IVY OA CEE LICE REI, TUK Ai ORME NTO @ Gauge Type ‘The gauge type raters to a group of gauge models that have the ‘same structure, configuration and characteristics. @Lot {A lot relers to a group of strain gauges that have ‘sensitive elements made from the same alloy ingot, that are manufactured using the same mechanical ‘and heating procedures, and that have the same characteristics. Fig.21 UF47-Yo7H—7 @Batch Stain Gauge Grou A batch is @ group of strain gauges of the same type land in the same lot that were manufactured at the ‘same time under identical conditions. © Uniaxial Strain Gauge A uniaxial stain gauge is designed to measure strain in one rection, (© Multiaxial Strain Gauge ‘A multiaxial stain gauge Is a strain gauge with mutple sensitive elements that is designed to measure strain in two or more itections. Muliaxial strain gauges are broadly classified into stacked-type and plane-type gauges depending on the placement ‘of the sensitive elements, ‘@ Stacked-Type and Plane-Type Gauges Stacked-type strain gauges have multiple gauge axes overaid so thatthe centers of all the grids are vertically eligned. In a plane-type strain gauge, 2 number of grids are distributed over the same gauge base. amer—y Pano Type Fig. 22 FSH omy. HLL, OF A DIO BYTE TCE SULT U-KIRE BB) EIBRAL I, UKE FERRULE OE to ‘God geome © Ordinary Gauges and Integral Leadwire Gauges TML provides ordinary strain gauges, which do not have lead wires, and integral leadwire gauges, which come with pre: attached lead wires. 5 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo3. TMLU Sa 3'—-YORBTE TML Strain Gauge Characteristics FOP~ PRIMA SH AIGN Ceo TEU OI HREM (AR/R)E, F—-PMTEDV THE \EOLTT. AR/R € 0K: ons FH FRESLMTOST TREBLE FRE MATDO Fe HEMGSORETT. LTR AAMCEBFOMRE TOE Fo COMABAOD—MOFH (ELAN LOT EL LARA EC, AATRENSMEMBRERUET, AR/R & +k, eo yanmiest RELEROGROLEMMMCL EET, MICE IKUETT Db, SRREBT SSP. OMOF ALE LIES LS HEA eurar—nmBet OF ay Tome, STREET. RE RRR OME HEC Table 21 4—TRE EAA Gauge Length and Frequency Response © Gauge Factor ‘The gauge factor is the ratio of the rate of resistance variation caused by uniaxial stress appliod along the gauge axis of the strain gauge (4R./R) tothe strain along the gauge axis (€ ) an/A ‘ °° K= quatior a @ Axial Sensitivity ‘Axial sensitivity is very similar to the gauge factor, and refers to the sensitivity of the gauge when no strain is applied in the lrection perpendicular to the gauge exis. © Transverse Sensitivity A strain gauge also has @ degree of sensitivity inthe direction Perpendicular to the principal gauge axis. The transverse sonsitivity is shown in the equation below, which shows transverse sensitivity (K;) as a function of the uniaxial strain along this perpendicular axis (€,) and the resistance variation resulting from this strain ( JRF). AR/R Fg 297-9 2U-7 Gauge Creep eommicLeU-7 WR TERATSELTOMBOLACLY, 7 RLET. BREET SIV yKORAICEN UT ERLTET. Fis AMIE ove SEE) OFF TCRAT BRETT FORD MIEINEL, KE KRTGEMNEAS NETS, ROT AS nee LST. CRAL ET, CHURERE OH IDEO FF — 7B BEDIUET I OFA F-FOREETMCR ESTO TER DY), HMM OO FA eevET, ARE BUR RA OMBSICI2 OMA, AH IAF OMSL (OMALLFEMA SCE AHbOLET. euraRe BBRADGET, FAY — FIGS SEE EMEL ASOT AOBAMCT. HATE SALUT MOF A)CHLT, & OSEMASOT AMEOT ARTE SED T uth. = AHBRCOSSL TI, RAMEMA TONS © Gauge Creep with Temperature It may be safe to ignore gaugo creep at normal temperatures, but creep shows @ tendency to Increase as the temperature increases. ‘TMI strein gauges use special end loops to minimize the gauge creep. @ Permissible Current (Permissible Voltage) ‘The current flowing through a strain gauge Is directly related to the output voltage from the gauge bridge. The greater the current, the larger the output obtained. On the other hand, ‘current flowing through a strain gauge generates Joule's heat While tho extant of this effect is dependent on the test specimen material and the surface area of the strain gauge, it produces a change in the strain gauge temperature, This temperature ‘change in turn changes the resistance, thereby indicating apparent strain where none exists. In general, a permissible current of SOMA is sate for metalic test specimens, while 10mA or less Is a safe cutrent for wood or plastic. © Strain Limit ‘The strain limit is the maximum amount of strain under which a strain gauge can operate under given conditions without |, sulting damage. YRAS| AL TML, the strain limit is the smallest value of ‘mechanical strain at which the indicated strain +10%6/ ‘exceeds the mechanical strain by 10% 5 ABRCOSUTARTIONEEA. FSB | AY 7 ‘Though the indicated strain limit for F-series YORICDRELTO MAIL HTT A ETM strain gauges is 37, most F-series gauges can OOFAT—HasKeTRRLET. tolerate up to 5%, me Std eri Sa) Poze ram stan Lint 7 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyuiom UF AY—TCRNELTOTAESARER, LOVF AMOK SUL, FTA NOL AH) WR la MRE CUT TEELGUST. BIC SARO TAM, AH LIME SE ES PCLT, RUE NTR ARAM EL TET, MAE TIEM LAUT AY — TIO HIRE LOT HE 2, RDOMABRBO RH 100% 10-1 FARMETSECO ATR T OES, MA NORE LEY 18, ORO MATS ETBIC HE FERRE SR CBU EA, MISE 1500% 10-UF (ASH) VF AMSOOX10-90F ALF CS RAMRTMAL, EAL ReRoaney, ROTARY Tis BASSE HOMMBET THETO TRUE RCI AMST Ta awoora cated Stain (erin) 3 (© Fatigue Limit ‘When strain is repeatedly applied to a strain gauge and the ‘amount of strain applied is large, it can cause the gauge resistance to increase, the lead wires to disconnect or the gauge to pos! of, rondaring the gaugo useless. Gonoraly, the fatigue limit for a strain gauge is indicated as a number of repetitions Under set conditions for applied strain and repettion speed. AU TML, this number is determined as the number of times a set ‘mechanically repeated strain can be applied to the strain gauge bbofore the indicated strain value in a no-load stato changes by 100%10- ‘As the test results for a TML product in Figure 2.5 show, exceeding the fatigue limit does not immediately render the strain gauge useless. This normally occurs between 10° and 107 cycles for a strain of = 1500 10-8 (15Hz). At strain levels of 500% 10-*or less, the fatigue limit extends and can be taken to bo almost infinite. Because the material used in the sensitive elements of large- FAST ‘Cycle heat-treated, such gauges are oy vane F-FEOBRBMOLET, BECLET-TROMLESEVET. His ¥—7RRBHMO CuNSSEN-CEROMEERLET MS 2ORRRMEREBYNDADEOT, ZOMEMESRS TF PEH LORMAN BOTH MOPON-CrASEAROLREY, 7: LORSROT ASTM ASN TET TREES BEOTIK, NCB ROBELMELAEOERICETH. Z ORRT, BROLIEEB EO TAT FOE GREE BEOEHBLET. ‘© Temperature Coetticient of Gauge Factor Temperature coefticient of gauye factor refers to gauge factor temperature change and to gauge factor variations caused by temperature. Figure 2.6 shows the charactavstes of gauge sonsitive elemanis ‘made from Cu-Ni alloy and N-Cr alloy. Because this temperature dependency is specific to the sensitive elements, these characteristics apply also to the gauge structure, and such strain (gauges are able to withstand the same temperatures. In the figure, the gauge factor for the NiCr alloy decreases as the temperature rises. However, this does not indicate thet the ‘gauge factor decreases because the strain gauge is structurally tunable to withstand the temperatures, but that the gauge factor decrease is causad by the characte fistics of the Ni-Cr alloy. Variations bo that appeared on the chart as the 5 broken line could be said to be 5 soon structurally caused changes, g . en a ee ee) Temperare (C) Fo. 26 7-yanamist remparetre Coefclent of Gauge Factor Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 8eo ramezein et REL COPA OREM ERO LES, MMSE RETSTRILOTET, HHTIO-ICTRRLTUET. Ota (EEC LOR BOTH) TARIOF AY 7 EBURERICIE LABEL, NCESO TH RCT, BRO DRIER E77 RRO ARBEIRE RELVOF AED, MAME OUST, HH, MBIT BUSH ACMA CA), MOLES LET. BL, AE ‘SO RAEBAGIC EH A BARLALLETE 00+ Ere ATH (A. B)AT FRB BOS ARMM Be: URTR ORERE R Bo FERS OBIE aT aE, Kya en: fh MATL 208. 6 ERMLELT MHD ERI SLIC CEMRLEAC REMIT FEMELTOST, 2. 8 ABUFHEEM THUD, CERERETSLER TER, & SRA TE WBNS BLTUET. Acaemy SEA LIRA T, IE OMRIWARIRRL EIS SHRAR ER ICIETELT BUSBE, OF AY OMM AN TRBLWNEOS EAE BRROTAT—IeH. MAE TH CHAN £1.8X 10-90 F AACR LODE ATR BART -FERATUSTS © Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion When an unrestricted material experiences changes in temperature, the dimensions of the material change uniformly throughout the entire material, At TML, this change is expressed Interms of 10°C, (© Thermal Output (Apparent Strain Caused by Temperature Change) Normally, when a strain gauge is bonded to a test specimen and there is a temperature change, some strain is experienced even where there is no strain due to extemal forces. This strain is in ‘accordance with the coefficients of linear thermal expansion for the test specimen and for the materiel used in the strain gauge's ‘sensitive elements. At the same time, the gauge resistance also changes due to the thermal coefficient of resistance of the material used for the strain gauge's sensitive elements. If we ‘assume thal the test specimen is free to expand with changes in temperature, then 4 ATH Bm AST where: ‘a1: Thomalcoetcint of rosistance of he gauge snsive element {8 Coscnt tinea thermal expanin forthe ts specimen {8s Coacent finer thermal expansion lor the gauge sensitive etment AT: Temperature change K : Gauge factor Es: Thermal output ‘TML manufactures sell-temperature compensated strain gauges: which are adjusted to allow for 2. and » so that the thermal output E+ is zero. Because 3, and a are nat constant, E+ cannot always be kept at zero. However, the gauges are Adjusted so as to minimize € in a glven temperature range, @ Self-Temperature Compensated Strain Gauge Selt-temperature compensated strain gauges are manufactured ‘80 a8 to minimize the thermal output of the strain gauge when it {Is Bonded to a test specimen with a spectic cootfcient of linear thermal expansion in a stipulated temperature range. ‘At TML, gauges with an indicated strain for temperature change that is within 1.8% 10-* per degree C are referred to as sel temperature compensated strain gauges. Temparanre(c) Fo 27 AORRBRORA ‘SelTemperature Compensation 9 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujceucemam Acwaett Beowst FT, ARIAS RMU OSE MCT © ceria oH OF BY —7 CHE DRE CHALE CE SRM S, S OBIE, HCAS 57-7 ERBAMOCUNSSENCES ORM DET LET. ‘© Temperature Compensation Range ‘The temperature compensation range is the range within which the apparent strain for a solftemperature compensated strain gauge is atthe stipulated love © Operational Temperature Range The operational temperature range is the temperature range within which a strain gauge can be used continuously in the appropriate conditions, Figure 2.8 YATE CUNS SEMEL TNA SRB IRON PAH REMELTOST, shows the thermal output characteristics for the Cu-Ni and N-Cr alloys used for the sensitive elements in TML strain ‘Thermal Output gauges. Most TML strain gauges use CUNT alloy, with Ni-Gr alloy used in strain gauge series that have a wider operational temperature range, “Temperature (6) eexryy2 OF a7 RARIIRMLT, OF EMMA LIBS, MEBREE MDBRETR—UFACHLTRO EATER TBE HS UE, COMBE ATU ALEUST, TTI, N— AH, smite RMCLCROVET, emezruy2 MATA IVERM IAI, ERAT TIVE IAC T EATUSARESRRT, RAGLOSSME TDF MOR aut, BARESAT. OF 47-7 DIVIRMM ERIE L ZOEX SP RERUT EBB BHET, emeKYTh BAT Ce 7-TRSRYNOMMILS CORBET, SA WB TORACRAMRNTHEET. VPA —TORMMEERDSIED—C, 200CRMASTE CUNSEAVENGre 27h, 500~B00 COMME TIL PLWS RREVRDNTUET. 2 Y- REAR ‘Sean Gauge Soves ard Operational Tomporatue Range © Gauge Hysteresis When a strain gauge is bonded to a test specimen and strain is applied, the resistance change for identical strain increase and decrease processes may difer. This variance is referred to as hysteresis, Gauge hysteresis varies depending on factors such as the grid configuration, base material, adhesive and temperature. © Thermal Hysteresis ‘Thermal hysteresis refers to hysteresis that occurs inthe heating ‘cooling cycle such that the respective cycles do not pass {through the same point, Thermal hysteresis poses an ongoing problem in strain measurement where temperature change occurs. ‘This hysteresis must be excluded by applying heat experience to stabilize the characteristic ofthe strain gauge and the adhesive. © Gauge Zero Drift with Temperature At high temperatures, effects such as thermal oxidation of the sensitive elements in a strain gauge cause the zero point of the (gauge in a no-load state to gradually dit This is one of the characteristics that determine a strain gauge's resistance to heat, Above 200°C, N-Cr alloy perfotms far better than Cu-Ni alloy, and alloys such as PI-W are used in 600°C to '800°C environments. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 104. TMLUS HS —-YOREC MRE TML Strain Gauge Testing and Inspection Standards 4.1 TMLU P85 — DORE CRRA TML Strain Gauge Testing and Inspection Standards om Visual and Microscopic inspections. TLE E HREIEM TM procedures and standards Oy Gauge Resistance TML(FRHEAR L AREEILA TM procedures and standards ene Gauge Factor NAS 942 EBSE8RBICI#BL NAS 942 and BSS8B8 ome Transverse Sensi NAS 942 (C3888 NAS 942, OF -mOR RR ‘Temperature Coefficient of Gauge Factor NAS 942 (188 INAS 942 omnia Thermal Output NAS 942 (C288 Nas 942 oot ame Strain Limits NAS 942 (CHL NAS 042 om Fatigue Limits NAS S42 (cae NAS 942 4.2 UFHF—-JOREPREMRGLZOT SAHA Principal Standards Used for Strain Gauge Calibration and Standard Test Methods ASTM £251-74 masta €251-74 Tia OT ar — 7 ORR ‘Standard Test Methods fcr Perlormance Characters of Metalic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages’ Designation: E251-92, ASTM, msi Bs6888 messi Bseess [RUE RBH TAT —TORERR) “Methods for Calibration of Bonded Electric Resistance Strain Gauges" Draft for development 6:1972. BS NAS 942 mas 942 [em OT ar—7 | “Strain Gages, Bonded Resistance’; Classification Specification NAS 942, 1963. BIVDE/VDI #iét(Richtlinen) NR 2695, IEVDENVDI Richtlinen NR 2635 [SRM TUK EHR RMBRMIEAOT — “Bonded Electric Resistance Strain Gauges with Metallic Measurement Grids - APT OEE RRR ‘Characteristics and Testing Conditions" \VDENVDI-Richtlinen NR 2635 Auguet, 1974. meO HOR Mother Standards IS 7280-81 [Sua NDIS 4002-76 /RAUEIO Fa ‘IS 2800-91 - "Glossary of Terms Used in Nondestructive Testing Japan Industrial Standard, ‘DAIL! _NDIS 4002-76 -"Glossary of Terms Relating to Electric Rosistanco Strain Gauges"; NDI, Japan "1 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoUFHMEOHBC#HR 1. UFHMEOMMCOFHS—IRHHH Strain Measurement Procedure and Planning for Strain Gauge Installation Planning and Preparations for Strain Measurement AEN ROM FAR TRB, AMICON LOIS MICHES ILC, SLC RLSM, THEO BCR RPE STOMERAOSMERYDE CT. ROR VMEBRER LOC NERC ALLHARRE RAROLECT, WRESTLER TT, PRO RAE ER HEMET REMATL SIS OMTEST, WEBWARE OS MEMECHML, ERE LES DE SPERM TEBE BNET, ‘You must check all the measurement conditions before you begin ‘measuring. These conditions include the material, shape, ‘dimensions and temperature of the specimen to be measured, as Well as the measurement duration and whether the phenomenon is static where strain varies slowly or does not at all with time or dynamic where strain changes quickly with time. To obtain accurate measurements, you must select the materials {and procedures that are appropriate for the measurement conditions, While the ideal isto satisfy all the measurement conditions, current technical standards may not be able to meet some of the Conditions, and some limits may be exceeded. Given the purpose of the measurement and the conditions that apply, you must estimate the measurement accuracy and determine whether the likely results will provide the accuracy required of the measurements, (ARBVSOF MERAH General Strain Measurement Procedure) earn BRMETE TERRE! © Neesurement pupose, required accuracy, ee Determine what iso be measured iz v OPHIR ik: tae RM mR ERO © Condtions (materials, shape, mensions, [survey tho moasuroment conditions| temperature, atmosphere, et) VW Uk IS © Selection ofthe strain gauge, adhesive, load ee Caer mercy OF a7—F0aR ves and coating materia” itn Select the strain gauge Determination ofthe strain and temperature UTAREAA IM RMEATORE Ww measurement methods O28 RIF TET ORRERE ZS ROAR RAPIDS Pian out the installation procedure. (© Drawing up of alist of tasks and a work schedule for strain gauge bonding, lead wite connection and coating emnoFREU Tay — RIO Install the strain gauge. (© Preparation of equipment and strain gauge installation Ww eo nicranrse onan OF ARE Measure the strain. (© Adjustment for lated factors Ww emDE MO Fae Process the data @ Stress caloulation, eto. vw ORM SLURHRALONS OME Check the validity of the data, © Collation of calculations and design standards WwW euray—r2n (home ene Remove the stain gaugo and cloan up, ‘© Removal ofthe strain gauge, etc. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyuj 122. UFHAEOAN Strain Measurement Methods OFA IVF HER CHT T SINE (YER 1200 UF HH1000X 10-10 FH, GF. 200038 C. 0.240) AW Ts 86, MROFAS—LE CEMA COAL DLE FSR BEC, ABE, OF AFUE RA —PARY Ty FER (FIV oy FBR GMB) EAB, AE ECHL TOF aE EAT wit Fy SOC AY FARO LIMA, DAB RBLOV AG — TOMAS HILT, HD MICE RELET OF ALMAREORRE RRA: fe (Re+RY(R+Re) on c= WARE cunt. Fg. SR=RETSE, UTA PAT -JOMARIRT ARCH) CVT AH MMTO einsah ++4e= on aR+24R ARK RESMT HE coer ae +++ge= Sa cane. VPAYR TH, Py PROBA TOBA, TORE RLSM REVEUET, Leb ol, OF AMELRMARED 5, LODMAL MRE ERLE ROOM EOMECCVET. £f, ERIDSSADIE DOOM FLb7— 7H EER UCHCTS, HOB AAMELI NE LRU ET, LED PERBMULLRELETE on (AR) AR, AR ae 4 ROR ink (erertemed ZECR Tops, LORNA EAR OFAaeEON, HDEREE U4, ROT. SUMALLMBIERH SBM ORLY), ENDL LPEERHORAGONMORESUET, CORALIR MOS 4 bARE I Wasstston trie ‘The size of the resistance change when sirain is exerted on a strain ‘gauge is extremely small (0.24 for a gauge resistance of 1202, 8 stvain of 1000%10-S and a gauge factor of 2.00), and this change ‘cannot easily bo measured with any real precision by @ normal tester, Usually, strain gauges use a Wheatstone bridge circuit (oferred to hereafter simply as a bridge circuit or bridge) to convert the resistance change toa voltage output for strain measurement. Figure 9.1 shows how the strain gauge is built into a bridge circuit Voltage applied on the inut side produces a proportional resistance ‘change which In turn ganerates voltage on the output side, ‘The following equation shows the relationship between strain and output voliage: - jen __PRTRR. (RRR) 4@ = Output voltage Input (exoting) vottago Gauge resistance Roto R= Fixed resistance values Where R=; = Re = Rs = Ry, the strain gauge resistance R when strain is applied varies to R-+ 4. ein: 4B Equation 32> ++ 4e= 00 aR Sratons 4R+24R Ite assume 4 ReeR, then: ein _ eink aR 4 +++ If the resistance at each arm ofthe bridge is not the game whan tho strain is zor0, the difference in resistance generates an output voltage. Accordingly, the voltage obtained from the above equation is the output voltage generated by the applied strain minus this inital voltage imbalance. Even ifthe resistances between A and D and between D and C in Figure 3.1 are not necessarily equal to the gauge resistance, the ‘above equations hold as long asthe two resistance values are equal If-we assume that all values change on each side of the circuit, then: AR, aR any ont he) (emertes Hero, Fi Consequently, differances arise between adjacent resistance changes (strains) in Figure 3.1, and the diference across the Iwo sides is the sum of these. As a result, if adjacent resistance 13 Tokye Sokki Kenkyujobest, REELED aes. Bo ALIN MAEMEKALLNTSLEGT changes have opposing polarity, the difference across the sides becomes the sum of the absolute values. Likewise, if resistance CARO TAMEARE, FRESSORRUTEE, ‘changes on opposite sides ofthe bridge have opposing polariy, the iiference across the sides is the difference between the absolute values. The skilful combination of these principles allows you to t’liminate any unnecessary elements and to maximize the output Use the table below as a guide to selecting the best strain ‘measurement method for the measurement purpose. Table 3.1 Seti LOAN Connection Methods and Their Characteristics Quarter bridge 2-nire system — eae = a [Connection Methoa ‘Characteristics 172k CORRE RCOFAI—T, Re Re RORERA CI OREMRLET, OF AT —TORUMAS EAT, B RMN YF ER SBS PRM CUMS, SLM LE RMON EMM CE SEROTEC. In this method, the bridge cccuits made up of a strain gauge es A and fixed resistances for Fe, Fh and Fu. This i the] simplest way to use @ strain gauge, and isthe method used for sell-temperature compensated stain gauges or when| {there is no temperature change, or when the effects of temperature change can be ignored, es in dynamic measurement Re Re en essa RFRGSP BO) REGAT ERE, J-FRORREORIEL ET, EM, -FROLBE, (Quarter ridge Sire system | HiRERRDAS REEL STO, U-NROMIIME SCT HARTI MEMRTECU MM DORE CHET COY-KRORR CS OM LOB ME RCI RORDNE CER SRREN MAL CT In this method, the resistance vaives forthe lead wites change i the lead witeis long or Is particularly fine. Because ad wie cores are normally made of copper wire, which has a large thermal coelicient of resistance, the change in sistance cannot be ignored, however small the resistance, as it adds tothe thermal outp The three wite system is used to void an unoxpected eltecis of resistance change causod by tho lead wire temperature, This is measurement method mast often recommended for sirain measurement, SINNED NET. LOPREOT AY Teh TOOT AERA CT Io FOREMRLET, Tis method uses a bilge cult made up of wo sain gauges and ned rsiiances onthe oer to ses ofthe cul POET HR RET IFIF~Y, AISI LBV, OFAF—-TEI-FRORR MME TIMED, Actve-dummy method | RT. In this method, Fs the active gauge and Ris @ dummy gauge. Ths is used to compensete| fi +e 7+ \ermanr auc mncnanin BPP TE RRA RRL, AURA RVC MELD), HHERS UML EVSORACT Two active method _| This method eimintes the tensilo component and is used to measure just the bending strose| | [Pratenatege cuputis equtes are Ful bridge EOBRE, Wy FORMLEV FH TERSAR MEAS CT, inthis method, strain gauges are connected on all our sid of the bidgo. This ie usod in transducers and to measur| torque, but has limitations in onary stain measurement FERN SHEC, IPAP a PPT HECRDAETH, —BOBD ME, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 143. UFHF-JOURCBR Strain Gauge Types and Selection FAYE RBRICRELEL A LSI RRO, (AIEEE, 7— Sebi PEEL BRL, ELRUGUETE, AEOROOT HAL EOI. LoLaes, RECRMEARLEDS, BUESNOMIP TRE FARES ABIES. © NSMCRIERRILOMAS DE CHUL RM IRR FAB LIS, ERIE DH OER CH SBS. OF BGI F TET RU RDKIE OR SN SOME T ane. hE WERE CCU BUA MM TROUT RRP MERROT SRR BIOTA T ARUTCIERL, eUT47-JORR Strain Gauge Selection ore Refer to the TML catalog also when you select a strain gauge. {As stated in the introduction, accurate strain measurement is only possible if you select the correct gauge for the test specimen ‘materials, operating environment and gauge dimensions, and then install the gauge correctly Even so, there are many instances where actual measurement does not proceed as anticipated due to the measurement conditions. ‘The specimen itself can impose a variety of imitations, for example: ‘@ When you want to use a heat-curing adhesive but heating the test specimen is problematic. ‘© when you want to use @ weldable gauge but the test specimen smatotalsciffcul to weld ‘© When the amount of coating required to waterproof the gauge causes structural probleme with gauge functioning. ‘You should thoroughly examine the test specimen and the measurement environment before you select the appropriate strain ‘gauge. OBROBLMRSA SOF bSdETLSM CEA, 3.1 USHT VOR IMLO TAY —-SU MBM SLURIEE DS, 20ME AST PNA KTRLTE TH, BEA IEAM ERE. 3.1 Strain Gauge Types ‘The range of TML strain gauges includes over 20 gauge series, each with dlifering purposes and features, which can be classified into 4 broad groups. Otay ORE (1) Strain Gauge Classification Table 32 OF #4 — FODR Strain Gauge Classification ma UF AY— 7018R Classification Strain Gauge Type one (68. 82. A. BAR Testing Temperature Low temperature, normal temperature, high temperature, super-high temperature BRO BR AL 7V—b, RH, TIAF D7, WAH AIABE Material Moial, concrete, wood, plastic, composita materia, class, et RR BIR (AVTA). BNR ROA RY KM. MAB HT EE Special Uses Large elongation, stress concentration, residual stress, bolt axial, magnetic field, torque, et, ERRERUE FESS Bi, HAP TIAGE “Transducer Use High resistance, diaphragm, etc 15 Tokyo Sokki Kenky:(QOFaF—-TOR TE OFA —-FORESORREHR DBUET. err tk OF AP—TERUMU SBM PMAICLN, OF AF—-TOREE OMREBIET. ER UVTI FOIE, MOLDY 12 FULETHDE, A-F4Y J RR-ABEBLT, OF Hs F-FORESEROET. OF-9k Y—FRIL, OF OF—-JOOTAEBMORETT, WENRICCLT, BAIT AMIE CE TROBOTH BEHELD TAME —PROR WOT HY —TE Id. 0.2~ 120mm D4 —FRERELTUET. Table 33 7-7 Re mIENE Gauge Lengths and Gauge Applications Q)Strain Gauge Size The second oriletia for strain gauge selection is the size of the gauge. © Gauge Size The location of gauge installation and the material on which itis installed impose restrictions on the strain gauge size, Also, because lead wires have to be connected to the ‘connecting terminal and a coating applied to protect the gauge {rom moisture, the space required for the coating must also be ‘considored when you determine the gauge size. (© Gauge Length The gauge length is the length of the sensitive element in the gauge. You should use diferent gauge lengths depending on the spocimen. Gaugos with short gauge lengths are used to measure localized strain, while gauges with long gauge lengths ‘can be used to measure averaged stress over a larger area, 2 TML strain gauges range in length from 0.2mm to 120mm. =F Gauge Lengih BSE - Gauge Application 0.2~1mm 0.2mm to 1mm SowhOME For stress concentration measurement 30mm to 120mm 2~6mm 2RO-KOF HME 2mm to 6mm For metal and general use 10 ~ 20mm ENB. RH. ERPS EO-BOF OME ‘10mm to 20mm For mortar, wood, FRP, ete 30 ~120mm BDU ORO FAME For concrete 0F-FROUR Selecting the Gauge Length TOMSHBOBS, OTHE PULTHSER DNS REDE, RIE, TEIY—ME EAD EAH ON OTE) EDOMRLENET OT, A>7V-hOTIOEMMOMBICH, BAR BO=WEROY—-IROEDRTOET. For a heterogeneous material, a gauge length is required that can average out the lregular stresses in the material For example, because concrete is composed of cement and an agoregate (gravel or sand, et.) the length of the gauge used is three times the diameter ofthe gravel pieces so as to give an averaged evaluation ofthe conorete e728 Gauge Width FPR CT -TBORVS 17 (FLKELA) BNET RAT RCE TC, URE OMANI T SBE Tea Fu Fc Fg 327-4 Gauge wan HORDE BRL Strain gauges with the same gauge length are also available in a narrower width (FLK-type) Select narrow strain gauges for measurement in axial direction of thin specimens such as cylindrical pipes, ete. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 16oray—soRR (8) Strain Gauge Shape TMLOTA4—- SEMAN SHOMREREL TET. B TML also supple etrain gauges in aiferent pattems for a range. HC oR TIRERRL TCE, of applications. Select the appropriate gauge pattern for your application. Table 3.4 OF AF — FORK ‘Svan Gauge Patterns FETE. ee oRF ORE ORF ORF ome No. ef Gauge Elements 4 a 2 3 3 5 ey + | te @ | a) MLO cry 7aA pax ney b Byer Sa [TRL Nomenclature | Single element _| 2clement Rosette | 2-lement Rost | 3.cloment Rosette | 2-lement Rosette | element Single-axs| Dye = ae a ane ed = = Stacked Type | Plane Type | Stacked Type _| Plane Type = (Qo Far—vo cere (@) Strain Gauge Operational Temperature Range MACE, F-FRO RMR, BRIT BRETT ML determines tho operational tomperature rango ofits stain BEOBEOS AMARA RO TOT. ‘gauges on the basis of characteristics such as the thermal PP BEBOMILPTR, 1-IA- ROMMEL TOR ‘output, thermal eoetficiont of gauge facir, thermal creep and amemYROUST. thermal dit of the strain gauge. The operational temperature ranges of strain gauges differ depending on the material and ‘atid configuration of the sensitive element and the material used in the gauge base. Table 35 TMLOT Ao — (ABBE Oparational Temperature Range for TML Strain Gauges {PARE IA A ABE & a Seas FOG pee Type Element Metra Gave BasolMats) | syrain Gauge Sores 2690 ~ 28 A NiCr DRS at CF 2596 to Room Temp. | __Low temperature NiCr alloy Epoxy resin CF series —20~80C aR CuNie= DRS Sie FE 20 we0t Normal temperature CuNi alloy pony resin F sorios —20~200T omiRa CuNeS RUS FE OF 20 wo 200 High tomporaturo CuNialoy Polyimide resin OF sories —20~300'C sae NiCr & RUS FE aF 20 wo a00'e High temperature NiCr alloy Polyimide rosin ZF cores BE~e00c aR Pewee = AWHU oom Temp. to 800°C | Superhigh temperature PW alloy z AWHU sores (ACRE MRT. (5) Self-Temperature Compensated Strain Gauges ‘Uset CSHRNSRRRLO'S. 5. 8. 11, 17, 23, 50, 70X10-7CO ‘TML supplies seli-temperature compensated strain gauges for HACMELL, ACREMRY-TERRLTUET, BROW use with materials with a coefficient of linear thermal expansion {SRESACGTRMMAT-FERRUTC ES, of 3,5, 8, 11, 17, 23, 50 or 70X10-#/'C. Reter to the table of 0, ARMADMILELT 11, 17, 23K 10-9 CHOOT A physical properties at the end of this guide when you are Wem HR BCTN EAT —AEBALTHETS ‘selecting a self-temperature compensated strain gauge. ‘The three most commanly found material coefficients of near thermal expansion are 11, 17 and 23%10-*/C, and TML salt temperature compensated strain gaugos for these properties ‘ate Identified using gauge base (matrix) colors of red. brown ‘and green respecivaly, 7 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoeacamMRy—vemHiA ‘Solf-Temporature Compensated Strain Gauge and Thermal Output BERET SEQUEL TS, MERC MRMILOAS OUETEMMNDAR (00), MRMOW EMDR WET, (63RD SH 2, Ait # FR) Even when a selFlemperature compensated strain gauge is used, @suffcienly large temperature change wil produce thermal ‘output large enough to necessitate measurement correction. (See "2. Thermal Output” in Chapter [5] (P.63).) C1EHORS For Special Material THBOHACALA BERN T— FORME TT, ASABE CIRC aU, ‘TMIL can also manufacture custom selt-emnperature compensated strain gauges for a desired material. Contact your TML representatives for details 3.2 0FH5—-JORR 3.2 Selecting the Strain Gauge Mab OF AYO MIR ORFESLIC HUET, Use the table below as a guide to selecting a strain gauge for ordinary strain measurement Table 3.6 OF Ai FOIE Strain Gauge Selection Criteria Ra A ERE Griterion Item Selected Selection Method REE F-FN-K RUBE THRE 67-99 U7 GRRL ET. Testing temperature | Gauge series Select 8 gauge series capabla of functioning at the testing temperature. atROL semiemm MBOH HC BSR MT ERRLET, Test specimen material | Sol-temperature Select the appropriate sel-temperature compensated strain gauge for the specimen ‘compensated strain gauge [material OF aoe FRET TB VEADG MME DOMENIC SLT —TTRERRLET, Stain distribution, etc. | Gauge langtn and wicth | Select the appropriate gauge size for the measurement purpose based on the strain distribution and materia, etc ane BAD FTIR Haga (188) 702 (2hd) Ob (OR) , See Measurement purpose | Gauge pattem MLO FAT OMARE BIRLA, Select the strain gauge pattern and installation location based on whether a single- Jelement, 2-olement rosette, 3-element rosetta, stress concentration (5-element)of| stress analysis strain gauge is required AOR am BOTH WOT, 1y—T2RR, 17 Ta ATEMENRE BOSMEAAE Type of test Measurement method | sR. Determine measuring method such as the static strain, dynamic strain, quarter- bridge with two wire, or quarter-bridge with three wire system depending on the object being measured and the purpose. TARR OARIS. OFA Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 184. BEROBACER Adhesive Types and Selection 4.1 OFbT—T AMA Uv ae ome MAla OF a BFSOTH E UT AT ERUIROSICIOREL BURIC BLET. (NOTA pm XD= Kb UREA CEML LOT AY—POBARTT UTHER BBR FI N—2-F—FBEBOMCR DET. Brot, BROmAER Let. 77S pm PIR R20 em semntio~16, Fig, 9 ERIS aL BOT A 7 —Y 4,1 Strain Gauge Adhesives “The strain gauge adhesive bonds the strain gauge to the test specimen ‘end conveys the strain in the test specimen tothe strain gauge. (1) Strain Conveyance Mechanism Figure 83 is a scale diagram showing a strain gauge bonded to a test specimen. The sirain is conveyed sequentially trom the test specimen to the adhesive, the gauge base, and finally to the sensitive element grid in the gauge. ‘The numbers in the figure show the thicknesses of the different layers. etsy me Bie um / rsa 10~15 0 ‘Stan Gauge Sondesto 2 Test Specimen BIRO 7 FERGAL OMI BARLEY IN ANTAL TORT, COM TOF AMT T ELEC ERIC DS ET hiSaWe A. OP AEERCRASADICE, HMRI RRM RATE 7 EDFA BEEN, BRE IRE RTF PN RED FELEDURCT, OF AY — JORMA CER EN SEL SCR bs HMM MBE EY TROUT A. [WAM HMF-FOLSTEO TOT HY —T MLDS OF BRINBSNSTLEIA!) LORI RUREOUT A EMF —7 WOME TLL, PRA ACEDET, OF AF—TLRIELE AS EMAL RRO OTA eRe EC, EWI F NALA BHI AOA LE RL) AIO I) — 7 AEA Bet (Q0T87-FASBMICEREN SESE OMA. BM RRC KSI T OU. (qu-Treteic RNS) CNM NRE Re OF ARCH TBS, (Ha) emnERImUCE, emiEROnR) ‘The adhesive and the gauge base are interposed between the specimen and the gauge's sensitive element, and yet the strain must be conveyed across these barriers with no distortion, To achieve this, the adhesive must function as @ unifying bond between the surface of the test epecimen and the gauge base, 0 thatthe test specimen govens the gauge base and the strain gauge effectively becomes part of the test specimen. The characteristics required in a strain gauge adhesive are not only the bond strength and peel strength generally needed in an achesive, It might be supposed, for example, that the type of double-sided ‘aghesive tape used in many domestic and industrial applications ‘could be used to secure a strain gauge and obtain suiticient sensitviy to strain, However, double-sided tape absorbs the strain in the test ‘specimen rather than conveying the strain to the gauge base, with the rasut that the strain gauge does not function. Unlike ordinary adhesives, the creep characteristics of the adhesive layer are a crucial factor in preventing the adhesive from absorbing strain in the specimen and accurately conveying the strain to the gauge base. (2) Major Properties Required in Strain Gauge Adhesives (© A large elastic modulus and minimal change with temperature or humidity (Excellent creep characterises) @ Ample bond strength for the temperature, humidity and ‘amount of strain (Peel strength) © Good electrical insulation (Maintenance of the insulation resistance) 19 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo4.2 REHOBR Mik Tle, (PABA, SMR OMSL OAS, VAY 4.2 Types of Adhesive 3720) TL supplies the stain gauge and adhesive shown in the table below MASHEGE, KRALL OBMAERBLTOET. {or ctferont applications, depending on the combination of operational temperature and specimen matorial, tc Table 3.7 239A 9838 Strain Gauge Adhesive Be am a a Name Type Characterisies RE: ROAM REMORMERALLT SRC RRL, OF 4-7 BERLE S MEN TOS Fo P~FRRICRT SHB TAK, MUU GRRE TT. LORMALRE ORE PLE AOMRCAR OPEL), SEAERE EMD ELLET, ho CN | SUP 7-H | Tete OKH RECT, GN-E | Cyanoacrylate | These ave widely used strain gauge achesives that have gained rapic popularity as clorless and clear, non- CNY solvent instant achesives that dry at room temperature, The time required to installa stain gauge using these CNR _achesivos is vary short and the adhesive i extremely easy to use. ‘Cyanoacryiate adhesives use minute quantities of moisture in the air or on the surace ofthe specimen to ‘Quickly polymerize and generate adhesive strength. Consequently, a certain amount of moisture is required for the adhesive to harden. EAL WIERD IMEC, HAE, DRERMCEN, GORA AMAIA CEST, HE DELRES RLENTHULTY, 2U-T BEURNMETE DIY TU hb LUBA ORI P2 atHEt RP2 | RUIATWR | eM OMECERIDE CT. NP-50 | Polyester Made up of a main component and « hardening agent, these adhesives exhibit excellent resistance to PS ‘moisture and chemicals, The amount of hardening agent added can be varied to adjust the setting time. While their adhesive strength is not as great as an epoxy adhesive, they are used to install strain ‘gauges on concrete and metal suraces due to their creep characteristics and resistance to heat, Care must be taken to apply appropriate pressure during application COATS OHI S SUID 6 BEAL OME RAT ORR OTE C, (Bl (EA—2A) EURMBIE EB—2) ceCRDNET. EA2A IRATE RRL BICC LMEEE DE CTOs, ROMER RROBE CT, EB-2 | Epoxy ‘These adhesives can be used with almost any specimen material, and can be used to form a good bond with most materials. They are used for low-temperature (EA-2A) and long-term (EB-2) ‘measurement applications. Epoxy adhesives harden at room temperature, but require roughly 24 hours to harden. Consequenty, care ‘must be taken to maintain pressure during installation ROMAELL ORRIN RR TT. AN YE RMREIEN TET OT, AMES LO 7x/— HARE | SEARARICRDNET, HAC 200 CHM OMAN E MERA DETT, C1 | Phenol resin This is @ typical single-component heat-curing adhesive. Because it has excellent adhesive strength and long-term stability, its used for long-term measurement and in transducers Installation requires @ heating unit capable cf heating o 200°C and a clamping ool Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 204.3 SEMOBR 4.3 Selecting the Adhesive SHMGRBAR, MRROME BBAREENSUT47—VO Select tho adhesive at the same time as the strain gauge on the BREAST. basis of the operational temperature, the specimen material and the installation method. (7-92-25 ORR Selection Based on the Gauge Series Table 384-97 Yew AEAIA Strain Gauge Series and Appropriate Adhesive =H - Gauge Series [RFBIBMAY Appropialo Adhosives F ON, E82 PrP RP.2,P.2, ON, ONE OF ZF NP-50, -1 oF oN oF EA2A YER. YF ON. ONY RR BOHT DS ORR Selection Based on the Specimen Material Table 3.9 RRARIEOD NAS cm TA Specimen Material and Appropriate Adhesive BERIEDAM- Specimen Maional 3FRIEWA - Appropriate Adhesives 2m Metal (ON, CN, CNA, NP-5D, EA2A, EB-2, Ct FoaFo7 Plastic (ON, CNY, CNR wae Composites (ON, CNY, GNA, EB-2, NP-5O Hae ‘Wood or gypsum ONE: FE9Y—b-ENBIY Concrete or mortar RP.2,P-2, ONE (9) AR RRELIS OER Selection Based on the Operational Temperature Range Table 2.10 (2 LENE Operating Temperature Range aah aeaeiee 1 1 ] i i 1 Adnesive | Opateal Tenge fans(0) ! ! i \ i ' =30 ~ +300 i neo Te0_fo 200 ; — =269 ~ +200 - - . y 1 cA =269 to +200 a : =30 ~ +180 i i ' | weara| 3 ot es =30 ~ +150 ; i : : i 1 2 Evie =a =30 ~ +120 i : i ' cn =30 0 +120 \ ETERS : i 269 ~ +50 5 n - ' 1 H E24 =es9 9 $80 Ps { | =300 ~~~ 200 =100 ° 00 200 300 emsps (wRee7—92—b) MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) BOOT AY 7 RAEMAEI—7 42 TAU, 2 COMEUC MSDS EBL THNET. HUMBER MAE CHMUaD ECSU, ‘TMIL supplies an MSDS for alts strain gauge adhesives and coatings. Contact your TML supplier for more information. 2 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo5. UK: 7 -DiFORMCRR Lead Wire and Connecting Terminal Types and Selection 5.1 U-KRORS U-SROMME LAR GH) OASEMMOM EI LUREVET, OMOEA —BORRT MY THRENSSSCUMET, KHROBAE BARACK “KEDIER BLTOET, MHD Srole-Core Wie aaa cee ) __Tickness given as dameter (Exje= g02nm 5.1 Lead Wire Types “The types of lead witedifer in the thickness ofthe core (copper Wire) used and the material used for the coating © Core Size Nomenciature In ordinary electrical wing, the thickness is indicated by external ciameter in the case of single-core wires and by cross-sectional area in the case of stranded wire. ER Siandea Wie oe ee, (Bs=7“p0.12mm=0.08mF Thickness given ag oss sectional area (Ex) $077 40.12r0n = 08! Po sa moDee £08 Single Core a Twisted Wie Oriee STR V9 F3HRSLe = PTET. Fig. 55 48: FEAR Paral Two. system © Parallel two-wiro and three-wiro Parallel throe-wire Is used for the quarter-brdge with three wire system, FFL Paral Thee Wie sytem Paral Two. We and Thee-Wre eu-KROEE VF AT FOBR VK AOMAMTICVF AYER 0) BURSDICOF HABE NAPE SE OLET. BBLLTLO TH BROT ER RW MILO INEST OT, U— KEE @ Lead Wire Resistance In strain gauges, the lead wire resistance is in series with the strain gauge and directly influences the strain sensitivity. The effects of lead wire resisiance are reduced strain sensitvty and EHEC SAWS, THERA HRB EY HIRI IZEE drift due to temperature change. Consequently, the lead wires SEOLET. should always be as thick and as short as possible. ommiit @ Insulation Materials, Table 8.11 (RILEY — KERALA Environments and Insulation Materials {RFE Oporaiing Envronment $MM Insulation Natori ARH Air fete =— Polyviny! chlor ake Water see=— 0 Crosslinked vinyl R — Hightemperature 260" 4 200°C GF +> Hei (FEP IRE) i Betis (PTFE HE) Fluoroethylene propylene (FEP resin) (to 200°C) Polytotratluoroethylone (PTFE resin) (to 260°C) 468 Low-temperature = 269°C GF.5>38HHf (FEP BIH?) Fluorocthylene propylene (FEP resin) (to — 268°C) SEP TFE RRR 2 SERS 5 +900 # CHRRFIHE CF. PTFE resin insulatad wie is avalable up to +300'C for short-term use @xtU-7= Kem Ki Polyimide-Covered Single-Core Wire ye OTIC AN—AOMOS SSE RY 8 ERMOMDIRESNET, OF AF —TOT-IRET-F 94 FEEVRENETH, 60.14mm e $0.18MMD2BMOAS EAL TET Polyimide-covared singlo-core wir is also available for lead wires in restricted spaces. Ths wire is availabe in # 0.14mm and 4 0.18mm sizes depending onthe strain gauge length and type. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyyj5.2 F-SiiF ORR FSV KEV —RREBIRT BBB F—PMFEPBLTS ARMA THUET. eee IANRIESR FURR RANE AD, Nak FOMALAVEDABLTIET. AFR R AIS Cubic pa 5.2 Connecting Terminal Types Gauge leads and lead wites are connected via a connecting termina The wices are soldered tothe terminal © Cubic-Type and Foil-Type Connecting Terminals The two connecting terminal types are offectively interchangeable, but the low profile of foil-ype connecting terminals makes them ideal when a waterproof coating is used ee JS Fol ype Fig 96 TMF TNL Connecting Terminals REOMMICALREEELREOTH. TAO), AVF ARE COMB IL, BRIS ATH BELLO — AF OEM CLSMTDLOBMACHEDET. onmEFORHH SARC RST ERR ARE RUTERT AI ERRLABBREM DUET. 5, LH OBMMFOMBREUS tA THE TOETOT BACHE MEN TUET. 6. ere Soldering ‘© Rubber-Laminated Connecting Terminals These connecting terminals havo a layer of rubber altached 10 the underside. These connecting terminals are used for specimens subject to large amounts of strain, where the elasticity of the rubber prevents peeling. They are also used for very thin ‘samples to reduce the constraining effect of the installed gauge, ‘© Backing Material on Foll-Type Connecting Terminals ‘An epoxy resin fllm Is normally used as the backing material, but connecting terminals with a polyimide film backing are also available for high-temperature applications, ‘The copper foll surface of TML folltype connecting terminals is. {old plated to provide superior soldering characteristics. 6.1 isAtett UROL MRO DHS bE HOME DELL ETO CTS BARC T NARHA OUTLET), BRCRETO FROLET. 6.2 SAEOBMERAEIC OUT BGSHouAceRMERERL TORT, ROME A EMER BEOESN-POEROGOT, AMIE 6.1 Soldering Because the connection of the lead wires requires mechanical strength to give an electrical connection, you must note the characteristics of the Soldering ron and of the solder itself and Solder the joints under the appropriate condtions 6.2 Solder Types and Resistance to Heat Figure 3.7 shows the meting points of the diferent ypes of solder. “The material commeniy referred to a8 ‘Sn:Po=60:40 TMALEADIBOT TH. “| ef solder is Sn-Pb alloy, which is made S x0 o Lp of 60% tin to 40% lead and melts z é at around 180° BE 20 Ll F 2 ¥ wo LU B as @ ue sauae— aun 33 tents. Hotton BAe Solder Type Fo. 97 GAKOMML MMR Selder are Ming Points 23 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujOBAKORA ARO MAIR, AAA SUL MR ORRERICENT BBAUONETH, AL MOREE SE, BME PMSURTOT, UTA AECLED CELE A "MIBIEAIE & FNTHSCO DST, HRROM EEO TMRDSObSH et. SOOO HUT HELI, Sn : P=: 9518S: Pt ORO "BMIBAL” PDB T. V-KROLA LAIR, KT SA EO RMRROREY, OF ATO SERIE ETHBLEEMEL TCE © Solder Melting Points ‘The inccated meting point of solder may be the temperature ofthe liquidus cure or of the solidus curve, Once the temperature rises above the solders solidus cur, the mechanical strength of the solder deteriorates and can no longer be used in stain measurement. Even ‘materials refered to as “high-temperature solder’ sometimes have a solidus curve temperature of around 180°C. For svain maasuromont at temperatures of 200°C, high-temperature solder wih tiniead composition rao of 5:95 o 2:98 is required. Before you sokler the lead wires, check thal the soldus curve temperature ofthe solder is higher than the stain gauge operational temperature OiAEHOBA Soldering OF THHOMMOL A EEAMLTUETE, RIEDIA LAREN STR TNR, MAMIE SZ EN BNS F, MBDA EGA T SHS, WADE THEMMT SM VAVLE THHOLA EBS IBURRU TERS O25 77 REBUM EC, 7377 ADB V FAST ORERDET PRRORACSSLENBNETO TE PRAM LE CRECMAL TERY, ‘© If any residue of another solder type is on the tip ofthe soldering iron, this residue will combine withthe solder you are sing, thereby altering the solder composition and possibly lowering the melting point. f you use diferent types of solder, use diferent soldering iron tps for each type, or use a file to completely remove all traces of other solders. (© If you have used a flux for soldering, use an organic solvent to completely remove all traces of the flux, as flux residues can cause degradation of the insulation resistance or corrosion on the strain gauge. @m2U—iehTe Lead free solder ROHS#ESHIEREICE), Sn (3)—Pb ($0) DSU AEDS, PoE REAL, Sn (8H) -Ag (A8)-Cu (IR) REALE Li, 7 U BAI Eb nib TOE T. RUMERIC LUT ORRODETT. MAM (22025 2900) LATE A —HAHIET 2 (FARR EMRE L IFAD E LT RBC EEL ORNEPBUOT, WEIF] TACRRL, WAL TEAR CRUE. BACK LEALBU EH TCE Bie (WAL BOIR IRL) O29 1 PAP BAEK—LORMYSVOT, OFA: SCART EEN, Fox compliance wit the RoHS Directive, lead trae solders mainly composed of Snitin) - Agisiver) ~ Cu(copper) are coming into use instead of Sn(tin) - Pbflead) eutectic solders. The followings should be noted n wing works with lead free solders. ‘©Metting point ofa lead free solder is comparatively high (220 to 280'C). Control the soldering tip temperature refering to the recommended working temperature given by the solder manufacturer. ‘©Alead free solder shows poor wetabilly. Use an appropriate flux fr soldoring according to necossily. Make atrial soldring before actual works. (Surface ofthe solder is not lossy.) ‘© Flux and solder balls are apt to disperse. Apply a masking over the strain gauge to avoid contamination. It contaminated, clean it with alcohol etc. VALTER, RRL ABA IL Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 247. A-F 4 YORMOMREBR Coating Material Types and Selection DFAT TRMRIACEMETSOD TH 95, OWA ADT RETOUAL NECA, RELERIEIE, MERCURE OF AY —PPU-KRES ACRE OS RET STEN DATT, MMOVTAMETHA CREM BSNS, LAMOME Cit FLHOBSEOVET. RELOERROMEUGHMNRZECR AVNET, OF 47 JOREGER IOI BAP SOOT AY FORESEES RICE DAE TMMESO ELT. MAE CUMMINS LU MEEOI DEAT -FERMTSLER INF 17" EMA TUST, OUFHT—-IRIR-F1YACERANS UE Characteristics Rog OME, KIA, MAGEE YR ZE. in Strain Gauge Coatings Because strain gauges work by measuring changes in resistance, the strain gauge resistance must be extremely stable. Stable ‘measurement requires thatthe strain gauge and the lead wires be protected from various environmental factors once they are installed on the test specimen. While @ strain gauge may be suficienty stable for shor-term strain measurement, it may not be adequate for measurement over extended periods. While the degree of stability required varies depending on the ‘material being measured, protecting the strain gauge against ‘moisture is vital to maintaining the strain gauge stabilty ‘The technique used by TML to mechanically or chemically protect strain gauges against moisture and other environmental factors is generally referred to as coating OUFAF=- 7. JKR, MIRERM CORIO EOZE, OREN OMRM UTES ‘© Excollent resistance to moisture and water and good electrical insulation ‘© Good adhesion tothe strain gauge, lead wires and test specimen surface © No constriction ofthe test specimen OUFHT—-PASABTEROMM Effects of Moisture on Strain Gauges BROT ATTA ROLICWHET SALES, OUFAF- 7 BAVBMMOMMCASS —FRMEOE(E. Ouray. oure Moisture atte sin gauges i the folowing ways: © Moisture is absorbed by the stan gauge and adhesive, thereby changing the gauge resistance. © Absorption of moistue by the strain gauge results in corson ofthe sensve elements inthe strain gauge and changes the resistance. © Absorption of moisture by the strain gauge results in lowered insulation resistance URBAN 7 — FERRIC REE LAL 25 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo7.1 I-F4 7 ORO TMLUF & Y—9ROA—F «> FA, OREN ERIE BNETSLOE "RMORE EENET SEO OMENET, BUSUSHEOFAT—IVEA CRMC RRANSOYC, BRE RSBA-F 14> FAOBMEMIAASRAWET, 7.2 I-F4YFAOGRC HERD Table 8.12 3-7-1 > FHID BORA Glassiication of Goatings by Application 7.1 Coating Types “Tho coatings supplied by TRL can be broadly classified into those intended for chemical protection and tose intended for mechanical protection ‘The type of coating required and the coating application method differs depending on the ervirorment to which the installed stain gauge wil be exzosed 7.2 Coating Types and Their Applications a es SF 7a Type Application ‘Type of Costing Sh Rok WA, NA, SBF—Tee Protection against moistura/wator W-4, N+, 88 tape, ote, ht UE2 Protection against oils, UE2 seeoneE AR ~ For chemical protection 2 ket Protection against low temperatures Ka ae KESa8 Protection against high temperatures KE3@8 NaN ‘asBenta PIWHAh Pawe For mechanical protection _| Physical protection Araldite, P-2, etc 7.3 I-F4YFAOBRE BUA TMLA-F 12 TALL ORR AROLOWHYET, Table 919 3 F412 FRO ER AREA Coating Application Methods and Characteristics 7.3 Coating Types and Usage Table 2.19 below lists the TML coatings and their application methods. (RAL Type IB Coating Name 8 Characteristics rey b AU) ba wa swe DURCAUTBU TRUER), HA SEDC T SOO CONE MKS, IF Hot matted DFELTEROSMENTST, Because this coating becomes liquid when haated and solidifies when cool, it has | ‘excollent resistance to moisture and water and is the most widely used coating. A RAID Nee Net RAV CEMOIET NS, RANE SLOT, ROMO SNET OD, BIERIEN Airedrying rubber solvent | K-t = Ket OWRORMR DUEL A. ‘These coatings can be brushed on and allowed to diy. They are flexible when dry and have no constrictive eflect on the test specimen, SLAM BURISICIPL HU THEME U 30, BHE-RUKI OMEN PRECINCT Pressure-sensitve rubber ‘Because these coatings are applied by being prassad onto the test specimen, they provide excellent resistance to moisture and water and are very easy to use. RAMS D2 7) MERTIO RRO GBIF 1 7 HC, IOAGIS IF 2 7A Coating tape for SaETT. einforcing-bars This is a specialized coating for use on reinforcing-bars embedded in concrete, and can be applied quickly. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 267.4 I-F4YFHOBR OFHF-FBLFOSIERAE CRBENTURTH, AE LORE BA-F 1 FORCE. VID I-F 1 FHI CREL CUBE, MBRDI-F 1 TAO BSDUETOFAT—FERBLET. HERE CIPRIELES DE TMOG HAEBRUT IES, Toble 314 OF AY FOR LBI-F 1 TRIOBR ‘Coating Selection by Strain Gauge Operational Environment 7.4 Selecting the Coating While strain gauges are used in range of environments, as shown in Table 8,14, most coatings aro used fo protect the stain gauge against water It one type of coating alone fs not sufficient, a combination of coatings can be used 10 protect the strain gauge. Select the appropriate coating on the basis ofthe required performance and application characterises, eae, Ba SF 4 FRC Environment Purpose. Coating and Comments eh 5) BA Bn WA, NH, SBF-7EEMBDS—F 7 > ITH TTS ‘Aimosphere Indoor Moisture protection A single-layer coating such as W-1, N+ or SB tape is sufficient. (high/iow tormperature) = = Bik « BiB mRNA | Wat ERMA 74 > RIEBASH ET. WE Outdoor | Protection against water, ust | HUDBA EME ET. ‘and mechanical factors W-1 should b6 combined with a mechanically protective coating te proven corrosion and particulaly rusting oe (Sik) ea Bx wt (60°C) Underwater Fresh water | Waterproofing sB7-7 (got) (high temperature) W-t (lo 80°C) or SB tape (10 80°C) tek Tk «Bhi RHO | ARON RS EOL ET. Seawater | Protection against water, ust | IHCEMLIA. OF AF —FORELARTT and mechanical factors Use an anti:corrosive coating for use with seawater. It is also important to protect the strain gauge against the current fow. EAT CKEtOHH) Under pressure (wator pressure, etc) Birk Waterproofing HES KET CREAM OT ay —TCAgHOS EI, RWEMEDELO, BMLDSSI—F 1 TAMOETT. In high-pressure or pressurized underwater environments, a flexibla coating is neaded so as to ensure that no air bubbles form under the coating and that the pressure is uniformly istrbuted over the strain gaugo. eHROMRIT ERE E Maintenance of insulation resistance and protection against corrosion, etc. ia TOMO ITER ils and other special substance Y— FRORMHOMBEC OTE EROUETT, Note the heat resistance of the lead wite insulation material also, enmieenOI—T47 Coatings in Special Substances BPAY. PAR Mots EOD IR-F 4 FLOW, MAE CAMS HE CES For information on coatings for use in special subslances such as acids, alkalis and alcohols, contact your TML representatives. 27 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoTMLUSH5'—D ORR Using a TML Strain Gauge 1. UFHF-TORAMERAFIA Basic Strain Gauge Installation Procedure OF AFT MICRO ESE SCREAM HUET. In goneral, you can use the procedure below to install a strain {gauge on the test specimen. ORE MRMOTE- REET. OF ar—7e eane (© Scour and degroase tho tost specimen ACE SRMCLET, Surtace treaiment suriace eo that its ready for strain gauge Ww installation onmmrRnmE COTE rmerer (© Use an adhesive or resistance weiding to Aster. Strain gauge installation install the strain gauge on the test specimen. vw ORRIN ARIA ta PUD 7) See (© Take the appropriate measures for adhesive ah Ahnesive curing ening SW OOF ar FORO REEF ILE, anea07 (© Chock he status of tho insaled stain gauge. Strain gauge installation check awe @ ME BMICELT, F—vMEELERLTU-E made © Connect the appropriate lead wires forthe BERLE. Lead wire connection ‘ype of measurement. Use @ connecting Ww terminal if equired OMEBMIEDLAI-F17EHUET. aaa (© Apply the appropriate coating forthe Coating measurement conditons. vw FRAO Lo FEBUET, Bava? {© Poriorm a gaugo resistance and operation Final checking check, eFaPUye curing ie DF AFTER T SELL WRIRNIOT AT —TEMLOUSZE TT, CORMANAD FATT AEGAN, ROMMKMLETE, RGA AVMBENET, LOO FAG — FORM AOMBRE ARC, HEAPLOE HERRIBE 1009687 HH, OFA -FEREUSLSDESGNET, COUT AT— Tb kUEMAIO RE MIBE, MA Ta PUL IELTS. The purpose of bonding the strain gauge tothe test spacimen isto forebly attach the strain gauge in place, When 2n installed strain gauge Is subjected to temperature changes over a long period, extra stess is released. To climinate such stresses in the strain gauge and al the same time ensure that the hardening reaction in the adhesive is 100% complete, the strain gauge must be stabilized, TML refers to this stabilization of the strain gauge and the adhesive as curing Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 282. UFHF-VRRLOTE Notes on Handling Strain Gauges 21 RCO FHS-TRRLOEE Notes on Handling Ordinary Strain Gauges DOFAY-FORVBLA Unpacking the Strain Gauge 184-7: General Strain Gauges MOO FHF —TE2 MH OPETROF— INA FT BNET, MOL ICE Ho THUR CHL MOE TEMES TOC, Ey tyhtE COTAY 7 EBUHLTC 1E8u, MUL IR FU—K EB OT RUBE, “TML strain gauges are packed in a laminated PET gauge binder. The binder will open ‘when pressed against the thumb as shown in the figure, Pull he strain gauge out of the binder using a pair of tweezers. Once the strain gauge is out ofthe binder, handla it by the gauge leads. © 9K 18(347—7- Integral Leadwire Strain Gauges YHKRAY FR F-FNAEF (PPR) EMT HS, OF AF BULK, UKE CRUST (Open the gauge binder (mado of PP) before removing the strain gauge from the binder. Onoe the strain gauge Is out of the binder, handle it by the lead wires. EMUMLET, (2))-K RHF —-YOU-K ROBE Pulling Out the Lead Wires of an Integral Leadwire Strain Gauge UE ROREF CRUE). OF AF —HMOU- KBAR LET EMME T. ‘You can easily unbind tha strain gauge by lighly grasping the lead wires and pulling the lead Wires close tothe strain gauge. B)0tas—sOMRam Strain Gauge Bonding Surface VERTED EF -FA-2ORM MAE CML ET. HATTER, PT LBRTM OF ABETRERCLET. ‘Always attach the strain gauge by spreading adhesive over "the back of the gauge base’ ‘Applying the adhesive tothe wrong surface will cause imperfect insulation and reduced strain sensitivity. (© 8-7 wire Gauges OTM 9-7 ti Sin OF-H-KOM ENS SRA ‘© The front ofthe strain gauge bears the TMIL logo. ‘© The face with the gauge lead protrusions isthe front. © 4-7 Foll Gauges OURDDSE MEY RARE OFA KOM EH SR ‘© The glossy side whore the motalfollis visible isthe front. © The face withthe gauge lead protrusions isthe tront. BR J 29 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoWotay-soRe Cleaning the Strain Gauge MOOT S PRADA YF 1 FTI ET OC, MATICAL ETHOT EDEL BUEHA, 8L8, BUTLES) REMOTE, “TML strain gauges are cleaned thoroughly betore being packaged in the gauge binder, prior to installation, the strain gauge becomes soled, wipe off the dit with a cotton tip or industial issue soaked Consequently, they do not need cleaning with solvents othe lik in ligroin, ete eutay—-JORDEY Handling Strain Gauge QRECT—-IN- ARBRE THEU, SIE BEERIED LRAT (92 N-NICL ARE, HB OUT AT— TEN BIEN MARL ARTA CRELTCESU, ‘© Do not hold the gauge base with your bare hands. © Store strain gauges in a dry location protected trom direct sunlight, (S)RATERUOTH WR DOTA —TRGHCESEAD TEER, IR AB ROT HG FA GR-ROA~ WABAAIABTE CRETE HILT av mETREONET, OMAL LUT H ORRCAMLADTAY—7 FRAG & OIF NGE SMB TELUO TH: 18345 FBS BULROF BE TEBOS tyr — RPE, F-FS1T PAD BAR EBT 2TKHEU 2.2 SPRITES SMA Ib MALOOF ee — 7 ARAPID BARD K OMT «I LEZ FES, ERTRLO FS T—IO ECMBT LEME, 2D EDS P—TIRMBRICTIMIEL TOES. Talo 4.1 SU «10 SOE] Release Films and Applicable Adhesives (6) Unusable Strain Gauges Note that the following strain gauges cannot be used: © Strain gauges with creased gauge bases Itis possible to corract curt in @ gauge base during Installation, but folds or creases in the gauge base cannot be Corrected and will impair adhesion. ‘© Damagod strain gauges © Strain gauges that have already boon unsuccessfully instaled ‘© Sain gauges for which the typename or lot ruber cannot be veiiod (6) Hencting ofthe Data Sheet Supplied with the Gauge Package Tho characteristics of the strain gauges used are required during strain gauge data correction. Be sure to make a note of the strain gauge characteristics weitien on the gauge package and data sheet, you are returning a strain gauge to its gauge package, be sure not to mix up the gauge typos and los. 2.2 Release Film Used During Installation Use the release films listed in Table 4.1 when handing TML strain {gauge adhesives, Place the fim over the strain gauge during the installation and press down on the fim with your thumb or @ gauge clamp. HORI i aia TML Product Mate Applicable Achesives RUD RULFLT7 1 VA(PE) ‘ON, ON-E, ONY, GN-R, EAA, EB-2 Polyethylene sheet Polyethylene (PE) fm GN. CN, GN-Y. GN-R. EAA. 6-2 PYF—b PACE=—W771-AIPYF) P-2, RP-2. NP-50. PS: PVF sheet Polyluororideviny! film (PVF) P.2, AP-2. NP-50. PS SoS 4F 5: ERE 7-10 (PTFE) ca PTFE sheet Polytetrafiuoroethylene fm (PTFE) cA Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 303. F-URG Attaching the Gauge 3.1 HWE (@RAEe) \Foas Surface Treatment (Metals, etc.) (8D At hBEORE Romoving Forein Materials Such As Rust, Paint, etc. Y-H@WBO. PVR Rp WSU NA ECBALT, SIERRAS TS Flemove all moisture, grease, scale, rust, paint, etc. from the installation area to provide a shiny metalic eurfaco on which the strain gauge is installed, (2) Grinaing HEMT SOT AY —VIUDLAEWORBE, YORI ET MRICTIBLET, BR OHMIC LN BENET, WA 120~ 18048, PIVS=TLI240~320HD FLEA RRL TEE. Use abrasive paper to abrade an area slightly larger than the strain gauge to be R._4 installed. The type of abrasive paper aiffors depending on the test specimen material, but 420 to 180 grade abrasive paper should be used for steel and 240 to 320 grade abrasive paper should be used for aluminum. (3) Bat Fo48 Cleaning Surtace IRR Fy 28—/ PHT, MATER CED ELOASE, ARMERGLET. HIRE, LR BF 1 7ya8—NREL, BR OME GSE TH ITER. Clean the abraded surface with industrial issue or loth dampened with a small amount of f= ‘2 golvent euch as acetone. Continue cleaning until the tissue or cloth comes avay clean. @:% CAUTION Pehl cE OAMEMERRO RU ARORA TRUEST ERY « Only use organic solvents euch as acetone ina wallventilated location away from inflammable, ONYHORE Removing Paint RMB BAMIVT ATI HE CHAD? |LOMVEHENGNET, BHOKMICLoTHOF4I—7D MOTTA ONE TA, MAURICE AM ERA SIIIC UT AFF ERRU TEE e We are sometimes asked whether a strain gauge can be bonded to a painted or coated surface on a mechanical structure, Depending on the type of coating, it may be possible to bond the strain gauge in place, but as a rue all paint or ‘coating should be removed and the strain gauge installed directly onto the propared metal surface, OLRAT yy as—Nels! Industrial Tissue (RFs, HAREIERB) (for electronic components and precision equipment) SATA7 '74N-S-200 WRRIILYF —_Kim Wipe Wiper $-200CRECIA CO.,LTD. AVAyhIU-> EAB HEA TARMStHHt — Bemcot Clean EA-8 ASAHI CHENIICAL INDUSTRY CO.,LTD. 31 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo(a) cae Marking FPS EUSP HER OMMLE CEM EET, Position the strain gauge in its installation location and carefully mark the position with a setiber or 4H pencil (s) vag Fig 410 Masking BOND FT EBUT, BMT SO FHF —FOF—FN- ASDA EDIE), SMA OE KLEMLLET. (PAFLI) Using cellophane tape, mark off an area slightly largor than the gauge base of the strain ‘gauge to be installed to pravent the adhesive from spreading outside the installation area. (This is referred to as masking.) OvnesteRsa! When Using a Seriber ROMEPIBEDILTCHEL, EL, IEDNVIEF—IN—AEB WEF OT, MOBOY EAI CHECTHIEL CRRL, BRCLTRILTCERY, ‘Take care not to make deep cuts. Also, because scrapings from the scriber can damage the gauge base, lightly remove any scrapings with 400 grade abrasive paper and clean the surface with a solvent. @NYKOU-LREORR, Hand Creams TONE IY WEL, FSR EME SAE TOT. OF AFT — 7 AMI HBL UU TEAL. Commercially available hand creams can interfere with gauge adhesion. Never touch the strain gauge or specimen contact surfaces directly. exmmaoy—viEe Gauge Bonding after Surface Preparation RARE 13 LR, MILEY 6 MICO FATTER LTC EEL, ‘Once the contact surfaces have been prepared, install the stain gauge quickly before an oxidation fim forms or it adhores tothe surfaces, erntyzele Masking VAAL TERR PI—F 1 TACT SMC, (MORO EF—TEETHILETH PAR Tid EDA F-4Y TWE NEE TO CDF ML TER. ‘Masking is a technique in which tape Is used beforehand fo cover the area surrounding the area in which adhesive or coating is to be applied. Masking should alvays be used as it simplifies the subsequent application of coating. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 323.2 CNRBAICKST— TiS Installing Strain Gauges with CN Adhesive ON ISATILETML O44 4¢— FA FAME CF —FARAELC BE SASTRY RD THR, RL SEMIS MOC. AES TON BA YD), BBEBATOONE AS YD), KOF HST TOONY (HBA YT) ERIE 4 TOONA (B47) MEVET RCNA ORABR ECAC T SRACIESLY, BM, MATA PIRLO TA 7 —Y OUTER FF RUA REMC met. CN adhesive is @ single-component adhesive for TML strain gauges tha is extremaly easy to use and requires only a shor time to bond the strain ‘gauge in place, The four availabe types of CN adhesive aro tho general-purpose CN adhesive (green cap) the high-viscosty CN-E adhesive (write ceap)the CN-Y adhasive for large strain (bluish green cap) and the especially quick curing CN-R (white cap) Read the CN adhesive instructions before using the adhesive. The general procedure for installing procedure for using positioning tape are explained elsewhere. jin gauges and the 3.2.1 CNHBAIIC LS MANE 7 ere [Fig 4.11 General Gauge Installation Using CN Adhesive (oar Dropping UF AF-JOP—-FN-2MB, ONE AED ELA FLET. MAORI BCD TP, ABLOF HF —IEKSACIOL THEM PUTER. ‘Apply the required amount of CN adhesive to the back ofthe strain gauge base. One drop of adhesive is normally ample, but additional adhesive may be needed on large strain gauges. (2) Fraga eEeESEEEEEEEEEE Spreading ONBRAO/ ALENRLT, 4-7 RHO RAMETSOEUSICVSTETS A Use the ON adhesive nozzle to spread the adhesive uniformly over the entre back cf the gauge. (3) Applying Pressure OF ATE TE MMC DE, YIM LEM THOT, PTTL CHRD THAALT, CNEEMALA BALI D THR TOTES ‘Align the gauge withthe positioning matks, place the polyethylene sheet aver the strain gauge, and apply @ constant pressure ether with your thumb or a strain gauge clamp, Do this quickly as the CN achesive hardens in a very short time. Fa. 419 EE 2 Si RIEES (7 — 9 XbA) ‘Thumb Pressure Stain Gauge Clamp (Gauge Mate A) 33 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo(4) es Curing Time BUSMLO FAS PRRIRO MARE IR RIE HAYTER EW ST MF, 20-60% DMMAD LAM F-CONIELO~ GOW, CNEL 40~ 12049, CN-YG260~1208. CN-RIL10~S0F CF. While the time required for curing varies depending on the temperature, humidity, clamping pressure and the type of strain gauge and test specimen, the ime required for hardening under normal conditions (20°C, 60%RH) is as follows. CN: 20 to 60 seconds, CN-E: 40 to 120 ‘seconds, CN-Y: 60 to 120 seconds, CN-R: 1010 30 seconds. (8) e277 Optimum Curing PLCS D CRAREL OUST O, MRAM PEELE b IRI OARS T CER ‘Though measurements can be taken roughly 15 minutes after hardening, the strain gauge should be left for 24 hours for precise measurements or experiments involving higher tomporaturos. enFaseR Do Not Wear Cotton Gloves CNR BEM, 5 FFICAMRD) BEAMS OUST E, ACERS O EA TAMIL EIR TT. HILO ER EMAL TORREAMORRAENET, RILFLY WERE AND FAY MARS CHM, MAOMIMROL, COMICAL, If large amounts of CN adhesive come into contact with the skin or with fabrics (particularly cotton), the hardening reaction ‘may accelerate and produce en exothermic reaction. There isa particular danger of bum i cotton gloves are wor, Polyethyiene or rubber gloves are roiativaly safe, but they should be checked before you put them on, 3.2.2 CNEBAIICKOT—JEAUKT TE Strain Gauge Installation Using Tape and CN Adhesive () 57a 1 Positioning Strain Gauge, Step 1 OFF ZOP—PY-KEF—FN-2O— DEOL NCMLET ‘Move the strain gauge base and gauge leads part way out ofthe binder as shown in the figure. (2 7—7enseentm 2 Fig 478 Positioning Strain Gauge, Step 2 FATWA LB LERBEAT ANA IABEDEEORE A Place the gauge binder onto clean glass sie. (7-71 ‘Taping Gauge Leads PANLF-TRE CHINAS POMMLE, FY OCDE ET. sey pee cae oe nace an eres / d Fi. 416 protruding from the binder in place, as shown in Figure 4.16. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 34(4) AURA Fig 417 Positioning UF AY DERINT FFE IL, SLES DETT TF THELET, Carefully pee! off the strain gauge and cellophane tape and then align the tape with the positioning marks and stick it down G)cNEaRIOST Fa 418 Applying CN Adhesive PATER APSR, CNR STM ASLET. CCarefuly peel up one end of the tape and coat the back of the strain gauge with CN adhesive, (6) mez ‘Applying Pressure FA TEBRFCCEL. AUDEN TAME FARMER THIELET Quickly stick the tape back down in its previous position and apply pressure through a polyethylene sheet either wth your thumb or a strain gaugo clamp. @UFHF—-IAOF—JONDA Sticking Tape to the Strain Gauge ore BEF —7 CHIBROER ANTE TH, F— TOMA F-FBM), 9 FC RIAEWPRRRAERE TES HGUETOT, MH TRHRLTBUE RA ‘Some methods involve covering the entire surface of the strain gauge with tapo, but TML does not recommend this as it can lead to probleme euch as the tape adhesive sticking to the contact surfaces of the strain gauge, pooling of adhesive ‘on the bottom of the strain gauge oF the introduction of alr bubbles into the adhesive. 35 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoOxy —heBTeR Always Use a Polyethylene Sheet. CNS MRED CRMLET, 7B MRED N ERR CESU CN adhesive bonds stronaly with skin. Always use a polyethylene sheet when installing a strain gauge. OCNRAMDE RECS LERORALE Emergency Measures When CN Adhesive Sticks to Your Skin CBP STHEE EM AM MEBCUMET SBOH TDK, SABCLEMEENLTOHAU, OB. ACADEME CATHAL, EOF HERG TES, SILCMESELAY, BELT OAMENELE Wea. ‘© Ityou accidentally get CN adhesive on your finger, ete, donot use force to remove the adhesive, Place the affected area inhhot water and massage the area to pee! the adhesive of. ‘©If you get any of the achesive in your eye, flush the eye immediately with water and seek medical help. Do nat attempt to forcibly remove the adhesive and do nol under any citcumstances ty to scrape the adhesive off the eye. iH CSU CN EMMETT: Dispose an Excess CN Adhesive in Plastic Containers. OF AF-S URERO ONEMAIER CREP TRG BIR TT BRICLEU TER, ‘The practise of shaking off excess CN adhesive on the strain gauge is hazardous and must be avoided, OCNiRM mE REDS ‘The Importance of Humidity to CN Adhesive ARCHER RO MM ERIS, BREE SECS T, CNEL HRC, MEA io SERGE OUST. L PL, HERDOLS EAU LES ERT, RAMOCHE THT, MENT RC SNEEL ET, MICE S REACTS MEME CM LCR RAED Sc eHENET, COLE “Bd, CNIEMENE HEUTE, HE. ONE OB AMY SBE, atone escesecs FARE RC COSTE, EOE COM OUET, Dit IBRENS0~60%4OHD, CNEMMOR(LEM TT (Ordinarily, hardoning reactions in adhesive speed up as the temperature rises, and CN adhesive Is no exception. However, the cricial factor in initiating the hardening reaction for CN adhesive Is humidity, and CN. adhesive will harden even with an ar temperature of 0°C as long as there Js ufciont humicty. Conversaly, temperature increases up to @ certain point may not quicken hardening if there is no moisture. If this occurs, use Wrperae CN accelerator. Hardening is also slowed if too much CN adhesive Is Ee snteeanaiae applied ori the strain gauge contact surface is acidic. Figure 4.20 shows (Curing Teves for CN Achesive the CN adhesive hardening times with a relative humidity of 50-60%, 0 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 363.3 NP-5SOR@AICKST—TiRS Installing Strain Gauges with NP-50 Adhesive NP-SOM8RI “OF -2F-BF"J-AORRAMBNAC, MEER REND, FMI ET, NP-SO:BARIL, SHRED MRAMLMAU TAT LRAT, Fa-FAUOAR (EA) E. AVVARN OBR BEA MSE ET. SENP-SORBAIOMABIAR (=, AAAI FIRL IEE A WRIA CST, COMMIT BRACE. INP-50 adhesive isa high-tempereture adhesive that is used withthe QF, ZF and BF series strain gauges, and bonds strain gauges to metal or non-metal surfaces. NP-50 is a two-component polyester adhesive that cures at room temporature. It consists of a main agent (drug A supplied in a tube) and a hardening agent (drug B suppiied in e plastic bottle). 2 The NP-50 adhesive instructions give the general procedure for using the adhesive along with notes on handling the adhesive. Read the instructions before using the adhesive. (ae Mixing Ake, SAMBM EC DE MGM, BMEL~AIMATATEE THI Ko oE CREUSET. RAL LMEIE, 10~19 INNER CET H HUH CN HEL ES SEAL EU TES, AMTOGIMUT, BRO OH HIRE SET, BHUOIA TA Tg THM, —DAHCREL EEC, BELT EEUS ‘Squeeze the required amount of drug A into @ mixing vessal and add 2% to 4% of that ‘amount of drug B, sting with a spatuia untl the wo crugs are uniformly mixed. The mixed adhesive is workable for 10 to 15 minutes, Do not use the mixture once it stats to gel. For 10g of drug A, 10 drops of drug B constitutes a proportion of roughly 3%. Thiry-ive drops of drug B weigh roughly one gram. Always drop the drug B evenly over the entice ‘contact surtace, 2) Spreading HAE, BURST ARMM T—SMOA, FUELS T MC CBBLET. Apply a thin layer of the adhesive uniformly over the contact surface on the test specimen and the back of the strain gauge. (9) mE Applying Pressure DEAF TeN USMC DY, AMOMMS— NEE CMUET. BBC, ARLE ORG EN THT, MEW RECO TMELET, HMO ILT 587, 0.05~ 0.MPa(#)0.5~Skgtlom) CAMEL THE. ‘Align the stain gauge with the positioning marks and cover the gauge with the supplied release sheet. Then place a cushion (sponge, etc.) over the gauge and apply pressure using a strain gauge clamp. Apply a pressure of 0.05~0.30MPa equivalent to 0.5 to 8 kgm unt the adhesive hardens. os [Dna B drops e -% ei so af car aS : > ean = es Fig. 4.21 Ne-SooDvB(LR ‘ahesive Curing Times Ina Ming Veeco! Fog 422 37 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoeSmttSEROmILErY Curing time for Two-Component Adhesive ICASTS, MARKOMH BA BUM LC Lo TREVET, MOTI SSE, TOMA CGA OM eR ATU, TR mT PTR & BGR 7H EMIT CER LN The curing time varies depending on factors such as the test specimen material, the temperature and the concentration of drug 8. The fist time you use the adhesive, conduct an adhesive harcering tial to determine the workable time and curing time for the adhesive before beginning the actual strain gauge installation, exriLuE Optimum Curing MAIS MACE S~ ORM CMLL MTEL OUST MIR SECA LLY, RELL MEN TEST. MOORE, MEME LHC REC MM SUOKAMAT EAOTCESL. ‘The adhesive hardens and the strain gauge is ready for use in 5 to 6 hours at room temperature, however, the adhesive ‘should be left to harden for 24 hours for completely stable measurement. For precise measurements, the adhesive should be post-cured for one hour at temperature 20°C above the ‘measurement temperature. 3.4 EB-2SMIICKSS—VES Installing Strain Gauges with EB-2 Adhesive EB-21 HAS, TMLU TA — ROR ROEM ISS PSMA CT. BQ, Fa-FCAoR Bsr yTOAM (EME, RYT OBR MEA) CPST S— MET. SR MEHMED, T—TEMICRATT, HEB 2ERAO AARC, MOG REPT EEMR RMR SH TORT, CRMC T BRACE. EB-2 achesive is a two-component epoxy adhesive for MIL strain gauges tat cures at room temperature. It consists of a main agent (crug A suppied’n a white-capped tube) and a harderng agent (drug B supplied in a red capped tube), EB-2 i ideal for boning strain gauges to metal and composite materials. 3 The EB.2 adhesive instructions give the general procedure for using the adhesive along with nates on hanclng the achesive, Read the instructions before using the adhesive. ome Mixing EMMOMEMALLS, Ak: B= 10:9 TF, F2—-TAOAMEBMES TLE MERAICONET. UPMLTHRT SSS, MERSHCES EC, TAWA GE CHEMISE RL TOES Us, SHCML RRMA AM OASZE CHOSE, RAMCRSL TEL, BR SLAM, RMT C1 ~ 2M TSET, “The correct mixing ratio for the adhesive is 10 parts drug Ato 3 parts drug 8. Squeezing out all the contents ofthe two tubes wil give the correct mixture. To mix @ smaller amount, use scales to precisoly measure the quantities so thatthe correct proportions are achieved. Pour the components into vessel and use the suppled spatula to mix them until a uniform miture Is obtained. The mixed adhesive is workable for 1 to 2 hours under normal conditions, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 38ee Spreading BRD —FEMRLO FFT O RBC, SRE —CREHLETS ‘Apply a thn layer ofthe adhesive uniformly ever the contact surface on the tat specimen and the back ofthe strain gauge. (3) Applying Pressure OF AFTER E DH, RYLNEECMOET, S510, LAL EE EAT MELT. MALY RSIMMET SEC, 0.05~0.2MPa (490.5~2kgHlon) CHIEELT< HAL. Align the strain gauge with the positioning marks and cover the gauge with a polyethylene sheet. Then place a cushion (sponge, etc:) over the gauge and apply pressure. Apply a precsure of 0.05~0.2MPa equivalent to 0.5 to 2 kgl/em until the adhesive hardens. (amma et Curing Conditions PCG, RRAOMM BEC LTRONET I, 20T—SOMOKET CHAS PVR CRUCL, BUEATELCU ET, 10°F TRE A ZE MUST OT, SME DTS, REICH EAE ALBA, HOUR © 50°C CRUEL TATE au. “The curing time varies depending on factors such as the test specimen material and the temperature. At 20°C and S0%4RH, the adhesive hardens and the strain gauge Is ready for use in roughly 24 hours. The adhesive may not harden at temperatures of 10°C or less, and the ‘contact area should be warmed in such conditions. To reduce the curing tie, heat the contact, ‘area to 50°C for 2 hours while pressure is appliod. . 6 2 6 Fig. 420 E8-20 28a Curing Tene Schedle 39 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo3.5 C-1RGRICKOS—-TRS Installing Strain Gauges with C-1 Adhesive CABAL “OF -ZF+ BF" DU 2AOR MAC. BR -HRROY—HARRED. YMRS. CANARIA OME 72) — HRC. Fa-7 MOREA AT, MAT STECEVELET, ROT Ame? VFA —-TAORBOMRBLTOET. XCARMMORARAGC, —ROCRAFRCRAERAPRMEN TORT, CRAM TRAC EEO, C-1 adhesive is used with the QF, ZF and BF series strain gauges, and bonds strain gauges to metal or non-metal surfaces. C-1 is a single- ‘component heat-cured phenol adhesive. Itis a clear yellow liquid supplied in a tube and hardens with the application of heat. C-1 is best suited for long-term strain measurement and for use in the manufacturing of strain gauge transducers, % The C+1 adhesive Instructions give the general procedure for using the adhesive along with notes on handling the adhesive. Read the instructions before using the adhesi (e287 Masking BREDA ASKF-FAECMUT TAAL TENET. Mask the installation area using heat resistance polyimide tape, (2) i845 Spreading Ae, RRO RC TRA, BEELER CHER BUST, Z DELO C 12~I AMM ET, (HMO S CHT 5) Use a brush fo apply a thin layer uniformly over the gauge contact area on the test specimen and the back of the strain gauge. Then leave the adhesive-coated surfaces exposed for 2 to 3 minutes (until the adhesive is touch-dry) (3) ranske> Positioning VEAP FEMMES De, FIO CMOET. FIDO LP SRT 3EF—-7UBETSL, PLABOUTAT-JOF NEM TEST. ‘Align the strain gauge with the positioning marks and cover the strain gauge with a teflon sheet. You can prevent the strain gauge from slipping when pressure is applied by sing polyimide tape over the teflon sheet to hold it in pace. (a) mt a ‘Applying Pressure 2 FN EOREMEN TH OT, MEBRSEMWTMELET. MENLO? ~0.MPa(#92~Skahlom) 285 CF. Place a silicone rubber sheet as cushioning over he strain gauge and apoly pressure using 4 strain gauge clamp or similar tool. The optimal applied pressure Is 0.2~ 0.3MPa " ‘equivalent to 2 to 3 kg Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 40(8) 7%? Pro-Curing EEL ARR CRE AURS AMR, 120~ 130°C C1 RERTAORMARIL (7A a?) UEEL ETANLET. race the clamped strain gauge in an even and cure the adhesive for 1 hour at 120°C to 120°C. “Then leave tho test spacimen and strain gauge sll clamped to cool (6) Rabe? Post-Curing BURBANSARLES, MEBR, VIR-Y 9 0E ES MURS. BURMAN HE Uv, F-DU-KEBIBIRZL, OF BY —-FOMVOT ALY IF—TEEILET. BIE LOOT TH IMMOA AN TE RET. ‘Once the test specimen is cooled, remove the strain gauge clamp and silicone rubber cushioning Lit the gauge leads up off the test specimen and pee! ofthe masking tape around the strain gauge. ‘Then post cure tha tast specimen and strain gauge at 200°C for 1 hour ozs CAUTION 2 FB) > SARE TTO CRED RU, ARO GBF TRUBS TCE Ug Only use organic solvents such as 2-butanone in @ well-ventilated location away from inflammable, 0C-1 RERORR Diluting C-1 Adhesive CHB ARRLO ASHE NES THBUMESUMBELE, 2.9 RID (AFUE FID) THRE ERUPT RET CHAIR HEIE TOFS /> THRE SLEW CHET, EE, BADRIC ALAR PREZ 72/2 THOT ast. If tho C-1 adhesive is very viscous and difficult to work with, you can dilute it with 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) to make it easier to use. C-1 adhesive can be diluted with 2-butanone to roughly twice its original volume. The containers and brushes used to ‘mix and apply the adhesive can also be cleaned using 2-butanone. a Tokyo Sokki Kenkyuj:3.6 RBEICKSF—LRO MIS (AW-6, AWC-8B, AWH/AWHUSEORD (It) Using Resistance Welding to Install Strain Gauges (installing the AW-6, AWC-8B, AWH/AWHU, etc.) 3.6.1 StLIB(E-UYIFZh) Trial Welding (Peeling Test) RAT, BROT SR ERE T, 7 ORR ERIE CRIM 9S LID, BURBS o RARER IH LODETT. Use 2 special purpose gauge welder to install weldable stein gauges. To ensure theta weldable strain gaugo is coourelyinstallod onthe test specimen by resistance welding, the condtions forthe resistance welding must be appropriate forthe test specimen, (YP 29 yy FORE rer Attaching Earth Clip BURISOIRE SL EAA NL CTW SORORITIES CRU et, ‘brad the end ofthe test specimen using abrasive paper, et lipo the exposed metal area ‘and attach the W-50R earth (Q)w-sonomptraes Checking Funetion of W-50R W.SORDEMFRSETUET, BEALS O FT ERO EC REICYT. ASCH LFW TSH S82~SBLEF, BIEL I OROBE Oh RL, MBLATEE MSeet Chock that the W-5OR is working. Place the tip of the welding probe just above the ‘exposed metal area and then press the probe down and perform a dummy weld 2 or 3 times. ‘The red welding pilot on the hand probe should lash to indicate that a currents flowing. (Gy Laie Trial Welding MRA IOF 77 ERIK OLCBMICYT, BIA SEM TST, COAT BBVA RREAVOWTLEDESTLES, F—-PRAB OMIA FE RUT, 69 TMT OTEAL, MCR RUE O LUE, MA TRIUEE LITRES Poston the tip of the welding probe directly over the metal riston and press the hand probe down. If cracks or a hole appear in the ribbon, reduce the output of the gauge welder and tty again, Conversely if he risbon is unmarked, increase the gauge welder output @7—JIRAEW-SOROMDIBR Handling Spot Welder W-50R W-SORORURIEH(C. — Alte (EPIC RULE BAUER Sh CUE T. CMMATICO ia < ER LS “The W-50R Spot Welder instructions give the general procedure for using the welder along with notes on handing the welder. Feead the instructions before using the welder. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 42(a euL gab Peoling Test SRYALOMELD tybeE CREUSET. MBZLAYA FAC RUCAIBEML ET, Lit up the end ofthe metal ribbons with 2 pair of tweezers, grasp the ralsed end with @ pair of pliors and peel ofthe ribbon with one pull at a 80° angle. LORE FEET IA, 90" (s) eemONe aH Fa. 438 Judgement of Resistance-Welded Spot HLA SIU AY CRO GISADE CRUEL CIEE HEAR ORIN ERR IBS FEY), SMA CAH TS RENEE CH. RRS OUEL 15 BERL BEAT URES PHICNBELTCIESU Look closely atthe removed rlbbon and the welded area onthe test specimen. Ideally, there will be a resistance-welded spot of ribbon on the test spocimen and a hole in the metal ribbon, If the results are not satisfactory, repeat the trial and adjust the conditions until the Weld resuits ae optimal ORNS CHEF y ORMRCEET SES If the welding probe tip sticks to the test specimen during a dummy weld DY EDNFVEODEERILT, MBF IT PBEM T SCENBUET. CAL, RAOMMLYAEL Ch ot), Fy 7 ORMORBICEH oTUBHED, MD HAETESBASIUET, B RF yTEMBLEL, 7—IMABOMAMBELT, 69— BIT OTHER. WEEDILENIROMEA, FT BRL TONED RECT. Insome cases, the probe tip produces a cracking sound and a flash and the tip sticks fo the test specimen. This can accur ifthe test specimen surlace is not completely abraded, ifthe probe tip is abnormally sharp, or if the ‘welder output is too high. Regrind the probe tip, adjust the strain gauge welder output and try again. Ifthe tip makes @ popping sound and does not stick to the test specimen, the welder is operating normally Om —-IICHELTHSRRURY ‘Metal ribbon supplied with weldable strain gauges ROSA BW -IOF—-YN—AEHH- ANE TTOT, BLBREY—7 OBE TEL Tea, AW.5+ AWC-8B + AWH-8 B24 FIC AFLLABOUAM, AWHB AS 1 TILEY IRIVEOODI A ARLE ET MAW FAG uM eT, “The metal ribbon provided is exactly the same material and thickness as gauge base of the wekdable strain gauge, and should bbe used fr trial welds and fo altach the cable. Stainless stee!riboon is supplied with the AW-6, AWC-8B and AWH-8-B-type strain gauges, and INCONEL 600 ribbon is supplied with the AWH-8-Actype strain gauges. All the ribbons are 8Dum thick 43 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo3.6.2 AWH/AWHU-, AWC-2U—Z26R EOS — RFI Installation Procedure for AWH/AWHU- and AWC-Series Strain Gauges (axy-Jome Securing Sleeve A GRE OMRICY FAY —-VORDERDE, LADMEATO FATTER E ETCEEL, AUF EMORY KE EH THOLICRLLETS ‘Align the center ofthe strain gauge with the positioning marks and press dow on the gauge so that tis flush against the test specimen. Sleeve Ais secured using the metal ribbon supplied, as shown in Figure 4.40. (2) 7-Jn ome ‘Securing Ml Cable BELEARU-FICAM MD MSAULIC, MIS—JPE=— I -FVEMLLET, “To avoid load being placed on secured sleeve A, secure the Ml or vinyl cable also, (9) ree A Wiring Points MIP JIPES— IV — FIC BEATS GLI, DUBE ES — FIL BAOHAMELTHEET, SIMI — PIS ARADIRERLET EJ KRDO BUNTY —7 ROAM SZENEUET, To avoid undue strain on the MI or vinyl cable, secure the cable between the strain ‘gauge and connecting terminal in a gontte curv. Paniculary with Mi cable, if the cable is installed in a straight line, the strain gauge sensitive elements can be damaged by twists in the lead wires. (4) F—7eI Bekeo ‘Temporarily Positioning F—PEBBEG MUMS DY, LOLITAS sLoUET Align the sensitve elements ofthe strain gauge with the postioning marks and then weld the strain gauge in place provisionally at points on either side of the gauge, as shown in Figure 4.43. ONE AT SHR CAR S\RBROMO® Order of Welding EDLC TNA OT, RMR REL ST. IPN. 0 8mm! FC 6, HB HL ta AWH-B/AWHU-8 L2H BIZO 5% AWHU- SiH MSAK ET, Resistance weld down each side ofthe gauge pipe in the order shown in Figure 4.44, The pitch between welds should be 0.8mm. The number of welding points per side is approximately 20 for the AWH-S/AWHU-8 and 13 forthe AWHU-S, Fig. 40 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo3.6.3 AW-GOR Installing the AW-6 Strain Gauge (1) aD Positioning UNEMICAW-COH1EL—TebDe, LPDMARTHMAY HANLT-FHET YKAREMO LSICEELET. ‘Align the positioning marks with the guide markers on the AW:6, press down on the strain gauge so that its fush against the test specimen, and then secure the lead wire With cellophane tape, as shown in Figure 4.45 (2) BESO RLM ‘Temporarily Positioning AW.COREHA (KOMBAT T1 DAF HEELS. Provisionally Weld in one spot on each side of the AW-6 along the cross axis to secure the gauge, (eo Order of Welding Bc 50h CARY Rarasoaceust. ‘Spot weld in the sequence shown in Figure 4.47. The pitch between welds should be (0.8mm. The number of welding points per side is approximately 00. MET ORT, MAM O Amey FBG CT, BASIE Fig. 45 Fig a6 ad a PEPE eeeerErE PEE 45 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo4. S-VRGBOF IYO Checking the Attached Gauge ORME SECU HERLOMMT NEF IYI FSROORMRE, vtar, SHB LUBE ILAOF 2y 7D LOO AREER bat. VFA FORU ATE IF —7ABIH) — GBIR) + (—F 1 7) OVC ELE IS, bF TIL ORIMULD LV TRB OFT 7E pT RBLTHSU, EET, YIM ROPE LORE F ry LEE COE LY TEA EMMUOLLET., Perform a visual inspection to check thatthe installad gauge is stil aigned wih the positioning marks, and perform resistance testing to check the strain gauge resistance and insulation resistance. The procedure for sirain gauge installation is to attach the gauge, then connect the wires, and then to apply the coating. However, intermediate checks should always be conducted between each step to prevent subsequent problems. This section outlines the points that should be checked inthe intormedato and final checking conducted during strain gauge installation 4.1 FSBO BRE Visual Inspection of the Attached Gauge OFAY—-FORMREOR EO MG SE LICERER LAD, FORAY RS NSS CE EMARO ARM SULT OT HME UU T CER, While there are no explct criteria for visually determining whether a strain gauge is correctly installed, the symptoms described below Indicate that the instalation may be defective and that the strain gauge should be reinstalled, © HERDER TATHS! Fo 405 Large Deviations from the Positioning Marks ORBLE OMS (I) COSELTE, MEBHCLOTORAUETH, EOF AAM 55 OMA TISOMRETELLET, Mit CHIME COANE MAAS (SRM SOF REL imme BROT nS LIA ‘The allowable inclination (or curv) ofthe positioning marks differs depending on purpose of tho moasuromont, but a deviation of 5° from the main direction of strain generates a 1% reduction in the sensitivity. The general standards for accoptablo strain gauge installation atiopted by TML are as follows: Deviation from positioning marks of -k 1mm or less Deviation from measurement axis of 3° or loss eemcucouee, 0 PFN AOR HUT UELN Fo 00 ops in Adhesive Coverage Around the Gauge Base a x FPR ARIS (CHER T, APICAL TH UTR ON, UTE ROFORBLENET, ‘This incicates that the achsive may not bo spread uniformly under the gauge base and the some parts of the gauge base may not be bonded, which can impair strain gauge sensitivity © FFA 2OFWICMAPTLEBEDA TUS! Fa. 450 Bubbles or Soiling Under the Gauge Base ae na RGLAGOMEMTASERELAT, 7-YN-ACRAElEoEN), AAI RBES Dat sirbuble SLATRMLTUSBECIUT RE BEFOMELVST. 28 Specks of abrasive dust or other particles loft behind during surface proparaton can | xS-e ‘cause proirusions under the gauge base or air bubbles in the adhesive, eliner of which can | _aaeai-o! shen reduce the gauge sensitivity a Speomen Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 46OUT ay —TEHORE Bonding Preparation OF AY —FORBACMMSOMMM, TSE REAR BULIC, 1AM OPER ERED HOR PEM OTOSBMIFRE OTC EEL. To avoid contamination of the strain gauge adhesive layer by abrasive dust or other particles left over from surface preparation, clean the gauge Installation environment and the hands of those instaling the strain gauge before starting the installation, 4.2 F—-TRERORMRE Resistance Check Following Gauge Installation ROO FAT — I 7 - TRF BEUY— 7) — KORALNG £ RBOMATER ETO. ROBT DN TOS TE EMEL BF, MAN LS MEO F x 7 7 IBN ARN CHEM — FE COMIRIEIA BFx 7 TLET “These checks look forthe strain gauge after installation as well as checking for conductivity in the soldered connecting terminal and gauge lead connections to ensue that the wires are firmly connected. ‘The resistance ofthe strain gauge used is also checked at the same time as insulation resistance between the test specimen and the installed strain gauge. Fig 51 Checking the Strain Gauge Resistance BRL 24-9 YO" GAUGE RESISTANCE” [SRBA Bh 4*— ARAL ERB = B4, FAR FSS RCL EN, FIRM ERY PB OAL THEA - meet. Kae Check the resistance given as the "GAUGE RESISTANCE" on the package forthe strain {gauge used. Then use a tester or digital resistance meter to measure the resistance ‘across the strain gauge lead wire terminals. OemEROME ‘Measuring the Insulation Resistance BMANKOT AT —FERMELOBREREF 27 LET. BOUT AMEE EUT HEARTS SOOMOLLE DET. ‘Check the insulation resistance for the installed strain gauge and the test specimen. Normal strain measurement requires an insulation resistance of 500M 2. OF —SROF Ty DIES SH Inetruments Used to Check Strain Gauge Resistance 04 OE CHM CHROMA ST, EMF ry7 THOT AT —Y OMRE DEALT ROR SE HTTPS ABOMAOMEN TENET ASTOMUE LA, ‘TML recommends that you use measuring equipment capable of measuring resistances as small as 0.1.2, However, a tester can also be used to check connection conductivity in intermediate checks since the purpose is only to detect soldering dofects or damage tothe strain gauge. ONHEROF IY TICES ONE Instruments Used to Check Insulation Resistance UF AFT ERRT SAE OUST OC, MUMIELELESOVINF CRIT CESU OF SAE OREO ry THER TUSEOOBUST, HOOF AME TDS-530, TOS-303, TOSIK EE Do not use chmmeters such as meggers that apply vollages of SOV or more as these can damage the strain gauge. ‘Some strainmeters also have functions that can check insulation resistance. ‘The strainmeters supplied by TML include the TDS-50, TDS-803 and TO-31K,4.3 F-TRRRR. BAF IF, (ERE SRRLES. (temas DFAS VOL TORAH BEER OMRERLET, essai OFA DR, PIF UK I-77 hs, FH —~FORTTE, Lot Non. ¥— FRO PEAQUAIEL TES, ee AROS OL AREAL TCE, euray—voRstt MOMS T So, FTIR a LO PRR ERR EY —TBABE MRL. (CH 2T) ROMA -TES EMME, BINA, DE AOSMY Teo DAF 427 CUBIC ELD TS ERL, OFS RHT Gauge Numbering 4.3 Strain Gauge Installation Log, Final Check and Work Log Recording (1) Work Logs Use this log to record all the materials used in adcltion to the stain gauge, and the working mothods used. © Materials Do not forget to record the names of the strain gauge, adhesive, connecting terminal, lead wires, coating and ‘especially the type, lot number and gauge factor of the strain gauge. (© Working Methods Record all the procedures used in strain gauge installation, © Strain Gauge Numbering To onsure that the strain gauge installation locations are clearly understood, draw up a strain gauge installation chart that clearly shows the strain gauge numbers and installation locations. Then assign strain gauge numbers to each of the lead wire terminals in accordance with the installation char. It's particularly important when handling 2-f-element rosette type multiaxis strain gaugos and stress concentration strain gauges that work proceed caretully before the coating ie applied. BMODVT AF EOP RIS SBE MCT TNE —FHBO BEML DEVLILT SHER N. ITAA Dey heeOsH PRBOMRL IFT ACME PE BL TCE LN you are instaling mutiple strain gauges on the same test specimen, take paticular care not to confuse the matching of ‘gauge installation locations and gauge numbers. It is paricularly important when arranging 2-/3-eloment rosette type multi-axis fin gauges and stress concentration sirain gauges that work proceed carefully before the coating Is applied. (2) FY AREOF277 PF ry 7ERCBR CIF 1 7S TOR TOMA HET LI BRE C, TAHA LOAN EF ILET, (9) OF MERC RHL TORI 297 FO FSR BLEND UK RMREDT AME RICHERL (BAKO), OF AT—JORMRBEDD ELAM SEF Ly DET, F—SBRERT LET, COF TIT FORRMH BAI, OF 47 —-TOBMAROAEE TS USSR, OF ARES E ROL ARORA T, A UTKHERU. (2) Gauge Resistance and Insulation Resistance Checks The items covered by intormodiato checks should also included in gauge resistance and insulation resistance checks performed ‘when all steps prior to coating are completed (8) Final Check Using Strainmeter While checking the strain gauge numbers, connect a strainmeter (soldered or screw connection) to the ends of the lead wires and perform an operation check for the installed strain gauge. This final check completes the strain gauge installation. If this check detects any of the symptoms described below, the strain gauge installation may be defective, Check ‘whether the results are affected by environment around the strain gauge and take appropriate measures.ORF IYITONSIWYI—F1YF Final Check Troubleshooting OMMINS LA SAL IME, BNL A) OWN IZ ERELGWIBE. HA, BATR, J ROREBEORDNETH BLO /1XOWMOBS DUET OC/ 1 AHMERIILE BF ry PTH, OMB FRABESATOUTAT-JOMEF 17H TERUPENBE VERT FORMER IRDDLTE, MREOLEORS LUETOC MUL RATES A, BRIEFLY UTKEAU. ‘©The initial balance (direct value or zoro balance) values waver and do not stabiize. ‘This could be due to an installation defect, insulation defect or the effec of temperature on the lead wires, but it could also be caused by ambient noise. Take appropriate measures to prevent noise and perform the check again. ‘Olwhen a nominal led is applied tothe test specimen inthe strain gauge operation check, the reading does not readily return 10 2600. “This could be due to ether a strain gauge installation defector effects speci to the test specimen. Apply the nominal load again and check the return to zero, 49 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo5. U-KiROeeR Connecting the Lead Wires 5.1 ae EE Ce 5.1 Lead Wire Procedures for Ordinary Strain Gauges and Integral Leadwire Strain Gauges o-VEeeFe Strain Gauge Installation Procedure UKE 9 Integral Leadwire Strain Gauge Gauge bonding i Gauge bonding i Y—PEMEO-KROMME AOEMET ‘The figure at let shows the procedure (eee, for attachinglead wires once the strain vein —owwaccurs—visaaitonatite | comacing cmon ranlaion gauge is installed. ROEM CCK ROBRISEART. With intogral leadwire strain gauges, OF AF -TAUZUSE AUTOM CRONE vy the task of connecting the lead wires TO SAME CBE REI PTR CDN 7) — KORE ‘can be omitted and you can proceed THHET, Gasiee eedeannecton directly to the securing of the lead Le Cis AA CES — NAMIE EEL TA bd wires. ~PRBRE1F—FEBROGMEROEMER 0 KARO Et While strain gauges use @ varity of aes, Lead wire preparation ané connection bridge circus, single gauge (quarter WwW bridge) circuits are almost always 7 used for stress measurement. Tho Laetnoeaeea connection procedure described here is for a quarter bridge strain gauge IW with two wices or three wires using eae ordinary vinyl wire Numbering Ww PAF 277 Intermediate check 5.2 U-KROERAYE Ci (1) Kiana FTO SAE EME CORMEMRL, DRE Y-KRORSERDET. (DRG EH TREE TEE) (U- KRDO (22BOD3HS.)-KROMRE RES) V-FRODRGRS, FREHSMER, WERMLE DS, MEBACAOSLTU—KRERRLET, 5.2 Lead Wire Trimming and Stripping (1) Measure the Lead Wire. Measure the alstznce ftom the sain gauge instalation locaton to where the srainmeter i insalled and determine the length of lead wie required, (Always calculate some extra wire into the required length) (2) Select the Lead Wire. (See "Lead Wire Types and Selection" in Chapter [3] (P.22),) Determine the measurement method and select the lead wires fon the basis of the required lead wire length and the anticipated temperature variations and measurement environment Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 50(a))-KR OIE Faas Cut the Lead Wire. ARAB T SU— FRO “HE” URAC SL, ROSAARSICTMLET, ARICA RRRRAMTSISMLETE, HESTET ALAC SHTCEN CHET Pll the lead wire to be used from the load wire bundle and cut i to the required length. Normally, if you take the load wire from the middle ofthe bundle of wire, twill come out ) smoothly without snagging, (a) -KROEO MAE Fig 458 Strip Back the Lead Wire Ends. © FF STARR (UT AT EMEA EN BECKERS TATA 1 : MoS CE=— MEMES. S— ~3.S— enn Re=—nommenemvens. )—KaOoIRe McK omeKtOET. | ee ADERCOT AY —SMOZE MIA), 75 hEEST. = 2S (© Pu both ends (stain gauge end and svainmeter end) ofthe parallel twowire or hree-wire apart ‘wih a pai of prs and strip the vinyl coating ofthe ends wih a wire stipper. (© Twit the ends ofthe lead wiroe wth your fingers as you pul ifthe coating so that copper ‘core wires in each wire are twisted together. In the case of a paral three-wire, twist the ‘cores ofthe two strain gauge wires together to create a short circu. (5) DRBOIA BA [rows Solder-Plate the Exposed Core Wires. DAMEGARNAARE TIAN, EAA ALETS Use a solder bath or soldering iron to plate the exposed core wires with solder. — KARO CAMEO Treating Wire Ends YK RORABUMCE UT. DMEMOU A MIRELSLESUETOT, TEMES. DADRA CE, U— KROME OT AF -PEMICAUETOT, OF AMEBOKIT VORA VET. ‘Take care not to damage or sever the core wires while you are stripping back the lead wires. Cutting even one of the core mites can result in strain measurement problems because the lead wire resistance is input in series to the strain gauge. 5.3 F—-DiiF ORB EF —IU—KO EHR (ISTE) Connecting Terminal Installation and Gauge Lead Connection (soldering) 5.3.1 Fv DXDT — Sit FORATE Using Cubic Type Connecting Terminals ()F-7y-KORaHECL Lift Up the Gauge Leads. FEI DIETRUTACL T5, KYSHEERIIL — Bui, FUR FN- ADAMS CHSIEZUETS 7 MRE THER, FU REMEBNET TBR CEE Once the adhesive used to bond tho strain gauge has hardened, peel off the polyethylene release sheet and pull up the gauge leads. Pull up the gauge leads as far as, ‘and alitie way onto tha gauge basa. Hold down the gauge lead anchor pots on the geuge base witha pair of tweezers to ensure that you do not break the gauge leads UKE LITE KORE 51 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo(27 —rme Om Install the Connecting Terminal Y—DRFRO FHSS T BIT, OF B17 — OI CNE RICE CBRE, Inthe same way as the strain gauge, use an adhesive such as CN adhesive to install the ‘connecting terminal close tothe strain gauge. FU-ROIA LAL Solder the Gauge Leads. FIV VEF SRF C2 ~ SBE T EAD ELETS FUER BORE HERE THIRTY EAL IID 25 77 ROME Bik FBRDIC, UF AY —TERIS AH, BRE TAAL ITER ‘Wrap the cayce leads 2 oF 3 times around the connecting terminal wiras and anoly salcior ‘Allow a ile siack in the gauge leads when connecting them to the connecting terminal Place a polyethylene sheet or a piece of paper as masking over the strain gauge to protect it from splashes of soldering flux. (4) U-FROBAEY Solder the Lead Wires. FG FBE DES MORAB VERE (9) LET. MFRERR CHAE EN IL KTEAE EAR ER OTREIN ROA EMER OAE TT, RH BU KRIS YS TOURLLST. Solder the lead wires to the terminal wires on the opposite side of the connecting terminal from the strain gauge connections. Fold the terminal wires back in the middle to form a loop. This can then be filed with solder {o facilitate soldering of the lead wires. ‘Gip oft any excess lead wire witha pair of pliers or wire cutter, 5.3.2 SH —ieFORRAA Using Foil Type Connecting Terminals Mit KORSRCL Lif Up the Gauge Leads. ADAMS SRF CI Use the same procedure as for cubic ype connecting terminals 2) F-Tier Oe Install the Connecting Termin FIFI NABH T CNA EBLE TS Position the connecting terminal adjacent to the gauge base and attach it using CN adhesive, (0) F—-FU-KOBAR ‘Solder the Gauge Leads. EE LICRBERLATEML BAHLET. FEF ORRNADNSLIC BALEBUV LEST, REY —IU-KEED ty RCRUEHEDURLLET. Lay the gauge leads over the connecting terminal, alowing a litle slack in the gauge leads, and apply solder. Apply sufficient solder to cover the metal foil on the connecting terminal. Twist the ‘excess gauge lead off with a pair of tweezers. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 52(U-KRORA RE Solder the Lead Wires. FF AMO Y PASTE BURIAL LET. MALTS GUST TERCUER, MARELT ERT ES 7 anaes. SSoldor the lead wites in the same way as for cubic type connecting terminals, ‘Take care nat to use too much heat as this can cause the metal portions of the connecting terminal to peel of. (S)BAHIEDI 577 20M Remove Any Remaining Soldering Flux. BAKOTF 92 AEBRTE OKI UVOMBEYET OT, MITEL THT MEROTCESL, Use a fine brush dlppad in solvent to wipe away any soldering flux left behind after ‘soldering, as flux deposits can lead to problems with corrosion REO LIEOTURET 31S 5.4 U-FROBECUSHI—-JOESH Lead Wire Securing and Strain Gauge Numbering KILO RRR tRt8 7 AHO ESRB EMRLET, © RA GI—KARMRO TUL CRALOMN TEI! 0777 7AOBHHROTHEP! Tih. AMEROF 277 EAT. FIR Once lead wire connection is completed, check the strain gauge resistance and the insulation resistance and at the same time ‘check the finishing ofthe soldering, © Do not leave any protruding lead wire. © Ensure that sufficient solder is applied. RRM ETE CTRL, BURMIU-KREBEL, 4—THSOWLE ——@ Ensure thet all flux deposits are removed. envEt. 5.4.1 U-KROBEAE Securing the Lead Wires ()y-KROmE Securing the Lead Wires SUURATS SU ERIC — KARI ARE IB MFI LED De AIK BMT —7 HMBAOICA EET, BORED 7 meet. WITT Eb DET. (Check that there are no problems and then secure the load wires to the test specimen and number the strain gauges, Fo 468 SIE CHRIS To ensure that the lead wites are not subjected to undue loads before or during ‘experiments, allow slack in the lead wires when socuring the lead wires to the test ‘specimen, Cloth adhesive tape can be used as a simple way to secure lead wires, but cable ‘lamps for use with electrical wiring are generally used. SMS SEB RMOBS CH MAMIE LSRRUATICTHETSTEOHET. Resistance welded metal ribbons are also used to secure lead wires in harsh ‘environments or for long-term measurement 53 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo(2) J-KRY-FOU-KROMBEDE Laying and Securing Lead Wires for Integral Leadwire Strain Gauges MOAT LET EMSC RRC ET RESIS LIT, FU KCRSAEB LET, U-KREDELETS For integral leadwire strain gauges, the lead wires can be laid immediately following strain gauge installation. Pullup the lead wires and secure them in place allowing some slack. Inthe gauge leads, (8) KR FOV KROL ELL Fk Pulling Out the Lead Wires for Integral Leadwire Strain Gauges HE Td SMILEDY-KARE FY KEATS), ROAST AT LOwRRMTET TRUST. ‘At TML, lead wires Sm and longer are pre-wound on spools and are bundled before being connected tothe strain gauge. VPRO REND BL BY — FIR OR EEE), OF 4-7 MOY RETIELL ThE RUS To ly tho lead wires, gory loosen the load wire bunelo and pull out the end of the lead wire with the strain gauge attached ()U-KRORR EES Lead Wire Bundling and Numbering YK ROMAREC, FORD TBF FEB EDOSMITRALET, FTES RELI, BARUTSLEDEW ENE CBRE, Y-PHSEDIELTOS, TBE FF OMR IF CEL U—REMRLET ite the predetermined gauge number on a label close tothe end of the lead wie, as shown in Figure 4.69. Take care thatthe gauge number cannot dropoff or be erased. Once the lead ites are numbered, group them by gauge installation location, gauge type, group, ete. and bundle the groups of lead wires. 5.5 HF ry 5 (I-F4y FA) Intermediate Check (Before Coating) STO-K ROWER LSLES, FIBRES — HEM, MRE FLY IEF. STM MIE —KRO RARER ERT L ROA-F 1 MAT, ‘Once laying of al the lead wites is completed, check the gauge resistance and insulation resistance in accordance withthe gauge numbers. If there ‘are no problems, finish connecting the lead wires and proceed to the coating, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 546. I-F479 (LA) Applying the Coating (Example) UFAY-FOWMRRZEC, BRENSI-F > TOMBE THM CET, ACAI F 1 FA THPEL IB Bt, WROI-F 4 TMOMAEHY TO FAT —TERBLTE net. ME CHOTAT—-VORMCMCRHANSIR-F 4 TAK, WIS, SRIF TEL, SHAFT COUT A FORMERRLTLTBUET. CR COM IF «> 761) 6.1 J-F4YORICHALRSRS BEGINF 178, UF AF —IOBBRMMLLIR-F 427 ROMRGDSAATHN, ELUMI EE TH. SAF 12 ROBAM IF 1 FMC, OF AY FIR TD ERAT, BRT RETF THOR TT. RIRCMHORTOI—F 12 TAICBLET, PROBA ONT 1) ROR Clean the Test Spacimen Surf BAMIMINF 1 FAUT ‘same way as for straln gauge installation. To ensure that the coating bonds with the test specimen surface and that the seal botween the test specimen and the coating is impervious to moisture, the area covered by tho coating must be determined and then abraded and degreased. IMAL ROR TUIDECT, SURSREICI—F 1 THERMAL, REEL I—F > PMLOBRBDSOAAOR AERIET SADE, I-71 7OROMRE RA RROMEL REDE, For coating application, the test specimen surface should be cleaned in basically the ‘The type of coating required and the application method differ {depending on the environment in which the strain gauge is to be used, In general, if one type of coating is not sufficient, muttiple coatings can be combined to protect the strain gauge. At TML, the coating applied directly to the surface of the strain ‘gauge is relerred to as the first coating, with subsequent coating layers referrad to sequentially as the second coating, third coating, ‘etc. Multi-layer coatings are recommended for strain gauge protection GUERTOSHI-742 781) > 6.1 Notes Applicable to All Coating Work While the selection of the correct coating for the operating ‘environment is crucial, the correct application method is also important to achieving a good strain gauge coating The key points In coating work are to prepare the strain gauge ‘environment well before applying the coating and then to apply the ‘coating quickly and cerefully “The key stops in coating application for all TML strain gauges are described below. 55 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo42 FLED FAHY BED RC THSY RREBOML ET, BI-F TR TR SOF FROMM tho US, RHEE TIF $GSMSUST. CBRN ERD, DOCS IITERRY Let. i. 188 A U-KRe aE. BUNS IER RAL, OF AY ACT SLES ust. ()U-KRomE YKRPS OAD ORAS AMET OMMILS < HI HE ROBSML BINT SIF > PARI APREM ET. RICA F12 FBOU— FRO, BURP TECME STEIN F 1 TEMES SE VETO CUES TRAIL > PUERELET. 6.2 W-1ICkOBI—-F4 PHL Bhi Nick Ofte 1-7 <> TRIT, yh AILE LOW OM FICO, (PROBREBALET. A PPRO MISE WA OBURRM EDT BIACERL. oO) mET Ste Prepare the Mat (Wot 8 DNREER IE, AAD IRF) MARAE TEREMM HOA OV APHREET, DRO FER TIE ALRET CTRETSEEOTEET -<> “Tho suggested heating apparatus is a temperature-regulated ol bath, Small amounts of coating can be prepared using a soldering iron. Qlwa osc Prepare to Apply the W-1. BROW. E98 AN, MORRIS T100~120C THEI DUT CEL, MORRIE EH AW ARBRE EHET, Piaco the sold W-1 into the crucible and completely melt the coating inthe heating ‘apparatus at 100°C to 120°C. The hot melted W-1 forms a clear liquid 2) Dry the Strain Gauge, Adhesive and Lead Wi Immediately before you apply the coating, always dry the area to be coated with hot air from a heat gun so that all moisture is removed, (8) Coating Work Apply the coating thoroughly over the entire area, ensuring that there are no cracks or gaps. Apply multiple thin layers of coating rather than a single thick layer. (4) Applicable Alea Ensure that the layer of gauge adhesive is also covered by the coating, and that the coating encloses the strain gauge, adhesive and lead wites. IIs possible for the adhesive to gradually leak moisture and then convey the moisture to the strain gauge. (6) Secure the Lead Wires. There are many instances where problems with insulation loss fare due to moisture leakage via the lead wires, and particular care should be taken with the application of the coating to the point at which the lead wires emerge. The lead wires should also be firmly secured during oxperiments, since lead wire movement during experiments can cause cracking o the coating layer around the lead wites. 6.2 Application of W-1 Coating ‘This section covers the key points inthe application of the W-1 hot ‘melt coating, which i a typical coating used for moistureprooting land waterproofing. Aways read the instructions supplied with tha We" coating belore beginning the application Fo.472 Fig 473 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 56(3) UR Fig 474 Prepare the Test Specimen Surface. OW OMAR 3C, MREREEI—F 1 PREMIER GABLTCERU, ORR F LOR F—7 CAF 1 REET. - 3 F 12 IBEEN LOL OMA INE THEE. = ‘@Clean an area ofthe test specimen surface sighlly larger than the area to be coated, as per the W-1 instructions. (© Mark off the coating area with the masking tapo. @ Hoat tho coating ares with hot air from a heat gun. (awa oie Apply the W-t. OB FL PMI AER SLICER WH CBBLET, KREIS ETIC HUY WA ERUELERLET, OVE GI-F 2 IM VM DN V-KAN RAL ESE TOT AEM AHBENSET, OR EMNLET. © Quickly apply a layer of W-1 tothe coating area as you paint. Apply repeated layers of hot Wt rather than a cing thick layer. ‘@Repeat tis step untl the area requiring coating is covered and the layer is suficiently thick thatthe lead wires are no longer visible. (BARC TEKEWH OMT Using @ Soldering iron to Apply WA DROW Ehy2-LE COM), I-F 41> THCMBES, MALL BALE COLT REWACMTT. WAERDUET, OTREO FAP -ACMIM THESE, OF ATT ERAT STR DUST OTC RECERY 5 Use a tool such as a cutter to slice off a small quantity of W-1 and place the cut W-1 over the ‘surface to be coatod. Touch the tp ofa haated soldering ron against the W-t to melt it, Take ‘care not to touch the strain gauge directly with the soldering tip as this could damage the strain gauge. @W-13-F17 908 Wet Coating FRyh AURIS ST, WAI A TE ME te UE), IF 4 TT RT) EOE HLL MEAS CB EEA. ERIMAUALD EW EBALELTH, WYO TAT— YEE ORMICR STU SAUCES F, MDDS the WA DLE DANE, HUDF 42 FHICALIWA ERE SLETTS As well al hot-melt coatings, W-1 loses ts fluidity once it has cooled and adhesion to the coating surface (metal suriace) Is no longer post. Ifthe W-1 was not heated sufficiently when it was applied, the W-1 simply sits on the suriace of the strain gauge, etc and does not act as a barrier to moisture. ‘The key tothe successful application of Wis to brush hot W-1 quickly onto heated target surface. 57 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo6.3 mR I-F1 7 WADI-F 42 I TOF AY —F OW BADR SC RARE NETH WADI F (2 TRESS, HATE RELL HT BHA. SAWAM6OCHLEORER Te ICRC), ZOMBICIE HAR BOAR SUET. MIWA EOE DEBIT 7 DLE. BRAC RE EM BLIIRI-F 1 IEDETT SBF—7, VMF-7BEOI-F 1-7 1 FEMLT RUST. AIO HARA CL POEM E 8 APRS KAS IRINF 1 FOL EBERLE. ()RETSb0 Propare the Materials. (892902 (BA H—H), PEAT) WA D3-F47 PHBA S—BVASIATAREARLET ‘<> Prepare a piece of glass fiber cloth large enough to cover the W-1 ‘some overtap. (2)P2a-F 7 ‘Apply the P-2 Coating. OP LEM AORRRUNMICNEL), RIM SLE MAEMRLET, 8 CW1O-F 1 7HE BOSE PRMERGLET. @ Prepare the P-2 adhesive mixed the hardening agent as por instructions © Uso the brush to apply a layer of P-2 adhesive to the surface ofthe W-1 coating and the: surruounding metal OP 2RMADBAMICHTATOAEMS, PLIBMALESREUT, SBOT+S AMI PIMA MGLET, © Place the piece of glass fiber cloth on the layer of P-2 adhesive so that the adhesive impregnates the glass fiber cloth If there is not enough adhesive to soak the glass fiber cloth, apply P22 adhesive. (RF 227 Final Check DIRE EEL TERIET 6.3 Mechanically Protective Coatings ‘The W-1 coating provides ample protection for the strain gauge. ‘gains! moisture and water, but the softness of the coating means tat W-1 cannot be expected to protect against mechanical (physical) damage. Wet also becomes sot in air temperatures of 60°C or higher and ‘may subsequently iquoly. For these reasons, a flexible coating layer such as W-1 is normally overlaid by a second coating that provides mechanical protection, TTML recommends that second coatings be poled for mechanical protection over coatings such as N-1, SB tepe and VM tape as well as Wa Described below isthe application of a second coating with an FRP Composition made up of glass fer cloth, gauze and P-2 adhosive Fig. 477 ‘coating area with the P-2 adhesive addtional layers of ‘© Check that the P-2 adhesive has hardened, The coating is now finished, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo= RIF FORE ‘Applying Second Coating ‘aH, AD APORERACP SFA EEOT KS HR OM DNET. M4. DEYN as BNE MINIS ICAI F 4 TEL TINY SALE OA LIAS AAA EATS. meDaNEs. Epoxy resins such as Araldite can also be used in the same way with glass fiber cloth or bandage. For applications such as long-term measurement or concrete embedment, an addtional third coating using rust-proof paint or @ rubber-based adhesive such as Hamatite can be applied. 6.4N-1[ckOI-F4Y FLA NAGALRBAMI-F 14> THT, SORRTE Tit BAA — Fe TRMELT MIF 4 AR DNT BUET, NA IFAT DUNT OP ROR MEBTLET. Bi. ROM CN AATF 6.4 Application of N-1 Coating IN-1is an air-dyng rubber soWvent adhesive that is used as an easy-to-use, single-layer coating for indoor experiments. The key steps in applying the N-t coating are described below. Read tho AORMMREDT BRACE, instructions supplied with the N-1 coating before beginning the application. (1) BTSED Prepare the Materials. (NMR > (2) Prepare the Surface. NA DFJ OME OT, MRR EF 2 TBS GRLT KEW. Clean an area ofthe test specimen surface sight larger than the area to be coated, as por the N-1 instructions. INADA Apply the N-t. NAD=F 4-9 MEO FAY —9 MF VABOF BEE. LER EMS UBC CHGLEF. HU KO PACIERL NA CURIE MEL IICLTC ER Us, DFAS TEU KRALL SMARHLET, ‘Apply a layer of Ne1 coating material with a brush so that the material covers the strain ‘gauge, the connecting terminal, the undersides of the lead wires and the adhesive around the gauge base. Take particular care with the undersides of the lead wires to fensure that the leads are fully covered with the material. Apply the N-1 thickly enough to cover the strain gauge and the lead wires. (a) NOE Hardening ADR LIE LOIN F STROM NET. ‘The adhesive dries as the solvent vaporizes, forming a rubber coating (Ss) N1OHEtIBH Overlapping PIRI F 4 TRB BI BRBVELTERL. BICHON CAL OMSEL IF TILL TAB OUNCE EIEN BROMBNGH SHAT OTE RM ESL, MAE TSHIME TC 24 LLL OR CHE RUUET. If the hardened coating is too thin, apply another layer. ‘The solvent goneraly takes about 6 hours to completely vaporize so thatthe coating is hard Noto that vaporization wil be delayed in sealed environment orif the adhesive layer is very thick. TMIL recommends that you wait atleast 24 hours before taking any measurements 59 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoOILRI-F47 HOBRE Handling Rubber-based Coatings (Ket, BK 1521B, V7S-b- Ko, Bond 1521B, Hamatite) UPON CARICA ARIF 1 HTT OS, NA EPRI IUTCEE Al these adhosivos aro single-component rubber solvert coatings similar to N-1 and ean be applied i the same way. (KESABRTV: KESaBRTV) HIAKLLO—A- GMYIARI-F 12 F ALU THM, KESBRTVL EAPO BME MGL TMD SIC NABI PTTL, UI-PALLENET OTHEARMO RICE CA. This also is a single-component rubber solvent coating like those above, but it reacts with moisture in the air and hardens trom the surface inwards to produce a silicone rubber coating. For this reason, itis not sulted for use in enclosed spaces. 6.5 SBF—FiekSI-F1YI 6.5 Application of SB Tape Coating 87-7. MF-TWUTRETFNATLRO—WICiE BEWEAT Both SB and VM tapes are butyl rubber tape goneraly referred to BEOC AFL TRICALH SKU CM CRETO CHRIS aS pressure-sonsive adhesive tape. As such, they are extremely GACY. CE CLSBF FERAL, MBMEI-F42 THT —_eB0y fo use as they can be applied simply by pressing ther onto EBTURLET. the coating area. ‘The explanation below describes the application ih, ROME DT SBF—7 OMARARE SIAL. ‘of a simple coating using SB tape. Read the instructions provided with the $8 tape betore beginning the application. (mBTsEo Propare the Materials. (SBF-F NR, IYI, NF) -<> (ye Prepare the Surface. SBF~7 ORAM >T, MERCIAL TONAL, Clean an area of the test specimen surface as described in the SB tape instructions. ()sBz—yonayy Fig 482 ‘Trimming SB Tape DIS CIF 4 TURD EASE EM, VPRO FRSA 1OMMOABEE HETAMUBVIET, With the scissors, cut off one piece of tape large enough to cover the coating area and ‘another piece mm to 10mm in length to fit under tho load wiros, (4)Y-BRDA—F 47 Under-Laying VRAD FBS AINE S| SLUT, SBF—FEI-F 4 TBI ET, Lit up the lead wires and press the smaller piece of tape onto the test specimen surface Under the lead wires, (ema 9 ‘Overall Coating UK Pits OSB F—TICAL (NE ~: SBCILAU THER T LET. Press the lead wires back down onto the piece of SB tape and then press the larger piece of coating tape down onto the strain gauge. The coating is now completed. YI ROSBF-JEOF BG —IOL Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 60esBs-7 SB Tape OMMEPSENEDIC, SBF—7OMMNA MAMIE MT THOR, ATBECLIOVERL AEF. 2 FOMGEDSNESRT—-JORBRACHT LY BNETO C, ABMENUR TEES SO MRM DR OBS kI-F 1 FETUS. To ensure that there are no gaps, press the tape down firmly with a spatula or with your finger covered with the ssepatating paper trom the roll of SB tape, ‘© Do not handle the $8 tape with bare hands, as ol or other soling on your fingers will contaminate the tape. ‘© it mechanical protection is needed, apply a second coating 61OFF —-YOF—FE Strain Gauge Data Correction 1. U- KROMEE WORE Effects of Lead Wires on Measurements 1.1 U-KROSRRE OF AY FEMERAOU- KROL, BB LY ee EF LET, BERL, VR 2RLIRROBS TRAVETO TC PAEN SMEARS £0) -KROMME RAC LUE CT OT HEU, Ke: RELAY a8 KBR R: OT a7—-TOHEHA(O) 07 -SROMED CRED ROBE DY FREES, 1.1 Effects of Lead Wire Sensitivity ‘The lead wite resistance between the strain gauge and the strainmeter can noticeably lower the gauge factor. Because the ‘correction equations for two-wire and three-wire system differ, you should calculate the necessary correction based on the measurement method and on the lead wire type and length Where: Ko: Corrected gauge factor Indicated gauge factor R : Strain gauge resistance (2) +: Total resistance por meter of lead wire (cm) LL: Lead wire length (m) - + + “Two-wite System Ke - + + -Three-wire System Ky= —" — xk ‘© Examples of Gauge Factor Correction (Example 5.1) In this example, the gauge factor is corrected for the data shown In Table 5.1 Table 5.1 haba “Table 5:1 Meesuring Conditions OFAF— FORA 1200 Strain gauge resstance | Tao RTH 2.2 indicated gauge factor 212 U-KHORRE CEM | 0820 FHe=— 0 Ow) lead wire resistance | 0.32:47m (viny-coated parallel) wowire 1007 60.12mm, o.1imne (both sirectons) | 10-00re/s0.12mm, 0:1 ram: i TFRORE 3m Lead wire length 3m st. Using equation 5.1 — xar2 2.10 120 x2.12 2.10 120-+0.32%3 va00sex3 “P15 1.2 U-KRORERS RRA HARRIE ELSE, Y-RRO MIME SHAH RELST, LOMA EME T SRA AIC EN FU BT. EUR ROM a: UKE OMB AERA IMIR=3.9 x 10-YC) AT: U-KRO RBM) KR, LAA ER PXLX aX IT. KX(REXU) KHSS> +E A 1F-TORROME TRU -KRORECLSRML BUTEA, 1.2 Effects of Lead Wire Temperature With twoewire system, changes in lead wire temperature cause changes in the lead wite resistance which in tum generate thermal ‘output, Use the equation below to compensate fortis thermal output Where: Lead wie thermal output Troma cit of irs cen wte 89X07 copra) AT :Lead wire temperature change (‘C) KR, r, LASinsection 1.1 above. (XLX a XAT +++ 6) = i KX(RAXD) ‘The lead wire temperature has no effect on thermal output for ‘quarter bridge measurement with throe-wire system, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 62UK ROME ORAL (BIS 2) KOBE USY—KHOLTHROMED ERODE. Table 6.2 aE ‘@ Example of Lead Wire Thermal Output Calculation (Example 6.2) This example shows the calculation of lead wire thermal output per 1°0. ‘Table 6.2 Measuring Conditions OF a4 —F OBE 1200 Strain gauge resistance a0 USRARO HEAL CEO | (032.0/m EATE=— WER (28) 40%0/#0.12mm. 0.11mm* ‘0.32:2/m (vinyl-coated paraliel) two-wire 10-core! 0.2mm, 0.1mm Lead wire resistance {in both directions) U=KRORS ‘am Lead wire length ‘am WEROT—TERE 2.00 ‘Gauge factor sating on 2.00 strainmeter ROMREE RE =3.9X10-7C Thormal cosficiont oF BOX10-FC tor copper wire _| [resistance of lead wite A505 Using equation 5.3: 032x3x39X1 0.32X3X3.9x10°%1 — 15 SX10° UT fae ae ee + strain ax (ia0+0.92x3) ‘ 2x (120-+052x3) isanios 2. HHI (BRICKS RBIOFH) Thermal Output (Apparent Strain with Temperature) BURIICIRMAN LOT AYP MRMILE RMA IDI ESUFAMECTORMDURELET, MEMLEEO CANES SLIEMA ARCRT IC MERO MRED S TOBA E ALIEN ONET, ER MUO (IE —FHEBRIESTHLLET OH CHICO THAT BILE T AT: OFF —7UBU ABRIL ee a7) AAA EAL BO EAE E47) MERON Emel dT): HARE ES Bh +++ €(4T AAT) Exel 47) OFA -DORMILL, HMOF—SY—NCIII BEAR RERMELL) CRRLTUST. COMMA, F—9S—MCBA ANTWSRIRICOVAS—FERMLRBEOIETT, BETH 5OF—SERBR EC, F-PHEOOLLTHMENTHET. ADEE T SE, 797 LOSERAMEM, SSI MRERALTHMLET, Iv there is temperature change in the strain gauge installed on the test specimen, thermal output will be generated even when there Is no strain caused by extemal force. AS a resull, if extemal force is ‘applied along with a change in temperature, the thermal output must be subtracted from the indicated value on the measuring dovice, as shown in Equation 5.4 below. Temperature change changes the gauge factor as wall as the ‘generated thermal output, as discussed on the next page, AT: Temperature change atthe strain gauge €:(4T): Value minus thermal output (correctod value) ,(4T) : Indicated value on strainmeter Exo(4T) : Thermal output with temperature change - +++ €,(4T)=€(4T)— Em(4T) The strain gauge thermal output is shown on the data sheet supplied with the strain gauge in the form of a graph and as a quadratic equation (as a variable ofthe temperature) This thermal output is the value withthe strain gauge installed on the test specimen given on the data sheet. This data is also formulated based on a standard temperature of 20°C and a gauge factor of 2.00, To check the thermal output, read the value frorn the ‘graph or substitute the temperature into the quadratic equation. 63 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujoemu nortee ‘© Example of Thermal Output Calculation (BHS.2) AOMAOMAAE aksirs keT. (Example 5.3) In the case below, thermal output is found from quadratic equation. Table 5. mE ‘Table 5.3 Measuring Conditions OF AFT ‘Sirain gauge OFLA. Lot No. ‘ASOT Indicated gauge factor 2.14 A “Test specimen ‘38400 ‘Connection ype (Guartr bridge with three-wire system 30H 160°C “Temperature change 20°C 10 150°C LOU FAY —-JOF—Y-MAERAVERENTET, <35.5> e EROTICOOTHEUISOCEAL, THEROBMIC TOT ERMEL ARM ERDET. PRE LOMEOE CTO CAS —PREMELET, OT : we (4'—7ARAMIE (gauge factor correction) ) # #4KE (gauge factor correction)) 150C 2 Ee (5 DOCH SOCIAL TMLLAD TT MS RMDEROLIGNE TS Em(ATI=—171—10=—181 LOUFAY—T8I0CHS SOC HTML ABS N OM DBACTH-181 X10 OF AOMMAYBELET, MOT, LOR MEERA EBURBSOO FA £5.40E wo ( ATIC 181 X1OOFAERALT MER OHRIME ELST “The data sheet for this strain gauge gives the equation below. 524X10'+3,.82XT'—6.43X10-°XT 42.96 10-“XT= 1.06 10-°XT* (semi) By substituting values of 30°C and 150°C for T in the above ‘equation, we obtain the thermal output for the respective tomperatures with a standard temperature of 20°C. 5.24X 10'+3.82X80'—6.48%10-*X30'+2.36% 10-*X0"—1.08 10-7901 5.24X 10'+3.82 X 150'—6 43% 10-*X150"+2.38 X 10-*X 1601.08 10" 150" —183 Because the gauge factor setting is 2.00, the gauge factor must ‘also be corrected, X2.00/2.14% 10 183X2.00/2.145—171 ‘Thus a tomporature change from 30°C to 150°C produces the folowing thermal output Em(4T) 171—10=—181 ‘When the temperature changes from 30°C to 150°C, thermal output with a strain of ~181X10~ is gonerated on this strain gauge even ‘when no external force Is applied. Consequently, when external force is applied along with this temperature change, the actual strain value is obtained by substituting a strain of —181X10~* for Ew in Equation 8.4 to correct the indicated value on the strainmeter Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 643. BRICKS -VSRIE Gauge Factor Change with Temperature —_—_eeeeee EE DEAF FOF PRUE CLUBELET OT, ZOE AE WSL, F-TROMERHUET. BREST GRRL, HMOF—FY—NIFIBLO OCH RUOBRRMCRERLTUET, Bh. OFAY ION PRUTOSY— THis, MAC BUSBEATT. F-PRO BRC LVDS TABOF—VBERD BIARE BoET. ke Teoy— Kk RBOT—IR Ox: F—FBOBA RENO) 1: F-7ORIC) 0+ + Eom XEr ia OMERROT—-T RED (PIES A) ROOG 47 -FDWT LOC BHS 8% Table 5.4 RRBLLOF AT Because the gauge factor of a strain gauge also changes with temperature, the gauge factor should be corrected when this change Is large. The gauge factor change with temperature is given in the ‘data sheet supplied withthe strain gauge inthe form of a graph and, 18 a temperature coatfciont per 10°C. The gauge factor shown on the strain gauge package Is the reference value al room temperature, Use Equation 5.6 shown below to obtain the gauge factor following fa temperature change using the indicated gauge factor and the temperature cootficient. Where: Kr: Gauge factor at T°C K : Gauge factor at room temperature Gx: Gauge factor temperature coefficient (210°C) T : Strain gauge temperature °C) Equation 5.65 +++ Ke =KX(1-+GOX(T—20) 101 Also, where measurement at T°C is performed using the normal ‘temperature gauge factor, Equation 5.7 correc the indicated valu, E.: Strain following corraction ofthe gauge fector for temperature E+ Indicated strain tor °C s KEY Equation 7+ ++ €. kK (@ Example of Gauge Factor Corecton Folloving a Temperature Change (Example 5.4) In this example, we obtain the gauge factor at 200°C forthe strain gauge given in Table 5.4 ‘Tabla 64 Strain Gauge Used UFAF-F ‘OFLAG Strain gauge T FLAS Lot No ASOT? Loto. ‘SOT? eBOT— TE 214 [Gauge factor at room temp. 214 LOUTHY-YOF—BY—NEI, F—PROBAAMORDLD On the dala sheet fr this strain gauge, the gauge factor tempora- caRantost, {ure cootcint is indicated as follows: FPO BREA: +0.080.05(% 10) Gauge factor temperature cootiient: +0.08-+0.05(%/10°C) fot, t5.6m5 Kem 2.14% {t-+0.0008% (200—20) 10] EBDLIC, LOVER OBWCCVST-THBAATER WEFOT, 2OMROMEERBOS—FH2.14) CH ABB IIE, RSTERUTROLICMELET. 5706 214 2a7 X Er50.986XEr ‘Thus, Equation 5.6 gives us the following: k-=2.14X{1+0.0008x (200-20) / 1012.17 ‘As the above equation shows, the gauge factor forthe strain gauge ‘at 200°C is 2.17. Consequentiy, if measurement a this temperature Is performed using the normal temperature gauge factor (2.14), this value is corrected using Equation 5.7, as shown below. Using Equation 57 _ 2M 217 Es570.986X Er 65 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujoCRRRH KS SRR0UTEMEMETE BRRILEE CANARY SESOVTAME TE, MOLD EF FROME UST, MERORROG 4 EMELT ANCKOOTHERDSCMALEMUET, ASA BLONS TOS AT: OTA — BY ME EAD AAI SUTH (47): MERORRD TA Eso AT) : ESE BHA mao =o Ke TCO = 78 cstse>- eum=(eqaTmentuTinet (BSS) FROUT AF FIC BUT, MEMILCE ACAD ER MIC DEF —PREMELTANC LOOT (© Procedure for Conectng Sain Measurements for Temperature Change If strain is measured when external force is applied at the same time as a temperature change, perform the thermal output and ‘gauge factor corrections describes above concurrently Use Equation 5:8 to correct the indicated strain on the measuring device and obtain the strain due to the external force applied From Equations 5.4 and 5.7 AT: Temperature change experienced by the strain gauge € (AT) : Strain due to extemal force :(4T) : Indicated strain on the measuring device &-0(4T) : Thormal output duo to tomporature change : Gauge factor at room temperature ks : Gauge factor at T°C K Equation 58> +++ € (AT) =1E(AT)— Ew (A TIX (Example 5.5) This example shows the procedure for correcting the thermal output and gauge factor and obtaining the HERDS FERRET. correct strain caused by an external force when extemal force is applied concurrently with @ tempereture change. The details of the strain gauge used are listed in Table 55. Table 5.5 MIE ‘Table 5.5 Measuring Conditions FLAS Strain gauge OFIAS ‘ASO77It Lot. No. S077 214 ~| | Gauae factor Feom temp) 214 FOdeTO. EOC! © [gauge tactor temp coer. “rousco.w ranve) ‘$8400 Test specimen 58400 F [Connection type Quanter bridge three-wire system (Gauge factor sefing on the 214 strainmeter 30Em5 160 “Temperature change 30°C to 150°C (1) 90°C5 150 TOM Ew ATIEF— 43 1. 15.3 (648) 25 Eme(AT 181 (1040 FH) Kem 2.14% (1-+0.0008% (150-20) /10] #2.16 GQ) REBOMRUEMEL, HDILSVTAERDET, 5.805 € (aT) =[€ (A) —(—181% 244 216 $0,991 €:(4T) +179( 10-0 FH) (1) Obtain the thermal output € ue(4T) from 30°C to 160°C using the quadratic equation given on the deta sheet. From Example 5.3 (P.64) we get Eue(4T}=—181 (X10-* strain) (2) Obtain the gauge factor t 150°C From Equation 5.6 we get: Ki=2.14X{1+0,0008X(150—20)/10} 2.16 (@) Correct the indicated value on the strain meter and obtain the strain caused by the externa force. From Equation 5.8 we get: 244. (a= {ea 18)1X— 0.991 X € (4 T)+179 (X10 strain) Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo4. RRSORYCHERBIC LSE Effects of Test Specimen Thickness and Elastic Modulus eS 4.1 OFHF-JOREME RDP PRELIM STOUT AT—-ZERBN 7 2 BURIED OMEN T BNET. ZOBR BRIER CEB OR EVE, BCMRSLOMURRC ENTS, AROLICEEORE DE eaNET. S08 hi veo 1 BURSA Ke ESE KR -+Kekx PHOZ2) ve 4.1 Correction for Strain Gauge Height Unlike adhesive-bonded strain gauges, the sensitive elements in weldable strain gauges sit some distance above the test specimen surface. As a result, the sensitivity to torsion and bending is different, Pariculaly in bending tess for thin boards, Equation 6.9 bbolow must be used to correct the sensitivity Where: i: Height ofthe strain gauge sensitive element 1 Test specimen thickness Ky: Gauge factor duo to bending K : Indicated gauge factor mc tht Za) 72. - Helght conection ‘© Sonsitive Element Height on Weldable Strain Gauges: ‘Table 6.6 Sensitive Element Height Oe RRLOTA7—IOF-TRBHORE Table 56 7-7 RBBORE DFAT EeEORE Strain gauge ‘Sensiive Element Haig AWS 0.08mm AVS a ‘.08mm AWC-8B) z osimm AWIC-318) 051mm S AWH-8 (-16) 0.41mm AWH-8(-16) 0.41mm OEIC YT RAMEDL ‘© Example of Gauge Factor Corection ina Bending Test (G1RR5.6) OSES OO A — Ac DUT HRLIBUERLC 8193 4am (Example 56) In this example, the gauge factor forthe train gauge BEMELET, zee UFAe—F:AWCR BRERERODAES : 20mm A505 051+(20/2) 20/2 ERO LICR AZOMMOBURABICAWC-O ERI HUY, ARUFBER ET SRE F-TEAISHE OUST. IRGORSHMUGE, 2OF-TRBAOBSOWMERECEY st, Ke=Kx SKX1.05 shown below is corrected in a bending tost. Strain gauge 2 AWC Test specimen thickness : 20mm From Equation 5.9, we get: 08112072) 2072 ‘As the above equation shows, when an AWC-8 strain gauge is installed on 2 20mm thick test specimen and a bending test is performed, the gauge factor increases by about 5%. With thinner test specimens the effect of the height ofthe strain gauge sensitive ‘elements is greater. Kx #5 1.08 67 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo4.2 RRGOMERRICE ORE UF AY FOF —T SIs, BHERBLA 206GPa (8721 000kgtimm) D BHTRELTOST, T5AF 77 CEOEMEHHIOT AY. EMLET ES -YRMOBABH EL F-PRIEES RRPRCNET. LOMRE, UT AY —LOWRAR EFS DRADER IS BUBERECRVET. Rh, ARBOR ANT CoB SELLE PERRO REST, S218, MAE CTRL A BLUR OMIEIRME SOMBER T T, COMDEV T AF — ORIG LUET HERE 29GPA (#8300KgtIMITY) ERE RRERHE TY —PROMER OHLSEN BET. MOT POF y RRC BFE TO TREC, MRED M BAU MALTS, FARE STA BCT -TROMESLE TT. (%) 4.2 Effect of Test Specimen Elastic Modulus The gauge factor of stain gauges is tested at the elastic modulus far steel of 206GPa aguivalont to 21000kgt/mm". When a strain gauge Is Installed on materials such as plastic that have @ low flastic madulus, the stvess distlbution where the gauge is installed is distorted, which has the effect of reducing the gauge factor. This phenomenon is referred to as the strain gauge constraint fect and increases as the elastic modulus of the test specimen ‘decreases. The same phenomenon arises wih thin test specimens, Figure 5.2 stows the results of Investigations by TML of the elastic modulus and gauge factors of test specimens. This figure shows that, while the effects vary depending on the type of strain gauge, the reduction of the gauge factor is particularly marked in tost specimens with an elastic modulus of less than 2.,9GPa eguivalent 0 800kgtimme, ‘Accordingly, the gauge factor shown on the strain gauge package cannot be appiied to all materials. Depending on the test specimen matorial and thickness, a preparatory tost must be conducted ‘separately to correct the gauge factor. 120 100 80 60} 40 20 y-vamnate Gauge sonstiviychange* oS = 10? 10,1 10° 10) 10% BRKOOMEAREE (GPa) Tost speciian elastic modulu(SPa) Fp. 52 ation UT ae ‘Gauge sonstiviy change due lo Elastic Modulus of Test specimen WU-7eMO RIE Gauge soncioy change CORGRG SMINEOMERR C257 —SERLET RE CRLTOET, ‘rai in percentage ol apparent gauge factor wih specinen to gauge factor enRmRORM Effects of the Constraint Etfect, RIEIRELI2.9GPa(#1300kgtimm) LIFOMH, HSL THOT b tm FOAIE TS, COTOMEKT ERE, FRE KEIETO For materials with an elastic modulus of 2.9GPa eguivalont to 300kgtimmt or loss, or for stool plat witha thickness of mm fr less, you should bear in mind the fact that the gauge factor for the measurements is affected by strain gauge constraint. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 685. RIEEOESIE Strain Gauge Characteristic Distribution eee OFT FORME, Cy hb O OF A — 7 Ee SMOTMRE TU, FTMERRL TET, MEMOS 2818, A PFI RRB OE (GENT AT 5 ESHER) CH meReLST. ADB, SHMAOUS EORAARE MOTO THY MESES EOBBERLET. OFAS—JOF—FHER, BRINSMRARSEVOT AT JOSS OSUECSMLT, DRCBUTRBLTCEEL, if Table 57 SSO RIE (Characteristic Distribution Indication Methods. The etrain gauge characteristics show the average value basod on testing of a set number of strain gauge sampled from the same lot The standard range applied to the distribution of strain gauge ‘characteristics is twice the standard deviation calculated at the same time (95% probabilly of strain gauge inclusion). Table 6.7 shows the way in which the distribution for each ofthe strain gauge charactaristic is indioated, and lists Gistrbution range for ordinary strain gauges. ‘The required precision and the strain gauge characteristic dlstibution should be considered when you correct strain gauge data, ‘Thermal output Given as thermal output per 1°C BE pers BIRO FAF— FOES OEM (Characteristic Indication Method Distribution Range for Ordinary Strain Gauges PRM T SESE ORALET, 1% (BH) 2.121% = 210~2.14 Gauge factor Given as a percentago of tho indicated value, | 1% (Example) 2.124196 > 2.10~2.14 wD VCMRUORED CRRLET. £0.85 X10-O-F A/C (6) BEERIEM 20 COBS =>£0.85X10-°X 1205 102X100 BRR trARVEMMNOUS EMEA OE £0.85X10~ strain" (Example) For a temperature change of 120°C = £0.85% 10-+X 120 = +102 10° strain Larger temperature changes produce a greator distribution of thermal output. OCHRVOMARRTRARLET, Gauge factor temperature coefficient Given as the temperature coetficiont per 10°C £0.05 w10e (B1)+0.080.05 v0 > +0.03~+0.19 9/10 £0.05%/10°C (Example) +0.08:E0.05%4/10"C. > +003 t0-+0.13%/10'C O0F%Y—-YOF—FHE Data Correction FS REBO FH j— FOMEETAL DECI TRHL THE Understanding strain gauge characteristics thoroughly, do data correction. 69 Tokyo Sokki KenkyujTMLU S45 —-YORLLOZA Essentials of TML Strain Gauge Application 1. RERGOOFHME Strain Measurement in Reinforcing-Bars DUS OER SLABS TRS TOSS—PRNHRE, MMBLI-F12 actual construction or engineering sit SOF ABET, RBH This section describes how to install a strain gauge used at the to measure strain in JOBRERRALET, reinforcing-bars for concrete structures, and focuses on the key RFE, MEO TAT -FORWMOICEU TER. areas of surface preparation and costing. % Uso the standard strain gauge installation procedure to Install the strain gauge. UAOUE ARIEL AL “Table 6.1 Example of Strain Gauge Use on Reinforcing-Bars j FLAS-11-5LT Strain gauge FLAS-11-8LT. GN. [Stain gauge adhesive CN, T= RTT Lead wires ~ Integral leadwire strain gauge i WA, SBF = 7. P-2 (Coating materials 1, $B tape and Pz W5—7(3MBD, BERT —7 Other IVA tepe (by 3M), Hitachi sofbonding tape (Biles NA KY F—TIGE | HIGHBON TAPE by Hiact Chemical Co, 1d) OREGAOF—-TRNORA Key Point when Installing Strain Gauges on Reinforcing-Bars RURBAOT-SRAERCKOPACRB OLEH. O MMEBORER REBGOWR EW MACASA SHO“ SL" OAH, UTUMUE A. © RCI UNO ORR S88 OMSL TURE OMMICERL, I-72 7ST 0.327) SERA TAS, 3-F FORT 37 MEREORTARI CUA SHROTAS Tie, KEP PLANES EOBMAFCSSENET, COREL RMMMMABSI-F4S ORIOLE TT, Note in particular the following points when installing strain gauges on reinforing-bers: © Surface preparation ‘To minimize damage to the profile ofthe bar, grind off only the cross ribs and do not remove longitudinal ribs. ‘© Countermeasures forthe adhesion force between the concrete and the steel bar Make the gauge instalation area (coating, ste.) as small as possible to alow achesion between the concrete and bar during ‘embedment, © Application of coatings to withstand embedment in concrete. ‘Once embedded in conorata, strain gauges installed on reinforcing-bars are subjected to a harsh environment that includes pressurized water and alkaline chemicals. Such strain gauges require coatings that are able to withstand long-term exposure fo such environments, FMB OBRENEKLET, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 701.7 Ge Surface Preparation UF OPIS RAGA 3 [RAM ET SEE TOT, VISIT Fy COREE (MB) PERIL EL HTC. Because the removal of ongiuicnal rs owes the torsional srengh fa rinforsng-bas, remove onl the Black iron cxde deposits om the bs wth ‘a wire brush. (mmm 427 Mark the Aroa To Be Abraded. HAE 25~sOmmIC V7 FALE CLAY ILE, COMB I-F > 7 ennet, Use an indelible marker pen to mark off a 25mm to 90mm area for abrading, This s the area, tbe coated (2) ita Grind the Marked Area Clean. P4RITIALL CSL CM IEEL INET BETA TY CHBELET Use an angle grinder to remove any oross ribs, and clean any black iton oxide deposits from the longitudinal ribs witha wire brush. 1.2 9-98 ‘Strain Gauge Installation (1) vA Ik F TEETH —ARMBLUAE TALL IL, CNB MAT KT TS EEL ET, UFHF-LORREEMIGO KGS EHL AACE RAMS ERLET. Use tape to mask of tho area acu he gauge insaaon ste and atc he napa leedute soar guage wth CN achuohe, Auch fw sn Gage fac to opoake decton ott neti the lad wires wil exond when nila scold be 1.3 5-F4yF Coating Qwaces—aaF77 E Apply the First Coating of W-1. | OFA T-TEST ATIW EABLET, Apply the W/- £0 that i covers the entire strain gauge. (2)SBF-TiELB=KA-F1 7 Fo 65 Apply the Second Coating of SB Tape. UKIROEIEMLODSARORA ERE T SLIT, Wt EMDKIISBF—FEMEHT ost, Toprevent water leakage where the led vires emerge rm he ist coating apply SB tape EREE tothe area so tat the Wel coating is covered nA Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo(QU-KRORUEL Fold Back the Lead Wires. UCR BUA UARL SBT —7€PRSIU—KIS ERE CRADLE Fold back the lead wires and secure the lead wires to the bar witha restraining band or the like, placing a pioce of SB tape under the lead wires also, Fa.66 (ayms—7owsttit Fig 67 ‘Apply the VM Tape. SBF —7 £1 b2mmERKERK VMI—7 EDEL, SAAB BS HET. Cut a piece of VM tape 2mm wider than the SB tape and wrap the tape once around the bar, Fee VM 7-7 ERD HYSLIC, Looe BEM -TESEHUET Firmly wrap selt-bonding tape around the area to bind the VM tape. (6) BB -P-2IckB=RA-F 17 Apply a Third Coating of Bandage and P-2. BEAN BLVAL TNT OU TAS FERET SLOCABICP LMM CRBS AFL TE, IF FORT UR To protect the strain gauge during the arrangement of the reinforcing-bars and when the ‘concrete is poured, apply @ third coating of bandage impregnated with P-2 adhesive. This completes the coating application. O37 IU—hORERREI-F4F Concrete Aging and Protective Coating BERGE, t—b 9 LPR ORT OY — TRAE EM VA DE CEE. LETURRHROI-F 1 THREW LAM, MIOMM TAT - UEROMHA-F 1 9F—7 (CTF—7) ERBLTSNSTOCLAA CER. For information installing strain gauges for reinforcing-bar steam curing or autoclave curing, contact your TML representative. “This description describes the application of conventional coatings. However, an easy-to-use special-purpose coating tape (CT tape) is also available for use with steel bars and rods. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 722. AYIV—-h-EWIWOUFHME Strain Measurement in Concrete and Mortar sss EWS UDADS AAR HARE OIC MEME ET LET ‘This seotion describes three methods for insaling strain gauges on conerete and mortar. The three methods are for three different set of test wonaons. Tapia 6.2 BRERA Gh” — ‘Test Condition and Applicable Strain Gauge BBR ‘i 228A ‘Test Conditions Strain Gauge Used Strain Gauge Adhesive EAT. FOCRBTS, PRELEPI—X ON. ONE, P2 Immediate testing indoor PF or P series CN. ONE, P2 BNC. SUMMED THES. | PrRAPY—x RP2 Somewhat prolonged testing outdoors PF or P series RP2 BC, RMBURETS. WLM x PS Long-term testing outdoors WELM series Ps 2.1 JYIU—-b- EWI ORUE Concrete or Mortar Surface Preparation yas Preparing BREF —SRMMO, LIBYA NTU NL ALE EL TEMS, BP. BE ROT TEMMM MA TORTE, AMMAR ERCLETO TC, REMEAAT ERPALTRS EBURU TCE, Remove any laitance, paint or other soiling from gauge installation area on the test specimen to provide a clean contact surface, Because the adhesive may not harden it the gauge Installation area on the test specimen is wet, use TML surface preparation agent Ato remove any moisture. (ovine ‘Sanding HEMT SOF AYP .51/20~GomMASHOMBE, HK T— A Fe RIREDHMCLVREVETH, 0~ 120 DIL EAN CHET CHAU Evenly cand an area 20mm to 30mm larger than the strain gauge to be installed with abrasive paper. Depending on the test specimen material, grade 80 to 120 abrasive paper should be used to fnish the surface. BLE (9) meme Cleaning RAF ya RLEC, BAPE CEE DMLAA SY HEBERT SiEBU. Clean the abraded surtace with industlal issue or cloth dampened with 2 small amount of a solvent such as acatone, 73 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo2.2 FUA-F4y9 (PSi8sA) Precoating FUA-F 4 VID BHOR— 2, ENB PIAY V-hORGE PAIL, OF AY FEE BUETCPSLE, MIM, BLP 7— MDS CORR RUT, OF APOE PSOBROBEEMCTETT, UAH BAO PSMA NET HF TNFVI—b ORBYILIY—-b- ENSNUTAMEORAK BER CET. ‘The purpose of preceating i, frstly, 0 rendor the eurlace ofthe mortar or concrete flat and prove surface to weich the strain gauge will eadly bond, and secondly, to act as a barton against any dampness that is exuded trom the surface of the concrete oF mortar, thereby preventing absorption of moisture by the underside of he strain gauge. A speciatpurpese PS adhesive is used as the precoat, and the successful appcation ofthis precoat isthe most important factor inthe successful messuroment of stain in concrete and mortar. (NF-L EO ELT AIS HE AI tte BBD 9S SIMI y LET. CCut the gauge binder suppiiod withthe strain gauge about Smm in from the fold (2) a8 Masking DALEF FINALS EN OmMBEA EOE, HL F—7EELAVT ART ust, Use gum tape to mask an area roughly 10mm larger on each side than the cut pioca of (gauge binder. ()PsmmIOIeS ‘Applying PS Adhesive PSE MAMMERBROLIN CHS LST, SYRNOI PY—VOTLS OBS, BB RAL AERO TH, PSRMAE TAGE ICHLET, Following the procedure given in the instructions, mix the PS adhesive. If the mortar or concrete is early aged, the required proportion of hardening drug 8 is 4%. Brush the adhesive fully into the mortar or concrete. (a) Psieao ma sam PSRAALY SSH waa IRL TOS ~ Imm AILET, Apply another coat ofthe PS adhesive tothe strain gauge installation surface so thet layer ‘0.5mm to 1mm thick is formed Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo Fa 613 74(8) FI TOMALES Fo 67 Finishing Surface with the Gauge Binder PALEP FNAL SE, BMAD LN BOBO SRAVRALEVEIDUET. PE PSIRALE, FIA SE km ALT, RSERICMLMLLET Lay the cut piece of binder onto the adhesive, pressing i into place gradually from one end so that no air bubbles are trapped under the binder. Press down igh on the piece of gauge binder to expel any excess adhesive and air bubbles. (©) 7-4 7 SO RR Fa.618 Removal of Gauge Binder PSIRANWELELED, FINA FELMLT, OF AF —TEHILET. (Once the adhesive has harcened, peel ofthe piece of gauge binder and install the strain gauge. 09-1 FORE Romoval of Gauge Binder UIA FAY DARA NA SE AAMC D FELT CEALY, Always remove the piece of gauge binder used for precoating before you begin strain gauge installation. errs 2els Laltance V4 BLAMES VPA 2U— HEB OKORICHLY, ELSI TU KORTE MEL TIL HET to Laltance Is @ substance that floats up and is precipitated out onto the surface of concrete or mortar when water is expelled as the concrete oF mortar hardens. 75 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo2.3 CN-ERGAIC ES PFE els PY U— AOS Using CN-E Adhesive to Install PF or P Series Strain Gauges HORICOF AY — FART BER ECALMU CTO, CNRBAICLET IBM [re ate ORESMUTCERN ‘This procedure is almost execty the same es tht for strain gauge instalation on ordinary ste | : Reter tothe description of strain gauge installation using CN adhesive (P29). pena ame pw 7 tae 2.3.1 RRETOENY VRRAORARROBS For a Laboratory Load Test on a Mortar Test Specimen Table 6.9 CNERIMAIIC & 516-61 Table 6:3 Example of instalation Using CN-E Adhesive RAZ, ABO SVR 100X200mm) | [Test specimen ‘Mortar aged 2 months ( 100% 200mm) PFL-30-11-3LT strain gauge PFL-90-11-3LT CNE Strain gauge adhesive ONE =| Tod /s0.1emm SRE=— TRA Smite Lead wires 10-core/ #0.1amm, viny-eovered three-wire system, Sm (1) Bonding Strain Gauge Use CN-E adhesive to attach the strain gauge to a surface *t, precoated with PS adhesive. (@) Securing Lead Wire ‘Secure the lead wires with vinyl tape. (RF297 (@) Final Check FFE BEBE OF 29 7EBSTRT OF Finally, perform checks such as gauge resistance and insulation resistance checks. CRU THARRETURUGS (KEL BAP RMRRAA) To Quickly Perform a Load Test (Not Possible Outdoors or Over Long Periods) RAN ETC, RARELY 7h ES TORI AU LIL, CNERSA CHOTA FEM OT. & ACEO KR THERE TART Given goad conditions, and if the surface of the fully cured concrete or mortar is sultable, load test can be performed by Using CN-E adhesive to attach the strain gauge directly to the concrate or mortar. This needs to be indoors and ina suitable environment ORMBERICNORRPT LAU ROR Effects of Dampness and Alkalinity on the CN Adhesive FVI-NILD I IU-KEEIS LDS TOME? LAVORA, CNP CN EIA ORY IE HECHT Z DRA WEOBCN ERE EOT ASICS OMA TSE, PATNI REN TR CRN BURBS ET, Dampness and alkalinity leaking from concrete or mortar surrounding the precoated area increases the hardening speed of GN and CN-E adhesive. In this event, applying a generous amount of the highly viscous CN-E adhesive wil extend the hardening timo of the adhesive and make it easier to work with, 76 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyuj2.4 RP-2GAICS PFE PYV—- AOE Using RP-2 Adhesive to Install PF or P Series Strain Gauges RP IAAIO WARM: — AOC AEE BAERS HCE TOT, COMMA TEES ‘The AP-2 adhesive instructions give the general procedure for using the adhesive along with notes on handling the adhesive. Read the instructions before using the adhesive. 2.4.1 BAEORR CHEM 2 EMELOBA Outdoor Test with a Measurement Period of 2 Weeks Table 4 AP-2BHAICE SHIH Table 6.4 Example of installation Using RP-2 Adhesive OFaT— PLEO Sian gauge | ‘Al Strain gauge adhesive 5 FRE [Connecting terminal = Fi mm, 3-core shielded vinyl cable 5=F4 77H W.-FB tape-+ VM tape one Mixing AP. RAIONUARUEM ICH C, HEMAIEMELTSEAL. Mix the RP-2 adhesive as described in the adhesive instructions. (2) sets ene Spreading and Pressure RP-2EMAIE, [PMOL T VINE FAA SHLET, MLE OR ,005~0.MPa (#0.5~3kgHlcm!) CEBU T ‘Apply a thin layer of the adhesive uniformly over the back of the strain gauge and the strain ‘gauge installation area on the precoated surface. Apply a pressure of 0.05~ 0.3MPa equivalent to 0.5 to 3 kgl/emt until the adhesive hardens. (3) 7-H O NR Bonding Connecting Terminals EMALOWEIEL AD, 7 TMF RCN ERMA CRUSE. ‘Once the adhesive hardens, install the connecting terminal using CN-E adhesive, Perform an intermediate check. (awaa-F4re Coating with Wet wa tO Payer SF 7M, OF! SEULICLET. Coat the strain gauge and the connecting terminal with W-1. The coating should extend out roughly Smm from tho strain gauge and connecting terminal, but should not extend bboyond the precoating MECI-F 1 FULT. PO SBE DSAVEMMETEL, TYI—HAP SILA 7 Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo(5) SBF -7IEKSU-KR FOI Undercoating with $8 Tape SB7—7 EM5mmAYALT, FFF OY—KRS| SLO MEIELET, Cut a Smm piece of SB tape and prass it down onto side of the conneoting terminal from which the lead wires extend. 29 Perret et ni (0) U— Kiso Soldering of Lead Wires UKEP AREATARNOLET, P—IMEEWA TIF FETT I ABZCORTRECMIET ‘Solder the lead wires to the connecting terminal, The connecting terminalis coated in Wt, but this can easily be melted using the heat ofthe soldering iron ()wakceena-F029 i 6 Reapplying W-1 coating YET SBF EOS RAY, IF TP SRL CSRS CALE To If any metal portions of the lead wires or connecting terminal are not covered by the coating, reapply @ coating of W-1 (8)SBF-FickeRa—7 179 Reapplying SB Ta SBF —FEOFAT—TLEA LEM IRAP ALT, LPSMERBLET. SBF-7D MMM CLENALT, J-KROBAECASCMELET. ‘Cut a piece of SB tape long enough to cover the strain gauge and solder and press it down, into place. Use the SB tape soparating paper to carefully apply pressure to the areas around the lead wires, ma on (O)VMF—-FIERSA-F Final Coating with Vit Tape VMF—7€SBF—JFOI-F 12 PMSNGPLASMEAAL, EO SMERMLET. Hew TERT CT. Cut a piece of VM tape sighty larger than the layer of SB tape coating and press i down into place. Then, perform the final check Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo 782.5 PSiPHMICKSWFLMYU—2ORS Using PS Adhesive to Install WFLM Series Strain Gauges Table 65 WFLMS J -ACK SRM MOELO ‘Table 6.5 Example of Installation for Long-Term Measurement Using a WELM Series WFLNSOAT-2LT Strain gauge WFLM60-1-2LT PS. Strain gauge adhesive PS. (1) WFLA Ota ‘Temporarily Positioning EZ A— HBO fT ALT, BN T—TBECWFLMD VK BBEIEOLET. Secure the lead wire of the gauge loosely with cellphane tape. OyPsEeMOT Applying PS Adhesive SBILDLAWFLM EMGEL MAL APSHA 7—FN—AMMETVI— NBS HIE BHLET. ‘Tum the loosely secured WFLM strain gauge over and apply a generous amount of mixed PS adhesive to the underside of the gauge base and the precoating surface. (3) weL4'— enti) Final Positioning WFLM 3c OHS TEINS RELI, Return the WELM strain gauge to its previous installation position (4) m8 plying Prossuro WELMEPRD SRO AHHLT, RAOPSAMAE ATERL LET, MLE SE PSMA ID UCL BET, WEMOLBN—2HFE EA STLEUETO CEM CE ay Press ighty down on the WFLM strain gauge, working from the center aut to the edges to ‘expel any excess PS adhesive and air bubbles. Take care not to press too hard as this will make the layer of PS adhesive too thin and cause the metal base of the WFLM strain gauge to float up. Fig. 631 (SPIER AORN ERM cy 7 Reapplying PS Adhesive and Final Check WFLMORBN—ZEPSBMAT LT PDABAGLICTSE Lamu eieM C8ET. PSMA REF I TEI OTHT TT. To bond firmly, the metal base of the WFLM strain gauge should be fully enveloped from above and below by the PS adhesive. ‘Once the PS adhesive hardens, perform the final check. Installation is then complete. 79 Tokyo Sok