|AQ>>OAO|IA tt-12 (2000)1-40

TOTIIKA ETIIPPHMATA KAI 66[ITQXH''XTHN EAAHNIKH

AIAXPONIKH TIPOXEIf I>H*

AHMHTPA OEOOANOIIOYNOY-KONTOY

The aim of this paper is the diachronicexaminationof the locativeadverbsin their

prepositionalfunction and, more precisely,their twofold subcategorization frame:
DP*.n/ PP. My aim is to showthe following:
(a) PP in complementpositioncorresponds structurallyandfunctionallyto DP; both
co',iplementtypesconstitutea twofold realizationof the 'genitive'.
(b) The gradualincreaseof the analytictypesis relatedto the tendencyfor explicit
realizat.'onof the functionsexpressedby the genitive (locative/ablative),given the
semantically opaquecharacterof this casein the structuresunder consideration.

1,.Erocytrlyri

1.1. Ilgo$l.r1pcro - otolog

Avruxelpevo rnE pe]"6rqgournE ofiors].sl q 6ua1qovr,xr1 eltcoTl rtrlv rotnx6v

enr,gqlpctolv (EIIIPP-.'. roJrrxo) tng El,l"nvwfig os l.trougy[c rrgo06oecrlvr

* H pe).6tryaurr1 oe plo ngdlrl poacpnrqg anorel,eoecvcxoi,voorlorTl l6n Etnor,a)uvawq-

oll rou Top6c fl.rrloool.oylcgtou AII@ (Mor,oE1995).Eulcgr,otcb0eqpdtr,Eouva66],cpoug
A. Xer,l.o-Maqxonorll.ou, A. Mo[eg xar, K. Nr,xqcpogl8ou yto rtE ou[qtrloer,gnou el1cpe
navcooe 06pota rqE pe),6tqExc0rfg xot yto tlg enolxoboprytx6gnoQatnQrlostE xol rCI,
oX6l"r,aroug. En[oTlEsuxoQrorrilOeqporqv Dr A. A].e[ro6ou xor rrlv Dr E. Avcyvcooto-
notl"ou yrc rrE 0eorgqtr,x6E enlor;po,voerErouE oe o16oqxuglrrlgpr rn pToolqpatlotr,xrl
ovcl.uoq.fro rulov )"c01,ncqc)"eltpelg x],n. q euOr3vq elvcr onox].elottxc 6lxn pou.
l. OunegmrdoelEcut6E,xuglcog6tav axo],ouOotivtarano IIPO@OP,lcqcxtqql[ovtor, o4
orlv0ereEngo06oer,g (@eocpovonor,il.ou-Kowo(s 1992,1995c6nou xor, q ncl.ototean FL-
Turr,x6 xgr,rrlgr,o
l3l.r,oygocplc). tqE ngo0etr,x1E l,er,tougyi,aEtou enr,qgrlpatog 1 nc-
ei,vor,
gouolc oupn]"qgtilporog(O(Dur"./ IIPO@OP).tleqlnrcbosrEsfit,QQnpcrcov nou ancrworiv
povc touE oe buacpogeE tnE ng6taoqg 6ev pe a,naolol.ouvebdl:
06oer,E
1. ra l.6el6l"c onop6oa.Tlnote an6lol
2. 6per,ve ni,orrlorc pa0lpatr,xa
Or negunrriloelE cur6g,ev roriror,g,gnogorjvvo sQpTlvsu0orlv olg naqa8elypctc pe trrqOevt-
x6 ouUnl,nqorpc(Koopmann 1993).
 - Kowou
2 Arlprltpa@eoEavonouAou

xCI,r
JtrroouyxrxQrlrvan 8ltrrl rouEur[oxc,Trlyoqr,onol4o1:
o@yun./
IIPO@OP2.
Ilcgc06trrl xceoxrrlQtottxt g negmrciloageJrrQQnparolv nou nqoxrLrCI,r
vc
ps ofiooxol.rpoouvo;ro rrE br,ocpogeg
cpaoer,g
rng El,l,nvwfg3:

AE
lo,. &vol,ft,vol0ev,
Exug,rfil,e xl,n. 4 O@yrn.
13.Exog,voo(prv,rfrl.e+ d,n6rru., elg* Oooir.
[r6XQr,frXqr,
(Schwyzer & Debrunner1950:533-553)
ME
2a. navtc,1o0,oriOcpot,eiour,6trrngoo0ev + OOnun..
B. ftvrrl,
Bv + O@uor.,600)+ 0@6o.., &vrr,xgugelg + O@oir.
(Jannaris1897:337)
NE
3. p6oa,6ftrl,pcxgrd,,xovtcr,fi[oo),lrfiQoE,xLn.+anoloe
(@eocpavonoul,ou-Kovrou 1992,1995a)

To yevuxoreqo06parlg Or,clqovr"xrpg br,tunlogo*run./ npo@op, pr ro, r-

nuggrlpcro,rv nqoxeup6voro tonuxo.,oe l"eutougyi,a ngo0eo1g,6ev 61euo-
vrrpsroJTuotel ouor1lro,Tr'xu
otr1l3ul3],loygccp[c.
)rr,g oyeu,xtgcvacpog6E nou
pq[oxer, xovelgorrg rorogr,xg yQopporLxtgttlgE],],rgvr,xrpExal pe-
oe er,6r,x6g
),6tegfiou ovocp6govrcrotrl 6r,a1govux4 nogela rng ysvrxrlgxcOdlgxo,rorrl
pel.tr1totv ngo06oet'lvto 06paouv66etar, xuglrrlg[rrn l3cOpr"afaunoXdlgq-
orl rnE yevlxrlg(Xat(ubcxtg 1915:374,Jannaris1897 337,Ncxcg l98i 20,
oqp.13,Tsamadou1984,)ercrog 1995).Aev eferc(ovtor,optrlgnd,vtoteou-
orrlporrxa otug avolt6qol pel.fteg or oQor nou gu0pf(ouv rr;v eval,trayn
O<Duun./ilPO@OPps ro enr,qgrlpcroror[ou, 6tcr1govuxc,, ofre ngoo6uog[[o-
vro,LoL l,oyor,(6oplxof- l,eurougyr,xol)
nou ouvre].ouvor1v enuxqctlorl rtrlv
ngo0erlxrilv excpoqrilv.Avrl06rrrlg,q ouvtcfTl rcDvenr,gglpcrrrlvorrl Nec
El,),ryuxr1GPOOOP I O0yrr.lxl.ut.nrn.)
61elanorel.6oeL, ra rel,eurclo1g6vrc,

2. H repi,nrolonrTlEora0egryE
nagouoi,cErr;g yevr,xrlE
pe ra xl"ltlxu (sfio rqv Kor,vrlx.ef.)
6ev 0a ps ofiooxo).noel e6dl. flc rqv neglnrorq orrl N6c E),},ryr,xr1131". Theophano-
poulou-Kontou199513.
3 . Or, 8r,ocpogeguorogux6gcpcoeuE rqg El"),qvlxrlg6Tl),6vowor ps rrE pqaXuyqacpi,eE AE
(=AQXc[aE],]'1vr,xr1),ME 1=l4stottrlvlxrl E],],r1vuxr1)
xal NE (=N6a E],]"r1vuxr1).
Me tov
6qo MeocrorvrxrgEl,l,qvuxrlcvccpeqopcorro 6e6op6vo6ou-15ouo,r.,xo,ro,TTlvJrLXQo-
totoa cnorlrq,blcxqlvovtcg 6rio unonegr,66ouE: TTlvrlqolupq Meocurlvr,xqrgBufovrt-
vr1(6o5-11oEal.) xo.Lrrlv Otflpn (12o9-15o9).H ovcrcpoqo evbelxrr,xdlvnoqa6er,yporrrlv
cn6 rr;v Yoreqopu(avrr,vrl/Ilg6r,p1 Neoel,l.ryr,xrl(16oEx.ef.) onooxonti orqv evi,olu-
oTf roJv ouuJlsQootlcrrrtv pou oxErwta p TrE noqcrlgoripevss rcoer,E tlE y),rrtoooE.
Ilqo$)'rlpata ogr,o06rqorlErtrlv 6tacp6gcovneqr,66olvxor ufiofirQr,66rrlvxo0rilg xor ro
06po tqE dvogfnErrlg NE 6ev pe crnooXol.orive66.
 Tonma enpgrlparu l(aL "fiTttJoq" orqv E)")'nvmn 3

crvtuxe[pevoptro,oxnportoruxrlgavc].uonEota n],4[ot0 rnE pe].6t19ttrlv

ps
ngoOoeolv, Xop(,gvc unagXstolrtrlgoupcptrlv[acfiotpstrlvo4erL]to' rn 6opn
xor rov xoQ(xxrnQropo rcDv IIPO@OP ("ccp1gqp6vq" Dimitriadis
fird)OTl,
lgg4, (Duxuag1994,flgooetuxoou$fil,nQ(l)p0 rou sfitQQrlpatoE,Fries 1988)
al,l,a xot ps t1 l.ettougylo,ttrlv nqo06oeolv(ntoltuxog110epaxLrt'oE 6elxtqg,
Karanassios 1992).
)to nl,alola 8uegeuvnonE rtrlv nqoostuxrilvcpgcroeolv trlg NE (@eocpavo-
noul.ou-Kovrou lgg2, lgg4, 7gg5),to 06patqg evcl.l.oYnE IIPOOOPI x\trt-
*6rru.lrero rorrxn enrgqrlporc,6vo,vru trlg otoOegrlg anouo[crEoorun.(nQ0]..
*paxgfi, lttva ) pe ancolol.rloe xrQo-
tttiii paxpn ano ptva / paxgn pou
oeotg (Theophanopoulou-Kontou 19950),ta 6e oupnegcolrorgano trlv ef6-
TOOq tolv 6e6op6vtrlvlrrloQouvv0 ouvo\ptoTouvtrlgelrlg:
H ngogeonoro avolr6grrl6opr,xooxnpo 6ev ouvtotc anl"dlgntcrltuxo6e[-
xrTl,Lxo,vovtr XcQo,xtrlgi,oeu ntolttxo, tlv O@(6opr,xnntdlot'1)4, oupqtrlvo,Ps
T0 ouyxQovtxaxgltrlgta. Aeltougyel enf n],6ov trlg cpogdcrgouYxsxQupvou
Oepatuxou gol.ou5,crvctl,oyou xtQoE tc l.efr,xcrXcQOXTnQuotlxa tlg ngoOeoqg
(ano / oe1.H ouvtcfTlr(l)v enr,gqrlpcrtolv o,uttilvpe nqoOettxrlqQ(Ionenutge-
fisr txfiecpQcoptvn 6n),trlontng ox6ongpetalu rolrtxou enuggrlpctroE xc't ou-
pnl.lqtilporog (explicitO-role),YsYovoE nou 6evntcrvnavtote buvatov vtl t-
nuteuXQe[ W rn yevr,x((eyyevTlg En],orn tou 0-go]'ou).Avtlorotxo QOLvope-
vo 61eut[oQOTnQnQe[ oe cr],]"egneguntdloeug (6ppeooo,vttxe[pevo,yevuxrltlg
"u|r6tqtcrg",x}.fi.) ottg onolsgUJIOQXSI r1tao4 en[6oo1gtrlg cvo],ut'txflEex-
qoQcgdvcrwrrqg O@rrn..
Avrl06trrlg,q oraOegrlrrcrgouo[cr yevuxngpe tax]rtttxa otn NE eLvcu6uva-

4 . )ripcptrtvc pe tq $eolqla tqE ntdloqg oto nq6turlo rnE Kul36gv1or1E xcrr,Avctpoqtxrlg

Iuvbeolg (Chomsky 1981)or"nrdloelElaqaxrrlql(ovrot trlg6optx6g(structural)xot sY-
yeve[E(inherent).Ot pev 6opr,x6E xa$oqi,fovts1an6 tn 06oI t15 OO oto 66vtgo, evdlot'
iyyuniig ouv66ovtat pe ouY1sxQtptvTl ),eltouqyi,arqE nt6o15 tlE O@ nou elvcl cve-
Eaqrnrn on6 11 06o1 r1E oro 66vrqo. H oulxexqrp6vl l.ettouqylo ovopa(etcu otl 0eot-
glcr0epctr,x6E g6troE(O-role).B]'. oqp.5.
5 . i4r rou ogo "-0epctr,x6E 96),og"110-g6l,oEcvcrcpeq6pcor orov orlpcor,o),oylx696l'o r1
onpaor,ol.oyr.xrl l.eltouqy[c (AgnotrlE, A6xr1E, Ogycvo, @6pox],n.) nou n],19o[ 6vag
oqyovr,xog6eoEtnE ngotoolE (6gtopa). OlQepo,ttxoi gol.ot nou 8ll.tilvouv r6t ogi'opo'-
gecoQloE on6 tl0epa-
ra lvog xarlyoq1poro! xagoglfovror, oupe1';voire rtE cQX6EtnE
tlxn 6opn rou xorTlYogrrlpatoE n onoi,c quQpl[er,61r,povov fioLouE$epctr,xougq6]"oug
ara6etel n tr6En,ol.ia xar, ntilg agfiet vo fiQoYpatolgorlv.Evbeuxtt'xaYtq ro 06pc tqg
0- Oeo:qi,cE pi.Wlttiams 1994onou fisQctt6gtrlBr,l3l.uoygacplc. fr,c neqmtdloelEtlg NE
0I. efitong<Dr,l.utnoxq-Warburton 1992:218x.el. xal Catsimali 1990.)tqv neg[ntorrl
pog ro EnIPPron.nqoo6i,6er, tov avtiotor,lo 0-gol.o oTTlvO<D(anopaxQuvoTl,xortu-
bunon oel afio,6ieon). H yevr,xrltoE eyyevrlE cpog6og
nttboq elvor,nogo]"],1],<r tou 0epo-
tr,xou cutou go),ou. )t1v negl;trooTl Ttrlv ilPOOOP blpLougyouvTct ttQLoootegc
ngof3l,rlpcltoYto ro onolo 0o ylver,l,6yog ncgoxattrl.
 - Kovrou
4 Arlwrupa@eoEavonou)"ou

rov vCI, 0errlgrp0el

crlgcnor6],eopa,rng rooreeLxng6opngrrlg xornyoglcg nou
quOpl[elrrlv fioQouoLalanouolango0etrxtilvoupn]"qptrlporrrlv (Cardinaletti
& Starke1995).
Ilcrgcrtlg cvcrlt6qrrl fiou or1Qiytrlxavoe peyol,of3cOpoornv
blanlor<iloer,g
aval"uo1NE 6e6opevcrtv n ovocpoeoorrl 8lalqovlxrl ouvrall TtrlveJrreQnpo-
rcovo,utrbvoe ouv6uoopope ncgal,trntrncrvcrcpogc orrlv e[6],r,[nrqg yevr,xrlg
8qpuougye[ ogr,op6vaen[ n].6ovegotrlparo fiou oOqyouvornv avayxq puag
yrvLxorrQqE OlclgovtxrlgOerilgrlo4g
tng 6opng.Ta,egolrrlparaaurc ouvorpl-
fovtcr, otc efrlg:
(i) ilrrtg eQlrnvsusrauq epcpavtoqnqo0errxcilvoupnl.lqolpctcrtvper0 sfirQ-
grlparc ronou r16qorqv AE xaufiorog o go)"ogrrlv ngo06oeotvoutrilv:

eigto orparone6ov (Eev.'Avaf3.6.4.27)

4 . toug 6e66[ollavp6XQL
5 . xcg0'dno relleogelpev (>256)

To egriltqpc efvcueul,oyoCI,vfiQrrlToQxrxog ruagcyovtogyLo rlv epcpavuorl

xo,LnsQc,r,t6grrlenrxgatloTlrtrlv IIPO@OPorLgovcrltdqol6op6g0eopq0e(, a-
noxl.euorLtraxaL povov 1 pcOpuafcunoltilQnonrnE ysvLxrlg(Xct(r,6axlg
1915:314).Ko,utouto 6uotuor [roQruQoupsvsE Sr,runleg ora 6e6op6varlg
AE, orc,v6ev unrlglcv belyporo,ufiox6Qnongtqg yevuxrlg,xaOuorouvJrQo-
pl"qpcrr,xnrnv naganavrrl6tani,otoorl.
(ii) Iloucrq oX6oq(6opuxr1/trer,rougyLxn)perafu trrlv ngo0erlx6v oupnl.l-
qolpatolvfiou CI,Jro,vrouv
lrerCI,EfIIPPron.(xcuoxr povov) perafu trpgAE xau
trygNE.
(iii) Ilouou eubLxol].oyou,av unoglouv, ouvte].ouv otrl yevlxeuorlrrrlv
fIPO@OP[rTo EfIIPPron.orrl NE, afiox]"eLopvng evte],tilgt1g OQouu.:

6. (eupcrxquocno rouEOlxougrou
7. *(er,pcxgla tolv Ouxdlvrou

(iv) Ilolol ncgoyovreg,rl"og,gu0pf[ouvtov/ rouErQo]rougavc],utwr1gex-

qoQoErnE yevLxrgg. Avacpfqopalos rTrQrrrrrboer,g 8lrunurilv(6nl,orn eppdoou
avtlxeupdvou, yevr,xrlg
Jrc,Qo,Eelypcra trlg r,6r,orqtcgx].n.), a].].a xor or trsQL-
nrdroelgoJrourl ovrrlro,Taorcoqrrlg yevuxrlgpe cval"urwrl excpoga (naQcbely-
yevlxrlgxtrymrlg,ovu,xerpevux4g)
lrCI,ro o8qyeloe6op6govu,yQo,ppatr,xeg.

8. to 66orc orov fr,avvrl/ rou flavvrl

9. *unol*yuc/ *oe rov Jrofifiou
ro on[ru rou Jro,JrJro,(sl

Me acpetrlglc tc eqolt4pcta aurcr 0c nqoonaOrlool va 6ei,lrrle66 otr,:

 Tonmd,mppt'11t"utaxu"L"fiTr.i)oly"
orryvEh)'rlvtxq 5

(c) Or, IIPO@OP ot l.eLrouQY[ooupn].lgtilparog rrrlv EfIIPProrr.o,vrtoroL-

Xouv 6opr,xc xoL l.srrougyuxc orrg OOyun..Tcr 6uo olrlpatc ouvtorouv 6uo
TQOfiOUE ngAyprcrOrcngtrlg [6uag "fittbo1g" (yevr,xrlg),cvaydpevo oe xolvo
6opr,xoox1po, orov qQoortxo belxtrl TrlE"OO".
G) H l3crOpr,cla eni,Oooqtrrlv avo,l.utlxrilv excpoqcilvefvau cnot6l.eopo rng
raorlg yua Qnrn/sxfieqeoopfvn 6nl"orn tng l.eutouqy[ag tng yevuxrlgoto ou-
o firtrlrtxog
lrou JroQouor,c(er,
yxexgup6vonegr,l3d),l.ovl.oyrrl trlg abr,acpttvelag
CI,uroETUfioEtrlExreogrrl ouyxsxgr,p6vl olpaola ("toxtxilacpc,ugetuxrl")6.
Ou avolt6ptrl 06oer,gfiou CI,Jrorel"ouvt1v unoOonsQYoologtqg otrrlg pel.6-
rrlE 0c rexprlQro0ouv xata rnv JrQoypcteuoq ps rnv ncgcl,l,rl),r1 cvacpoqa
ora eEnE 06patc:
(i) )rq orlpcor,o),oyr,xr1
eE6)"uEn rnE ysvLx1g("ey1evoug" ntdlolg) pt CI,vo,-
qoQc oroug ncgcyovttg JIoungoobuogi,(ouv ta 8uacpogc oto6r,ctlg el)"t,-
EnSrng (l3cOpuatc errovtQpnve[a tlg yevtxrlg- oupn]'1gcbpo,rog, ngoonoOela
Anrng6n)"orngrc'JvfioLxi,)"rrlvtonuxtitvol6oeolv:ota,or1g, xc,teuOuvoqg oel c-
no) pe rn XQnonngo0etlxtilvexcpoqdlv.
(ii) )rnv ovcl"uol tng EopnExat l.eutouqylag tolv IIPO@@Poupnl"qgolpa-
TcDv TOUEfIIPPron. xor T(l)vxqr,tlgitrlvfiou ouvnYoQouv un6qtrlg auvctoTnT0E
cvayoylg roug ot xoLvo6opr,xooxnpoW TnvO@rry..To 06paouv66etalpsrnv
ur,o06tqoq 6r,eugup6vou cpQooTuxou belxtn TngO@/xau6,tt ttuToouvena,yeto,t
yro rnv cval.uorlTtrlvouyxexglp6vorv Ooptilv(IIPOOOP,O@yeu., xl.lt.r.n.)nou
o,vayowaroro oxnpcCI,uro (Koopmanl993,vanRiemsdijk1990,Starke1993).
@o crvcrcpeg0dl,tl"og,orov gol,o nou nai,(eu11l"efr,xr1 olpcola tcov ]"eu-
rougyr,xrilvngo0oeuly1 oe/ afio oxTlvenlbooqttrw nqoOetuxcbv excpogtbv pe
ta tonlxa.

6 . H E. Avcyvtrlotoloril"ou (ngoo. enlx.) no).u orrroto enr,oqpolvel6tt n l3oOplo[cen[6o-

orl rtrlv ava),urrxdrvexcpog<ilv ora NE 0a gnogorioeeni,olEvo ouoxrtotel pe to 6tl 11
yevr,xrlpe P<Dxar, fIPO@OP (61r,pe OO) 6ll"tbver.e[ o]'ox]'rlgou ro [+ 6ptlt.] evd otqv
AE pnogouor vo 6q),rboer, xo,Lro t- prp.l.H 8r,onlottrroqaut1 elvcr,no].rj evbloqeqou-
oo xo,Loncrre[tcr 6r,egerivloqxor fieoE autrltlv xcrefOuvor;.
H OO, xcto ta oriylgovo nq6tuna ava),uoqEnou cvcyovroL orov Abney (1987), t-
yx),eletcl oe l.eltougylxrl xatlyogla (DP=Definite Phrase,e]']'Iv. @q AqO 11A" pe xe-
cpo),r1 ro Ag0qo=A, xcra r1v ava).uo1tnE )tarieou. B),. Horrocks & Stavrou 1987,xo.t"
Stavrou 1996,onot xoL nreorr6grrl l3rB),r,oygocp[c). En[onE Karanassios1992.Meralt
rolv enl pfgouEOepcrrrtvfiou oJrooxo],orivrouE eQsuvlt6Eoqpettilvo rov cgr,0p6,ro ei,-
6oE,to neglel6pevo xor r1v reqaqlr,xrl8uatclrlrtrlv ovoyxaltrlv ]"eltougytxtitvxornYo-
gurilv, o),}.axar,t1 0eoqtcov nolxf,]"trlvngooOtogr,opcbv tou ovopotoE. fleqcr,trfgol6leu-
Quvon rTlE"O@" p ovopou,x6 oupn),lgttpatux6 8elxtq ()A) nou oquoOeteltq 6r,eugu-
pevl 6oprl rqg (CPn=)(D, r1tor.tDqcoTl)upnl,qg<rlpcrtog),6notEaxq{3dlEoupl3clvelpe
tlv flg6rcor;, ngrotelverolon6 rov Starke 1993xal touE Cardinaletti& Starke 1995:28
x.e!. To 06pa 0c poE ofiCI.oxol.r1oer,nogoxatol.
fr.cr11 br,ccpoqonolqorl perafri l,efr,xdv xol l"ertouqytxtirv(functional)r1ygcrppcttxtitv
ngo06oeorvl3)..ncqaxcto.
 - Kowou
6 Arilqrpa @toEavonou)"ou

|.2. lltxd pe0o6ol.oyuxc

H aval.uonpou rrlgfieoE11 bucXqovlxrle[6]"GnrnE yevuxrlgorqgl(erar orrE

elrlg yevux6g agX6g:
(i) H 6lc1govr,xr1 ngoo6yyrorlrtrlv yl,orcouxrilvcpcrvop6vrrrv ngoUno0ter,
8uvapr,xrl0e6g1oqt1g yl"dlooag(Aitchison 19912,MacMahonl994, Ka,xgl-
6r1-Ferrari & Xeul.a-Mcgxonoul.ou1996)xar 6va nl.alouocrvcr],uoqg oro o-
nolo evOoouotrlpatuxo[ xuglrrlgnagayovteg(nor,xr,].[c, tunolv, lroQqoqrrlvrl-
pcrrr,xg evcl,l,ny6g,
bltunfeg)nal[ouv ouorCI,oruxo go].oornv c]"],ayn.
(ii) H enlboon/enr,xgarlon proEa].].ayr1g 0eopeiraupetcfu c],].olvt'lEorTo-
r6l,eopoev8oyevofg"coccpao,E"e rou ouorrgpatog(Lightfoot 1979)trlEfiQoE
ro ouyxlt{gtp6vocpouv6pevo. IloqopoLo "figop},r1pcrr,xr1 o16oq"pero,lu rou
yl,ororxou ouotrlporoExor rtrlv norxll.rrlvngcrypardloerilv rou elvcu6uva-
Tov vo, os
obqyrloer, ouor1pau"xqsfioveepnvela/perava,l"uoq boprbvxut tt-
norv r1orq l3c0puataenuxeotnonal.l,rrlva,vti,otor,ltrlvo1po,ouol.oyuxa rll xat
l.eurouqyr,xa. H avrupetdlJu"orl currl ngoUno06reL r1v ngotlp1on rrlE y],rilo-
ooEyLo ose\lanrn o:rrLxovroTl rtrlv 6opr,xdrv/orlpoouol,oyr,xdlv
o1oeolv. Tc-
oq petcpol,rlg ruagctqgeltal6tav rl oocpnE/eryr1 aneuxovr,orlrov ouornlrorr-
xtl.lvoytoeov 6lat0,gcooetcl.
To ouyxexqup6vo 06pc fiou W cncolol,e[ e66 otc n],clouaavcr].uoTlE rtrlv
"ouv06rcov"ngo06oetrlvogoea otq perr{3o}.r1 rou ouorqporog rrDvnrdroetrlv
- fiLo ouyxexQLp6vc orq f3a0pucrla unoldlQnonrnE yevLxngpe rc EfIIPPro,-.-
xo,ror1v ngoonoOeloxa0ogLopourcDVJrc,eo,yowov nou gu0pLoc,v rrlv el6l,u-
En aurn. H ef6tcroqnegr,l.cppaveu 6uo p6q1. To nqrilro p6eoE avccp6qetor yr-
vr,xcotq 8uolgovuxrlonotunooTlxoL tc eni, p6goug nqo$l.1parortrlv 6e6o-
p6vrrlv(2.1.)xor or1v enuorlpavon/aval.uorl rtrlv orlpcrouol,oyuxrilvJroQoyo-
vrov nou obrly1oo,vornv xattoyuorl rcDvIIPO@OP6vavrurrlg ncrl.clrorsQnE
yevuxrlgQ.2.).H efdtcronrng olpcouol.oyuxrlg el6l,Llngrng ysvr,xrlg pe ra
EfIIPProrr.orlgl(erc,Lo peyd].o p6eog oto nq6runo cvd],uonEtrlg Ntxqcpo-
ef6ou(1991:149-205).
)to Oeutegop6qoEsfirxerQeltau 11tunuxrl crvc],uoqtrrlv IIPO@OPps ro
EfIIPProrr,paoeutou flgotuJrou trlg Kul36QvnonE xar Avagoguxrlg)uvbeorlg
(Chomsky1981).H effuco1 neqr,l,cppcver, 6uo p6gq.Enu1eugei,rc,r,, xo,r'CI,Q-
Xnv,n ovcl,uorltng 6opngxoL rTlExo,rnyoQraxrjE uJroorc,o1E TtrlvIIPOOOP

9, H "ooocpero"(Lightfoot 1979)voei,taro4 ouox6rro1 rou ouorrlpatoE oro blacpogo,e-

ni,ne6o, crnot6l.eopopoQqocpovol.oyuxtilvpercr|3ol"rilv
oe 6r,c1qovux6eni,ne6o.flgo'r,6v
r1g ol"l"ayrlgautrlE pnogei,vc ei,voll an),onolqol rnE yeopporrxrlg (neqroqlop6gtrov
avolpol.rrbv/ eva),l.ay6v) n n 6qpr.ougy[cv6covoXryporrrlv/owr,06oe<rrv.
 Tonmdmppr1paraxill "xrrtbo1"orqvE),")rnvmnl

lreT0 T,ofiLxa.ps TnvUto06Tnon 6ueugup6vnE "OO" oTtlvoJtotcWtoQouvv0,cr-

voxgouv ro ovopCI,rl'tro. r(aLfieo0rrruc ougnl,rlgdlpcrtartrlv rofiLx<itv(3.1.).
2ra nl,aloLu,Tou OvtrlT6Qtrl boptxou oXrlpo,togeQp1vruero,t,, oTrlouvtxetc,,Tl
6urunLoOoysu./IIPO@OPtrlEofi or6l,eopo6r,ttr1gOuvctottlrog fi QcYpottrloqg
TTlg"JtrcbonE" (3.2.).
To 6e6op6vc,tel.oE,orCI, onola otrlglXtrye l avd].uor1pou ngoegXovrotct-
Jro rrg nago6oor,ax6gtotogux6gYQOPtIOrtxfE xat pel,6tegtng El,)'nvr,xr1g
(Schwyzer& Debrunner 1950,Humbert & Kougpoul.ng 1957,Chantraine
1953,Mayserlg34,Jannaris1897,Psaltes 1913,Browning1991)oJtouxot ot
JroeofiogJrfg. )uotrlpcruxrl avcrcpoqcr/anobel,tltrlo16yr,veeni,olgotcr efrlEc-
vTrfieoooneutuxc, xelpevat1g ME: Mcl,c)'ag (6oE),@eocpavqE (9og)'Aopa
tou Agpouqn (9oS)Ilttrllongobgoptxc Ilourlpcta (l2og), Allevrlg (12oE)xo-
Orbgxar,oe enul.eyp6va xelpevatlg Yoteqol3ufavtuvns/ ilqdrprlg N6ag El.),n-
vr,xrpg(Kal.l.lpaxoExot Xquoogg6q, Xgovtxov rou MoQdtrlE).

2.H otvtcfq ttov tontxtbtterr,ggqpdtov:l,oroglxriavcox6nrpq

2.I.Ta6e6op6va:orrotqv AqXa[cot1 N6c E]'].1vuxr1

Enr,Xer,gdlvroE rTl ouotlpcltlxrl anotfnorrl rnE 6opng rtrlv CI,xol.ou0r,6v

EIIIppron.*OOrrn. xau EIIIPPTOfi.+fIPO@+OO, xugltrlg6e tov xaoogtopo rnE
l,eutougytagtou EIIIPP oe o16o1 W rct al,)'a ouororLxd,0a lexuvrloolano
trlv ef6tcoTlrov 6e6opr6volv rng AE, 6nou 1 ouvtafTl rov tontxr.bveJItQQn-
potrrlv epcpavffeurn peycrl.uteqlxc,vovux6rTlrc(ouotqpctr,xrl ncqouola
Ooyrn.).)r1 ouv6leua0o efercrorrlrug avolt6gtrtoxol,ou0legotn 8uoxQovuxrl
ruogelatlE y].tilooag(crnotr;v Kouvixst ME p6Xgltn NE) enuleuqtilwCI,g vc
ngoo6uoglotrltoug ouorrlltcrtxouEnagoyovttE J[oUoqpctoboTrloo,v TtEfis-
gcrur6grrr
e[e],C[euErng 6opngxo,Lrrl l3aOpuolcr xanioyuonrtrlv ngoOetuxcbv ex-
cpoqrbv.

2.1.1.Aglcto El.l.nvrxn

)upcprrlvalrero 6e6op6vcrpoErl ouvtafrl rtrlv roJrtxtilventqgqpcttrlvepcpcv[-

(er,tqv efrlgxctavoprl:
(cr)EII IPPron.+OOruu.
Kc,t' og1r1votc nal.auotegcxe[peva(OpnQoE)n oX6or1 petcfu trrlv 6uo
ouoToTL1tilv H
efvaur,bnftegc Xa),cQn. taol cutrl oTrlvovt-
ovTofioxQi,veto.t,
EclgtntnXanontolv ngoOetuxtilv tunrrlv JrouXgQcxtqgl(er, yevuxtirg
rct opnQL-
xa tnq (Chantraine1953:146, Humbert & Kougpoutrng1957:286-281). H
8 Arlprypa OeoEavonou)"ou- Kovrou

O*rru., trlg avefcQTnrn O@,8ql.dlveuyevrxo,6wora ronmtl ("yevuxr1 Tox[r,xr;"-

nal.cLotean Xanon), rvrir l ),errougy[crrou rofitx,ou enlggrypctog 6rcrv poeru-
geftcu ouvlotcrtor oro va ngoo6uogi,(er,/6uaoccplvl(elxa].uteeo rrlv 6vvouc
tlg yevuxrlg.

10. Ev0axal 6v0'iOuoeirdXnneOlolo (22)

11. ...nouarlto0&ypnv (6 639)

Kgutrlgr,cun6g tqg avefdQtnrng/Xatrcqng o16oqgrcov6uo ouoro,rrxrilva-

notel.ouvra elrlg:
(i) Tc,ouorcrr,xa6ev ei,vauouvsxopeva.To XoQoxrnerorrxoaut6 c,navto,
yevrxrirgotc, 6e6op6va8uacpogrrlv neglo8rrlvrr;g AE, anrlyei 6e ngoqavdlg
Tov syysvrllcgcxtryqa tolv ntdloeolv xal, xarcl.ouv6nero,Trl lrcyo].ureqry
c-
vefagtloi,a tcrlvoQov (Catsimalil99O:262).
(ii) n l.eutougy[orng yevr,xrlg
(tonr,xnl6lcugerlxrp)
6evouppr,l3d(stclncvro-
Tptc ),eluxcXoeoxr1QLorwra rou srlrQQrlpcrog.
Avtu06tolg,11ouvbeonrrlg
pero qnpa xugfrrlg,oro,v6ll,dlveuxi,vlor;, efvcuneguoo6rego nu0cvr110:

'(va
12. ngnooopev66oio (A264)
13. paOelng6xro0evail.ng 9239)

)rqv xcrqyoglc currl 0a pnogouoCI,vva evrclOouven[or1E croagei,gfisQr-

ntdloeuEtrlEJreogrov l3aOpoefagrqonErnEO@uru. o,rroro enlqgrlpa(ro enlq-
Qnpopnoqefvo,o,fiorsl,6oelp6Qogtou g1parog):

14. 6!orre lgoog El,xe (L 457)

O tunog ouroErrlg cvefaernrnEyevlxrlg(yevuxrltonlxrl), r16r'p neguogr,op6-

v1E orov OpnQoo pspovrrlp6vancgabelypo,roxo,r or ouyxrxerp6vl 06o11
orov orlXo negr,og[[etcu f3c0pq6ovcxopTlfirerooorsQo. ilaqo],],Tl],oenlbi,8eL
11orev6tegqouvbeonrnE O<Dpe ro rofirxo pe 6uo buvarorr;rsgtrlgfiQoErn
6ucrta[r1TtrlvoQrrlvro@oun.-EIIIPProrr.xor EfIIPPron.- ooyev.xt,lelE,vrou-
ToLE,va xul3egvnraln OO, un6 rqv cuorqgrl 6vvola rou oeou, cn6 ro
EIIIPP, oxtrrlEJToQcrnQrltalano tr;v Kor,vqxct, eEngpe rqv enlbooqrrrlv 6o-
plxrilv ntriloerov.O l3c0pogelcgrrlonErrlE O<Dano ro enlggqpc nor,xi,]"],er,
xau6evelval nd,vrcrefxol,a nqoo6uoglor,pog.

10. B),. Chantraine 1953:58 yr,c rnv epnvsia na,gaber,ypotrrlv6tcog to 13. H an66oor1
tqg cpgaoqgog"dehors, dansle creux de la cour"olpclver, 6rr ro atLn; 6ev elogtaro,r,
ar6 to txto9u aL),a anorel,ei,yevr,xrltonr,xr1.
 TonLx(t enqprlpara xaL "itr(i)or1" orTlv EM"qvmrl 9

H OO aval"oya pr rn l"eEuxn onpoofo rou rfiLeerlporogroo0uvopelpe c-

gcr,getr,xrl11pexcOagqyevlxrl.)tqv ngdlrl neqi,nrolorlav1xouvenlqgrlpato
ofirrlg d,rep,drep9e,dnaveu9e,Exag,Extog, (Ea, w)"o1ev (&no)voocptvxLn.
(Schwyzer & Debrunner1950:535-546,Humbert& Kougpoul.lg 1957 311-
314):

15. yatp v dl,l,obanfivalel &navsuOe

roxnotv (r,36)
16. 61opevorovo,Xc,E tr1l.oOev
oixou Gop. N.zM)
11. otfr 6' xtogxl.tolnE (E 13)

)tr1 Seutegqneqi,nrooTlnegr,)"oprl3c,vovtal nequnrdlosrE strLQQrlpcrrrlv

o-
ficDg:ttoD,nfi,'tva, ot\apofr, navtayfi, Ev6ov,dyxt, d)"),o)t,ayyofr,ebaxLn.
(Schwyzer & Debrunner1950:546-552, Humbert& Kougpoul,lg l95l:314-
31D:

18. nctxg 6' 0pog&l,l,oOtyctlxg(6eu (13131)

19. tcXc 6' "ExrogoE&y1r,y6vovro (@117)
20. p6veuveioorbopurv (AloX. 'Em.232)

(p) En IPP'.,-.+fIPO@+O@
H bopqoqrtrlv ouoro,trxrilvelvaucoccprlg.
Ar,axglvoupstug e[4g Ouvcrorrl-
TIE:
(i) To EIIIPP xcr' oQxnv6ev ouv66etolcpeoc pe r1v O@,al"l,o lrs rnv
ilPO@OP, ,L(rL firo ouyxsxqup6vc lrs rnv IIPO@.H o16o1percfu EIIIPP xar,
nPO@ elval Xa].ognxcu 611nd,vroreerixo].angoo8uoq[or,pr1. To entggrlpa
8ucoccpqvt(eu rqv ngoOeoqrpoqr,opEveg cpog6g
n IIPO@@Pngoo6r,ogi,[eu xc-
)"utegoto en[ggr1pa,, xuqlo:gorCI,v
e[vCI,r
cngoo8uoQroro.)e no],].ancgc6ely-
pGTo,oxtorCI,nc,l.cloregcxuqlrrlgxe[pevc,To ouorcrtwts" prercluroug
e[vCI,l,
couvbetc,:

21. d,vtr,xgu6e6L'rbpouXcl.xeovEyxogfrtr0ev (A 481)

22. ...t6vbe6' Edluev
arjroOvLTgoll yeQoneoo6trrev(B 236-237)

(ii) To EfIIPProrrxupegvarqv IIPO@<DP. Baouxoxgr,trlgr,o

uteg rlg 6opr1-
oqgautrlg cnorel"ouvxc,Lor fiser,oQr,opoi,
uJroxorrlyoglonolqongrou P ro o-
nolo 661etar, rrlgoupn].nQttlpa
rnv srrLeQrlpcruxrl
6xcpgaoq:

23. xcrg6' d,norelleogeipev

24. ...t[n0dou vooerv&n' &]"],olv
 - Kowou
10 AiUnrOa@eoEavonou)"ou

(O 244-245)
fio' 6l.r,yr1nel,6olv;
25. roug 0d06lorfcvp61gt, (Eev.'Avcp.6-4.27.)
eigto orQc,ronebov

)tug neguntdloeugautfg q ncgotreu!.rr1tou

erur,qgrlpatog0a xcltfl,lye oe6opeg
ovrryeclrpatux6g(26) i 0a o8rlyofoeoe a],]"n].r,yotegoeleu6uxeup6vq o4pc-
ots (27)- rc eiEoqpcfveucnl.dlgxfvlorl xrQogt6tto, XtrlQIE
olrtrlgcvccpogcoe
ouyxsxQtp6vo oqlo:

26. tln 6e ou *(voocptv)d,n' &}"),orvfio' dl.r,Ynnel"6trlv;

27. toug 6d 66[or[cv (pdXgu)eig to otgcrtonebov

Or,neo06ottg fiou euooyouvtrlv IIPO@(DPefval ot d'n6, eig, Eg,fiaQax)rn.,

1 6e xctcvopn rouE qu0pl[etct CI,fiota ].efuxc XOQOXrnQLor,w{atou enugqrl-
lrcTog.

2.1.2.Ano tr;v Al,elcv6quvrl Kotvtl pexQut1 NE

H ouvtafTlTov tonuxdlv enlgglpatolv, oilpcpcJvclrs tc 6e6op6vc,nc,gouotc,-

feu t1v efrlg xctavoprl:

(o) EII IPP-or,.*O@o.u.

H yevr,xr1pcgtuge[Tct trlg oupn],rlgolpa tonuxrilv sfitQQnpottrlvoJItrlEd,vrtt,
dvot1ev, dvatrterult, dvttxpuE, Eyyug, t'(oz), Eout, Elat1ev, Ensln, d,n6$ot0ev,
d,ntoa, Etrmpooilev, 6n(,ortt, xux)"o1ev, 1pnpoE xlrn. (Jannaris 1897: 33,
Sophocles 1887, Kqr,cqag 1969 x.e\., Psaltes 1913: 2l-22. Enioqg Mayser
1934: 521-543).H Xgnon rng Yevtxrlgnagcpfveu otaQeQnxota t1v eno1rl tlg
Kor,vrlExCI,rTTlvllqrilr,pl Bu(cvtuvt1, evdl unolopef cfio T1v Otfupn Bulovtr,-
vr1xau t1v Yoteqol3u[ovtuvr1.H 8uagogonolnon perclu 0,Q0,LQtrtxr;g xal ye-
vuxrlg6ev etval nl.6ov epcpcvrlg.Ilagc06ttrr XoQoxrnQLollxa ncgabelyporo:

28. &n6vavtutfrg l,eyop6vnE Ilaoutogoixi,ag(Mayser1934:538)

29. xaf tot xrtgot otcrfcwog 6navo tdrv ful,orv (Mcl'a)"aE467.17)
30. O[ 6d orgcrr,tiltcudnrlycl,ovcrttov 6oortng ar]l,fr9(Maqx. 15.
16)
31. to 6dxaroubtv l3l"6tptlvteg&vol0evtfrg tgan6[r1g@ttrty-a. 1o3)
32. )aga,xlvov rlnawnoav an6fo0evtfrg rvtag (AlYevng61)
6EtrltoO Mcxgot tetloug (@eocpcvlg301.
6 l3cor,l.eug
33. 6Efrtr0ev
28)
34. tnoxcrto tdlv 8evtgdlv xgunt6pevog dnfrYev(Ko)')'. Xguo.
893)
 Tonmu enqprlpara xGL"lrrtboq" or1v Eluhrlvmrl 1I

G) EnIPPro,r.+fIPO@+O<D
Or, ngoOemx(4 excpog6Ep ro, roltLttcl.e[vat ],uyotego ouXv6g ornv Kolvrl
xoL T1v Ilqcbr,trrlMeoc,urovuxrg, evcbenL6[6ouv ofio rTlv Otltupn Meocltrlvuxrl
x.EE.,enuxgatdlvroE tel"uxa otrl NE. H l.eltouqy[a trrlv ngo06oerovoe o16o11
[r ro errtggrlpo efvar no]"],6gcpoQCE Ar,c,xqtvoupertg elrlg neglntdl-
croacprlg.
oer g:
(i) To enlgglpa ngoo0loglEeu/8uaoccpqvl(eu
t1v nqo0eorl:

35. "O bdlldtgog 0xaOnto6lo16vtfr ari),fr (Mat0. 26.69)

36. 0ocpc1,x 6ootv tQ ncl.crtlql
6 ottog ftruogl3cor,l.eug
(Mal,a),aE245. 22)
37. 0EntrOev 6 l3aor),eugAeolvn6gcv elgrov "'AyuovMapcvtc
(o.n.372.14)
38. Kai, Bnfrgsrnv x' Lxutoetnv dndvrrreigto l.r,0ogu
(Alyevng961)
39. 0xl3a[veu bgaxov cpopegog 6oo0ev6x tot Ocooug
(Kal"l.. Xguo. 1284)
40. EE60noav ta &)"oyad,n' 6ocoBxta xcga[3ua
(Xgov.MoQ.1408)

YnagXouvenfoqgnagabelyporoota ono[c n ox6onpetalu enr,qqrlpatog

xa,l ngo0ettxrlgcpeoonE Ot negtntdloer,g
e[val Xa].cgr1. cut6g ouyXeovtotps
rrE fieonyoupsvsg lro,roJroJobrpnote6ev pnoqofv va ouoxsrtorouvpe rtg fis-
gunrriloelgexeivegoJrou11IIPO@<DP "o,vrlxCI,0toto,"
tq yevtxrl.

41. "E),crcpog
Exolretnv 66ov 6r,c6papo0oo6pngoo0ev6v porrltdlv
xal tot otgatot (Mal,dl.aE98.15)
l3coul.6rrlv

(ii) H IIPOOOPsxqsQopevn Fsrr,gnqo06oetgot, eig,Ex,dno ou1tx),rlgdlveu

to enlggrlpa.Tc poQruQoupevc, xau x[Qo-
ncga8elyporoe[val fteQLoQtolrva
6qlovrcuofio rLgvroreQsE xuglrrlgcpcroelg
rnEYQ0Fpate[cg. o tunog rng fiQo-
Oeongelagtctar, xugtcrlgoJtoro l.e[lxc XoQoxrnQLorw{arou sfiLQQrlpctog.

42. K' 66gctrrevt pnt6Qc,rou an6[ol d.no ro xaotgov lAuyevng

s29)
43. Kal 6prugoo0evei,gtrlv t6vta pou $ooxouveigto l.er,l3a6u
(o.n. 1426)
44. opfiQoEelErnv'Aylav )ocplovEotnxevxtovtv cpol3egov
(Xpov.Mog. 887)
 - Kowou
12 AiUnrOs @eoEavonod"ou

Baolxd xgutrlgr,o un6g rrlE bopqoqg autrlg anorel.el ro ysyovogorr n

IPOOOP efclgtotaL o,rro to enlggqpa, evcb11ouv6eorlrqg cneuOelagpe to
qnpa o6r1ye[oe fiQoroorl ovrtyecppatlxrl:

45. Kal * (6pngoo0ev)eig rnv t6vtc pou pooxouv elg to l.eul3cbu

@c ngneunnvrrrlg vCI,orllrertrlOelotr, To,oQro,petalu rcDvfisQLJrttboerrlv

oJrou
n IIPO@(DP evloluetcu/ nQoo0uogl[etal xa].utegcr o,JToro enlggqpo xo,t t-
xe[vcuvoJrou n I]PO@@P anote].ei,to oupn].rlgolpo,rou enuqgrlpatog 6ev el-
vcrunCI,vtuo0qn.

2.1.3. II agarrlgrloelg-o1ol"r,a

Ou ncqctqgrloeug pog oJro tq br,aXgovlxrlonorur[trlorl trrlv 6e6opr6vowouvo-

r.pl(ovtcu orc efrlg:
(i) H OuanlotrrrorloXErLr(ape tq buvc,totqtc 6r,ttr1gbopqorlg tqg oxo].ou-
0lcrg EIIIPP+IIPO@+O@ xa0uoto cncgcltqrn rnv encvel6raon rtrlv trsQL-
rrtdroeolv nou 61ouv yevlxrilE Oeopr10elo4 avo,l,uttxrl excpoqc tqg yevlxrlg
(Jannaris 1897:337).
(ii) H napouolc n6n ano tlv AE ilPOOOP nou ].eLtouQyouvcrtEoupn]"na6-
po,Tortrlv rofiLxrilv nagcl"l,n)"a ps rnv an),r1yevr,xrlxa0lota ngo|3l"npatlxrl trlv
anorprl xarcr.trlv ono[c ol [IPO@(DP- oupn].rlqdlpctc brocpogtrlvxotqyogr,6v -
ouv66owal cnoxl.erorLrLaps rn pcOptc[o unoldrqlon rng yevr,xtlgltrlgi,g va
npoo6togi(etcr, o gol"ogrrrlv nqo0etlxcbvexcpogrilv oe o16o1ps rrlv anl"ryyevr,xrl.
(iii) I6r,a[tego,t6]"o9,06pa fiQoEbuegeuvrlorl anote].e[ q ].eutougylclrnE ys-
vuxnE lre ro r,ofiLrro"blalqovr,xcbg xcl, fiLo ouyxexglp6vc,,1 buvototrltc 6uc-
cpogotolqong pfiofu rtrlv 6uo pcor,xrilv l.eltougyurilv trlg (yevlxrl tou "ovrl-
xeuv"/yevuxrlcrcpcrugerwi).'H6rl,oupqrrlvo pe rnv nagcboouax1 yqoppatuxrl,
o gol.og t1g, occprlgos oQLop6vegneguntdloer,gl.oytrl tqg l.efuxrlg orlpco[ctg
rou sfireergporog(neguntriloer,g xugfo4 yevr,xrlgocporQerrxnE), tcgcp6vel a-
ngoo6uogLorogoe peycl,o agr,0po naqobeuypcttrlv pe cnot6l.eopc btttoug
XoQoxrnQropouE(to "o,vrlxew"fxtrlttxTl Tl 8ucrugetlxn.ilqpl. noi ydE iixa;
)og. TQaX. 984) n brcnuotrilostEoJroJEort "1 yevuxrlnat(el tov qol.o tou
npoobuogl(ovtog oe o16o11 Uero enlggqpa" (Chantraine 1953: 147).
Ta avtrlt6gol 06pato,o,Jror,rouvouornpotr,xrl ef6taon rnE l.er,touqylogrng ys-
vtxt)g pe ro rorrllto"6ra1govr,xa.Av ngcypatr ano8er,l0elotl 11]"eltouqy[o rnE
a0lccpavlg/ aoccp1goto avolt6grrl6optxo oxnpo, r6te r1eni,8oo1rtrlvfiQo-
ei,vo,r,
0etlxritv excpoqdlvpnoQelvo,Oerrlgrl0el ofioxCI,raotooqgrnE l3o-
o4 ngoona0erCI,
oLrLrlE 6r,ccpoqonol1oqg,p exfispQoop6vrl6n].rrlonrc0v ouYxexgtp6vrovO-Qo-
l.rrlvnou excpqa(er, q "tonlxr1" r[Ttilotl(otqv neglntorn pag 11yevr,xrltonr,xn).
 Tonmd, enpprlparu xaL "lTT{,boq"orTlv E}u}uqvmrl 13

2.2.H fevuxrllrero tonuxa: )qpcor,o],oyuxr1

eE6],uEn

nogei,ar1g yevr,xrlg:
2.2.1.H buaXgovlx1 yevlxa

H yevr,xrlorq 6r,aXqovux4 trlg nogelo unrlgle cpoq6ag norxl].orv].eutouqyutilv

(O-gol.olv',taratrlv ogol.oylatqg yevetuxrlg yQoptrorrxrlg) nou 6Xouv1161 enr,-
orlpcvOelxau Ouegeuvl0ei, yro ng 8r,ccpogeg r,orogr,x6gtrlg cpdoerE oro n]"a[-
or,cOlacpoQrrlv JrQooeyyloeolv: lotoqr,xrlyQoplrcTrxn(Schwyzer& Debrunner
1950,Humbert& Kougpou).qg1957,Jannaris1897yuava avacp6Qo prer,xoug
an6 roug f3aor,xoug exnqoorirnoug cutrlg tlg rcolg), 6opr,xnixoLvovroyl,or-
ool.oylxrlavrupetdfiLorl(Tsamadou1984),JrQcDrorufir,xrl aval,uoq (Nikifori-
dou 1991),peroox1pcruorrxrl ef6raorl(Campos1991).Merafu rrrlv0epotrrlv
nou 61ouvxotcrxoLeouganaoXol"rposr r1v 6geuvc oq;rer,rilvrrl rcr efrlg:
(i) EgpqvelarnEonpoouol,oyr,xrlg nol,un)"oxorrlrogrTlgysvLxrlg: ngo'r,ove-
[6lulrfg cno plc lSaowrllyevuxrl (
olpooi,c,rr Humbert & Kougpou].qg1957)
ngolov oprrlvuplagbuocpogtrlv ufioopabory(anoqtnrnE ficrQoboouax1g yQop-
patuxrlg)11anot6l.eo1rc"6opnp6vngnol.uolplag" (Nikiforidou l99Dt2.
(ii) E[6taoq ttrlv 8lacpoQovcpaoerrlv trlg 8ualqovuxrpg tnE eE6],uEnE lre tnv
enuorlpcrvorlrcDvev8oouotqpatlxrilv fi oQoyovrrrlv(poqcpol.oyr,xrilv, onpooLo-
l.oyr,xrilv,
ouvroxrLxav,ucpol.oyuxrilv) nou enqg6coovrrlv nogelatqg.
(iii) Auyoteeoouornpctr,xrlelvc,un eE6tcontqg oX6orlgpetcfu yevuxrlg xar,
nqoOetuxrilv excpogrilv
orrlv e[e],uxruxrl nogela rrlg y],dlooog. H en[Ooor1 tolv
nqoOetuxrilv excpoqdrv,onog 1161cvacpg0qxe, 61euouv6e0ei, pe tr1 l3a0puclo
unolcilglon rnE yevuxrlgong fiorxl].eg].eurougyleg rr1g,rdorl 1 onolc poQru-
gefrar,r16qcno nal.aldteeougXQovoug (Jannaris1897:337,Naxag 1987:20,
o1p.13,ofiou JreonyoupsvsE ovCI,cpoq6g).Avtloror,1oeorvoprvo fio,Qc,rr1gei,-
ro,ror peya),1norxll.(,oyl.trloocilv(Ayyl.r,xr1,fol,),lxr1petafu a),l,ow).

ll. )ripcprovop rlv anotpq currl, xctol3o.),),etarnqoonc0er,axaOogloporirlg "po,o[nr1E"

olpaoi,ag tqE yevr,xrlE nou opcbonouei,tr.geni,p6gouEXtrlQi,E 6prrtEvo nqoo6loqi,(ovror
or.l.6yoryro rouE onolouE ].er,rougy[eg 6lrrlE q xrrloq, o 6gdorrlg,l alrlo opobonouori-
vtal. Kgrr,rr,x\r,TlE
oropr;g cutrlg Bl..orrlv Nikiforidou 1991.
12. O 6goEcvrlxel otqv Nrxqcpogi,8ou xor XQnolponor.ry0qxe otrlv no).u evbr,ccp6qouoo ps-
),6rn tnE oXErLxaps rnv eE6),ntnE yevr,xnEorr.gbr.ccpogeE IE y),rilooeEyro vo 6n),rn-
orr, rov ouorrlporrx6 lcqo,xr1qo rnE nol,uoqplaE (structuredpolysemy) oe avriOeorl
e[te nqoE rqv rulci,a oporvuplo.(accidentalhomonymy) ei,teorrlv unaglq proE trovo-
6lxr1E,evr,oicEolpcoi,og. H Nr,xrlcpogi,8ou otqqr[opevl ornv fiQororunlxrl o,vtrperdl-
nLo1rnE oqpo,oi,cgl.(CI.rJtLXLetilwaE pro ouornlrorlxrl cvcl,uoq trov nolxll,tllv onpo-
rng ysvrxrlgcnober,xvtel 6rl n ouyxeovrx1 nol,uoqplc tqE
ouol.oyr,xtilv)"er,tougytcilv
ntrilorlEpnogel vo epnvsu0elpocopetccpogc(lv ("perapnoerrlv")6lefguvo1E,bntr.pe-
to,cpoqlxdlv1gr1oe<rlv nou ncq6louv pLo cpuolxrleEnVnonrotv errl p6gouEoqpoor,dlv
tnE. En[ n],6ov cnobElxvrlerotr. or 6uoXgovr,x6E peral3o],6E rnE ysvrxrlEcxo].ouOouv
ouorllrorrxeE rooerg,cruqXdlvtoEnoeol"l.nl"eEpsroqoerx6gouv66oer,g.
 - Kowou
14 Aipnrga@eoEavonouhou

Aev nqorcrro,rvo rJTLxrrQnorrl e66 pr,axaOol"r,xr1o,vcoxoJrrlon rrlE roroer-

xrlg noqei,agtrlg yevr,xt'1g.
@crcvccpeg06otc avrrlt6grrl06pcrc xo,rorov ysvL-
xo ngopl"nlrortoportou ouvtndyetcu1 e[6tcror1roug p6vo orov l3aOpo nou a-
fiTovrc,r,Tou ouyxexqup6vou 06pctog fiou lre ancolo],e[. Enlxevtgrilvovrcg
to evbuccp6gov pou orn ouvtclq rtrlv efirQenparolvroJrouofirrlgepcpavl(o-
wau brclgovuxaxCI,t,, fiLoouyxsxQrpfvc,orrlv egplvelc trlg Ourtrlgroug ufio-
xornyoeronol1o1g 661opcu,xar' cg1r1v,yLot1v AE rnv fioeoOoouoxrl 6lo-
gogonolr1o1pero,fuyevuxrlgo,gorQrrrxrlg xar,xa,0cgr1g yevr,xrlg
(pe xevrguxrl
olpaolc t1v ewolCI,Tou "o,vr1xtLv" or1v firo ytvrxn tou 6uctuntrroq).Yr,o0e-
tdrv, eni,nl.6ov,rrlv cvo,l,uonrnENr,xlcpogl8ou (Nikiforidou l99l) oleruxa pe
tov gol.o rov onpoouol.oyr,xrilv8leuguvoeolv/perapo,oerrlv nou qu0pl[ouv trl
orlpcouol.oyuxrl no),unl,ox6trptc,,ngoobr,oqi,[ovtagrq 6uclgovr,xrpeE6]"r,En
r1g ntriloqg.

2.2.2.Tc 6e6op6va:
otabuce[6]"u[r1g

Eletct(ovtcg Ouclgovuxatr,g6op6gEfIIPPron.*OQorn. rrlgJrQogrrl orlpraolc/

l.eutougyi,orng yevr,xrlg6r,cxgLvoups
rrE efrlgnegunrdloelg:
(a) H yevr,xryXoeoxrnQ[[ercr,occprilgrrlgocporQenxrl(oqpci,ver,acperlgfc
xcu nqo6l,euorl).Boor,xdxgutrlgr,aut6q CI,urou rou XoQoxrnQropou elvau rl
l,eErxnorlpcrofnrou r[Leerlpatog,rpoqpaolo rcDvoetrlv rou ouvruxrwou
nl.cr,olouoro onolo evtoooerouI 6oprl,11naga]"],1],4pragruglangoOerlxrilv
excpogcilv(dno) xcu, r6l.oE,rl fioQouolaeubuxrilv fiou orrE ]rCI,-
FoecpnporcDv
l.arotegegcpcoer,gtrlg yl,dlooagouv66ovrarpeoeorQstmrl( 1ev,- Etv):

xal nargl8og aixg (|I 539)

46. rfrl,ecpttrrrrv
47. relleog6xroo0evpltrrveuv(I 552)
48. 6pet anovoocprv 6ovta (A 541)

(13)H yevr,xrlXoQoxrnQt(etar, 0rgpn o,qo,rQsrLxrl,

oqpalvovro,gno].u yevr,xa
svrofiropoorov XcbQo n oe exei,vo
ro onolo pnogel vo, "fio,qrCI,13].10et"
fiQoETov
XrirQo(Humbert & Kougpoul.lg 1957: 259). )qper,olr6ov orr 1 l3aor,xrl
currl
6r,acpoqonoi,1ol ovrofioxQfverau rul"nqoXorlg avcl,utr,xtgexcpogdg r1g NE: a-
no + O@(yevlxrlocpalgerwi)xul os + O<D(yevr,xr1 "Tofiuxr;").Baouxcrxgutrl-
glc ungrou XoeoxrnQrolrou rng yevlx(grDg"TofiLXr1E" efvcuq olpaola tou
enrgqrlpctog(to enlggqpaetvauooQtoronfi, "(va,navrayfi, noi x]vn.n 6n],rrl-
Trxorou "nl,qotov"xol Tou "rvr6g". fIX. dyxt, d.yyofr,EyyuE,tv6ov xLn.) xa-
OrbExcr,1 buvctotltc ncga),),n],ng ncqouolcg 6orr,xr1g. KarcooJrorTlyevr,xrl
aurn oqpaolcprroQoupr vc blaxg[voupstuEeEnE elt pegouE negunrrilorrg:
 Tonma entpprlparaxctt "fitaory" orryvH,)"r1vwr1 15

(i) H yevr,xrlXoeoxTnQ[fetorrrlg6ucr,ge:;,;xftltrlg 6r1],rrlttxtltou "ovr1xtrv"l3.

lloga06rrrl ev8elxtr,xc nagaOelypata cutrlg rnE xornyogLag (Humbert &
KougpouLng 1951: 259). AvtlototlsE fisQtfirtiloeug cvccp6qovroL CI,rTo rov
Jannaris(1897: 336 nofi rnE yfiE,navrayott rfiE yfiE):

49. nol ydg hxllo; ()ocp. TgttX. 984)

50. orix *61o tcl"auvc noi yvrilpqg n6ool ocp.Tga1. 707)

(ii) )rc nl.alor,a rnE ovtrlr6grrrorlpao[cg t1g nt6oqg (6tuugetr,xr1),

l yevuxrl
oe ogr,opvrEfisQrfircboetgenugqqparcDvroJrou gnoqe[ va Erl]"tilveuetbtxote-
Qo ro "rvr6g" Xtr:Qlgavacpogc oe oacprloeto:

51. yfrg6v6ov (Ill"at. Ilgtrrt. 3206)

52. 00noeto8rirpatogeioor (n 135;

ro "tvr6g"
ofiou q yevtxrl6rll"dlver,
(iii) Magrugorlvtct entonEneguntdloerE
ps rpqcvn tnv uncgfq ogfolvra:

6v6o0unuQytrlv (>287)
53. fi oil no xexogno0eEel.pdvou
54. xo[],ng Evroo0eXcgcbgnS (A 454)

@c ngdner vCI,orllrsu<rl0e[ enl pegoug xorrl-

ort rCI,oQto petcfu rrrlv CI,vtrlrdgol
yoeLofiorrloerrlv rrlE ysvrxng ei,var,oe nol,l,6g neglntdloer,gaoccprl,rl 6e peta-
l3aonoJro rrl pua neqlnrrrlon orrlv a],],l ovopevopevq. Ano neqmt6ostg oJrou
11yevuxrl6q),dlveuoacpdlgro p6qog tou ol.ou (pe cnqoobuoguoto, xuglrrlg, e-
rr,QQnpatc t6rou, fia13tr.noi ydg, navrayo0 uE yn) euxol"crpnogef xavelg
or1v 6vvolcr tou o].ou, vooupdvou trlEo "1t0qog evtog" pe r;
vCI,psroJ[16r1oet,
Xoe[g oQLCI,.
(V) O gol"og rrlE ysvrxrlg axopq xCI,L
oro ncrl"aroteqc xe[pevc elvar coacp(g
o 6e lcgcxrnQropog rng guOp[(etau exo,otott ofio ro ytvL-
(+/- acpar,qerr,xrl),
xo nl.cfolo (ouvtcxrLxo, oqpaolol.oyuxo) oto onolo anavta n 6opn xoL Gfio
rn o1poola tcov enl pfgouE oQrrlvrng. H eloubet6goon rng Or,acpogonol1oqg
percfu oqo,LQtrrxrlgxcu yevr,xrlgrou "{tvtlxtLv" (uno tqv n},6ov yevr,xrl6v-
vorCI,.H yevr,xrlovopo,(eto,txo,r,xc0cgrl yevuxrl)lre ro rolrLv,aenuggrlpcrta0a
pfioeouor vo sepnveu0el p6orrl"peto,l3c,oto)v"(semantic linkage, Nikiforidou
l99l: 164)ag eEng:

1 3 .Ta 6gra perc[ri rorv 6uo eworrbv elvor yevlxtilEooccprlflikiforidou l99l: 170- 172).
14. H 8r,ccpogonoi,lorlautrlxcOoqfietcr, xugltrtgan6 ta ].eflxa XoQoxrnQtottxcrqE yevl-
XTIE.
 16 Ar1prpqa - Kowou
@eoEavonou),ou

(i) Ano neqmuiloaEofiou n yevrxn6ll,rilver,ro "evr6g"pe6gun(pe6prgcorl

op(l)gorrlv 6vvolarou "p6o0")pnogouprvCI, neqaooupeos JToQoae[ypora o-
Jrourl 6pcpaoq 6l6etar,orc, "69r,0,",
pr ofiotd),eopcrnv sQpnvei,a
rlg yevuxrlg
trlgcqcrQeuxtlE:

nuQyov (>287)
56. 6v6o0u
57. Evroo0evlagcbgns( 454)

Tc nagand,vornagcbelyporCI, oqpcrlvouvno].u yevrxa "p6oo,orrlv nequoxry

nou ogl(erc,u an6 ro re[xoglr1xcgabeo",Fr butrrl6uvat6rqrosQpnvs[cg tqg
yevuxrlg.Ta nupyot xat yaga6ga gnogouvvo,oerrlgrloouv (l)EoQLo(yevuxrl6u-
auqettxrl)r1o4 ccperrlQlo (ccpcr,gerr,xrl)
yLcrov JrQoo8uogr,opo rou roJrou.
(ii) Ano negunrdlosrg ofiou r1yevuxrl8ql,rilveu
ro "rvr6g", voofprvo rrrg"6-
tro", Tlpetcl3aoqorrlv 6wouc,Tou "61,ou",vootprvou t'lg "o,cpetqg[c,g", rlvc,L
navto nr,Ocvr1. )rr1v xcrtlyog[a autrl unayovrauruegmrdlouEefirQgrlpatolv
ofitrlEdyxt, ayXo0,d.vtu xl,n. H yevr,x(voeitcu xara negi,ntrrlontrlEyevuxrl
tou "ovr;xlLv"f xc0cgrl yevuxrl11o4 ccpcugetuxr;:

58. ai06pog&vor Goq.Orl.oxt. 1092)

59. tnv "Al,uoEfioropot frvrrl'Aolnv ('Hpo6. l. 103)

)to nagcoeuypc(58)n yevuxrp ro "evt6g"("fiovrDorov cu06gc,"),

Oql,dlveu oq-
poolc nou guOpi,(ercu CI,fio
ro e[6ogr1g ],6119xCI,r ofio rn XQnonrrlg orn ou-
yxexgtp6vnqeoon. Avru06r<rlE oro naqcber,ypa(59)q yevr,xrlelvauoocprilE c-
cpcugetuxrl. To "A)"uoExrorapo0pnoqel va oerrlqloei, olg ccpetrgglcyro rrlv o-
gr,o06tr1or1tlg nequolrlg.
(iii) AruonegtntdloeuE,16l.og,6rou q yevr,xrl(6r,augetlxrl)ouv66ero,r lffi rrlv
6wolo, tnE "trnEnE Ttrlv"oqr(,{Dv",
perga 64},.tqv o,fiooro,oTlfiQoEto r6gpa, r;
percpaorlorrlv 6worc,rrlg xareri0uvoqg,vooupevnEop(l)Errrg"xc,tef0uvoqg
'Erot,
tlQog",ei,valnlOavr1. ortE J[sQrntriloeug
crutfEl yevr,xrl8ua,ugetuxrlavru-
xa0fotarcr CI,fioepngo0ereg excpog6E GiE, EE,npog + O@o,r. ):

eigro orarone8ov (Eev.'Avcl3.6.4.27)

60. p6XQr
61. &XgleigKorurrrpo,(Eev."Ava13.5.5.4)

H rcorl elouber6goonErrlg br,acpogonoi,rlorlgpercfu rng ysvrxrlgtou "ovrl-

xrLv" (pe rn buvatotrlTo,vCI,6q),dlver,
Tov rvrofiropo orov xdlqo)xCI,rCI,cporQr-
u'xr1g,fiou er[Lorlpcv0rye yr,arrlv AE, enu6l6eu
1161 orlv Kouvrlxor orrl ouv6-
Xstoorrl ME ono4 ngoxtnret oJrota 6e6op6va.Ilgoo0eroul,oyor,nou o6ry-
ynoov os pro,negolregotouyxl"r,oltrrlv 6uo or;paoubv/l,er,tougyurilv
tlg yevr-
 E)").qvmry17
Tonmd,enqprptaruxat "ntaory"orTyv

xnE0a pnogofoav vcrOerrlgq0ouv or,efrlg:

poegnpottrlvcpoqcrlv
(i) H anrill,euosfirQenpurrli.vl l"eElxngonpc-
eubuxrpg
o[ag.Tc pagtueoupsvoronLxaenr,ggrlporo, fiteLogtop6vttoe cguOpo6vo,vtt
cpcoeorv,
exefvov trrlv nc,l"c,uot6g<rlv 6ev xa0oql[ouv navta oacpdlgt1 ].eu-
tougyla rnE yevrxTlg. Avoq6goparos fieemrriloeug oJroE:Enavo\Eyyug,Eva-
vt(ov, Extog,d,vrmpuE,tnoxataxLtt,., oJTou l8uacpogonolnolpetalu xa0a-
grlgyevuxns(n yevuxrluooOuvopei pe oe+O@o,r.) xor ogoLeeuxfg(1 yevuxtlu-
oo8uvapet;rc.ano + OQo,r.)enutuyXdveto,u p6vov p6orrloupcpqa(opdvolv :

62. 0vdlnrcvrrvov ttunre (Mayser1934:531)

63. xux],o0evro0 i,ego0 (o.n., 532)
ngooOeivarotrll.crg}.r,O[vcg
64. &runyayevattov 0navolt6v Ofiwrrlv (Psaltes1913:336)
65. yugo0evrot olypatog (o.n., 336)

yevlxrlgo,Jtovtortgc xei,peva:
Avrforor,legelvauoLJ[reLfiTriloeug

66. eigto xoul3ouxl.uv 6e oupa6pngoo0evtfrScpr,oxi,vog

or,txet(Atyevxg1678)
. ..... rirpaiovxgel3l3au

To Epnpoo1ev*Oorru. pnogei,vcrorlpa[veu"pfigoota oelpnqoota ofi6".

Avtr,06rrrlE,
fieQroQr,op6va ta naqabefypcta ota onolo [roQTuQeltal
ei,vo,r,
l,eEuxnOr,acpoqono[ryq rou sfirQerlpotogfiou efiLrQdneutov xcr0oquopo rng
l.eutougytoErnEyevr,xrlg tnepava (yevr,xr1
(nql3l. Mctl"ctl"aE End-
CI,cpo,tQertx"i)
va/dvot ("xa0aqr1" yevuxrl),dn6lttt0ev(yevr,xry uxrl):
acpcr,get

67. oqoaE 6exlova xal rinegcvrootto0 oqOaguvpagpttguvov

(Mc)"al.ag 265.11)
68. xol xnQotrotofcvtog Encvortrilv lul,olv (o.n.461.17)
69. )cgcxqvov rinavtnoavd:t6lo0ev tfrg t6vtag (Auyevng67)

(ii) )npavtuxo gol.o ot1 l3aOpua[a ouyx].uoqttrlv enl p6gougoqpaouilvrnE

yevr,xrlg q
6naufe err[6oor1
lrs ro, T,oItL',La pr1xuquo].exttxtitv
tonuxtirvlqrloeow
rrlEyrvrx1Enou pagtugorivtar,1161 o,fior1v AE, pe anot6l,eolrorn pa0puofc
ouoxorronrnE r,onwfg oXfoqgpetcfu 6uo orppefrrlv otov XdQo(ouoxottorl
rnE oexLxng/xuQuol,exruxfg rouE orlpaolcg)xar,tqv 6pcpconornv 6wouatqg
oxeongngoobr,ogf(ovtog - ngoo6r,oqt(op6vou:

6oxo0vra e1vau (@oux.2. 65.1.)

70. 6lor toO nol.6trrou
71. nage[ 6ero0 oQyuQou XQUoov &n]"erov&v60nxev("Hqo6.l.14)
72. npo$noopo,L eigro nQootrlrot l.oyou ('H9o6.1.5.)
 - Kowou
18 Arlpqrpa@eoEavonofi.ou

2.3.Iupneqcopora

)uvotpl[ovrCI,g p6XQle6dlra oupnegcotrrcrcpCIEofio rq 0r,aXgovr,xr1 e!6rcor1

TnEysvrxngpe tc tonuxc xctcl.rlyoupeoro eEng:
(i) H 8r,ccpogonoi,loq pretaluocporQsrLxqg xcr,xc0aqrlgyevr,xrlg nagc rug
unaglouoegenucpul.c[erg (Chantraine 1953: 50) elvcr,folwavrl oe peya].o c-
guOponequnrriloroJv oro nc,l,auotega xefpevc.
(ii) H eloubet6gorq rtrlv ftorxl],rrlvavtl06oeov ("cvr;xelv"/6lr;gqp6vou o-
l.ou xal oeorQtrLxng)pe tqv enlboo1rtrlv petccpogrilv al,l"a xor ps tq l3o0pr,-
ala ancb].srcXoQoxtrlgtotuxrilv tonuxdlvsJTr,QQnparrrlv o,fioro ouorlpc obrp-
ynosos pce;.rucla sfioveepnvela/enavcngoo6r,oQropo rqg l.er,rouqylcg r1g ys-
vr,xnElrs ro tonlxa. Onolgouv6f3q xor pr rr,ga]"],egxatlyoqleE, Tlyrvrxn 6n-
),rilver,cnl.cilg"01601"pernv xecpa)"r1 (oX6onngoobr,ogi,[ovtog - ngoobtoQr(o-
p6vou).)e ogtopfvrg,rvrouroLE, negmtc(losLE rCI,l.efr,xc
XoeoxrnQuoruxa rou
entggrlparog yevlxdtegoro oupqqc(opevcponOouv
xCI,r orov nqooOlogtopo
rrlg rofir,xr1g oX6ong.
(iii) ill"nv rcDvovoJT6gol orlpcror,o)"oyr,xdlv
fioQoyovrrrlvouorCI,onxo gol.o
orov f3oOpucto JrsQroQr,opornE yevux1glre ro rolrLrLo. rrcr,lcrvor,e[r1gnaga-
YOvrrE:
(cr) H pc0puclcavc8oprlorlrou ouotrlpctogrc'Jvntcboerov, W r1v enlxgc-
rnon rnE o Lrrot txtlg crrg oupnl.1grbpato g 6r,ccpogrrlvxatlyo gr,dlv.
(13)H el6),Llrltou ouotrlporoEtrrrvnqo06oerrlv pr rov fiseLoQrop6 tcrlvxu-
g[rov/3corxrilv nqo06oeolv xor pT1vncga].],q],18uvarorrlro,Jroupagrupe[-
rau n6n orro r1v AE, vo,nqoo6r,og[,lovtar, pe enuqgrllroro. Aqpuougyouvrar 6-
ror or ngotno06oaEyLotrgvenlOoonsxqoQdlvanorel.ofpevov ano EIIIPP
+ IIPO@ + OO pe buvcrorqro 6r,ttr1gboploqg avol"oyc p rn l,etrougyla
rou efirQQrl;.rcrtog, ntol [(EIIIPP)+IIPO@OP] xal [EIIIPP+IIPO@@P]. )rqv
rugdlrqoxtorrE 6uo neguntriloeug to enfgqlpc elval r[eoor,Qsrrxo, pr l3colxrl
l.eurougylCI, vo xrQoo6r,ogl[er,/eleu6r,xeuer
rn onpootatrggngoOeoqg :

73. xol"upnouoa(p6oc)otrl l.tpvrp

74. l3ynxe(6Ero)cno ro onftt

pe ouprr],neolpc
)r1 8eutegl neglnrrrlo1ro enlggrlpcrei,valuJroxQorr,x6,
t4v IIPO@OP (Oeocpcvonoul,ou-Kovrou 1992):

75. (ouoe*(pcxguc)ano p6va

76. xaOorc,v*(6Eol)an6 ro on(,tu

To beuregooXrlparo ono[o 0c pag anaoXo].r1oet,

e8dlouv66erau
trreta efrlg
 Tonma enpBrlpats xuL "mwory" mryvE)"hr1vr'xry19

ngo$l"r1pctc:
(i) Ilor,c e[vaun 6opn xo,r rlxornyoQroxrl ucprltcrlv ngo0etuxcbvexcpogtilvoe
l"er,tougy [a ou pn].1 gtirpcto g
t l|.v oe/uno
(ii) IIor,o elvou 11treutougyi,nrrrlv nqo06oeolv,tv x[Qoxeup6vtrl
(iii) ildlg xa0oQlEerorTl8opuxrl o16o11 petalu O@urn. xcu fIPO@IDP pe r0 s-
nr,gg4pttt0,Toxtou.

3. Torrxd enlggripcr,cr xa.J"nttboq": O@r.r./ IIPOOOP

"OO"
3.1.IIPOOOP xcu 6ueugupv1

3.1.1.To nqol3l"niro:rrQorstvoptvncnoprl

To 06pa torv ngo06oecovyevlxa xc,t,eublxorseo,ttrlv rrgo06oecovxoL TtrlvnQo-

$erlxdv cpgcoerrlvtqg NE 61eutel.eutala cnaoXol.rloeut1v 6qeuva, 61ouv 6e
buatunolOelbr,ccpoqegOeopqtr,x6gcrnopELE,EIr6r,cp6tgou no].],egqoQtE avt[-
Oeteg oXEtLxa lrs euon rouE, t1 ol6oq roug lre T6tenuggrlpaTo,
Tn XOt Tov qQc-
orLrroroug 6e[xtr1 (van Riemsdijk 1982, 7990, Fries 1988, Koopman 1993,
Rooryck lgg3,Starke 1993, @eocpcrvonoul.ou-Kovrou 1992,19954)15.
)ta nl"c[otCI,rou YsvLXouu,urou 0pctog to nqol3].nlrc rtrlv IIPO@QP lou
xatllogteg rng NE (P, O, EIIIPP,
l.eltougyouv cDEoupnl"rlgrrllrc oe br,crcpogeg
EilI@) glloxTc ubr,altegoevblacp6gov. Avacp6gopar, oJIoE:
os JlQtJTrtiloer,g

77. TlsfiLxotvrrlvi,ape rouE clvOgcbnoug

15. )ra n)"4[,ot0rtrlv ve6tegrtovngooeyyloeov rTlS psrooxnpor,wrwfg 0eolqi,aE,61ouv

brcrruno)eelor,e[r1Ecl6tper,EoXExLxa ps rTlvu<pr|xcr, rnv xornYogLcxrlunootooq ttrlv
ngoOoeolv:
(i) Or,nBo06oetEnegrl.appcvovrot otuEpel(oveE]"e[r,x6gxatllogleE pofl pe ta
B1prcto,ta ov6pato XOLT0 enlOeta.flgoxeltot, Ytc Tnv "X].o,o[XT1" cno$1 petafu ttrlv
yevetuotritv (Jackendoff1973,vanRiemsdijk1982,Fries 1988)
(ii) Or,nqo06oer.gXoQcxtnQ[Lovto.l yevtxdrE11;E YQoppctLxrlxctlyogi,c, (l)Eorot-
lelo unotaflg xot, goetoE tou Oepcttxot g6).ou(Emonds 1985).
(iii) Or,nBo06oer,E
buaondtvrcru oe 6uo r,6raltegegtaleuE pe l3coqta oqpo,olo].o1r,-
xa roug XoQo,xrneLottxux(il Trl ouvroxrr,xrytouE xctavoprl. Ou 6rio tolelg o.vrtorot-
lotv oe 6uo felolgr,ot6Exarqyogi,eg:2A (cyy),. of, to, for yol". d, de na\. a, di) xat t-
nr.ggrlpato/ngo06oer,E nou elvor cpopelE oqpcolaE. @a enavr6].0oupe
]"efr,xTlE oto 06pc'
(iv) H xornyoQrox1 unooraol, r6l,oE,oqlopdvrrlvnqo06oecov,poqi,ulvxot ou-
pnl.qgcopatrxcbvototlelcov (ayyl,. fo, ycl.. de,r.LL. yta) Xetaval.uOei,blacpogetlxccr-
n6 rov Xeuor[6n (Christidis 1990).YnootnQ[Lrro,rorL or avort6go ttnou ouvtorouv
ornv fiQoypctlx6rlta "o),ogqcotuxdgev6r1ttE", oliTt tr6[er,goilte nqotcoe lg, xttt xctc
ouvnerc pr1entbextux6Ecuotl grlg xcrtqyoqlonoi,4o1E.
 - Kowou
20 ArTprlrpa@eoEavonouhou

78. avenlOexrog yLo onolc6rlnore sQyoolc (a]"],o: avenl8extog po-

0noeoX)
79. ctyoga[el ytCI,TCI,
nau6la toulota nalbua rou/trrtv na,ubldlvtou
13ul3),tc
80. avcl,oyc lrs rrg ouv0rlxeg(ava],oyrrlE
Tcrlvouv0ryrilv)

Ta r,6ua[rrQo XoQoxrnQrorrxa nou epcpo,vi,[ouv

ot neguntdloeug
o,ur6grrrlv
nqoOetuxtrlv cpgcrocDvrrlgfiQogtr1 6oprl Tougdvavtuexelvov nou OevCI,fiCI,-
vroriv oe 06oqougnl,qgrilporoE 61ouvoX6or1 ps ro eEng:
(o) Me tov el,)"elfirlr(olagaxrrpgornE 6opngroug (navrel.rlgcrnouolao-
no uouOrlnore J[Qoob
uopr,or uxor]):

81. nol"upaxqla [ono o]"ougl

82. *paxguc[oXe6ovcno o].ougl
83. ngoXdlqqoe[xcr'euOei,ov
enCI,vo
oro l3ouvo]
84. ngoXrilgqoe
[*enavol[xcr'euOelcvoto l3ouvo]l

fluo ouyxexqup6vc,,
av axol.ouOrpoouper1v roxuouoc6opr,xr1
avcl,uo1 rrDv
IIPO@OPorrog cneuxov[,frrq,L
oro o1r1pa:

85.

NPO>A IIPO@',

ETIIPP/ NPO@ IIPOOOP

sQprlveusrCI,r psv n yQopporrxorrlro, negmtdlocDvorr(l)E(81) xcr, (83) otug o-

noi,egro, rfiLQQnparlxc rd"u xaL xaru)e(,av xar6louv rn 06on rou flpo)A,
8qpr,ougyelraropt'lE ngop]"1pc lre ro (82)xat (84). H orcOegrlcnouo[a ofioL-
ou8rlnote nqoo6logtorLxou ortE fisQrntriloeugaut6g 06reuufio olrqLopnrnort
Tov XoQoxrnQtopotcrlv ngo0etuxtirvoupnl,rlgcrlpatolv oe enr,ggryporCI, oJroJEs-
trd,vrtt, paxqru o4 IIPO@@P .
'Eva
(f3) beuteqo XoeoxrnQLor,Lttofiou epeovl[ouv or JrsQrfirriloelgautg
trrlv fIPoooP etvar,o "fiTo)TLX6g" roug lagcxr4goE. o xaqcrxrrlgCI,E CI,urogo-
noOerxvurror CI,Jro tr; Ouvatorrlrc, naqnl,),q),ng lroQTuglcgo<Drev. xol x].r,T.yuu.
(p1".avrrlttpt.lo2.2). )lpeuolt6ov orr 1 8r,cXqovuxrlcvrr,perrilnlol rrrlv 8oprilv
s,nobelxvurr on or, IIPo@<DP orqv ovrotdqol l.elrouqylo ovrrxCI,r6otloav
Jrr0Jrl,xouETufioug (yevuxr1, ocporQsrLxrl,oqyavlxl|) ot\l3cr0pr,ci,cunoxcilglorl
 Tontxd,entpprytaruxat "ttrtbory"orTlvEM,qvmrl 2t

rtrlv fir6ottrlv (Jannaris 1897: 337). Avt[otou1r1 elvo,t 1 ]"er,tougylc trrlv

IIPO@OP oe cval.oytg fisQttrttiloeug6e6op6vrrlval.l,rrlv yl.crlootilv.
Ta avrrlt6Qo XoQoxrrlglotuxa 61ouv blpuougynoel ouLntrloeugoletlxc pe
t1 6opr1tolv [IPO@OP, a),1"4xot rrlv xornyoQtaxrl toug ufioorcorl otrl l'el-
rouqylcr cutrl: IIPOOOP pe e].].euntr,xrl6opr1(Fries 1988)n "apnQnp6vrlntril-
or1"((Duxucg1995, Dimitriadis 1994). H tel.eutata autrl cnopl fiou ovrcfio-
xglvetal otrl braXqovuxrl ngo].euoTlrCIv tfnolv, o:rr;Xei,oe peycr].ol3crOpo,
ncrl.alotegeg cvcrl.uoLgrtrlv ngo0etuxcbvcpqcoerov(Emonds 1985).
Ou IIPO@(DPorr,gavolrdgrrl06oer,gpe 1ouv n6n nqo0l.rlpat[oel xar,a rnv s-
f6rcorl torv ouvOtrov :rgo0etuxtitv cpgaoerrlvrng NE ( 1992, 19954). Axol.ou-
0dlvtcg ro oxuTrrxo rou Starke (1993) trlEfiQog trlv ovcl,uoq ouv06ttrlv rrQo-
OoerrlvorrtrlE or, ycl"l.. en echange de, autour de, face d, utc,l.. accanto a,
insieme a, oyyl.. except for, apart from, aheadof x]rn.61crltel.euta[c ur,o0etr1-
oer,(Theophanopoulou-Kontou19950)tov 6leugup6vo qeoorLxo 6e[xrq t1g
"O@", pe ovoporLxo oupJrl,qgtrlpcrtr,xo 6e[xt1 (2A) nou "oguo0ere["t1 6leu-
gup6vq nqopol,n rou ovoporoE, otrcDEcxgr,l3tilgoupl3ctveLW rtg ovtlotolleg
neguntriloelg rtrlv ngotaoeolv. H bopuxrl oJrerxovto1 rtrlv ouv0etov
ilPO@OP, or[cDE 6r,apogcptilvtro,r, naglotc,vetau olqpatuxc rrlE eEnS
(Theophanopoulou-KontouI 9950):

86. IIPO@',

EIIIPP / NPOO >o (cPn)

A" (DP)
\
A'

,4..
A oo

H ctvrrltfgolavtrl"uorlrou Starke(1993)cnqlel pucrvea ngooyyuorlrrrlv

ngo0etuxrilvougnl"lgropctrrlvrtrlv enuqgrlparoJv Jroul.eltougyouvtrlEngo06-
orrE,vLoxuovrcrg nagcl"l,r1l,arrlv toxuouoc0ecogr]r,,uxh
ttrorl Yto Ytvtxeup6-
vsE ouvrCI,xttxtgovo,JroeCI,otaoelg. Baotxa olpela tqg o].qgngaypcteuonE
nou 1ouvo16o11 lrs ro efetc[opevo06pcelvauta eftlg:
(i) H aval"uonrng O<Doxol.ou0elto ng6runo ava]"uonErng treoroong.
fIr,o ouyxexglp6vo,, n OO ovrtJrQoooneteL "LoXUqr6"TUJro 6opngorttrlETlfiQo-
22 AnpnrQe(eeoEavonodnu
- Kovtou

ro,oTl,pe otcOeqntnv nagouo[c ].eltougyuxng nqopotrnE()@, rpou<DgaonE

)upnl,lgcilpatog),orrlvonola "eyxl.ei,etc,u"
q bueugupevrl poQqntrlg(A"=DP).
@aenav6)"0oupe ncgaxcttrl or1v ngoteuv6pevq 6opr1.
(ii) Or,nBo0etuxoI tfnol (enr,qqrlpcr,txct,l3aor,x6g
ngo06oer,g) 6uoxglvovro,L
oe 6uo rofer,g:uE pn l,e[ux6g(colourless) xat,tug ].efr,x6g pe 6r,o-
(colourful),
cpoQrrrxo fiQrexopvo ps
xo,touvroxrtxrl xaravopn. )upqovo, tqv cvtrlteqol
aval"uoq,ol l.eutougyr,x6g ngo06oeug, fisetoQr,op6veg trlEfiQoEtov aquOpo, orl-
pcouol"oyr,xc croacpetg,pe ota0eenxatcvoprl otl beuteqn06onoe o16oqpre
To errLeQnpcr,TLxo, ouvrorouv l"eltougyuxootouletc,,6vc el6og ovoporlxou
ou6nl,qqrrllrorLxou Oelxrrlt(sra ro x[QoruJro rrlEJrQoroong. Avtu06ttrlEou]"e-
Itxtg ngo06oeug, ouv6eoptveg, oe peyal"o l3cOpo, pe ovopotuxotig rulrouE
(face,ahead,pan xXn.)ouvtototv "ovoLxtrl"to,f1, pe eler,buxeup6vrl orlpaofc
xo,r,,rogo,l,l,ql"a,avefagtlTn eJreQnpct r,xrll,ettougyftt.
M6vovtagrrQoEro lroQovoto beuteqooqpei,o,6ntr.otq OlaxgtorlrtrlvfiQo-
06oeolvoe6uo tcfer,g,ncrgc06toup yLoxc,l.utegrlbueuxqlvqorl rcovcvolt6gtrl
r4v ovcrl,uonXc,QoxrqQtortxrilv ncrgcbeuypctrrlv o,fioro, ovCI,eteolrevo orrlv
ev l,oyrrlpel,6tq:

87. Le magasin est face d la cathedrale/ *d face la cathedrale

88. Il tourne autour de la maison / *de autour la maison
89. Maria e sedutaaccanto a Gianni I *a accanto Gianni
90. *Ho parlo di
91. Sono partita prima
92. he was ahead(of) his fathers'car
93. he was ahead(*of)

)upcprova lrc To avoltfgrrl rlQorufio avo],uor1gta enugqrlporo face, autour,

accanto, prima, aheadouvtototiv l,eluxdg ngoOoeug,tvroooopsvo xatot c,no
rov xopf3o EIIIPP evdl ta d, de, a, di, of Xttgcxtrlg(ovtau o4 l.er,tougyr,x6g
ngo06oeuEla,L aval.fovtoL trlg ovopc,rlxoL oupnl.neolrorLxol belxteE xsra
ro JrQorunoava),uong rrrlv rqotaoeolv lrs rnv eEngblacpoqtt.Ot, ].eltougytx6g
ngo06oeug,rlrou or ovopottxot )A, enLl,6youvovolrortxo oupn)'t1gto;.ro,, evcb
or, )A nou xaOog[[ovtou pe poon to grlpc (that, que, dass x]vn.) errr,],6youv
Jreorc,orcxo oupnl,neolpa.
H xaOol"ou o,val"uorlrtrlv IIPO@OP orrlv crvolt6qrrlpel,6t1 tou Starke 6ev
crnotel"el povov ouorrlporuxrl bueqeuvrlontorv ouv0trcDv ngo06oeolv (6opn-
xatcrvoprl rolv pegdlv toug). A[veu nagc].],q],c cnawrloeLE oe yvLxoreQa06-
poro ouvroxrrxrilv o,vtufieoooJJreuorovpe noux[],rg fieooJrrmtg xal 6uaota-
orrg, o,vro;roxervopevn orrE ouyxQovtg tcoeuE rnE lrfiooxnlrorLorr,xrlg Oecrl-
g [cg y ucryevuxeup6vo,ouvrot{rLxs" o1r1pota.
 xq.L"xtr(bon"ornvEMunvwn23
TonmdeneQn&aru

3.1.2.Tc 6e6opfvatqg N6agEl.l"r1vuxrlg

A[r,o],oyrilvro,grrl onpoolcrtou avoltfqol JTQorufiou avo,],uonE oe oXeol lrs ro

06pcrtow ngoOetlxtilvcpgaoecrlv tng NE xoL TnE6opng roug xctal.1yol crno
pla ngdlrn extlpnorloro 6tu ro avolr6grrlnq6tuno cvrc;roxetvetol ota 6e6o-
pva6op1o1gxaul.errougylcrg tolv ouv06trrlvngo06oerrlv rrlg E),),1vuxt1g,xu-
elo4 rrlE fiQoErr1 o16o1 perafu enuggrlpcrov xc,L nqo0etuxrilv excpogtilvoe
l.errougylaoupnl,qgtilpatoE. Kgutrlgucta onoLoouvnYoQouv un6g autou
elvauta efrlg:
(i) H 0erilpqoqtolv fIPO@OPoe l.eutougyi,cr oupn)"qgtilpatog rog6r,euQup6-
vrovO<DeEnyelxara rQoJroencgxrltov e].].euxrrLxo cno onoQtog fiQoobuogu-
otr,xr.bv Xcgaxt4qc,roug. Or,ngo06oeLg ortE neguntdloeug crut6gl'eltouqycb-
vrog oE "ovopc,ruxoloutrrn]"lqrrlpctuxol 6elxteg"orseouvrc,LTr'Jv6ueugup-
volv nqol3ol.cilv fiou XoQoxtlgl[ouv r1v xctqyoglo rcDvenr,qgqpatolv/nQo06-
orcDvoTovouvtototjv ),eEr,xn xctqyoqfo, pt anotdl.eolrorl oJrouofanqoo6to-
guotr,xrilvlngooogtn patolv va elva I CI,urovorlrrl.
(ii) To e[6ogrtrlv XQnorpoJrotouptvtrlvngo06oerrlv (oe/ano), tc loqaxrnQt-
TouECI,vrofioxQlvovtcu
Toug,xor rl l.er,tougy[CI,
or,LttcJ. orov XoQoxrnQLopo
"l.eurougyuxrl ngo0eo1"6nrr:g61elnqoobuogtotet. flto ouYxtxQtlr6va or,fiQo-
0etr,xol tfnou ortE ovor6qor6op6ErroQououc(ouv tnv eEnExctcvoprl:
(c) Bqloxovro,Lotq OeuteQn 06onoe o16oqpt ro EIIIPP:

94. n yata xoupctcu^nartlo

cfio ro tgcn6(u
95. * q yata xotporov ano xatol tgcrn6fr,

(13)Anoxl,efeto,uTlrToeouolctoug oto t6].ogXoQIEto EIIIPP, v o,-

povou rou enuqqrlpcrogorn 06oqcu-
vru06oelpe rn buvatotrlro,fiCI,Qouolttg
tn:

96. n yata xotlrorCI,v

xatol
97. * 11ycta xoLlrorc,vc;To

(y) )npaouol.oyuxc ol ngoOetuxo[ 6wola ye-

outol tunol excpqa(ouv
vwrllongoo8uoQrornoe o16or'1 o,-
lre ro EIIIPP n onpaoi,orou ono[ou ei,vcru
n6l.uta ouyxsxerlr6vn.H yevuxrl6wouc fiou sxqQd[ouvor,ngo06osLg ortg
neguntdloeug crut6geLvaLenloqgcpaveqlo,fio rn OuvototqTCI. fiou 61ouvvo,
XQnorpofiorouvrc,t pe al"l,egxctryyogleg.B]'. ev6etxttxo,:

98. p6vrrloto IIaqLou

99. nnveorl oto vttioupo
 - Kowou
24 AnpnrQa@eoEavonouhou

100. 6cpuyaan6 ro llaglol

101. to 6c1tul.i,6u cptlayp6vo
e(,vou an6 XQUoo

toug oec]"],egy].cilooeg:
Avtloror,lq e[vcu11],er,tougy[a

102.proudofJohn
103. the destructionof the city

(iii) O "ovopo,TrxoE" Xceo,xtrlqcgrrrlv nqo0erlx6v oupn),qgoparolvovro-

noxpLvetcu:
(c) )ta Ouclqovuxa6e6opdvooupqtrlvope ta onolc,ro oupn].ngtrl-
lro, rou EfIIPPron. nrcv ruJloExtrtrlrrxoE(yevlxrl- ocporQrruxrl.
IIqp),. 0e6op6-
v 0 ,o r o 2 . l . l . a ) .
(13))ro ouyxQovrxc6e6opva.Avacp6gopct, oro, ficQo,belypataro-
nrxdlv pe xLwtxoyu.(paxgru tou, pngooru tou, n(,ootrrlg xlux.).Yn6grou o-
volro,TrxouXoQoxr1qcrolv nqo0etuxrilvoupnl,lqolparolv lrs rc EfIIPPron
ouvnyoQouvenl n].6ov,tc 6e6op6vaa].],rrlvxor1yogutilv(P, EnI@, O) nou
66Xovtcr,enlolg o,vrlotolXonqo0enxo oupirl,Tlqrrlpc. Avacp6gopor os trrQr-
ntcboeu< olrcD(:

1M. oupcprove[ pel* ano tr,gaq16grou

105. n anopcxguvorlo,fiorov l* Werov oroxo rou
lM. xsral,l,ql,ogyls l* c,fiorrp06o1tou 6leu0uwr1

)e ol,egrlg avor6QrrllrQrfirriloelg ot nqoOerwtgtxcpog6gr,oobuvapofvpe

"oeTlQnpveg ntdloelg"(yevuxr1, 6oruxr;,ogyavuxn).)ta ncqcbelypc,To, aura
l ngo0eoq61er, epcpovrilgl.eutougyuxoXoQoxtrlea,enul,eyotrrevqxoOecpogape
l3aonrc onpcoroouvro,]rtuxa laqcxrrlQtorLxarnExecpcl.rlg (EIIIPP,P, E[II@,
O), rng oro[cg anore].ei,oupn]"r1gorpcr.
)uvotpl(ovrCI,gta p61gurrilga oupnegaopcta[roExorc].1youpeoto efrlg:
(c) Ol IIPOOOP - oupnl.lgrilpara r<rlv ElIIPPro,r.XoQoxrnel(owar,o4
"OO" (DPs),ps rnv nqo0eoqan6/oeoe l.errougylcovopartxorl oupnl,qgo>
porLxou6ei,xtq.H artoprl autn o,vroJroxQlveral orrlv uncglr1xgr,tqglrrlv6o-
pnolg (cnouofc ngoobuogtotwrlovlnQoooQrlpcrtolv) xaul,eutougylcgtrlg 6o-
prlg(ovopcrrxoElcgnxtrlqcg).
(0) Or,ngo06oer,Eafio xaLoe orrlv 0orptou )A 6Xouvro Xoecxtrlglotr,xc
rclv l"ertougyrxrirvngo06oeolv: aoacprlE orlpaoi,o,JtreLoeLopdvlxatovoprl oe
o1eol lrero entqglpa, c,vtlotoulq ].elrougylcoe c],]"egxo,rrlyoq[eg. @cng6-
firL, rv rouror,g,vo, orlpsroJ0el
orl 11unagfq 6r,o,goqono[rlo1g trlEJrQoETn
Xanonrtrlv "l.rurougyr,xrilvngo06oecov" cvo,l.oyops roug firQtoQropouE eJrL-
 xa,L"ltr@oq"orryvEA),ryvmr1
Tonwaenppr1para 25

8qpr,ougyelogr,op6veg
troyngrou ovoporoExecpcrl.rlg sfttcpu],alelgtrlg fiQog
TOv"OXQtrlpOtUOtO OrlpAOUOl.OyrXd,"
lCgCXtrlgc TtrlvnqO0etUXtbv autdlv tu-
ficov.)to 06paCI,uro nuo
0c enav6l,0oupe xc,ttrl.

6opn rqg "O(D"xot JTrorr,xrl

3.2.AueuBupdvq 6v6eufr1

3.2.1.O gol.ogtrov nqo06oeov

Ilcga rnv fieQryqacpr,xrg encgxeucJrouxtoQouor,o(eu TlCI,vo-

ex nqdtrpEotl;etrlE
tfgrrl cval.uoq ttrlv IIPO@OP oe l,eLtougyfcoupnl"rlgdlpctoE rov EIIIPPT''.
ncgcrp6vouv,v rourorE,ogt,op6vooqpelc fiou CI,fioLTouv neqoltdqo brcgeu-
vncrrl.Tcolpela auta ocpoQouv ota efrlg:
(i) )tov gol.o trrlv nqo06oeovano/oe oe o16o11 Fs rnv "xtr{boT1"trlg O<D
(ntolruxo[8efxteg- o,vcr]"uttx6g
excpog6g tng "eyyevoug"ntdrolg), a].],c
xor or1v ysvr,xomQn uqn rouE (oqpaofa/l,eutouqyla).
(ii) 2rov reorro ouoxsrropourng O@oru. Fs ro, ngoOetuxtroupnl.qgdltrratc
TOUSJil,QQrlpCtOE.
EgXopcrorroro ngc(lto06pc.)ta nl.alouorng yevetlxrlgyQopportxrlExal
ouyxsxerp6vaorrlv ngoono0eLo, fiQoobr,ogr,opou rng tttilolg ortlv "O@" or
ngoOoelg Xoeoxrngf(ovtor, (oencl.auoreQtE cpaoeuE) trlg"t[TtDTtxoi,"Oelxteg,
xevol oqpaouo].oytxori JrQrsxop6vou, pe pcotxo go]"o rov fiTtrlrtxoXoQoxrrl-
Qropotqg xul3egvdlpevqg O@(Karanassios1992:155).)uttqcDvo,lrernv xQo-
rouoo orlpegcanopl (Chomsky1995:114)16, ol nqo06ostg ofioQopoLsg o-
val.utr,x6gexcpog6g 6ev ouvr,ototivanl,dlg :-rroirwro6elxt1. Avtr,06to4Oetrl-
QOUVTOT nqCypCttilosLg
trlgO,VAI"UTUX(.g Tng"tYYtvouEfiTtilorlg",YsYovoE fiou
oe tel.eutai,aaval,uorlonpolver,enr,l3foon rrrlv "tyytvtbv" fitcboeolvpe 6lccpo-
Qsrrxo rQoJrongcypcttrlong rng ntdlong .
Yn6q rnE ofiorpeo4outrlE'ftal,Jrtoouyxsxqlpdva,undqtrlg 0epcruxrlg),er,-
rougy[cgnou n]"1qouvor ],eltouqyr,x6g ngo0osr,E oro 6e6opeva poEouvnYo-
eouvtc efrlg:
(a) H oqpnouol.oyr,xrlblccpogonol1oqpetcrfu afio xaL oE oEneqrrtriloeug
tonuxcbvenugglpcttrlv:

107. ta noul.la fitrouoov navol ota/navol an6 ta xl.aOla

108. H ng6ol3eugaxaOorcv 6fnl.a otov/6[n],4 cn6 rov x. Ilgoe6qo

(|3)H unagfq nolxll.lag ngo0etuxtilv tr]nolv ota ngo0erlxa oupn].qgrillroro

16. Avccpeg6pevoE o Chomsky otl 1g1oq rou of trlE"6e[xt1 ntdlolE (otc 8eEopdvatlE
ygocpelXoQoxrrlel,ortxa"...of can then be regardedasthe realizationof this
Ayy),rxr1E)
genitivecase".
 - Kowou
26 Aipntpa @eocpavonoduou

al.l,olv xorrlyoQrrilv xar dl"l,<rlvenr,gglparov fiou, oJrog r1E1cvacp6g0lxe,

].eutougy[eg:
cpalvetal vo CI,vrLororxouvoe Or,ccpoqlExrr,oJT,Lr(69l0epotux6g

109. cp6qveralaval.oyclpe/*aJrorrE neguotaoetg

lrrlqr,oraano*lop6vn
110. 6cpuye

(y) H oupl3ctorrlrcperalu l.e[uxrlgolpaolcrgtqg ngo0eo1Exor rorv nouxi,-

rng ysvLxngoeneguntc0oeug
l,rrlvl.eltouqyr,dlv xatcrtlg onolegl nt6oq 6n],dl-
vrrCI,rpe avcl.uttxf excpoQclT.H oupl3crorTlro'autr1 cpclvetarvCI,
oJrorr],elc-
yua
ncgafrryq nqoUno0eorl rlv tel,uxf xatloyuon rov o,vc,l,utuxrilv excpogrilv
oro ouorrlpc. XaqcxrTlQrorLxo nagc8eLypo,q orclOeg1 ncgouofc ttulvuxto/
ot WEEfIIPPron.rtQoE6nl"orn trrlv 6rirol3aouxrbv orlpcourilvrnE ysvrxnE,tnE
ocporQerrxfg xut tlg xa0agrlg yevuxrlg.Avtfororxo, eorvopsva 61ouv6uonu-
orrrr0eloe c]"].egneguntrilosLE ofiou ava].utuxfgexcpoq(,g (o6, an6, trt6,ym
+OO) cvtrxcOrorouvrq yevuxrlorr,g8uocpoqeg l,eltougylegrr;9. )rr,g fisQr-
nrriloelgcur6g n eruul.oyrlrlg ngo0eoqggu0pl[etauo,norov ouyxsxQrp6vo 0-
gol,o Jrouexeeo(eun cvol.utuxrlexcpoga.
ouppcltotrlro percEutng l,efuxrpg
Avtr,06trlg,n irn or1trrcorcl,oyuxrl orlpo-
oi,agr1g ngoOeoqg xor rnEl,er,rougyloErng "yrvLxTlg", rqv onola xa],eltauvc
6ql,droeu,bqpr,ouqyel o]rteLfirriloeug
nqoptrnpCI,ro, ,tara tugonoleg1 o,nouola
pogcpol,oyuxorl tunou enul3dl,l"er,
tq'Xgr1o1cvcrl.utuxrilv excpogrbv. To ngol3l,rl-
pc aur6 fioeornee[tar oe noga8ef,ylroroyevr,xrlg xrrrywfg pe ],6[eugoe -axt,
-(,roax),n. )rlpetolr6ov6tu oe o,vc,l.urux6g
excpog6g oJroE:

111.ro voQoano/*oero nqyc6t,

(cvt[: To vseorou fiTly06uou)
ll2. tu cpul.l.ccrno*oelra 66vtqa
(avti,:tc cpul.l,atolv 66vtqolv)

\ aJToOql.dlveu fisQLooorego"ngo6l,tuor1"xo,rro "6tro",6vvoreE nou 6uxc,uo-

l.oyouvcn6l.urs rn XQnontou ngo0etuxoriautori trinou.
)upcprrlvaps rLgavrot6qol8uanuotriloetg
0a pJroQouoope vCI,
unootqqlfou-
nl"rlgolgorr,gpaoux6gl.eurougyfeg
pe 6tu ot ano/oe*O@o,r.o,vro,fioxQfvovtc,r,
Qnrorr,g6uo pcrolxg
rrlEysvrxngperc, tonuxu,,excpgafovrCI,g l"eutougylsErnE
nrrirong (acpcuqetuxrl
xau xc0cqrl yevuxrl),
l.eltougy[eE fiou no].u voplE ou-
yxglrlotqxav. H rcLwtl enr,xgdtqorlrtrlv
ava],utr,xrilvexcpoqrilv
ngog 6n]"orn

17. H dnopq ourrl avronoxglverol orq 6r,efobr,xr1 ova].uorl rtrlv ngo06oeolvon6 rov )e-
to,ro (1995)xor,orr;v enrorlpcvoTlrtrlvolpcourirvnou excpqo[eu q xc0epi,o(l3oorxnon-
pooi,o- 8leuq{voerg).
 xaL"fiTrbory"
Tonmaenqpr1paru orTlvEM'ryvmry27

rnE "eyysvotlg"yevuxrlgpnogef6touva 0eop10e[ouvagrnontrlg buclgovuxrlg

rng fird)ong(onpoouo],oyuxrl
e[6],r,[Tlg rcov].eutougyurilv
o,oacpeuo/a6uacpoveuo,
rnE oro ouyxtxetp6vooXnpc) xot rng XcQcxrnQr,otuxrlg )"eEuxng oqpcolctg
tolv ngo0eruxrilv vc,bnl.dlvouv
ruJroJvtrou FrToQotiv enrdE TTlv 0uo-
ovcDT6gtrl
cpogonollotl.

3.2.2.H yevlxnpe ro tonuxc: 6opr,xr1

ava],uon

To Oeparou OoprxoriouolerropoungoOetr,xdlv xoLovopo,Ttutilv oupnl.nQopo-

rrrlv (oeyevr,xrl)
ofitllEr16qovacp6gape 61euonaolol,rloer,t1v 6qeuv0oT0nl.alola
xugtrrlgtlg ncgcboor,oxrlg yQcppcu,xng (ot ngoOetlxeg excpgcoelg elouv XOQc-
xtqpr,otei, cogufioxo,to,otatq,tlg yevr,xrlg orn Oualgovtxrl nogelctl19y],dlooag),
al.l,a xor rTlEvedlregrlg 6geuvcg(ou6uo rufior 0etrlgouvtot trlE6uo buccpogetlxa
nl"olola ufio]rorrlyoglono[,qonE TouEfIIPProrr.). H anoQnrnv ono[a 6ltrl6uctu-
ndloeuufio poQerluno0eorlg egyaolaEoupcpovei, pevtrlgfiQoEro fivtupo, W rnv
cnoQqtrlEnagcboor,cxrlg yQopportxr1g, nqoUruo06tel opoEyevetr,xrl o16o1trrrv
6uoolqparov tto,l,fir,oouyxtxgup6va,6r,euqup6vn 6opntlg "O@"(CP')nou uuo-
0etl1ocpe^xaro. tlv avcl"uo1rtrlv n goOetuxtilvoupnl.1gtrlpottrlv.
To xupr,otego 06pafioUo,vTtpetolrulfoupe, xo,to,ouv6neuc, e6dloletuxc petqv
ulo06tnontou oXrlpaToE o,UToU ouvi,otc,tctoTTlvo"nouoi,o, sxJTsqQoop6vou ovo-
lrorlxou oupn]"lqolpc,Ttxou 6ei,xtr1 orLg pe
fieQrfittiloelE yevr,xr1.
Kou touto ecpo-
oov Tl6nl"olont1g ntdlonE ornv O@ (pogcpol.oyuxrl yevuxrl)xc0toto, ex ngdltrlg
ogeo4,xevrlouor,CI,ortxou neqr,elop6vou rTlvncgouolc fioQoporog06onE.
Enexre[vovrcEtqv cvc].uor1pou ota 6e6op6vaO@run. 0a nqoono0no<rl va
6e[[oloru naga rnv speovr; cnouota otollelow otqv O@nrn.nou 0o ncg6ne-
F rov QnroorTlvev l.oytrl06o11, pernv uuo06t1onrou oXrlpcroE(85)neQuYQct-
cpsTc,r xcrta Teox[otxovofioLT;1xrno 118r,clxglorltcrlv6rio pogcprilv oupn]"1gtil-
poroErtrlv roJrrxrilv(OtDyun., fIPO@OP)r,lganot6l.eopa8r,crXgovr,xnE Euacpo-
gonoi,qoqE rrou tyet oytol W rn 06on/tQono ngcypcroonE rng Ysvtx1g.Yn6q
rrlg nnoqrrlgclutrlgcpolvetauv(I ouvnYoQouv tc ncgc8elypata t1g AE r(I o-
ruolc, naga rrl ec,LvopevuxrlTouE anoxl.uoq,0a g"noqouoo,v va Oeop10ouvo-
tu CI,norel,orivOetuxX 6v6eu[r1urt6gTngJlQoretvopsvnE ava]"uonE,lrt rTlvfiQo-
0eo1va xatal"appcveutr106o11 tou )A.
AE 6oupetrilgcrfito ouoT1pcrtuxcr TrlvJlQoTttvopsv1 6opn Tqg"O@"XOITLg
oQXeE otr,gono[egotqgi(trcL.
Xu;.rcpolva ps rnv cnoprl rolv Cardinaletti& Starke(1995)neoroexLxoorl-
pei,ootqv avcl,uorltng 6opnETTlg"OO",8ucyl.rrlooLrrct, alotel.el n blaonaon
rcDvXo,eo,xrrlerorLxcilv tqgl8 (6nI. tolv phi-XoQoxTnQtotuxr.bv xot ToJvXoQo-

18. )ripcprrlvcps rnv enlxgcrorioo cnorpq petclu rtrlv ufioornelxtcbv tou bleugupfvou
 - Kowou
28 AnUryga@eoEavonou)"ou

features)xo,Lrl xctavoprl Tougot

xrrlerott,x6v CI,vo,cpoQLxorTlro,(=referential
Ouo06oeug: orrl OonAo (=D) ta phi-lagcxtrlquotuxcrxot orq 06o1tou )Ao
ro XoQoxrqgr,ot uxao,voqoetxornrog(o.t., 28-29110
.
)ro nl,aloua currlg rng lrQoroonElblclteqc orllrovrtxn Yla trlv aval"uorl
pog elvar,Tl fiQorsLvopsvn anopq xar,s.trlv onolo ro XoQoxrnQuottxc t1g
nrdloqgrou Oo,nou exbrll,dlvovtaloro A(=p) oupcprrlva pe xcr0teqolp6veg
c-
vcl"uoeug rrlg "O@"otrl NE20,"ttvtiygccpovrou"/8unl"aouafovtal orov >Ao2l,
Fe 6urrn OuvcronlTofieoypctrrlorlg:aE A (negunrdlosLg ovopaouxiElatrtc,-
rr,xfE- or "roXUgE" ntdloeug)n pe tn Xqnonl.er,rougytxrlg ngoOeoqg (negr,-
ntdloelgyevr,xnEl8oruxng - oL"oo0rvr[9"nt6oeuE).'Erol,ttx., pt ccpetlglctto
ncrgCXAt<rl OXnp0Tqg"O@":

I 13.
>o ( cPn)

>ao

{'S"} Ao oo

\
OO

enuolpcllvovro,L ol eEnE8uvctotryrsg fiQoypatcooqg tlg ntdlonE (ro JroQo-

6e[yparo cfio rov Starke 1993):
(i) H "xlrcboq"ngaypctrilvtro,L oro ovopo (Oo) trlEpoQqol,oyuxtltttilol, pe
rn 06on tou )A xevi(z:

cpqootr,xori6elxrq rnE O(D(DP hypothesis)rc ovtrlrsQtrlXoeoxrTleLottxcEvto,ooovro,r,

xorc xripr,ol.6yo, orov x6pl3oA(=D). Boor,x6gavc9og6E qxtxwa ps rnv unaglouoo
prf3l.r,oygocptc
l3)".Cardinaletti& Starke 1995:28.AvtlotouleE ofiopetE trlEtrQoEro oTl-
pelo aurd t61ouvufioornQrx0el yr.c tn NE. B],. xuqi,coEKaranassios1992: 59 xal
Stavrou1996:94-99.
19. H ouvSeol rtrlv XoQoxrlglotr,x6v rqE ovoqoQr,x6trltaE[rTov A) xo,r,6Xr, pe tov xop-
0o A, xcrc rr;v xgatorioc anoqrn,anotel"el u8laltego Oeopqttxo ng6B],1p4xctc tlv
E. Avcyvtr:otonoril.ou (nqoo. enux.).To 6)"o 06po ouv66ttot, xcrc tn Yvdpn pou, p
ro neqleX6prvofiou or,Cardinaletti& Starke (1995)Olvouv otov 69o "cvcpoqlxotrl-
To" oro nl.olola rqE ova),uor1E toug. H ruq6tcorltoug, novtoE, trlgJreoEro oqpelo au-
t6 anoutel negcr,t6q<rl6leqeuv4oq.
20. Koro, rlv ovo)"uo4rrlE Stavrou(1996:97) "...it is D that getsthe casefor the whole DP
and carriesthe featureof referentiality".
Koro toug Cardinaletti & Starke (1995:30) "...The functional head which hosts the
"reduplication"of the casefeatureof N is C ".
22. Tc nogabei,ypota nou cvo.cp6eovrot, elvs.Loe o,lttcttxrl. Yneq rou oXrlpotog autou
 Tonmueneeiuma zlaL"Itrrboq"orqvElJ"ryvmrl29

114.contre0 le mur
115.devant0 la maison

(ii) H "fircboq"ngcrypatrilvrro,r
orov )Ao (cval,vrrxtg excpogfg) ps rn XQn-
oq l.eurougyuxrilvngo06oerrlv(nql3),.To"a, de, ot) or[rrlE8uantotrilvtrot oro
"yrvLxr1g
nagaxc,trrtncgaoe[yFo,To, ":

116. Maria e sciutaaccantoa Gianni

ll1. Je tourne autour de la maison
118. He was aheadof his father' s car

(iii) Ilagcbelypatcr pe 6uo ouyxQovtrlgnranm(4 ev6e[feugEeva,vc,cpgovtcl

or1v ev l.oytrl pel.6t1 (Cardinaletti &. Starke 1995)naqa ro ytyovog orr 6ev 0a
pJroQouosva crnoxl"rrorouv y r,c l.oyoug Oerogqtr, xo'6E.
MevovtcrEoro 06pc t1g ntrilonE ro oroLo pag evbuo,cp6ger, xuglrrlg e6crrOeo-
0r'r rrTrn JTQOT&vOpSvTl AnOrpq,ngcv rlg 0eop4uxrlg orlpooi,agJlou JIO,Qou-
()r(r:u ota nl,sloLo rou fiQoruJrou avc)"uor1g,oupcpc'Jvei, org fieog to nvefpo
ps fiQoyev6otegegcvcrl"uoerErcDv ngo0etuxrilv outrrnl.lqolpatolv 8racpogtrrv
xornyoQubv (Emonds 1985) xor CI,vro,fioxglvetalorrlv xornyoQtcxtl ucprltolv
oupnl.qgcrlpctrrlv sutrilv (acpnqnpfvegntriloelg). Eni, n),6ov to oXrlpa, 6norg
bucrpogcprilvrrCI,L, nol"u rxovoJrorTlrr"naoto 6uayl,rrloolxa 6e-
CI,vrCI,rroxeCveto,r,
'Etor
6op6vc. ngaypatoron rng "yrvrxTlg" (pogcpol,oytx{ xatalnEn/
116r,1111
ngo0etlxrl excpoga)0ecoqeltorcrlEanot6].eolro rng 06ongorTlv ono[a 6r1].rilve-
ror ro XoQcxrrlerorrxo r1E nrdloqE orqv OcD.
To avox6eo JrQoruno avc,l"uoTlExor, firo ouyxexglp6vc, o JrQortrvoptvog
"6r,fil.cor,o,opog" Tou XoQoxrrlQLonxournE ntdlorlg pe 8uvctorTlro, etrrcpavlolg
oXLpovo oto Oo (pogcpol,oyuxrlyevlxrl)23, o)")"cxor orov )A, ncrqc tcr Oeolgrl-

).ror,firo ouyxexgup6vc,un6q rnE JroQouo[cEovoprcrlxoti )A orqv "O@" ouvrlyogouv,

enl n].6ov,nagobelyporo rnE Poupavr"x1E pe ]"er,touqylxrlrg60eoqotq
xor lono,vr,xrlE
06o1 rou )A (Cardinaletti& Starke 1995:229, oXp. 48). @c pnogotioops vo cvacp6-
Qoups166 neglntoloetErnE NE 6nalE:
0o 6B0elpera 0 / ano to flaoXa
Avacpeg6pevnornv ngcypatcoon rnE ovopaoruxrlgxor orrrorrxrlE \ E. Avcyvtrloto-
nou).ou (ngoo. enr.x.)enroqpc[vel6tr 0o cfr(e vc btegeuvq0ofvot ].6yot,yLo rouE o-
noloug 1 ngoypcrror1 rrrtv ntdroeorvcutcirv e[vcL @.
23. @c ng6neuva oqpelcoOel 6rr, 6ev ooXo],ouporpr rq 6opr,xrlcnerx6vro4xor rov tgono
ngcypcrorcnErnE popcpol"oyr,xfEyevwilE, ecpooov ro 06pafiou [revblagegetebdlei,vor,
116r,1111 nqcypatorTl rTlE"yrvrx4g". frc rlg neqr,ntdlosrEorrE onoleEpcgtuge[rat ytvt-
xn 6Xopcu, cn)"dlE6rl q ntcboqnqaypardlvrror oro ovopc onoE yuo trg negmt6oerg
rnE ovopoortxig xat cr,tucrlxrlg(pe tov ovopcrlx6 XA xevo), XoQIEva cvocp6gopct
orrE ouyxxgr,p6veg 8lablxcoleEps rrE onoleg cur6 enltuyXcvetor.H 6uvct6tqtc cutrl
ouvbErarpe ra r,blafrsQoXoQoxrqgr,otlxarqg nrdlolg q onoic naga tr;v fioQornQou-
pevq rcroq avcl"urr,xrlgexcpogagnogcpdver (olwcrv1 oto otiotrlpc tlg El.),qvlxnE.
 - Kowou
30 Anpntga@eoEavonou).ou

tuxc ngol3)"1patanou ev6elop6vrrlg 6r1pr,ougyet,xuq[cogtrlExrQoE rrlv x[oQou-

ola xevof >4, cpo(,vercru vo ovrofioxgfvetc,r,ota 6e6otrr6vct ttrlv butunucbv
O@rru./ilPO@OP nou ofiovrouv 6r,o1govr,xa oX oupn)"rlgollroroJvtottxtilv.
fluo ouyxexgrpfvo,, ov 6e10oupernv cnoQrlorL o ovoportxog)A pnoqe[va
cpog6a
snotel.6oer, rrlg ntdloqE,11onola t[QoylroroJrot-
rtrlv XoQoxrrlQrorrxrilv
Elral orn 06on outn uJro poQen nQo0eonE, Toreo nagcbooLCI,xoE ouoxsrt-
opog perafu an),ng yevr"xrlgxau ava),utlxrilv excpogtilvtQp1vsusrctxo,tcr
TQonoorxovoprxo xaLouor1pCI,Ttxo: To,6uo 6opr,xaolrlpotc avayovro,tot
xouvrlpaon(oXnpa113),ev6 1 btalqovuxrl6lccpoqono[1or1 rouE(OOoru. evcr-
vtr, IIPO@<DP) pnogel vc XoeoxrnQlotei,olg 8uccpogonolrlol trlg rrQoE tn 06-
on/ rQono lre rov onofo ngaypcttilvtrot ro poQqo],oytxoXoQoxrnQLorLr{o
r1g rrtdrong:oro O, pe tov )A 0 (oeneglntolo1yevuxrlg)za f orov )A uno tu-
no ngo0eoqg (oe negtntorrl excpogtilv).
avcl.utuxcirv H 6r,ocpogonol1or1 autn
crlganot6l"eoporng buaxgr,oqg
negr,ygccpsro,L rou poecpol,oytxou ouotrlpctog

24. H A. A).e[lcr6ou(ngoo. tntx), avacpeg6pevloe naqc]']'n]"n ava].uoq YLortE ngoOett-

x6Ecpqaoer,E (J. Emonds,"Projectingindirect objects".LinguisticReview 10, 1993)0e-
rnv sgoQpoyrlrou olrlpatoE (113) orc 6e6op6vatrlg yevr,xrlE
togel ngol3]"lpctr,xrq ]"o-
y(l) rnE pn voprpofiolr1or1ErqE xevrlgxecpa],r;gtou )A oripcptrlvotrt il,E 0QXE nou ogi,-
fer,o Emonds oro ev l"oyrrt og0go. H cvrot6grrrpel.6tl tou EmondsavccpqetotorTlv
ovcl"uol bopritv EA orrg br,ccpogeE yl.rilooeE,pe 6pgco1 orrE JreetfiTtiloetg "petcxlvl-
onE TnE8orrxrlg" (=EA). Ol negmrcboer,E aur6g ovtryovtct,, xcr' o,ut6v, oe B-6opr1
orqv onolo ro EA excpeg6pevo pe pr16evr,x4ng60eor1percxrvei,tct utloxQtrlruxo ngo
rou AA rilore vc voprponorq0elq no,gouolc ttlE xevi6 ng60eoqEpdotrtttrtv XoQoxrn-
gr,orlxrirvlpogcprlpcrtoErqE l.eflxrlE xecpc)"r1E(ev ngoxelp6vcotou gtlpcroE) nou xu-
l3egvc tqv xctrlyoglc.
Xroqlg vo apcplol3qrdl t1 oqpcolc tlE avolr6gcrrngoo6yyronEyto ro ouYxs]tQtpfvo
6opr,xooxnpo 0o r10e)"c,ev roritorE, vo oqper,tiroro tc e!r1goe o16o11 p Tnv ovol"uorl
uou:
(r,) H egplvela rou Emondsacpogcoe vo ouyxexqr.p6vo boprxo oxTltlops fisQto-
gr,oporiEruou6ev ucploravtaLoro oupJr].qgtilparartrtv sfiLeeTlpcttrlv nou efetc[trl.
(lr,) )ro 6e6opr6vcr nou pe oncrolol.orivq O<Dnou efcqtator o,n6p46evr,xryngoOe-
oq elvor,pogcpo],oyr,xo lcgaxtqquop6vl pe yevrxry,ev crvttOoetfieoE tcr 6e6op6vofiou
anoolo),ouv tov Emonds,6nou ngoxeltcr, yuo O@ "without overt casebut positionally
identifiedin fixed word order patterns" (o.n.,211). To yeyov6grou poQcpo),oylxoti 1ct-
eorrneropori rqg xaOloro evbeXop6vrrlE negltrrl rlv avayxq voptponoi,lorlETnExevrlg
ne60eonEan6 ouyxexQtpvootollei,c trlE ),e[r,xr1E rrou rrlv xul3egvc.
xecpc]"nE
M6vovroE ou,EoexdEoval,uolg rcov Cardinaletti& Starke(1995)eecogtb6tr,
(r,r,r,)
q ncgouolo xevou XA ei,votbuvarrl orLEfiQrfirrboergcut6E. )rouXela nou 6txauo],o-
yoriv rrlv nagouoi,arou tlvot, ,Laxaul Yv6pn pou, ta efrlE:
(cr)O "r,o1uqr6E" lagrcxrnQoEtqE yevlxrlEoro AE nou enltgdfitt, xcto to nq6tu-
fio rtrrv "LoXugcbv" ntdloeorvovopoorrxryExol clrrctlxrlE, TTlvpn ),eftxTlngayparorrl
rou )A.
(0) flaqollrl].o 6e6op6vorrlE AE ora onolo poqrugelto,r.ngo0ettx6ErufioE orov
2A nou enrtelvettr1]"er,touBylatrlg pogcpo].oyr,xnE nttbonE(YevrxnE). nqpl. ncBabely-
p0T0 p afio + O@orn..
 Tonmdmtpprlpara)taL"lTTtboq"
ornyHJ,rlvmrl 31

tcrrvntdloov orrE 6uo cpcloerE rng El,),qvr,xr1E.

@angneuvCI,orlpeLoJ0ei, en[,-
q
onEorr avcrl.uolcur1 ovrc;ToxQ[,verau orq Olcuo0ryuxrl ngoo6yyuon, oup-
qtrlvo,lrer1v onolc,q pogcpo],oyr,xr1ntdloq xCI,r
or avtloroulegavcr].uttxtgex-
qoQ6E6evouvr,orouvnoga 6uo rgonouEJrQoypcrrrlolg rrlg l6r,cg"fiTrbo1g".
Yn6q rrlg ovtrlrfqrongoo6yyuoqg, xcu el6lxomQo,,urr6qrou brcugupvou
olrlpctog rtlg "O@"(CP.)0o pnogouotvo,Oerogr10e[ orL ouvrlyoeouv6e6op6-
vo rng AE nou epcpavl(ouv or ouyxrxerpdveg negunrriloeug ngo0erlxoou-
pnl.nqolpclnaga t1 otcOegnXqnontlg an)"q9yevr,xrlg (vooEtv,rfi)"e,ptXet).
)tlg neglntdloeug cur6go "fil.rovc,otrx6E" XagaxrrlgoE TnEngoOeoqg vopr-
ponorcl l.efr,l"oyuxcr1v ncqouola ovolrorrxou)A, tov onolo Xagcxrlg[oa-
pe 0 oto ncgc8ei,ylrorope crnl,rlyevuxrp.
xo,T'oQxnv,oJrorrg negmrrilosrgps dno + yevr,xrlbuanrouil-
Eexuvrirvto,g,
voupr tc elrlg:
(o) Or, c,vrot6gcrl
ngo0etr,x6g excpog6g CI,JTowouvp enr,ggrlparaOql.oltuxo
XrrlQrolrou,a,nopc,xguvonE xln. (yevuxrl
ccpaugutxi). Aw[otoulq excpogc pcg-
ps
tugelrol oe c].]"egxarrgyogfeg naq6pola olpcola (Humbert & Kougpou-
l.nE1957:267)2s:

119. nol.r,oparLov pevdno rflE0a),cooxg

......d,va,xe1oQnxoE
(IIol,ul3.2.11.)
l2O. d,nooot dglapevog (Ill.dr. foQy. 47lc)

(13)Ounqo06oer,g orLEo,vc'Jr6grrl6op6g
61ouvXoQoxrnQlore[ o]ro rrlv rro,Qo-
6oolaxr1yeopporrtLrloJE"rx[[Tor[xo,"orolXrlc rrlg nrdloqg.AvrlorotlsE fis-
glnrriloergsJu,Tc,Trxng
Xgnongrng ngoOeolgpoeruQouvrc,ror a),l.egyl,dlo-
otE, W XoQoxrneLorwLa rrlg Aotr,vlxrlg(ngl3l,.
ncgcbei,ylrcrorrg rreQrJrrriloelg
Xgrloeugex, ab + oqorQ.xrQoE6nl,orn xcrayolyrlg):

l2l. ex improboparcenasci (Cic.Rosc.Com.30)

122. (Gallos)omnesab Dite patreprognatos(Caes.B.G.6,18,1)

Aapf3cvovrogunoQqrug avrotgrrlOuanuorriloeug xat (:yovrcrgiragdl.l"nl"a

trlEocperngi,a 6opn rqg "O@"0a pnogouoopsvo,XoQoxrnel-
rr16ueugup6vn
ooupetugngo0euxtEcur6gexcpog6g trlgXoQoxtr;guorlxa nagcbelyporc poe-
"6unl,o,orc,opou"
cpol,oyr,xou rryg"O@": or1
TtrlvfiToruxrilvXoQoxrrlQr,ottxdrv
06o4OotrlEpoQqol,oyrxrlyevr,xrlxCI,r
orrl 06o11
)Ao rogngoOenxot(sno d,no.

25. "fltdrolE ouyxexglpvnouyxenrlo0eLoapeto,tqE yevlxrlE,Tlocporesrrxrlunoorlgi,(e-

rcrr ruol,l,axLE,ro.L 8raxgr,l3oritouun6 ngo06oeo:9,rrlg enl to n].ei,orov u1g an6
(Humbert & Kougporil,,ng1957: 267).
 - Kowou
32 Aipnrga@eoEavonouhou

H egpqvelacutrl 1 onola anrlXei,or,ove[],er,rougyuxn Xqnontqg ngoOeolg

CI,vro,fioxQlvetar
orc e[r1gxgutrlgr,o:
(i) )npaouol.oyr,xc.Avacpegopc,ors orrlv "rfiurorLxrl"l.eltougy[a rqg fiQo-
Oeolgoe oX6o1pr rTlvanl.r1yevuxrl(enlrelverar]"olgrn onpoola rr;9, eleu6r,-
xruovro,g/ouyxexgr,pevonoldlvrc,Ern XQnonrIE orn ouyxexerp6vq 6vvouo).H
oqycvuxrloytoq petclu ngo0eoqgxut nrafi4g elvauepcpavrlg ofio rov ruxro
rqg ngo0eonEoe cutrptry ),eutoupyiu(ano):

123. 6xag6'd,notelleog elpev (>256)

124. *xcg0x / XrrlQlg
telleog elpev

(ii) )uvtaxrlrro.. Avacpeqopoors orl "l.rlrougy[o,"rlg IIPO@OPoe o1eor1

lre ro EIIIPP. H IIPO@OPotr,gavrrltfgal nequnrdoeLg xroQouor,cfer,
xolva
XoeoxrnQuorrxa lrs rCI,
avri,otolla ngo0eruxa oupn],qgrilpatc roJvstrreenpo-
rrrlv orrlv OrplpnME xal NE, ps povn Or,acpoga rov rufio rrlg ntdloqg.flr,o
ouyxrxQrlmvo,, ouE JrsQLntdloelg aut6gxounaqa 14 lcl,cgn oX6onrcDvoQoJv
fiou XoQoxtlgl(er,yevr,xrilg ta 6e6op6vornE AE naqctlgeircr, otcOeg1oeuga
rqg nqo0eonEos o16oqlrs rnv O<D,6ev lroeruQouvrcr,51],. 6e6op6voCI,vrr-
orgocprlg orrog oupl3clver,oe al.l.egcvefogtqreglgrloeLgrng dno + O<Doru. To
ysyovoEo,uro ouvnyoeei, uneqrng rrsQLogr,op6vqg ovefagtlolcg rqg ngo0e-
onE:

125. 0vOul.axmyclngdno ncrg[6og (N 696)

al,l,a:
126. *v6ocpr,v
fr},),olv&no

H negr,ogr,op6vlcvefoqrrlola trrlv oQ(l)vtrlg ngooeuxfg excpoqog y[vetcl

eni,olgepcpcvrlgo,fiorrl orevorrQno16oqfiou epqovl(er,TlIIPO@OPoe oXdorl
lm ro EilIPP (ouncgeppcl"l.opevor oeor ei,vaupovov poQro.ilqpl. evbeuxrr-
xa (23)).
Ta cvrrlt6QooroLxelcoe ouvbucropops rov rQoJrofiou CI,vrrperconlfetar,
yevr"xdlg11cvrotdgol6opr1orrg JroQcr8oouo,xeE yeopporwtg tlg AE o,fiorr-
tq yvrilprlpou,0erlxq 6vber,lqun6gtou l"eurouQyrxou
l.ouv, xcrrcl. Xcgaxrrlgc
tlg ngo0eonEorrg negunrdloeug cut6g oe o16o11 lrs rnv OQ pe tlv ortolo ou-
vro,ooovto,L,ouvrlyogrilvtagrel,uxounegrnEJreorsrvopevng crnopqgoXETLxa
pr rov qQoorrxo6ei,xtr1tqg "O@",pe 8urrrypogcpol.oyr,xrl ngaypatorrl rqg
ntdlorlg.
Avtloror,lo qorvopsvorrc,Qc,rqqelrct,lrsroug ngo0eruxouE TufiougEotg,pt6-
yqq dypt + EE,tisorr.fiouo,fiCI,vrouvnaQcl,l,nl.cpe O@ouu. or nequnrrilosrEo-
JT(l)g:
 orrlv EM.r1vmr133
Tonms,enqBr1paruxaL "lTTrbory"

127. prdxQteig to otgct6ne6ov (Eev. 'Ava[3. 6.4.26)

H yevr,xrlorLg rrsQrntriloergcut6g couppctq pe rn l.efiuxrloqpcolc rrrlv lTQo-

O6oeov-xecpcl,rilv(lttxet, dyg xLn.) nou brll,rilvouv "xctefOuvorg ngoE" 61el
1161unoXrogrloer,bfvovtcrg tn 06on rnE orrlv otttotuxrl q ono(,c.coaqrlg orTlv
cvolt6grrl l,eutougylc, evtoltitroL ofio nqoOetlxoug rufioug (eiE,EE,En(,,ITQIE)
nou 0a pfioQouoov eni,orlgvo Oerrlgq0ouvotu l"eutouQyouvtrlg rrgoo6toQLort-
xo"lenmcnwlaoroL6e[a.AvttoroLxrg neglntriloerE poQTueouvrot otr; Actuvu-
^A iz 6.
)uvorpl(ovroE ta 6e6opdvc aval.uoqg xctcl"rlyoupe otc efrlg:
(i) Ou OQuru.xCI,ror IIPO@OP oe 06on oupnl.qgtilporoE tou EIIIPPT.'. plo-
eouv va evtalOouv ot xotvo 6optxo oxnpo, o,vrtJrQooofituovro,g"O@" orTl
6r,eugup6vnpoQqn, ps ovoportxo oulrfi]"lgrrlpctr,xo 8elxttg orov onoi,o "o,vo,-
8unl,aouafetclu"ro XoQoxtqgtotlx6 tqg ntdong rng OO. H btccpogonoLrlorl
rrlgJrQoEtov tg6no lrs rov ono[o epcpavf(etouq "O@" sQltrlvtusrc,ttrlEanot6-
l.eopcrtng 06onE/tgonou ngcypclttrlong rng ntrilolg: oro ovopa-xecpal,rltqg
OtD (rteglfiTrrlorlyevr,xrlg),orov )A (neglnrtrlon crva]"utrxrbvexcpoqdlv).
6v6er,[qurt6g rou ]reorrLvopsvou olrlpatog cpcrlvetcuvo oJrort-
(ii) @etr,xrp
l"ouv or fieerlrriloeuE tgo0etuxtilv excpoqav(ano +ytv., Eg, eiE+ut"t.)otnv AE.
)utrrcpolvcps rnv oval,uorl poE or ngo06oeugorLg avolt6gtrl neqmttiloeug 0c
pfioeouoo,v vCI,Xo,QoxrrlQLorouvtrrE6va 8eutEpro"fiTtDTtxopoQxo,glo1tct",pe
oroxo rn ouyxsxeLpsvofiotnon/eEeu8lxeuorp rou oulrrr],lgcirpctoE (6n].rilveua-
nopaxguvorllxarc(s0uvor1x[QoE)Jrou txcpQafetat,[rs rnv O@uru..

4. Iupregaopcrlx6g ox6rpe6 - rgopl{pata

)uvotp[[ovroE ro, oupfitgcropcta [roE orro t1 6r,c1govr,xrlel6taon rng ouvro-

f1g rrrlv tonuxcirvenr,ggqparov orrlv E),l,1vuxr1xcltal,rlyoups oro eEng:
FexLv6vro,g,xor'oexnv, oJTorrE 8utunlegIIPOOOP xCI,u O@ouu. Jrou tpqo-
v[(ouv ra ElIIPPron. 8lcrlgovlxa oe 06o11oupn],rlgollrorog unootrlglEape-
ouveXL(ovtcg ncrl.arorsQ16qeuvct- ort ot, cvc,l"uttx6g excpogeEn6n otTo rnv
AE ouv66ovroL xugftrlg ps Tnv taoq yr,c oacprl6nl"orn tou o-gol,ou fiou tx-
cpga[euro rofiLxo enlggqpa. H pagtugia, enopdvtrlg,c,vo,].utuxtilvexcpogrilv

ov rlotil,orr,x( elvcl ey-

26. Aev elvcl, rv rourorg,6uvor6v vo roxuQroteixovelg cocpci,,trlE
yvqEnrdroq, rlrot, gogdag 0-q6l,ou, on6te ol ngoOetrxo[ tfnol enltelvouv outrl trl
oqpaola 6rcrlEoupl3oiver,trrenagobelypCI,rotqE Aatr,vuxrlg(Emout & Thomas 1951:
oe 6oplxrl, on6te or nqoOettxo[rr.]tot,].eutouq-
32-33)n av n ntcborl6Xernbn elel.r,X0e[
t1g ntdloqS/0-g6l.ou(nqpl. avtlotollq ].er,tougyi,a
youv crlEor,xueLorcpoqei,E otq ME
xal NE).
 - Kowou
34 Atlpnrpa@eoEavonou)"ou

n6ncrnotov Opqgounob1l"rilveu tr1{3a0pua[,c ouoxorro1ouyxexQrp6vorv ].el-

rougyr,dvrng yevrxrlg otugcvrot6qrrl6opdg,ncgcl trp ota0egrlnagouoi,arqg
oro r[rcDtuxoouor1po rnE y].dlooag.)qpavruxo go]"oorrlv eE6]"uEn rng yevL-
xnEpe rs.rofiwLa6naule,xo.ratrlv cval"uo1pcrg,q efou8erdqorrlr4gcvt[0e-
orlg "cvrlxt[v"/"fiqo6]"euo1g", Ft rov tJrovangoo6toeLopo tlg ],eutougylag
rng yevrxnE oeoXo1lrsro ev]"oyrrrenuggrppcta. Me tq yevlxeuon rov nqo06-
ortrlvan6/oeenr,tuylavetarq1tr1Ouacpogono[ry1 rcrlvavtloroLxov O-go].olv,
rltol rrlg "cnopo,xguvonE ox[6" (acpalgetuxi)xat tqg "otco\Elxarc(s0uvonE
neog" (xc0agnyevwilronwi).
Bo,or,xo oqpelorrlg o],1gefdtcoqgunrlqle o ysvrLxoE ouoxsrropoEpetalu
rolv 6uo bopr,xrilvoXlpcltrrlv,O(Douu. xar,[IPO@@P,oe 06o11 oupn)"qgrilparog
rrrw EIIIPPT.'.otq 6r,c1govr,xr1 nogetc rqg yl"dlooag.
Ecpagpo[ovrc,E, xct'cq1r1v,To fiQorurlocvc],uor1grrlg "O@"pe 6r,eugup6-
vo eeoorr,xo6e[xt1 (Starke1993,Cardinaletti& Starke1995)unoorlg[Eape
6tl ta 6uo nl.ai,oro ufioxorrlyoeronolqo1g]rou speovf(ouv ra EfIIPPro,-.
6r,cXgovuxa, rltouO@rrn.xct,IIPO@@P, pnogouvvCI, aval0orivoexolv6 qQo-
orlxo 6e[xrq, "OO". Ol 6uo excpog6g anote]"ouvor1v JrQoypcrrxorrlra 6uo
TQOJIOUg ngCypAtrrlonE Tng "yrvLxrlg".o rgonoE JrQoypcrrrlorlg rrlg "ntc0-
oIS", oJIoEunootqqtxTTlxlorTlvavcl.uoq,anotel.e[ouvcgrrlorlrou Oopuxou
olrlpctog rnE xornyoqlag (OO, xl.tnxa) xor rrlE oqpaolag/],er,touqy[ag nou
excpgc(eu q "yvlxr1".
To avolt6eo fiQorunoaval,uorlExor fiLoouyxsxgr,p6vc o rQofioE[rerov o-
noi,ongooeyy[fetor,o ]rrc'rrrxogngoooroQropog trggO<D6Xer, ecpcgpoo0el, o-
oo yvrrlgi,(rrl,p19r, trilga oe ouyxeovtxoenine6o.H fiQomrvopevq6opn tng
"OO" xcl eubrxorQo n ovoqoQaotr,g oyenxtg6lo6lxaofegnou gu0pt[ouv
TTlvJrQoypcrcrlorl trlg nrrilolg boxupa(ovrale6riloe 8ucxgovuxo enlneboevdl
ps
naga),},n),couoleti,(ovtcr, rrlv xaOol"oueE6l,uEn rrlE yevrx1g ano tlv AE
p6Xeu rq NE. Elvar,yeyovoEorL Tlavc],uoqotqqlXrqxeoe 6vanegloguopdvo
bopuxooXrlpcr: ta enuggrlpCI,ro roJrouxCI,rrCI,nl.alouarrlg ufioxcrlyogr,onot-
nong roug oe br,algovtxo exine6o. @a e[1e, ev rourorE,r,Oualreqo evbr,acpfgov
q nagc),l.ry),1el6tcon rng Olalgovr,xngeE6IuEnE rnE yevux4g oe al,l.egl.er,-
tougy[egdloteva cluo].oy10ouvxa].uteqcro oulrJrsgaopcrcpcrg(xctqyoQr-
t{\ upTltrrlv ngo0etLx6v oupt},lqolpctrrlv,clva},uo1rrov 6urunurilv).
'Eva
tglto oqpe[onou tovtornxs psoCI, o,fiornv o]"4ef6tcror;elval n onpo-
yr,a
oi,anou 61eu trlv xaOo)"ouenfbooTlrrrlvcrvcrl"utlxrbv excpogrilv11ouppato-
Tnro peto[u trrlv ]"eluxrilvlcgaxtqglotr,xdlvrtrlv ngo06oerov xo,Lrou O-go],ou
nou xc,l.ouvro,L va 64l,dloouv.To oroulelorqg oupl3crorrlrogpercfu rng sfir-
l.eyopevqgnqo0eongxol tou O-gol.oufiou ngoo6[6eLor1v O(Dacpoqana-
gcl,l,$,c xCI,r ng l.oun6gnegunrdloelg br,tunldlvO@rrn. / IIPO@<DP (negunrdr-
oer,gepp6oouovrrxeup6vou, yevuxrlgnOuxng) xc0dlgxc,LJTQrfitriloer,g 6nou o
 orryvE)'hr1vmr135
Tontxa enpprlpara xaL "lTTtboT1"

pogcpo)"oytxoEXOQOXTqQOE ogr,op6vtrrvl.6leolv (nX. unoxogtotuxa oe -uxr",-(,-

^x't\rL-
roa) afiox).eleLrn XQnotponoi,rloqrnE Yevtxng(noqa6elypcta yevlxrlg
xrlg, ovrrxerpevlxrlg ofiou ^ arct.xov6vo 11yevlxrl 6ev c,vtuxaOlotatcrt cno a-
vcl,utr,x6g excpog6g).)e cut6g rLg Jrrerfittiloer,glbucltegcr ano6euxvusrc,t rl
onpoolc nou 61et,q outrrf3atorrlro,petc[u tqE ].efuxngonpaolcg tqg lgoOeorlg
xo,r rou gol,ou rng yvLxr1g.Kal totlto sqooov epnqoOetegexcpoqdgpoQru-
Qouvro,Lpovov ov n onpooi,a tlg yevuxrlgovrctroxQlvetau otq l,efuxn onpa-
olo trlg ngo$eoqg (ro vego afto ro nqya66 a].],4 *n EoQPa afto yuryvaonxn).
H |ucrnloroorl currl, rpono[c olpeuoteov cvsuQ[oxetauoe yevlxg ava].u-
oer,gneqf yevr,xrlg(Tsamadou 1984, Nikiforidou 1991),tovl(etcrl 5e Lbuaut6-
QtrlExor oxro rov )etato (1995), 6qXetor,vcr evuoltioeLrTlv ctnoprl poE rrlE
nQog tqv ucprlxot Tn oqpcolc T6Jv"l.tLTougylxrilv" ngo06oeov rng NE (pe, oe,
o,vtlperofiL[erot lrs sfiLqutroEnq ano$r1 ort ol, o-
yLa, aJTo).flto o,vc,l.urLxo,,
volrdgrrl ngo06oer,Eouvtorouv pc(i ps roug oupnl.rlqolportxouE 6ei,xtegle-
Xcoquotrlxotlyog[g, p l3aolxo XOQOXrnQtortxotrlv 6],]"er,Un],eElxnEonpq-
o[ag, cnorl.rqfiou ufiootqq[fetal te].eutala c;Io rov Starke (1993). Avtu06-
rog, Esxrvrbvtag cfio rrl 06o11 otr, or,nqo0oeLgxot ta enuQQnlrc,rc, uno,yovtau
nol.u yevuxc xarlli. cno evucr[c],e[r,xrlxctqyogla (Fries 1988), 0a rpav eu]"oyo
va uno06oelxa,ve[gort ot nouxl].ot nqo0ettxol tulot (an]"o[, ouvOetou,sfitQ-
Qnpor rxo i xl"n. ) rrcrgouo ucr(ouv6 uo[340 pioeLElx],LpcxtiloeI g oE rrQoEtov ],ef u-
pt
Xo ToUEXaQaxtnQc, 6uvcrtotr1Tc, oTtE l,r,yoteqo "l.efux6g" v0 [rJIoQoUvvCI,
Xenorpofior,l$ouv xo,t cDgl.eltougytxg (auEnpdvogl3crOpog YQOpportxono[1-
onE). To 0epcr,ro ono[o avacpgeraue6ril orq ysvtxot4tc rou oJrotrtL, eni
nl.6ov, oqpcor,ol.oyr,xrlefetcorl tolv blacpoQcDv TUlIov ire Tov xcl0ogr,opoTng
l3aor,xrlgorlpaoLclgrlg xaOepuagxcrOdlgxo,t rrrlv bleuguvoeov rTlg
JtroLxl),rrlv
aQxuxngoqpaolcE tilote va xaOoqtorouv ou nagayovreE nou ts].uxa qu0p[-
Eouv rov l3cOpornE yQcpporLxono[r1or1E roug. )qper,ortovort ncgopor,c 6u-
trlExrQoE
vCI,rorTlro6ual3cr0pr,onE tov l3aOpoYQolrpotuxono[1o1gpetcfu ttrlv
blocpogrrlvtreutougytxtbvngo0oeotvotuE 8uacpogeg yl,dloosEtXeLnbn efiLon-
rrl br,acpogono[nonrouE
pav0el (Koopmann 1993), lrt fiQctr6gtrl ouv6fisrCI,
trlEJrQoErov qQcotuxo 6e[xtr1.
Kcrta rn bucXqovr,xrl e!6tao1 rou qQOorLXou 8etxtn rnE cxol.ou0log
EfIIPPron +IIPO@+O@ buatuottil0qxe, t6l.og, XOQtgxot v0 pel.etr10ei, ouortl-
po,tuxcr,1 6r,ttr1)"eltouqylo rou enuggrlpctog: ],elr,xn xecpo]"ntng bopng-ffrL-
ratuxo/nQoo8toQtottxo otouXelotrlg ],eEr,xnE H nor,xr,].[c8oprloerrlv
xecpa]"r1g.
rrlE o,vor6grrlcxol,ou0lcg fiou rer(Fqqucil0qxe p6ocl oJro ro,6e6op6va tcov 6ua-
eoe1gv cpcoeov tng El,l.nvwilg (AE, Kouvrl, ME, NE) e[voL $uvato v0 sQpn-
veuQei,o4 cnorl.eopc 6uo raoeolv orrlv eE6),uEn tou ouotrlporog ttrlv ngo06-
or1l)v yevuxtilg: tqg tcolg yua crvav6roon
/ bueuguvon rou agr,Opoutrrlv ngooe-
tr,xrilv rufitrlv (neQ[ntoon Tng Xarlong rrrlv eJltQgqpatolv rrlg ngo06otcDvxo,L
 - Kowou
36 Arlpqtpa @eoEavonou).ou

rqg tcrorlg yla avol"urLrri Ey"qogctrov nrdloerrlv, c,no rrlv Kolvrl xuglrog, fiou
l3ai,velnaqal,l,nl,o lrs rov rrrQloQroporrrlv {3cor,xrilvngo06oeolv rng y}"riloocg
xot roug notxfl.oug ouyxQnrropoug oro ouorrllro rtrlv nrcboerrlv(efccpavuorl
tqg 6otr,xrlg,unolrilQnon rnE ysvrxrlg).IlcgopoLsg taoelg 61ouv enuoqpcvOel
orqv uotogr,xrle[6]"(r1 trrlv ngo06oeolvoe Ouo,cpogeg y],cbooeg.
Tel,eudlvovro,g,0a nOel.avo ovo,ergOdloe 6vo yevlxo 06pa fiou rreoxfnteu
o,fio rTlv ol.1 nqoo6yyuoq.flqoxeurar yLo ro Opc rrrlv "o,cpTlgqp6vrrlv ntcboe-
oJv" (ocpar,qetr,xrlg,tontxrlg, xtrpLx\E) xCI,rrcrlv nouxl].olv ngcrypatriloedtv
Tougos ouyxeovr,xoenlne6o.
)upcpcrlvalre r1v ova].uor1FoE, n en[6oor1rolv IIPO@<DP(an6/oe +OiD) pe
ta EIIIPProrr.xoL q tel,r,xrlTouEeJrrxgarrlorlotq NE, oe oX6or1ps rnv O@uru.,
cno6o0qxe orrlv tooq yua g1r1 bnl,rrlon totv O-gol"rrlvnou excpgc[er,ro ou-
pnl,rlqrrlpo rtrlv EfIIPPron., evcbcpavqxep6oc CI,tror1v avcl.uorl orr ol ngo0e-
rwtg excpog6ganotel"ouv JrQoypotrboeLE/avrFrQoocDJretoeug "ocprlQTlp6vo)v"
nrcboerov:Tng ocporQsrLxrlg xar tqg xa0crgrlgyevr,xnEotnv 6wolc, TrlEroJrr-
xr1g.To 06pn ttDv "CI,prlqqp6vrrlv" ntciloscov,60o toul,alr,oto yvrogl(rrl, e[vcr,
nCI,l.o,r,o,
enr,6L6er be xcn re),eurala o,no br,ccpoQsE
olTTLx6g yrrlvi,eg:oqpaouol,o-
\Lxt), xc0cgolg ouvrCI,xrrxn.EEercrotrlxee66 pla negr,oqr,opfvqo$n rou ol.ou
06parog oe 6e6op6vc,NE, p rnv cva),uoq pLo,gouyxexgr,pvqgneqLntorrlg
(tr1g yevrxng pe ra roJrL'tLCr) xar, enr,1euqr10r1xt.,
eni nl.6ov, o xaOoquopogrou
8opuxou olrppcttog oto onoLo avayetcr r; "yevuxr1"orlg ovrrlr6grrl]"eutougy[eg.
Avri,otor,lrg oJTorl.'sl,E,
w 8lacpogetr,xrloprrlg ngooeyyuorlr(l)v 6e6op6vcrlv,6-
Xouv sxqQo,ore[ ano rov Ouxr,a (1995). @a e[Xeev6uacp6govyLo rn pe],6rr1
Tou r[Ttrlrrxou ouorqparog rrlg E],],1vux4gotq 8ucXgovr,xrltou Oucroro,oq prCI,
xc0ol.txrl 0edlgqorprou qorvop6vou pe u8ua[reQnovocpoqo,orov xcOoguopo
xqtrqgfrov fiou el"y1ouv rrlv fioQouols rov "o,cpTlglp6vrrlv" rrrr.boecovoro
xtr,rorL',to
ouorrlpo rnE ouyxQovngE),)"ryuxr1g,al.l"a xat tovltoug rQonouE lre
rouE onofoug ngayparrilvovro,r.

A. @eocpavonou)"ou-K ovrou
Ilsvenrcrrlpto A9rlvdv
 Tontxu enQQipara xal "trrtborl" ortlv E)'Aqvmrl 37

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