Singer 1 Makenzie Singer Mrs. Carignan AP Biology qe - 20 October 2016 T-Rex and BLAST Lab What did T-Rex taste like? By looking at the cladogram pertaining to the different species of caiman, parrot, and tyrannosaurus, it can be observed by studying these evolutionary relationships that tyrannosaurus e chicken. It was proved that it tastes like chicken because tyrannosaurus are most rex tasted closely related to the parrot. Parrots and tyrannosaurus shared common features like being vertebrates and bipedal, having a bony skeleton, four limbs, an opening in front of their eyes, and three fingers. All of these features add up to be more closely related to the parrot compared to the caiman, and therefore taste like chicken. Background Information Comparing genes is an essential technique in the science field. It allows the identification of sequences and the location of these genes. This can be seen in the Human Genome Project When 20,000-25,000 genes that define a human being were identified, By knowing our genetic sequences, we can compare our sequence to any other sequence to see how we are related, ultimately showing evolution. This is called evolutionary relationships. By knowing these sequences, we also can identify diseases. Genetic diseases have a specific location. So, if we know where they are located in other organisms, we can detect them quicker in ourselves or even other species.Singer 2 goritia onder Ward shark, Salainand | lanypry | dry Sear nave lungs Janes gram 1. According to figure 2, what three traits do all lizards possess? - By looking at this cladogram, lizards possess the traits of jaws, lungs, and dry skin. 2. Which evolved first, dry skin or hair? - Dry skin evolved before hair, according to the cladogram in Figure 2. Percent DNA Similarity Cladogram \unons: ChurngantZees Fruia fies — wwosses | ——Singer 4 - When fi i is arc! n first looking at this archaeopteryx, the bone structure is the first thing to pop out. It looks very similar to a human’s structure. It seems to have a spine, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and phalanges. It also has other features that are more bird-like. For example, wings, feathers, tail, and pointed/beak-like head. Fossil Cladogram ge ot oS oxiare He" sees owe _-cpderts é ain en speared Wacisexs \ne rev Cw? Analyzing Results Gene I: 1.) The species that has the closest gene sequence to the gene of interest is the Gallus Gallus. This species is more commonly known as Red Junglefowl. 2.) See cladogram below 3.) The Red Junglefowl gene sequence is 100% similar to the gene of interest. 4.) The Coturnix Japonica (Gold Speckled Quail) has the next highest similarity to the gene of interest.1.) The speci imi ) The species that has the most similar Bene sequence compared to the gene of interest is the common fruit fly (Drosophila Melanogaster), 2.) See cladogram below 3.) The common fruit fly’s gene sequence is 929% Similar to the gene of interest. 4.) The species that has the next most similar gene sequence to the gene of interest is the Drosophila Yakuba, also a fruit fly but this one is an African species. Gene 3: 1.) Taeniopygia Guttata Ubiquitin, also known as the zebra finch, has the most similar gene sequence to the gene of interest. 2.) See cladogram below 3.) Zebra finches gene sequence is 95% similar to the gene sequence of interest. 4.) The next closest gene sequence is of the Corvus Brachyrhynchos, the American Crow. BLAST Cladogram Red Ju gle Fowl © (ommon Frui Fly Zebra Finch insects esr \ novi pA aca hSinger 6 1.) How many Y Benomes are curently available for making comparisons using BLAST? There at i "° currently 1500 genomes available for making comparisons using BLAST. 2.) How does this limitation j ) oes this limitation impact the proper analysis ofthe gene data used in this lab? / ~ By only having 1500 genomes, and it therefore being considered incomplete dat greatly limits and restricts the information needed to properly analyze veh 3.) What other data could be collected fiom the fossil specimen to help properly identity its evolutionary history? ~ Different data such as lifespan, environmental factors, and area of that environment in relation to the world, would help to identify evolutionary history from the fos4il specimen. ii ee 1.) What is the function in humans of the protein produced from that gene? The function of myosin in humans is mainly for motility. It’s biggest role is to make the contraction of muscles occur. 2.) Would you expect to find the same protein in other organisms? If so, which ones? Yes, I would likely expect to find the same protein in other organisms. My first thought was that it would only be in the organisms most closely related to each other like the chimpanzee and human, but after thinking, many of these proteins should be found in almost all organisms due to evolution and history of the proteins. gw 3.) Is it possible to find the same gene in two different kinds of organisms but not find the protein that is produced from that gene?Singer 7 - Yes, finding the same gene in two different kind of organisms but not the protein can actually occur. After doing online research, it became clear that itis called gene expression. ») 4.) If you found the same gene in all the organisms you test, what does this suggest about the evolution of this gene in the history of life on earth? - By finding the same gene in all the organisms tested, it suggests that the gene has been on earth since the start. By being here since the beginning, the gene was able to spread itself y 2. through eventual ancestry. 5,) Does the use of DNA sequences in the study of evolutionary relationships mean that other characteristics are unimportant in such studies? Explain your answer. No, not at all. There are so many other characteristics that are play an important role in. the proving of evolutionary relationships. For example, phylogeny, cladisties, and morphology are just as useful in the study of evolution.