I.

ACQUIRED (EXTRACORPUSCULAR)

A. Antibody: Immunohaemolytic anaemias

1. Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia (AIHA)
i) Warm antibody AIHA
ii) Cold antibody AIHA
2. Drug-induced immunohaemolytic anaemia
3. Isoimmune haemolytic anaemia
4.Hemolyticdiseaseofthenewborn(Rhdisease)
5.Transfusionreactions

B. Mechanical trauma:
1. Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia:-hemolytic uremic syndrome,DIC
2.Cardiac traumatic hemolysis:- defective cardiac valves
3.Repetitive physical trauma:- bongo drumming,marathon running

C. Direct toxic effects:

Malaria, bacterial, infection and snake venom

D. Acquired red cell membrane abnormalities:

Defciencyofphosphatidylinositol-linkedglycoproteins:- paroxysmal
nocturnal
haemoglobinuria (PNH)

E. Splenomegaly

F.Membrane lipid abnormality:

Abetalipoproteinemia

II. HEREDITARY (INTRACORPUSCULAR)

A. Abnormalities of red cell membrane

1. Hereditary spherocytosis
2. Hereditary elliptocytosis (hereditary ovalocytosis)
3. Hereditary stomatocytosis

B. Disorders of red cell interior

1. Red cell enzyme defects (Enzymopathies)
i) Defects in the hexose monophosphate shunt: G6PD deficiency
ii) Defects in the Embden-Meyerhof (or glycolytic) pathway: pyruvate kinase
deficiency

2. Disorders of haemoglobin (Haemoglobinopathies)

i) Structurally abnormal haemoglobins: sickle syndromes,other
haemoglobinopathies
ii) Reduced globin chain synthesis: thalassaemias