H THNG TIN A L V MT S

NG DNG TRONG HI DNG HC

Nguyn Hng Phng -inh Vn u

NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni 2006

T kho: Tp, ca s, themes, thanh cng c, GIS, Acrwiew, cu trc d liu,
vector, raster, php chiu

Ti liu trong Th vin in t i hc Khoa hc T nhin c th c s

dng cho mc ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh
thc sao chp, in n phc v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp
thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.
Nguyn Hng Phng, inh vn u

H thng thng tin a l

v mt s ng dng trong
hi dng hc

Nh xut bn i hc quc gia H ni

1
 Mc lc
Li ni u ............................................................................................................................. 8
Phn 1. C s H thng thng tin a l............................................................ 9
Chng 1. Gii thiu H thng thng tin a l (GIS)............................... 10
1.1. M u ............................................................................................................ 10
1.2. Nhng ct mc trong lch s hnh thnh v pht trin cng ngh
GIS. ......................................................................................................................... 11
1.3. Cc thnh phn ca GIS............................................................................. 12
1.3.1. Phn cng................................................................................................. 12
1.3.2. Cc modul phn mm ca h thng thng tin a l.............................. 13
1.4. i tng ca GIS....................................................................................... 15
Chng 2. D liu s dng trong GIS ................................................................... 16
2.1. Cc d liu a l ......................................................................................... 16
2.2. Cc d liu khng gian v cc d liu thuc tnh................................ 16
2.3. Cc cu trc d liu a l ......................................................................... 17
2.3.1. Cu trc d liu Phn cp ....................................................................... 17
2.3.2. Cu trc d liu Mng ............................................................................. 18
2.3.3. Cu trc d liu Quan h ........................................................................ 18
2.4. Cc m hnh d liu a l ......................................................................... 19
2.4.1. Vector v Raster....................................................................................... 20
2.4.2. So snh cc m hnh d liu Vector v Raster ....................................... 20
2.5. Cc lp thng tin a l .............................................................................. 21
Chng 3. Cc Php chiu bn ........................................................................... 22
3.1. M u ............................................................................................................ 22
3.2. Kin thc c s ............................................................................................. 22
3.3. H to cu................................................................................................. 22
3.4. Cc Tnh cht ca php chiu bn ..................................................... 24
3.5. Phn loi cc php chiu bn .............................................................. 24
3.5.1. Cc php chiu nn .................................................................................. 24
3.5.2. Cc php chiu tr ................................................................................... 25
3.5.3. Cc php chiu phng .............................................................................. 26
Chng 4. ng dng GIS ................................................................................................ 27
4.1. V cc ng dng GIS ................................................................................... 27
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 4.1.1. Cc ng dng kim k ............................................................................. 27
4.1.2. Cc ng dng phn tch ........................................................................... 27
4.1.3. Cc ng dng qun l .............................................................................. 27
4. 2. ng dng GIS trong vic xy dng v qun l c s d liu tng hp27
4.2.1. C s d liu tng hp.............................................................................. 27
4.2.2. GIS trong vic thit k c s d liu ....................................................... 28
4.2.3. GIS trong vic xy dng v qun l c s d liu................................... 29
4.3. Mt s kt qu ng dng GIS trong nghin cu hi dng hc v
qun l ti nguyn mi trng bin Vit nam .......................................... 32
4.3.1. V bn bin ng v cc vng bin Vit Nam................................... 32
4.3.2. Xy dng m hnh d bo c khai thc phc v nh bt xa b vng
bin Vit Nam .................................................................................................... 32
4.3.3. Nghin cu tc ng ca qu trnh th ho ln cht lng nc vnh
H Long .............................................................................................................. 33
4.3.4. Nghin cu qun l tng hp ti nguyn mi trng vnh Vn Phong,
Khnh Ha ......................................................................................................... 34
4.4. Gii thiu mt s phn mm x l ho v GIS thng dng.......... 34
4.4.1. Phn bit cc phn mm x l GIS v cc phn mm ha my tnh34
4.4.2. Cc phn mm x l ho bng my tnh............................................ 35
4.4.3. Cc phn mm x l GIS ......................................................................... 35
Phn 2. Gii thiu phn mm ArcView GIS ......................................................... 38
Chng 1. C s ca phn mm ArcView GIS ..................................................... 39
1.1. ArcView l g? ............................................................................................... 39
1.1.1.V ESRI ..................................................................................................... 39
1.1.2. Bn c g vi ArcView?............................................................................. 39
1.1.3. GIS bn l g? ...................................................................................... 40
1.1.4. GIS bn lm vic nh th no?........................................................... 40
I.2. Tm hiu Giao din ca ArcView .............................................................. 41
1.2.1.Cc ca s ti liu ..................................................................................... 41
1.2.2. Cc ti liu ca ArcView.......................................................................... 42
1.2.3. Cc D n ca ArcView ........................................................................... 44
I.2.4. Gii thiu cc cnh (views) v cc lp thng tin (themes)...................... 44
1.2.5. Cc thao tc vi theme............................................................................. 45
1.2.6. Gii thiu cc bng................................................................................... 45
1.2.7. Gii thiu th ....................................................................................... 46
1.2.8. Gii thiu Bn v trang tr ...................................................................... 47
1.2.9. Gii thiu cc M ngun .......................................................................... 47

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 1.2.10. S dng h thng tr gip ca ArcView ............................................... 48
Bi tp cho chng 1 .......................................................................................... 49
Chng 2. a d liu vo ArcView ...................................................................... 50
2.1. To cc Cnh v cc lp thng tin ........................................................... 50
2.1.1. Cc lp thng tin (Themes)...................................................................... 50
2.1.2. Cc ngun d liu khng gian cho cc themes ....................................... 51
2.1.3. Cc ngun d liu b sung cho cc Themes ............................................ 52
2.1.4. To mi mt View..................................................................................... 52
2.1.5. Thm mt theme i tng vo mt View .............................................. 53
2.1.6. Thm nh vo View.................................................................................. 54
2.1.7. Thm mt theme cha cc to x,y vo mt View............................... 54
2.1.8. Cc bng ca theme ................................................................................. 55
2.1.9. Ct gi mt D n.................................................................................... 56
2.2. Tham chiu cc View vi th gii thc ................................................... 57
2.2.1. nh v bng kinh v v ....................................................................... 57
2.2.2. Xc lp tnh cht cho view ....................................................................... 57
2.2.3. Khai bo h chiu ca view bng chc nng ngm nh ca ArcView . 58
Bi tp cho chng 2 .......................................................................................... 60
Chng 3. Hin th cc themes................................................................................. 61
3.1. Xy dng cc bn chuyn bng cng c to lp ch gii ........ 61
3.1.1. M Legend Editor..................................................................................... 61
3.1.2. Chn loi ch gii..................................................................................... 61
3.2. La chn phng php phn lp ............................................................. 64
3.2.1. S dng phng php ngm nh ........................................................... 64
3.2.2. Thay i phng php phn lp .............................................................. 64
3.2.3. Chun ho d liu.................................................................................... 67
3.2.4. Thao tc vi cc lp .................................................................................. 67
3.3. Chnh sa cc thnh phn ch gii ......................................................... 68
3.3.1. Lm vic vi cc gi tr rng.................................................................... 69
3.3.2. Thay i cc biu tng bng ca s biu tng .................................... 69
3.3.3. Ct gi v ti cc ch gii ....................................................................... 70
3.4. Qun l vic hin th Theme bng Theme Properties......................... 70
3.4.1. Xc nh mt tp con ca theme ............................................................. 71
3.4.2. Xc lp cn trn cho t l hin th........................................................... 72
3.4.3. To nhn cho cc i tng ca theme ................................................... 73
3.4.4. S dng chc nng to nhn t ng (Auto-Label)................................ 73
34.5. Ni kt nng cc i tng ca theme ..................................................... 74
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 3.4.6. Kho cc c tnh ca theme................................................................... 75
Bi tp cho chng 3 .......................................................................................... 76
Chng 4. Lm vic vi cc bng ............................................................................ 77
4.1. S dng cc bng ca ArcView ................................................................ 77
4.1.1. To bng t cc ngun c sn............................................................. 77
4.1.2. To mt bng v mt tp mi .................................................................. 78
4.1.3. Thm trng cho mt bng...................................................................... 78
4.1.4. Thm hng vo mt bng ........................................................................ 79
4.1.5. Chnh sa d liu trong mt bng .......................................................... 79
4.1.6. Tnh ton vi cc trng .......................................................................... 80
4.2. Tra vn cc bng .......................................................................................... 81
4.2.1. Hin th kt qu chn .............................................................................. 82
4.2.2. Bin i s chn la ................................................................................. 82
4.2.3. Hin th cc s liu thng k ................................................................... 82
4.2.4. Tng kt bng........................................................................................... 83
4.2.5. Kt qu tng kt cc s liu thng k ..................................................... 84
4.3. Thit lp quan h gia cc bng .............................................................. 85
4.3.1. Cc khi nim c bn v c s d liu quan h....................................... 85
4.3.2. Quan h gia cc bng............................................................................. 86
4.3.3. Gp bng................................................................................................... 86
4.3.4. Kt qu gp bng ..................................................................................... 86
4.3.5. Ni kt bng ............................................................................................. 87
4.4. To th t cc bng................................................................................. 88
4.4.1. To mt th .......................................................................................... 88
4.4.2. Cc thnh phn ca th....................................................................... 88
4.4.3. Chn loi th ........................................................................................ 89
4.4.4. Sa i cc thnh phn ca th .......................................................... 90
4.4.5. Thay i cc c tnh ca ch gii .......................................................... 91
4.4.6. Thay i cc c tnh ca trc................................................................. 91
4.4.7. Thay i cao v thm vo cc ng k ............................................. 92
4.4.8. Chuyn i gia cc chui v cc nhm.................................................. 92
Bi tp cho chng 4 .......................................................................................... 93
Chng 5. To v chnh sa shapefiles .............................................................. 94
5.1. Lm vic vi cc shape-files ...................................................................... 94
5.1.1. Chuyn i mt theme v dng Shape-file ............................................. 94
5.1.2. Chuyn i cc i tng chn v dng shapefile ............................. 95
5.2. To mt theme mi t shape-file .............................................................. 95
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 5.2.1. Thm cc i tng cho theme mi dng shape-file.............................. 96
5.2.2. Thm cc thuc tnh................................................................................. 97
5.3. Chnh sa cc shape-file............................................................................. 98
5.3.1. Thay i hnh dng cc i tng ........................................................... 99
5.3.2. Ni (Snapping) cc i tng................................................................. 100
5.3.3. Xc lp chc nng ni ............................................................................ 100
5.3.4. Ct cc ng v a gic........................................................................ 101
5.3.5. Cp nht thuc tnh bng chc nng Ct (Split).................................. 102
5.3.6. Gp cc i tng bng Union............................................................... 103
5.3.7. Cp nht thuc tnh bng chc nng Gp (Union)............................... 104
5.3.8. Cc thao tc chnh sa cc i tng chng nhau................................ 104
5.3.9. Hu b thao tc chnh sa ..................................................................... 106
5.3.10. Ct gi cc kt qu chnh sa ............................................................. 106
Chng 6. Tra vn v phn tch cc themes .................................................. 107
6.1. Phn tch cc mi quan h khng gian................................................. 107
6.1.1. Php chn theme trn theme................................................................ 107
6.1.2. Chn cc im gn mt ng............................................................... 108
6.1.3. Chn cc a gic nm k........................................................................ 109
6.1.4. Php chn ng trn a gic ............................................................... 110
6.1.5. Php chn im trong a gic ............................................................... 111
6.2. Thc hin cc php gp khng gian khc theme v cng theme.. 111
6.2.1. Php gp khng gian khc theme vi quan h inside.......................... 112
6.2.2. Php gp khng gian khc theme vi quan h nearest ........................ 113
6.2.3. Gp cc i tng ................................................................................... 113
6.2.4. Quy trnh gp ......................................................................................... 114
Bi tp cho chng 6 ........................................................................................ 115
Chng 7. To cc bn v trang tr (layouts) ............................................ 116
7.1. Cc bn v trang tr l g?........................................................................ 116
7.1.1. To mt Bn v trang tr ....................................................................... 116
7.1.2. Xc nh trang v ................................................................................... 117
7.2. Xc nh cc loi khung ........................................................................... 118
7.2.1. To khung............................................................................................... 118
7.2.2. Xc lp cc tnh cht ca khung View .................................................. 119
7.2.3. Xc lp t l cho khung View................................................................. 120
7.2.4. Kim sot t l v phm vi bn trong khung View ......................... 121
7.2.5. V li bn v trang tr............................................................................ 122
7.2.6. Xc lp cc tnh cht ca khung ch gii ............................................. 123
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 7.2.7. Xc lp cc tnh cht khung thc t l................................................ 124
7.2.8. Cc loi khung khc............................................................................... 125
7.3. B sung ha............................................................................................ 125
7.3.1. Chnh sa ho.................................................................................... 126
7.3.2. S dng v to cc bn v trang tr mu.............................................. 127
7.4. In mt bn v trang tr ............................................................................. 128
Bi tp cho chng 7 ........................................................................................ 129

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 Li ni u

Ngy nay, khi mi s vt trong th gii xung quanh ta, t ngi nh, ng
ph, hng cy n khu rng, dy ni hay bin c, tt c u c th c thu nh li
v nm gn trong tm tay ca chng ta nh mt cng c v cng mnh m: cng
ngh H thng thng tin a l (gi tt theo tn ting Anh l GIS), th ngy cng c
nhiu ngi n vi GIS.
Cun sch ny s gii thiu vi cc bn v cng ngh GIS. V mc d y l
cun gio trnh bin son cho sinh vin khoa Kh tng thu vn v Hi dng hc,
trng i hc khoa hc t nhin, n cng c th tr nn b ch cho nhng ai ln
u tin lm quen vi khi nim ny, v c nhng ai mun nm bt cng ngh ny
v bin n tr thnh mt cng c c lc trong cng vic chuyn mn ca mnh
trong tng lai.
Gio trnh ny bao gm hai phn chnh. Phn th nht l phn l thuyt,
gii thiu khi nim v nhng nguyn l c bn nht ca GIS. Phn th hai l
phn thc hnh, vi ni dung hng dn ngi c s dng phn mm ArcView
GIS, mt trong nhng cng c x l mnh cho php lm vic trn mi trng PC.
Trong phn hai cn c cc bi tp thc hnh i km theo mi chng. Vic gii cc
bi tp thc hnh ny khng ch gip cho cc hc vin hiu su thm v nhng vn
l thuyt c hc, m cn c th s dng thnh tho phn mm ny nh
mt cng c mnh v c c nhng ng dng thit thc trong cng tc chuyn
mn sau khi kt thc kho hc.
Do y l ln u bin son, gio trnh khng khi c nhng thiu st.
Chng ti hoan nghnh kin ng gp t pha cc bn sinh vin, nhng ngi c
v s dng cun gio trnh ny cho cht lng ca gio trnh v hiu qu ca cc
ng dng sau kho hc ngy cng c nng cao.

8
Phn 1. C s H thng thng tin a l

9
 Chng 1. Gii thiu H thng thng tin a l (GIS)

1.1. M u
Qu trnh pht trin x hi loi ngi ny sinh yu cu giao lu gia nhng
ngi ng thi vi nhau v gia ngi i trc v ngi i sau. Nhng ni
dung h thng tin vi nhau l phi vt cht nhng cn c th hin thng qua mt
hnh thc no nh hnh v, m hnh, ch vit...
Vic sinh ra ch vit l mt bc ngot ln ca nhn loi v kh nng thng
tin. Bng mt quyn sch nh h c th miu t chi tit mt s vt, mt hin tng
t nhin hay x hi v lu tr li cho cc th h sau ny nhn thc li. Th ri
thng tin ch vit vn cha tho mn c nhu cu ngy cng cao ca qu trnh
trao i thng tin khng gian nht l nhiu thng tin trn mt din rng th vic
biu din bng vn bn bc l nhng yu im.
Mt hnh thc thng tin khc ra i, l bn . Ngi ta biu din cc
thng tin khng gian bng cch thu nh kch thc s vt theo mt t l no ri
v ln mt phng. biu din cao thp th dng cc dng k hiu ring (mu,
ghi cao, ng bnh ). Nhng thng tin biu din cc im tnh cht ca s vt
th gii thch bng ch v s km theo cc s vt c biu din. S c mt ca h
thng tin bn lm cho nhiu ngnh khoa hc k thut pht trin thm mt
bc di, nht l khoa hc qun s.
T lu bn l mt cng c thng tin quen thuc i vi loi ngi. Trong
qu trnh pht trin kinh t k thut, bn lun c ci tin sao cho ngy cng
y thng tin hn, ngy cng chnh xc hn. Khi khi lng thng tin qu ln
trn mt n v din tch bn th ngi ta tin n vic lp bn chuyn .
bn chuyn , ch c nhng thng tin theo mt chuyn no c biu
din. Trn mt n v din tch a l s c nhiu loi bn chuyn : bn a
hnh, bn hnh chnh, bn a cht, bn du lch, bn giao thng, bn
hin trng xy dng...
Trong nhng nm u thp k 60 (1963-1964) cc nh khoa hc Canada
cho ra i h thng tin a l. H thng thng tin a l k tha mi thnh tu
trong ngnh bn c v tng ln thnh tu ca k thut bn . H thng tin
a l bt u hot ng cng bng vic thu thp d liu theo nh hng tu thuc
vo mc tiu t ra.
Bn cnh Canada, nhiu trng i hc M cng tin hnh nghin cu v
xy dng H thng tin a l. Trong cc H thng tin a l c to ra cng c rt
nhiu h khng tn ti c lu v n c thit k cng knh m gi thnh li cao.
Lc ngi ta t ln hng u vic khc phc nhng kh khn ny sinh trong
qu trnh x l cc s liu ha truyn thng. H tp trung gii quyt vn a
bn , hnh dng, hnh nh, s liu vo my tnh bng phng php s x l
cc d liu ny. Tuy k thut s ha c s dng t nm 1950 nhng im mi
10
ca giai on ny chnh l cc bn c s ha c th lin kt vi nhau to ra
mt bc tranh tng th v ti nguyn thin nhin ca mt khu vc. T my tnh
c s dng v phn tch cc c trng ca cc ngun ti nguyn , cung cp cc
thng tin b ch, kp thi cho vic quy hoch. Vic hon thin mt H thng tin a
l cn ph thuc vo cng ngh phn cng m thi k ny cc my tnh IBM 1401
cn cha mnh. Giai on u nhng nm 60 nh du s ra i ca H thng
tin a l m n ch yu c phc v cho cng tc iu tra qun l ti nguyn.
n gia thp k 60 th H thng tin a l pht trin n vic phc v cng tc
khai thc v qun l th nh DIME ca c quan kim ton M, GRDSR ca c
quan thng k Canada, ... Nm 1968, Hi a l quc t quyt nh thnh lp y
ban thu thp v x l d liu a l.
Trong nhng nm 70 Bc M c s quan tm nhiu hn n vic bo v
mi trng v pht trin H thng tin a l. Cng trong khung cnh , hng lot
yu t thay i mt cch thun li cho s pht trin ca H thng tin a l, c
bit l s gim gi thnh cng vi s tng kch thc b nh, tng tc tnh tan ca
my tnh. Chnh nh nhng thun li ny m H thng tin a l dn dn c
thng mi ha. ng u trong lnh vc thng mi phi k n cc c quan, cng
ty: ESRI, GIMNS, Intergraph.... Chnh thi k ny xy ra lon khun dng
d liu v vn phi nghin cu kh nng giao din gia cc khun dng. Nm
1977 c 54 H thng tin a l khc nhau trn th gii. Bn cnh H thng tin
a l, thi k ny cn pht trin mnh m cc k thut x l nh vin thm. Mt
hng nghin cu kt hp H thng tin a l v vin thm c t ra v cng bt
u thc hin.
Thp k 80 c nh du bi cc nhu cu s dng H thng tin a l ngy
cng tng vi cc quy m khc nhau. Ngi ta tip tc gii quyt nhng tn ti ca
nhng nm trc m ni ln l vn s ha d liu: sai s, chuyn i khun
dng... thi k ny c s nhy vt v tc tnh ton, s mm do trong vic x l
d liu khng gian. Thp k ny c nh du bi s ny sinh cc nhu cu mi
trong ng dng H thng tin a l nh : kho st th trng, nh gi kh thi cc
phng n quy hoch, s dng ti u cc ngun ti nguyn, cc bi ton giao thng,
cp thot nc... C th ni y l thi k bng n H thng tin a l.
Nhng nm u ca thp k 90 c nh du bng vic nghin cu s ho
nhp gia vin thm v H thng thng tin a l. Cc nc Bc M v chu u gt
hi c nhiu thnh cng trong lnh vc ny. Khu vc chu -
Thi Bnh Dng cng thnh lp c nhiu trung tm nghin cu vin
thm v H thng thng tin a l. Rt nhiu hi tho quc t v ng dng vin
thm v H thng thng tin a l c t chc nhm trao i kinh nghim v tho
lun v kh nng pht trin cc ng dng ca cng ngh H thng thng tin a l.
H thng tin a l c th c nh ngha nh l tp hp cc cng c thu
thp, lu tr, chnh sa, truy cp, phn tch v cp nht cc thng tin a l cho
mt mc ch chuyn bit.
1.2. Nhng ct mc trong lch s hnh thnh v pht trin cng
ngh GIS.
Di y lit k vn tt nhng thi im, s kin lch s, tn tui cc t chc
v cc nh khoa hc c ng gp quan trng vo qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
11
trin ca cng ngh GIS.
1963 Phng ha vi tnh ca trng i hc tng hp Harvard (R.
Fisher, J. Dangermond, D. Sinton, N. Chrisman, G. Dutton, S. Morehouse, T.
Peuker).
1963 thnh lp Hip hi cc h thng thng tin th v khu vc
(URISA).
1964 Symap ra i (H thng phn mm v bn c s do i hc tng
hp Harvard xy dng).
Gia nhng nm 1960 Tng cc iu tra dn s ca M xy dng quy
trnh v bn a chnh theo a ch (D. Cooke, M. White xy dng l thuyt
v quan h khng gian cho cc d liu a l).
1967 GIS Canaa ra i (R. Tomlinson l tc gi ca thut ng GIS).
1967 Thnh lp C quan o v bn thc nghim Anh (Boyle, Rhind).
1969 Thnh lp Intergraph v ESRI (Dangermond v Morehouse).
1973 Cc hi ngh v H thng thng tin th (URPIS) c t chc ti
xtrylia dn n s thnh lp ca T chc cc h thng thng tin th
xtrylia (AURISA) nm 1975.
1974 - Cc hi ngh v AutoCarto c t chc.
1973 ODYSSEY (tin thn ca phn mm GIS do Tng hp Harvard xy
dng) ra i. 1978 H thng hin th thng tin ni a Nh Trng (M) ra i.
1980 Phn mm ArcINFO ra i. 1987 - Phn mm MapINFO ra i.
1987- Tp ch GIS quc t ra i.
1.3. Cc thnh phn ca GIS
H thng thng tin a l bao gm bn thnh phn quan trng l phn cng
ca my tnh, tp hp cc modul phn mm ng dng, c s d liu GIS v yu t
con ngi. Yu t con ngi y bao hm c cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc GIS ln
lnh vc chuyn mn hp l i tng ca cc ng dng GIS. y l thnh phn
quan trng nht, v ch c con ngi mi c th s dng cc cng c GIS xy
dng c s d liu v to ra cc sn phm GIS. C s d liu GIS s c cp
n trong chng II. Di y s gii thiu chi tit hn v cc phn cng v phn
mm, vn c chc nng nh l cc cng c ca mt h thng thng tin a l.
1.3.1. Phn cng
Phn cng tng qut ca H thng thng tin a l gm nhng thit b c
th hin theo s sau (Hnh 1.1):

B phn a
s ha B x l
trung tm

My v bng t
B phn
Hin th

Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn cng chnh ca h thng thng tin a l

12
 n v x l trung tm c kt ni vi n v lu tr gm a, bng t
lu tr d liu v chng trnh. Bn s ha hoc cc thit b tng t khc c x
l dng cho chuyn i d liu trong bn thnh dng s v gi vo my tnh.
My v hoc cc thit b hin th khc dng hin th cc kt qu x l d liu.
Bng t cn s dng truyn thng vi cc h thng khc. Vic kt ni truyn
thng cc my tnh c thc hin thng qua h thng mng vi cc ng d liu
c bit hoc ng in thoi qua modem. Thit b hnh l thit b giao tip hin
th nh mn hnh, thng qua ngi s dng iu khin my tnh.
1.3.2. Cc modul phn mm ca h thng thng tin a l
Cc thnh phn phn mm c bn ca H thng thng tin a l c th
hin qua s trn hnh 1.2. H thng phn mm ca H thng thng tin a l li
bao gm nm thnh phn c bn, thc hin cc chc nng sau:
Nhp v kim tra d liu.
Lu tr v qun l c s d liu.
Xut d liu.
Chnh sa d liu.
Tng tc vi ngi s dng.
Di y trnh by chi tit bn chc nng chnh ca h thng phn mm s
dng trong mt h thng thng tin a l. l cc chc nng nhp, lu tr-qun
l, bin i v xut d liu.

Nhp v kim
tra d liu

Tng tc vi Lu tr v qun
ngi s dng l d liu

Xut d liu Chnh sa

d liu

Hnh 1.2. Thnh phn phn mm c bn ca h thng thng tin a l

1) Nhp d liu.
H thng ny bao gm tt c cc cng c v phng php thc hin quy
trnh bin i d liu dng bn , d liu quan trc, cc d liu o t cc b
cm bin (bao gm nh v tr, nh hng khng, thit b ghi) thnh dng s tng
thch. Rt nhiu cng c my tnh sn c cho cng vic ny bao gm cc thit b u
cui tng tc, thit b hin th nhn thy c, thit b s ha, thit b qut, cc d
liu trong tp vn bn. D liu nhp vo s c lu tr trn thit b t nh a
bng, bng t. Qu trnh nhp v kim tra d liu rt cn thit cho vic xy dng

13
c s d liu a l. S h thng nhp d liu trong mt h thng tin a l c
minh ha trn hnh 1.3.

Cc bn o c B cm
xut bn ngoi tri bin

u Bn s Tp vn My Cc phng
tng tc ha bn qut tin t

Nhp s liu

Hnh 1.3. S nhp s liu

2) Lu tr v qun l c s d liu

Nhp d liu

C s d liu

Cc yu C s d liu a l
cu hi p V tr
a hnh Thuc tnh

H thng qun l

Tm kim Chnh sa

Hnh 1.4. M hnh ca modul qun l v lu tr c s d liu

Lu tr v qun l c s d liu cp n phng php kt ni cc d liu
khng gian v thng tin thuc tnh ca cc i tng a l (im, ng, vng i
din cho cc i tng thc trn b mt tri t). C hai loi d liu c cu
trc, t chc lin h vi cch chng s c thao tc trong my tnh sao cho ngi
s dng h thng c th hiu c. M hnh ca modul qun l v lu tr c s d
liu minh ha trn hnh 1.4.
3) Chnh sa d liu
Chnh sa d liu gm hai loi thao tc nhm mc ch xo b li t d liu

14
v cp nht chng. Modul ny p dng cc phng php phn tch d liu khc
nhau tm ra cu tr li cho cc yu cu, cc cu hi ca h thng thng tin a
l. Vic chnh sa d liu c th thc hin ring bit i vi cc d liu khng gian
v thng tin thuc tnh hoc ng thi i vi c hai loi d liu ny. Chnh sa d
liu c th hiu nh cc hnh ng c kt ni vi vic thay i t l, ph hp d
liu khi chuyn sang li chiu mi, tnh ton chu vi din tch... Ni chung cc
thao tc ph thuc vo mc ch c th ca ng dng h thng thng tin a l.

Chnh sa

Lu gi S dng v phn tch

Hnh 1.5. Chnh sa d liu

4) Xut d liu
Modul xut d liu (hnh 1.6) a cc bo co kt qu ca qu trnh phn tch
d liu ti ngi s dng. D liu c a ra c th di dng bn , bng, biu
, lu c th hin bng hnh nh trn mn hnh, my in, my v hoc c
ghi trn cc thit b t di dng s.

Hin th v bo co

Thit b hin th My in My v Thit b t

Bn Bng biu Hnh v

Hnh 1.6. Xut d liu

1.4. i tng ca GIS
H tr hiu qu cho vic lp k hoch v ra quyt nh;
Cung cp cc cng c mnh trong cc qu trnh thu thp, qun l v x l
s liu;
Kh nng tch hp thng tin v d liu t nhiu ngun khc nhau;
Kh nng phn tch-tra vn tng hp, s dng cc d liu a l c
tham chiu a l to cc kt qu mi.
Cc ng dng GIS c th p ng cc yu cu sau y:
nh v: i tng no ang c ti mt v tr xc nh?
iu kin: Xc nh cc v tr tho mn mt hoc nhiu iu kin c th;
Xu th: Nhng bin ng theo thi gian;
M hnh: Nhng bin ng theo khng gian;
Kch bn: Nu ... Th ...

15
 Chng 2. D liu s dng trong GIS

2.1. Cc d liu a l
Thng thng, chi ph cho vic thu thp v qun l d liu trong cc d n
GIS chim mt t l kh ln, trong nhiu trng hp t ti 60 80% tng kinh ph
chi cho ton b d n. Thc t cho thy rng, cc d liu s dng trong mt H
thng thng tin a l mang c tnh a khi nim, hay ni cch khc l chng
thng rt phc tp v th loi, khun dng, t l, tin cy, v.v... Chnh v vy,
vn xy dng v qun l c s d liu GIS thng ng vai tr quan trng trong
ton b quy trnh thc hin mt D n GIS.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s lm quen vi cc d liu c s dng trong
mt H thng thng tin a l. Cc d liu ny c gi l cc d liu a l.
D liu a l c to bi thc t cha ng cc thng tin v v tr, v nhng
mi quan h khng gian tt yu v nhng thuc tnh ca cc i tng c ghi
nhn li. Cc mi quan h khng gian ca d liu a l c to ra bi nhng h
thng thit k cho th v bn mt cch c bit. Kiu d liu ny khc vi cc
kiu h thng d liu c s dng nh h thng nh bng, th vin, hng
khng....
D liu a l c tham chiu ti cc v tr trn b mt tri t thng qua
vic s dng mt h thng cc ta chun. H thng ny c th mang tnh cht
cc b nh trong trng hp kho st mt khu vc c din tch nh, hoc cng c
th c nh v trong mt h to mang tnh quc gia hoc quc t (ta a l,
to UTM, v.v...). D liu a l thng c cng nhn v c miu t trong cc
giai on thit lp ca i tng a l hoc hin tng. Mi ngnh hc ca a l
u s dng nhng khi nim c hin tng ha nh th trn, sng, bi ph
sa, ... lm c s phn tch v t hp cc thng tin phc tp xy dng nn cc
khi. Cc khi mang tnh hin tng thng c nhm li hoc chia vo cc nhm
di nhng gc khc nhau dng nh ngha nhng nguyn tc phn cp. V
d s phn cp t nc-thnh ph-th trn-a ht, s phn cp ca cc lp ng
thc vt... Cn lu rng, mc d nhiu hin tng a l c cc nh khoa
hc miu t nh l cc i tng c th song chnh xc v kch thc ca chng
c th thay i theo thi gian v cn nhiu tranh ci.
2.2. Cc d liu khng gian v cc d liu thuc tnh
Cc d liu a l c phn ra thnh cc d liu khng gian v d liu
thuc tnh.
Cc d liu khng gian biu din cc i tng a l ng vi nhng s vt
c nh v ca th gii thc. Trong H thng thng tin a l, cc d liu
khng gian c quy v v biu din di dng ba i tng c bn nht l im,
ng v min.

16
 Cc d liu thuc tnh m t cc c im ca cc i tng a l, chng
hn:
Tn ca mt ng ph;
Chiu rng mt chic cu,
Phn loi lp ph thc vt;
Cht liu lm nn mt con ng...
Trn bn , cc s vt trn th gii thc c biu th qua cc tp hp
im, ng v min, trong khi cc k hiu, nhn v ch gii truyn t cc thng
tin v thuc tnh. Trong mt H thng thng tin a l, cc d liu khng gian v
thuc tnh c lin kt vi nhau mt cch cht ch, khin cho mi bn c th
tr thnh mt cng c tra vn khng gian rt hiu qu.
Cc v d sau y minh ho cho mi lin h gia d liu khng gian v d
liu thuc tnh:
Biu din mt ng ph v tn gi ca n trn bn ;
Biu din mt ci cu v chiu rng ca n trn bn ;
Biu din mt khonh t v lp ph thc vt ca n trn bn ;
2.3. Cc cu trc d liu a l
Sau khi cc d liu a l c nhp vo my tnh, vic la chn mt cu
trc d liu s quyt nh hai yu t rt quan trng l: khng gian lu tr d liu
v hiu qu ca cc php x l. C nhiu cch t chc d liu trong mt H thng
thng tin a l, nhng ph bin nht hin nay vn l: cu trc d liu phn
cp, cu trc d liu mng v cu trc d liu quan h.
2.3.1. Cu trc d liu Phn cp
Cu trc d liu phn cp lu tr d liu theo mt trt t v th bc
c thit lp gia cc mc ca d liu. Mi im nt c th c chia ra thnh
mt hay nhiu im nt con. S cc nt con tng ln t l thun vi s cp, ging
nh s phn nhnh trn mt ci cy.
Trn hnh 2.1. minh ha mt th d v cch t chc d liu a l theo cc
m hnh Phn cp v Mng cho bn M, biu din hai min I v II di dng hai
a gic vi cc nh c nh s (1, 2, 3, 4 cho a gic I v 4, 3, 5, 6 cho a gic II)
v cc cnh k hiu bng cc ch (a, b, c, d cho a gic I v c, e, f, g cho a gic II).
D liu phn cp c t chc theo quan h cha/con hoc 1 - nhiu (V d
nh qun l nh dn dng theo cp I, cp II, cp III, cp IV). Cu trc ny to
thun li cho vic truy nhp d liu. H thng phn cp chp nhn mi phn ca
cp a ra s dng mt kha m n th hin y cu trc d liu. Cho php c
mt s tng quan gia cc thuc tnh kt hp v mc d liu c th c.
H thng ny cng tin li cho vic b sung, sa i v m rng, tin li cho
vic truy nhp d liu theo thuc tnh kha, nhng kh khn cho nhng thuc tnh
khng phi l kha.
Bt li ca cu trc d liu phn cp l tp ch s ln cn phi c duy tr v
cc gi tr ca thuc tnh cn phi c lp li nhiu ln gy ra d tha d liu lm
tng chi ph lu tr v truy nhp.

17
2.3.2. Cu trc d liu Mng
Cu trc d liu mng tng t nh cu trc d liu phn cp, ch c
khc l trong cu trc ny mi im nt con c th c nhiu hn mt im nt cha.
ng thi, mi im nt li c th c chia ra thnh mt hay nhiu im nt con.
Trong cu trc d liu a l, vic th hin cc mc m tng ng trn bn
hay s l gn nhau th li l cc phn khc xa nhau ca c s d liu. H thng
mng rt cn thit th hin dng ny.
Cu trc mng ph hp khi quan h v mi lin kt c xc nh trc,
trnh c d tha d liu. Bt tin cho vic m rng bi tng s cc im. Vic sa
i v duy tr c s d liu khi thay i cu trc cc im i hi tng chi ph ln...

Hnh 2.1. Cc cu trc d liu a l Mng v Phn cp

2.3.3. Cu trc d liu Quan h
Cu trc d liu quan h t chc d liu theo dng cc bng hai chiu,
trong mi bng l mt tp ring bit. Mi hng ca bng l mt bn ghi, v mi
bn ghi c mt tp hp cc thuc tnh. Mi ct ca bng biu th mt thuc tnh.
Cc bng khc nhau c th c lin h vi nhau thng qua mt ch s chung
thng c gi l kho. Cc thng tin c khai thc thng qua phng thc tra
vn. Trong trng hp bn M, cch t chc d liu theo cu trc quan h c
minh ha trn hnh 2.2.
Cu trc d liu quan h rt mm do, n c th tha mn c tt c cc
yu cu m phi c cng thc ha bi s dng cc lut ca logic bool v cc thao
tc ton hc. Chng cho php cc loi d liu khc nhau c tm kim, so snh.
Vic b sung v di chuyn cc mc d liu d dng. C iu bt tin l nhiu thao
tc i hi tm kim tun t. i vi c s d liu ln mt nhiu thi gian tm
kim. Tuy nhin, vi nhng my tnh c cu hnh mnh hin nay, y khng cn l
vn ln i vi vic qun l mt c s d liu GIS.

18
- Bn - ng

M I II I a 1 2

I b 2 3

- Vng I c 3 4

I a b c d I d 4 1

II c e f g II e 3 5

II f 5 6

II g 6 4

II c 4 3
Hnh 2.2. Cu trc d liu quan h
2.4. Cc m hnh d liu a l
M hnh d liu a l l s hnh dung th gii thc c s dng trong
GIS to cc bn , trnh din cc tra vn gia ngi v my, v thc hin cc
php x l-phn tch. Hai m hnh d liu a l ph bin nht trong mt H thng
thng tin a l l d liu vector v d liu raster. Trn hnh 2.3 minh ha vic
s dng hai m hnh d liu khc nhau ny biu din cng mt s vt l ci gh.

G
G G
G G G
G G G G
G G G G
G G
G G
G G G G
G G G G G G
G G G G G G G
G G G G G G G
G G G G G
G G G
G G G
G
G
G

a b
Hnh 2.3. Ci gh c biu din dng raster(a) v dng vector (b)

19
2.4.1. Vector v Raster
M hnh d liu vector s dng cc ng hay im, c xc nh tng
minh bng cc to x, y ca chng trn bn . Cc i tng ri rc (trong c
c cc i tng a gic), c to bi s lin kt cc on cung (ng) v cc im
nt.
im nt: dng cho tt c cc i tng khng gian c biu din nh
mt cp to (X,Y). Ngoi gi tr to (X,Y), im cn th hin kiu im,
mu, hnh dng v d liu thuc tnh i km. Do trn bn im c th
c biu hin bng k hiu hoc text
Cung: dng biu din tt c cc thc th c dng tuyn, c to nn t
hai hoc hn cp to (X,Y). V d ng dng biu din h thng ng
giao thng, h thng ng thot nc. Ngoi to , ng cn c th bao hm c
gc quay ti u mt.
Vng: l mt i tng hnh hc 2 chiu. Vng c th l mt a gic n
gin hay hp ca nhiu a gic n gin. Mc tiu ca cu trc d liu a gic
l biu din cho vng. Do mt vng c cu to t cc a gic nn cu trc d
liu ca a gic phi ghi li c s hin din ca cc thnh phn ny v cc
phn t cu to nn a gic.
M hnh d liu raster s dng mt tp hp cc . Cu trc n gin nht
l mng gm cc ca bn . Mi trn bn c biu din bi t hp ta
(hng, ct), v mt gi tr biu din kiu hoc thuc tnh ca trn cc bn .
Trong cu trc ny mi tng ng l mt im. Khi nim ng l mt dng cc
lin nhau. Min l mt nhm cc lin nhau. Dng d liu ny d lu tr, thao
tc v th hin. Cu trc d liu ny cng cn c ngha l nhng khu vc c kch
thc nh hn mt th khng th hin c.
D liu raster c dung lng rt ln nu khng c cch lu tr thch hp. V
d trn cho ta thy c rt nhiu gi tr ging nhau, do c nhiu phng php nn
tp d liu lu tr tr nn nh. Thng thng ngi ta hay dng cc phng
php nn TIFF, RLE, JPEG, GIF. . .
Pixel l n v phn t nh nht m mt thit b c th hin th trn mn
hnh my tnh, v hnh nh trn mn hnh c xy dng nn t cc phn t .
2.4.2. So snh cc m hnh d liu Vector v Raster
1) D liu Vector
u im
Biu din tt cc i tng a l
D liu nh, gn
Cc quan h topo c xc nh bng mng kt ni
Chnh xc v hnh hc
Kh nng sa cha, b sung, thay i cc d liu hnh hc cng nh thuc
tnh nhanh, tin li.
Nhc im
Cu trc d liu phc tp

20
 Chng xp bn phc tp
Cc bi ton m phng thng kh gii v mi n v khng gian c cu trc
khc nhau
K thut x l phc tp
Rt kh thc hin cc bi ton phn tch v cc php lc.
2) D liu Raster
u im
Cu trc rt n gin
D dng s dng cc php ton chng xp v cc php ton x l nh vin
thm
D dng thc hin nhiu php ton phn tch khc nhau
Bi ton m phng l c th thc hin c do n v khng gian l ging
nhau ( n v)
K thut x l n gin.
Nhc im
Dung lng d liu ln
chnh xc c th gim nu s dng khng hp l kch thc cc n v
Bn hin th khng p
Cc bi ton mng rt kh thc hin
Khi lng tnh ton chuyn i to l rt ln.
Nhn chung, cc m hnh vector thng c s dng m t cc i tng
ri rc, trong khi cc m hnh raster c dng biu din cc i tng bin
thin lin tc. C hai m hnh d liu ny u c nhng u im v nhc im
cn c xem xt trong qu trnh thit k c s d liu hay thit lp cc m hnh x
l GIS.
2.5. Cc lp thng tin a l
Yu cu chung v truy cp ti cc dng thc d liu khc nhau dn n
vic t chc cc d liu a l s dng trong GIS thnh cc lp thng tin a l
ring bit (Layers, Themes hay Coverages). Cc lp thng tin c p dng cho
c cc d liu vctor v raster.
Cc lp thng tin c th c kt hp vi nhau theo nhiu cch to ra cc
lp thng tin mi hay l tng hp ca cc lp thng tin thnh phn. Phng php
kt hp cc lp thng tin n gin nht l s chng ghp cc lp thng tin ln nhau.
Ngoi ra, cng ngh GIS cho php s dng nhiu cng c x l khng gian phc tp
nh giao (intersection), hp (union), phn r (dissolve), v.v... lm vic vi cc lp
thng tin a l.

21
 Chng 3. Cc Php chiu bn

3.1. M u
Php chiu bn l s chuyn i d liu a l t dng ba chiu v dng
hai chiu. Trong lch s, ti ny c khng t cc nh khoa hc li lc trong
nhng lnh vc chuyn mn rt khc nhau quan tm nh: nh ton hc Gauss, nh
trit hc Roger Bacon, nh vt l hc Lambert, nh thin vn hc Cassini v c
ngh s Durer. Cng chnh v vy, c rt nhiu m hnh php chiu bn c
pht minh cho n nay. Cc cng thc s dng trong cc php chiu l cc biu
thc ton hc cho php chuyn i d liu t mt v tr a l (c nh v bng
kinh v v ), nm trn mt cu hay gi cu (spheroid) v mt v tr tng ng
trn mt mt phng.
Cc bn c v trn cc mt phng, trong khi trong thc t, b mt m
chng biu din li l nhng mt cong. Do , vic thc hin mt php chiu ng
nhin s ko theo sai s ca t nht mt trong cc tnh cht ca s vt c m t
trn bn : l hnh dng, din tch, khong cch v hng. V th, iu quan
trng i vi mt ngi s dng bn nh mt cng c phn tch l anh ta cn
bit c php chiu no s dn n sai s ca c tnh no, v vi mc ra sao.
3.2. Kin thc c s
Mc d trong thc t, Tri t c dng mt hnh gi cu (spheroid), trong
nhiu trng hp, thun tin cho cc php tnh ton, n c m phng bng
mt mt cu. i vi cc bn c t l nh, c th chp nhn gi thit v hnh
dng cu ca Tri t, nhng i vi cc bn t l ln, cn thit phi s dng
cc php x l i vi dng gi cu hay dng ellipsoid.
Hnh gi cu chnh l mt hnh ellipsoid c hnh dng xp x ca mt hnh
cu. Nu ta quay mt ng trn quanh trc ca chnh n, ta s c mt mt cu,
cn nu quay mt hnh lp xung quanh mt trong cc trc ca n, ta s c mt
hnh llipsoid. dt ca mt hnh cu hay ellipsoid c c trng bi i lng
c gi l tnh lp (ellipticity). Cc i lng ny c gi tr bng 0,0 i vi mt
cu, v bng 0,003353 i vi Tri t.
Cng ngh quan trc bng v tinh pht hin thm mt s lch ca
Tri t so vi mt hnh ellpsoid. Chng hn, cc nam ca Tri t gn vi xch
o hn so vi cc bc. T cc nghin cu, ngi ta to ra rt nhiu hnh
spheroid m phng hnh dng Tri t. Tuy nhin, mi m hnh ch p dng tt
nht cho mt khu vc c th ca th gii.
3.3. H to cu
Trong h ta cu, b mt Tri t c chia thnh cc ng chy theo
phng nm ngang (c gi l cc v tuyn) v cc ng chy theo phng thng
ng (c gi l cc kinh tuyn). Tt c cc ng ny to nn mt mng li c

22
gi l li a l. Cc Nam v cc Bc l hai im ti cc ng kinh tuyn gp
nhau. Gc ta a l c xc nh ti giao im ca Kinh tuyn gc chy qua
Greenwich (Anh) v ng xch o. Cng nh gc ta cc, gc ta cu
cng c cc gi tr (0,0). Trn c s gc ta , b mt ca Tri t c chia thnh
bn phn c tn gi theo hng ca a bn l ng, Ty, Nam v Bc. V v
kinh l gi tr ca cc gc tm to bi cc bn knh ca Tri t chy qua cc
im nm trn b mt ca n, do kinh v v ca mt im xc nh v tr
ca im trn b mt Tri t.

Hnh 3.1. B mt ba chiu c a v mt phng hai chiu.

Cn lu rng kinh v v l cc gi tr khng ng nht v n v o
trn ton b b mt Tri t. Ch c ti xch o, khong cch gia mt kinh
mi xp x khong cch gia mt v. l do xch o l ng v tuyn duy
nht c di tng ng vi di ca mi kinh tuyn. Cng cn nhn mnh
rng, do h to cu c s dng cho b mt cong ca Tri t, nn n khng
phi l mt php chiu bn . Nu ni mt cch chnh xc th cc gi tr kinh
v v c chc nng nh mt h thng tham chiu nh v cc im trn b mt
Tri t phc v cho cc php chiu bn . Chnh v vy m h ta cu cn
c gi l H thng tham chiu ton cu.

Hnh 3.2. H ta cu.

23
3.4. Cc Tnh cht ca php chiu bn
Nh cp trn, cc tnh cht sau y ca cc i tng s c kh nng
b thay i sai lch khi thc hin mt php chiu bn : l hnh dng, din tch,
khong cch v hng. Cc php chiu khc nhau c lu ti vic bo tn nhng
c tnh khc nhau, v cho n nay vn cha c bin php hu hiu no cho php
bo tn tt c cc c tnh nu trn trong cng mt php chiu.
Cc php chiu bo tn hnh dng ch trng duy tr hnh dng cc i
tng mc a phng. c im ca cc php chiu ny l cc li a
l c dng hnh vung. Tuy nhin, khng c php chiu no c th bo tn
c hnh dng i tng trn cc vng rt ln.
Cc php chiu bo tn din tch, cn c gi l cc php chiu ng
din tch hay cc php chiu tng ng. Cc php chiu ny c gng
duy tr din tch ca cc min trn bn v do , cc gc to bi cc kinh
tuyn v v tuyn c th khng chnh xc.
Cc php chiu bo tn khong cch, cn c gi l cc php chiu
ng khong cch biu din chnh xc khong cch gia cc im trn
bn . Thc ra, tn gi ca php chiu ny ch ng mt cch tng i.
Thng thng i vi mi php chiu loi ny, nu t l bn l chnh xc
theo phng kinh tuyn th bn c coi l ng khong cch theo
phng kinh tuyn, cn nu t l bn l chnh xc theo phng v tuyn
th bn c coi l ng khong cch theo phng v tuyn. Khng c bn
no ng khong cch theo mi hng.
Cc php chiu bo tn hng, cn c gi l cc php chiu theo gc
phng v c s dng ni cc im nm trn b mt Tri t theo
hng hay gc phng v cho trc, hay ni cch khc l xc nh cung ngn
nht ni hai im vi nhau. y l cung trng vi ng trn ln ca qu
a cu
3.5. Phn loi cc php chiu bn
V bn l mt mt phng nn cc php chiu n gin nht thng s
dng cc hnh hnh hc c th tri ln mt mt phng m khng phi ko cng b
mt ca chng ra. Ba hnh hnh hc tho mn tt nht iu kin ny l cc hnh
nn, tr v mt phng.
chiu mt mt phng ln mt mt phng khc, bc u tin l phi to
ra mt hoc nhiu im tip xc. Cc im ny gi l cc tip im. Nh c th
thy trn cc hnh t 3.3 n 3.5, php chiu phng ch c mt tip im vi mt
cu. Cc php chiu nn v tr tip xc vi mt cu qua mt ng thng. Nu mt
chiu ct qua hnh cu thay v tip xc vi b mt cu th php chiu c gi l
php chiu ct thay v php chiu tip xc.
Trong s cc php chiu hin ang c s dng, c rt nhiu php chiu c
th quy v mt trong cc php chiu Nn, Tr v Phng cn c vo b mt chiu.
3.5.1. Cc php chiu nn
Php chiu Nn n gin nht tip xc vi mt qu a cu qua mt v
tuyn. V tuyn ny c gi l v tuyn chun ca php chiu ang xt. Cc kinh

24
tuyn c chiu ln mt nn v ct nhau ti nh ca hnh nn. Cc v tuyn
chiu ln mt nn thnh hnh cc ng trn ng tm. Hnh nn c ct theo
mt kinh tuyn v tri phng ra. Kinh tuyn nm i din vi ng ct c gi l
Kinh tuyn trung tm.
Nhn chung, bin dng tng dn theo hng bc v nam ca v tuyn
chun. Do , nu ct bt phn chp ca hnh nn s cho mt kt qu chiu chnh
xc hn. Trong thc t, iu ny c th thc hin bng cch khng s dng php
chiu cho cc khu vc nm gn cc.
Cc Php chiu Nn phc tp hn s dng hai v tuyn chun v c gi l
cc Php chiu Nn ct. bin dng ca cc Php chiu Nn ct khng ng u
ti cc vng nm bn trong v bn ngoi hai v tuyn chun ny. Phc tp hn na,
trong cc Php chiu Nn xin, trc ca hnh nn khng trng vi trc ca qu a
cu.

a)

b)
Hnh 3.3. Cc php chiu Nn: tip xc (a) v ct (b)
3.5.2. Cc php chiu tr
Cc Php chiu Tr cng c mt tip tuyn hoc hai ct tuyn vi qu a
cu. Trong s cc Cc Php chiu Tr, php chiu Mercator l ph bin nht, vi
tip tuyn chnh l ng xch o. Cc kinh tuyn c chiu ln mt tr mt cch
hnh hc, cn cc v tuyn c chiu ln hnh tr mt cch ton hc, to ra cc gc
li 900. Hnh tr c th b ct dc theo mt kinh tuyn bt k to ra mt li
chiu Tr. Cc kinh tuyn cch u nhau, trong khi khong cch gia cc v tuyn
tng dn v pha hai cc. y l php chiu bo tn hnh dng v phn nh chnh
xc v hng dc theo cc ng thng.
Nu cc kinh tuyn c s dng lm tip tuyn th php chiu c gi l
Php chiu Tr ngang. Trong trng hp ny, chnh xc v t l c bo tn
theo hng Bc-Nam. Trng hp tip tuyn nm xin (khng trng vi ng xch
o hoc kinh tuyn) th php chiu uc gi l Php chiu Tr xin.
25
 a) b) c)
Hnh 3.4. Cc php chiu Tr: Thng (a), Ngang (b) v Xin (c)
3.5.3. Cc php chiu phng
Cc Php chiu Phng chiu d liu bn ln mt mt phng tip xc vi
qu a cu. Cc Php chiu Phng thng tip xc vi qu a cu ti mt im,
nhng cng c trng hp ct. Tip im c th l Cc Bc, Cc Nam c th nm
trn ng xch o hay ti mt im bt k khc ca qu a cu, tng ng vi
la chn ny l cc php chiu Phng mang tn gi Cc, Xch o hay Xin.
Php chiu Cc l php chiu n gin nht trong s cc php chiu phng.
Trong php chiu ny, cc v tuyn to t cc thnh nhng ng trn ng tm,
cn kinh tuyn l cc ng thng ct nhau ti cc. Ti mi v tr khc, php chiu
Phng c cc gc li bng 900. Hng t tiu im l hng chnh xc.

a) b) c)
Hnh 3.5. Cc php chiu Phng: Cc (a), Xch o (b) v Xin (c)

26
 Chng 4. ng dng GIS

4.1. V cc ng dng GIS

Ngy nay, GIS c p dng trong hu khp cc lnh vc khoa hc v cng
ngh, phc v nhng nhu cu rt cp thit ca con ngi. Mc d rt a dng v
phong ph, cc ng dng GIS c th c phn thnh ba nhm, cn c vo mc
v phm vi p dng chng, bao gm cc ng dng loi kim k, cc ng dng loi
phn tch v cc ng dng loi qun l.
4.1.1. Cc ng dng kim k
Mt d n GIS thng c bt u bng cng tc kim k cc i tng
nghin cu ti khu vc la chn, (chng hn cc loi rng, thu vn, s dng
t, v.v...). Cc i tng ny c biu din trong mi trng GIS di dng cc
lp thng tin a l. Cc ng dng trong giai on ny ch yu tp trung vo vic
cp nht v n gin ho cc quy trnh thu thp d liu.
4.1.2. Cc ng dng phn tch
Sau khi hon thnh giai on kim k, cc k thut phn tch khng
gian v phn tch thng k ca cng ngh GIS s cho php thc hin mt lot tra
vn phc tp i vi cc lp thng tin cha d liu chuyn .
4.1.3. Cc ng dng qun l
Cc k thut phn tch khng gian v xy dng m hnh mc cao hn
s h tr cho cc quyt nh ca cc nh qun l, lnh o cc ban ngnh v cc cp
chnh quyn. Trong giai on ny ca d n GIS, trng tm ca cc ng dng
chuyn t cng tc thu thp d liu sang cc thao tc x l, phn tch v m hnh
ho gii quyt cc vn bc xc ca th gii thc.
4. 2. ng dng GIS trong vic xy dng v qun l c s d liu
tng hp
4.2.1. C s d liu tng hp
C s d liu l mt hp phn quan trng ca mi mt d n c khun kh
bao trm nhng khong thi gian v khng gian rng ln. C s d liu khng ch
quan trng t gc lu tr mt khi lng ln d liu, m cn t gc m bo
cc chun mc v tnh n nh d liu, cho php d dng bo v v s dng d liu.
Cng ngh GIS t ra c bit hiu qu trong vic xy dng cc c s d liu
tng hp, tc l cc c s d liu cha mt khi lng ln cc d liu, c thu thp
t nhiu ngun khc nhau, rt khng ng nht c v th loi, khun dng ln cht
lng d liu. Di y l mt vi minh ho c th v vai tr ca GIS trong nhng
giai on khc nhau ca ton b quy trnh thit k, xy dng v qun l c s d
liu tng hp.

27
4.2.2. GIS trong vic thit k c s d liu
Thit k C s d liu l mt qu trnh phc tp nhm a vo p dng
nhng khun dng chun ho ang c dng rng ri trn th gii, ng thi cng
phi p dng cc tin b khoa hc v cng ngh to ra nhng cng c qun l v
x l tht tin li v thn thin i vi ngi s dng.
1) Thit k v tu bin giao din ho
GIS l mt cng c mnh cho php thit k giao din ho cc c s d
liu. Thng thng, cc c s d liu thng c xy dng trn giao din ca cc
phn mm qun l ha thng dng. Tuy nhin, vic tp hp ton b cc kt qu
c tnh phn d cao v th loi v hnh thc trn cng mt mi trng lm vic i
hi p dng nhng cng c c tnh nng k thut cao. Mt khc, vic xy dng mt
c s d liu tng hp vi c ch qun tr mnh, c th ni kt nhiu th loi d liu
v sn phm ha khc nhau trn cng mt giao din nn cng i hi nhng
chc nng chuyn bit vt ra ngoi khun kh cc chc nng ngm nh ca cc
phn mm s dng.
Trong trng hp , hng lot cc chc nng ni kt v qun l sn phm
ha mc cao c b sung bng cch tu bin giao din ca cc phn mm
qun l ha c s dng. Qu trnh tu bin c thc hin bng cch vit
thm cc on chng trnh trn ngn ng lp trnh ngm nh ca phn mm
qun l ha s dng. Kt qu ca qu trnh ny l vic to ra mt giao din
ha mi, vi cc mi lin kt, cc lnh n v nt lnh mi cho php thc hin cc
chc nng chuyn bit v qun l v x l c s d liu khng c trong giao din
ngm nh.
Trn hnh 4.1 minh ho giao din ho ca mt c s d liu tng hp xy
dng cho khu vc qun o Trng Sa. Qu trnh tu bin giao din ca phn mm
ArcView GIS to ra mt s cc lnh n v nt lnh mi, cho php truy cp d
dng ti cc c s d liu thnh phn hay chy cc chng trnh chuyn dng bn
trong c s d liu tng hp.

Hnh 4.1. Giao din ho cho ngi s dng ca c s d liu Trng Sa vi cc lnh n v cc
nt lnh c to mi.
2) Kh nng ni kt vi cc ng dng khc
Cng ngh GIS cng cho php thng nht cc c s d liu thnh phn trong
mt c s d liu tng hp bng cc ni kt rt phong ph cc ng dng tn ti c
lp. Chng hn, vic ni kt cc phn mm chuyn dng dng qun l v x l
28
cc c s d liu thnh phn v cng mt giao din nn chung s c ch li ln trong
vic s dng nhng ti nguyn sn c ca c quan (chng hn, cc phn mm do
cc chuyn gia ca c quan xy dng t trc) m khng tn thi gian v kinh ph
to mi. Trn hnh 4.2 minh ho vic chy mt chng trnh x l cc d liu hi
vn bin vit bng ngn ng Pascal trn nn giao din ho chung ca mt c s
d liu tng hp hi dng hc-ngh c.

Hnh 4.2. Thao tc vi cc d liu t CD-ROM bng chng trnh DOMAIN

Trong qu trnh thit k c s d liu tng hp, cng c GIS c th c s dng
kt ni c s d liu vi cc phn mm vn phng thao tc vi cc ngun d liu
c nh dng chuyn bit. Chng hn, t giao din ho ca c s d liu tng hp
c th khi ng phn mm Excel lm vic vi cc bng d liu.
4.2.3. GIS trong vic xy dng v qun l c s d liu
GIS t ra l mt cng c rt mnh trong ton b qu trnh xy dng v qun
l c s d liu thng qua nhng kh nng tch hp, hin th, tra vn, phn tch,
chuyn i v kt xut d liu.
1) Kh nng tch hp d liu
GIS lm vic vi hai loi d liu: thuc tnh v khng gian. Cc d liu c
nhp vo c s d liu lu trn my tnh di rt nhiu hnh thc khc nhau,
chng hn:
S ho bng bn s bn in trn giy hoc s ho trn mn hnh my tnh
bn dng nh qut;
nh qut mt vn bn in trn giy;
Chuyn i mt tp dng ASCII;
Chuyn i v dng d liu s t cc ngun d liu c khun dng khc;
Nhp d liu o c t bn phm ca my tnh hay c thng t tp vn
bn;
Nhp cc d liu lu tr trn bng t hay a CD-ROM;

29
 Copy hoc ti d liu t cc c s d liu bn ngoi hay t mng Internet.
V.v
2) Kh nng hin th d liu
Trong mi trng GIS, cc d liu c hai khun dng thuc tnh v khng
gian u c th c hin th d dng do chng c ni kt rt cht ch vi nhau.
Cc d liu thuc tnh c hin th di dng cc bng thuc tnh, cn cc d liu
khng gian c hin th di dng cc lp thng tin ho chng ghp ln nhau
trn mt bn . Tu theo nhu cu, mi loi d liu ny c th c hin th c lp
hay ng thi. Cc cng c ngm nh ca cc phn mm GIS cho php hin th d
liu trn mn hnh mt cch tin li v n gin bng thao tc nhn chut. Trn
hnh 4.3 minh ho vic hin th bn v xem bng thuc tnh ca cc ng ng
su t bn su y bin.

Hnh 4.3. Hin th bn v xem thuc tnh ca cc ng ng mc su y bin.

3) Kh nng tra vn v phn tch d liu
Cc cng c phn mm GIS cho php thc hin cc php tm kim, tra vn
d liu i vi c hai loi d liu thuc tnh v khng gian. Thng thng, cc php
tm kim c thc hin i vi cc d liu thuc tnh nh sau: ngi s dng a
ra tiu chun tm kim di dng mt biu thc, v phn mm s t ng tm kim
v tr v tt c cc gi tr tho mn tiu chun tm kim . i vi cc d liu
khng gian, cng c tm kim thng l cc thao tc dng tr chut chn mt hay
nhiu i tng trn bn (im, ng, a gic). Vic s dng k nng lp trnh
tu bin cc chc nng tm kim ca phn mm GIS cho php to ra nhng cng
c tra vn mnh hot ng trn mi trng GIS. Trn hnh 4.4 minh ho mt trong
nhng cng c tra vn thng tin d liu (Metadata) xy dng cho c s d liu hi
dng hc-ngh c Vit nam trong khun kh mt ti nghin cu bin cp Nh
nc. y l cng c tra vn cc d liu v trng nhit v thu ho hi dng hc,
c xy dng da trn mt nguyn tc kh n gin, theo cc trng ca thanh
ghi mc c s dng lm cc tiu chun tm kim. Chng hn, php tm kim
30
theo thi gian c thc hin theo cc trng nm, thng, ngy, thi gian o; php
tm kim theo khng gian c thc hin theo cc trng kinh , v , cn cc
tham s khc c tm kim theo cc trng cn li.
GIS cho php thc hin rt nhanh cc php phn tch m nu lm bng tay
s phi tn km rt nhiu thi gian v nhn lc. Vic phn tch d liu trong mi
trng GIS bao gm nhiu thao tc, t nhng thao tc n gin nht nh v bn
n nhng thao tc phc tp nh to cc m hnh phn tch khng gian. Mi m
hnh khng gian s dng cng ngh GIS thng bao hm mt trong ba loi chc
nng phn tch khng gian sau y:
Cc chc nng m hnh a l: tnh khong cch, to cc vng m, tnh
din tch v chu vi;
Cc chc nng m hnh thch hp: chng ghp cc lp thng tin hay cc tp
d liu tm ra nhng v tr c cc gi tr thch hp;
Cc chc nng m hnh ln cn: nh v, tm-m ng v phn phi li.

Hnh 4.4. Ca s Cng c tra vn Metadata

4) Kh nng chuyn i v kt xut d liu
Cc phn mm GIS cng thng c trang b cng c chuyn i d liu
thuc tnh v d liu ho t khun dng ny sang khun dng khc, trong
c bit quan trng l cc cng c cho php chuyn i t ng cc lp thng tin
trn bn t h ta a l sang mt h chiu khc, hay t h chiu ny sang h
chiu khc. Hnh 4.5. minh ho cng c chuyn i h chiu ca phn mm
ArcView, c cung cp di dng mt thut (Wizard).
GIS cho php kt xut d liu di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, t cc bng
.dbf cha cc d liu thuc tnh n cc d liu khng gian nh bn , th, nh
hay kt hp cc loi d liu k trn. Cc sn phm GIS thng c in ra c lp
hoc c nhng vo cc ti liu c to bi cc ng dng khc vi hnh thc p,
gy n tng v c cht lng in n cao.

31
 Hnh 4.5. Cng c chuyn i h chiu ca phn mm ArcView.
4.3. Mt s kt qu ng dng GIS trong nghin cu hi dng hc
v qun l ti nguyn mi trng bin Vit nam
gp phn lm sng t bn cht v ngha thc tin ca GIS, mc ny s
lit k v m t ngn gn mt s ng dng ca cng ngh GIS trong nghin cu hi
dng hc v qun l ti nguyn mi trng bin Vit Nam.
4.3.1. V bn bin ng v cc vng bin Vit Nam
Trn c s thu thp cc s liu quan trc v o c trn bin t nhiu ngun
khc nhau, cng ngh GIS cho php xy dng cc bn m t cc yu t ng lc
v mi trng bin ti nhiu vng bin ca Vit nam cng nh trn ton bin ng
vi t l v chnh xc cao. Cc bn biu th cc trng hi vn, thu ho, ng
lc bin v cc trng a vt l t nhin ti nhiu vng bin khc nhau ca t
nc c th c s dng trong cc lnh vc khoa hc cng ngh, phc v pht trin
kinh t v quc phng.

4.3.2. Xy dng m hnh d bo c khai thc phc v nh bt xa b

vng bin Vit Nam
Cng ngh GIS kt hp vi vin thm cho php xy dng cc m hnh d bo

32
phn b v bin ng ca cc n c c gi tr kinh t cao cn khai thc, trn c s
nghin cu mi quan h gia cu trc nhit ng lc hc hi dng v cc s liu
v phn b, bin ng v sn lng ca cc loi c kinh t trn cc vng bin ca
t nc.
Cc kt qu phn tch c gi tr thc tin cao, cung cp nhng thng tin d
bo c ch cho mt tng lp rng ri cc i tng quan tm, t cc nh hoch nh
chnh sch ti cc ng dn trc tip tham gia nh bt c xa b.

4.3.3. Nghin cu tc ng ca qu trnh th ho ln cht lng n-

c vnh H Long
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic th ho vng ven bin H Long tng
nhanh do s tng ln ca dn s, dch v du lch, gii tr v pht trin cng nghip.
th ho gy ra nhiu vn mi trng tc ng ti cht lng nc vnh H
Long. Nc ma ra tri cht bn, cht nhim v cc cht thi rn t khu th
v chy thng vo vnh qua h thng cng rnh v sng ngi.

nh vin thm v cng ngh GIS c s dng nh gi phm vi v tc

m rng ca khu vc th H Long. ng thi, lng cht nhim sinh ra ti
khu vc nghin cu c tnh ton t s liu kho st ngun nhim v bn s
dng t vi s tr gip ca cng ngh GIS. Bn phn b ca BOD trong vnh
H Long c thnh lp cho thy cc khu vc c gi tr hm lng BOD cao c
m rng vo ma ma v thu nh vo ma kh. Cc kt qu phn tch cho thy tc

33
ng qu trnh th ho ln mi trng nc vnh H Long ang tng ln v c
bit mnh vo ma ma do s ra tri ca khu vc th v nc thi tun ra t
cc hot ng du lch v dn c.
4.3.4. Nghin cu qun l tng hp ti nguyn mi trng vnh Vn
Phong, Khnh Ha
Vnh Vn Phong l mt trong nhng vnh p nht ca vng duyn hi
min trung Vit Nam, nm pha bc thnh ph Nha Trang, tnh Khnh Ho. Vi
mt tim nng to ln cho pht trin nhiu loi hnh kinh t nh: du lch, giao thng
vn ti bin, nui trng hi sn...), khu vc ny cng ng trc sc p ca s mu
thun ngy cng tng gia pht trin kinh t v bo v ti nguyn mi trng,
pht trin bn vng.

Mt d n c trin khai ti khu vc ny, vi vic p dng cng ngh

GIS xy dng c s d liu v nh gi cc iu kin hin trng mi trng. Cc
kt qu phn tch GIS cho php nh gi tng hp kh nng pht trin ti u ca
cc hot ng ca con ngi nh: du lch, nui hi sn, giao thng bin v pht
trin cng nghip bao gm c quy hoch mi trng.

4.4. Gii thiu mt s phn mm x l ho v GIS thng dng

4.4.1. Phn bit cc phn mm x l GIS v cc phn mm ha
my tnh
C th ni s khc bit c bn gia cc phn mm x l GIS vi cc phn
mm ha my tnh khc l ch, cc phn mm x l GIS p dng mi quan h
khng gian trong vic chng ghp cc lp thng tin ho, cn cc phn mm
ho my tnh khc ch n thun v cc i tng ho ln nhau.
Vic v cc i tng ho ln nhau ch cho ta s hnh dung v mt
khng gian ca cc i tng ny. S lp i tng c v ln nhau c th
khng hn ch, tuy nhin, s khng c mt mi lin h no gia cc lp i tng
c v trong bn kt qu. Ngc li, vic chng ghp cc lp thng tin trong
mi trng GIS s c th to ra cc i tng ho mi c quan h vi nhau v
mt khng gian. T , vic tra vn, phn tch d liu trong mi trng GIS s
c thc hin da trn mi quan h khng gian ny, vi s tr gip ca cc cng
c phn tch khng gian ngm nh ca phn mm x l GIS nh Merge (gp),
Intersect (giao), Union (hp), Clip (ct theo khun), Dissolve (phn r), v.v
Theo cch phn bit nu trn, phn tip theo s gii thiu vn tt mt s
34
phn mm x l ho bng my tnh v cc phn mm GIS hin ang c s
dng rng ri trn th gii v Vit nam.
4.4.2. Cc phn mm x l ho bng my tnh
1) Phn mm AutoCAD
y l sn phm ca cng ty AutoDesk Inc., mt cng ty chuyn v thit k
bng cng ngh k thut s ca M, c tr s chnh ti San Rafael, California.
AutoCAD l cng c mnh trong vic to cc bn v nhp v chi tit 2 chiu v cc
thit k 3 chiu. Lnh vc ng dng ch yu ca AutoCAD l kin trc, xy dng,
ch to, h tng k thut v dch v a phng.
AutoCAD c u im l n cho php s dng ngn ng lp trnh to cc
ng dng v cho php kt ni vi cc ng dng bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, AutoCAD b
hn ch trong lnh vc v bn c h ta v li chiu, do khng phi l phn
mm GIS.
2) Phn mm Surfer
y l sn phm ca cng ty Golden Software Inc., mt cng ty ca M c
thnh lp t nm 1983 v c tr s ti Golden, Clra. Ra i nm 1985, Surfer
l sn phm u tin trong s hng lot cc sn phm ra i sau nh Grapher
(1986), Map Viewer (1990) v Didger (1996).
Surfer l mt cng c v bn vi nhiu chc nng mnh nh to bn
ng ng mc, b mt 3 chiu, b mt ni v bn cc im nh v. Cc thao
tc trong Surfer rt tin li v d s dng. Ngn ng lp trnh GS Scripter cng
cho php to cc lnh macro trong mi trng surfer. Tuy nhin, cng nh
AutoCAD, phn mm ny khng c cc chc nng lm vic vi bn trong cc h
to v cc php chiu khc nhau.
4.4.3. Cc phn mm x l GIS
Ngoi nhng u im ging nh ca cc phn mm x l ha bng my
tnh nu trn nh c ngn ng lp trnh bn trong, kh nng tu bin giao
din v ni kt vi cc ng dng bn ngoi, cc phn mm x l GIS c u th ni
bt ch chng cho php lm vic vi cc i tng khng gian c nh v trn
bn v c tham chiu vi v tr trn th gii thc. Ni cch khc, cc bn c
to trn mi trng GIS lun lun c gn vi mt h to hay mt php chiu
xc nh. Ngoi ra, s khc bit c bn v cu trc d liu cng khin cho cc phn
mm GIS c u th hn cc phn mm ho dng my tnh. Trong mi trng
GIS, cc d liu khng gian v cc d liu thuc tnh c ni kt vi nhau rt cht
ch. S ni kt ny l c s cho cc php tm kim, x l, phn tch d liu c
thc hin nhanh v tin li, khin cho vic qun l cc c s d liu GIS c thc
hin rt khoa hc v hiu qu.
Di y s gii thiu mt s phn mm GIS tiu biu ang c s dng
rng ri trn th gii v Vit nam.
1)Phn mm Intergraf
Intergraph l phn mm do cng ty cng tn ca M xy dng. Cng ty
Intergraph chuyn cung cp cc gii php k thut v dch v h thng, hot ng
mnh trong cc lnh vc nh pht trin phn mm, t vn, cung cp dch v v
phn cng. Thnh lp t nm 1969, Intergraph c tr s chnh t ti Huntsville,
35
Alabama. Phn mm Intergraph c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh: cc gii
php chnh ph, dch v thng tin, xy dng cng trnh, an ninh x hi, phng
tin truyn thng.
2) Phn mm Caris
Caris l phn mm do mt cng ty cng tn ca Canaa xy dng. Caris l
cng ty chuyn v pht trin phn mm v cc cng c qun l c s d liu trong
cc lnh vc a tin hc (Geomatics) v hi dng hc. Thnh lp t nm 1979,
ngoi tr s chnh t ti Fredericton, Canaa, Caris cn c cc vn phng i din
ti Ottawa, Washington, H lan v nhiu khu vc chu .
Caris tp trung pht trin ng dng ca mnh vo mt lnh vc rt su l
iu tra nghin cu v v bn bin. Cc lnh vc chnh bao gm: 1) x l d liu
bin (thu c v kho st) a vo s dng trc tip trn hi ; 2) Thnh lp
v qun l cc bn bin, trong c cc hi tng thch vi nh dng ca t
chc thu c quc t; 3) xc nh ranh gii bin theo cc cng c quc t; v 4)
Qun l cng bin.
3) Phn mm MapINFO
MapINFO Professional l mt trong s cc sn phm ca cng ty pht trin
phn mm MapINFO. y l mt cng ty ca M, c thnh lp t nm 1986, c
tr s t ti Troy, New York. Nhng ngi sng lp MapINFO a ra khi nim
v cc thng tin c nh v (location based information) lm c s pht trin cc
ng dng ca mnh trong nhiu lnh vc nh thng tin lin lc, bo him, ti chnh
v gii php chnh ph. Phn mm MapINFO Professional c s dng nh mt
cng c gii quyt cc vn chnh sau y:
Xy dng cc bn c chi tit cao nng cao cht lng trnh din v
tr gip vic ra quyt nh;
Xy dng m hnh v cc xu th trn c s mt tp d liu;
X l v phn tch d liu;
Tm hiu khch hng v iu tra th trng;
Qun l ti sn theo khng gian;
Quy hoch hu cn v chun b cc hot ng ng cu khn cp.
4) Phn mm ArcINFO
ArcINFO l phn mm thng mi u tin ca Vin nghin cu cc h
thng mi trng (ESRI), mt cng ty t nhn ca M c thnh lp t nm 1969,
c tr s t ti Redlands, California. ESRI khng ch ng vai tr tin phong trong
vic xy dng cc cng c x l thng tin a l, m cn l cng ty ton tm ton
nht trong vic truyn b v ng dng cng ngh GIS trong mi lnh vc.
Ra i t nm 1981, ArcINFO l phn mm u tin c xy dng c lu
ti c s d liu. S ra i ca ArcINFO l mt cuc cch mng trong lch s v bn
bng my tnh v trong quan nim v vic qun l cc d liu khng gian.
ArcINFO c s dng chun ho, chnh sa, qun l, phn tch v hin th cc
d liu a l. Trn c s cc mi quan h khng gian, ArcINFO cung cp hng
trm cng c ngm nh cho php chia s v qun l d liu, cng vi nhiu ng
dng m rng khc cho php thc hin cc nhim v chuyn bit. ArcINFO c
thit k s dng cho nhiu nn cng (hardware platform) khc nhau. Cc phin
bn ArcINFO cho my tnh bn (desktop) c th chy trn mi trng Windows

36
NT, Windows 2000 v Windows XP. Cc phin bn ArcINFO cho my tnh trm
(workstation) c th chy trn Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP v mt s
nn cng thuc h iu hnh UNIX.
5) Phn mm ArcView
Cng l sn phm ca ESRI, Arcview c mnh danh l cng c GIS
bn v phn mm v bn ph dng nht trn th gii hin nay. Ra i nm
1992, ngay trong vng su thng u tin c 10 000 phin bn ca phn mm
ny c mua, do tnh cht d s dng, r tin v cc chc nng phn tch khng
gian mnh ca phn mm ny. Cng nh ArcINFO, Arcview c h tr bi mt
lot cc ng dng m rng vi nhng chc nng chuyn bit, c th c ti vo s
dng trn mi trng Arcview hoc tho g tu theo nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
Vi mc ch gip cho ngi c hiu su v nm vng cc nguyn l c bn
ca GIS, phn mm ArcView GIS c chn gii thiu trong phn 2 ca gio
trnh ny. y l mt phn mm cho mi trnh , bi n khng ch tin li cho
cng tc o to nhng ngi mi bt u hc GIS, m cn l mt cng c mnh
cho cc nh khoa hc v cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc GIS, cho php thc hin cc
php phn tch khng gian, xy dng cc m hnh phc tp v to cc ng dng
GIS mc cao.

37
Phn 2. Gii thiu phn mm ArcView GIS

38
 Chng 1. C s ca phn mm ArcView GIS

1.1. ArcView ArcView l mt phn mm p dng cng ngh h thng

l g? thng tin a l (GIS), vi mt giao din ha thn thin,
tin li, cho php lm vic vi cc d liu khng gian v thuc
tnh, hin th cc d liu ny di dng bn , bng biu v
th. ArcView cng cung cp cc cng c tra vn v phn
tch d liu, cho php trnh by cc kt qu cui cng di
dng cc bn c cht lng cao.
1.1.1.V ESRI ArcView l sn phm ca Vin nghin cu cc h thng
mi trng (ESRI), M. y cng chnh l ni sn sinh ra
nhng phn mm x l GIS ni ting, trong c ArcINFO.
Tp d liu mu ArcView c cung cp cng vi mt tp d liu mu.
Tp d liu mu ny c s dng gii cc bi tp thc
hnh thao tc vi phn mm ArcView. Tuy nhin, bn cng c
th thc hnh ArcView, s dng nhng d liu c sn ca
mnh.
Phng php lm ArcView cho php nhn thc cc thng tin theo mt
vic mi vi cc d cch thc hon ton mi, khm ph ra nhng mi quan h,
liu cc m hnh v xu th tng chng nh v hnh ng sau cc
d liu dng vn bn, bng biu hay cc c s d liu.
1.1.2. Bn c g ArcView vt ra ngoi khun kh ca mt phn mm v
vi ArcView? bn bng my tnh c nhn do c nhng chc nng khc
nh thc hin cc php phn tch khng gian, xc lp a ch
bng tham chiu a l v hin th trn bn , to mi v
chnh sa cc d liu khng gian v thuc tnh, xy dng cc
bn chuyn v to cc sn phm u ra c cht lng
cao.
Giao din ha Giao din ho cho ngi s dng ca ArcView cho
cho ngi s dng php thc hin cc thao tc nhanh chng v tin li, s dng
cc Lnh n, cc phm chc nng v cc phm cng c.
Truy cp ti cc c S dng cc cng c ni kt dng SQL, bn c th ni
s d liu bn ngoi kt vi mt h thng qun tr c s d liu quan h (chng hn
ORACLE, SYBASE, INGRES hay INFORMIX) v to mt tra
vn dng SQL kt xut thng tin t h thng ny.

39
 Tu bin bng S dng Avenue, ngn ng lp trnh ca ArcView, bn
Avenue c th tu bin giao din ca ArcView, to thm cc lnh n,
cc phm chc nng hay cc phm cng c cho ng dng ca
mnh. Hn na, bn c th t ng ho cc nhim v chung v
bin chng thnh mt phn ca giao din.
Cc ng dng m Cc ng dng m rng l cc chng trnh c xy
rng cho cc chc dng cung cp thm cc chc nng GIS chuyn bit cho
nng chuyn bit ArcView. Cc ng dng m rng quan trng nht c cung
cp km theo vi ArcView tu thuc phin bn ca phn
mm, bao gm:
CadReader: H tr cc d liu dng CAD;
Digitizer: H tr cc thao tc vi bn s;
JPEG Image: H tr hin th cc tp nh dng JPEG.

Hnh 1.1. Giao din

ha cho ngi s dng ca ArcView
1.1.3. GIS GIS bn vt ra ngoi khun kh ca cc phn mm
bn l g? v bn bng my tnh c nhn do c nhng cng c phn
tch v x l d liu trong mt h thng thng tin a l tng
hp. Bn c th thc hin cc cng c tra vn v phn tch
GIS kho st cc mi tng quan a l trong d liu ca
mnh v xc nh cc mi quan h gia nhiu tp d liu khc
nhau. Vi cc cng c v v chnh sa bn ca GIS bn,
bn c th to mi v chnh sa cc d liu khng gian v
thuc tnh. Cc bn c xy dng bng GIS bn rt
linh hot, t ng phn nh nhng thay i khi d liu c
cp nht.
1.1.4. GIS GIS bn ni kt cc i tng trn bn vi cc
bn lm vic thng tin v chng, cn gi l cc thuc tnh. S kt ni gia
nh th no? cc i tng ca bn v cc thuc tnh ca chng l
nguyn tc lm vic c bn v cng chnh l im mnh ca
mt h thng GIS bn.
Cc i tng Cc s vt c biu th trn bn , cho d l t nhin
hay nhn to, c gi l cc i tng ca bn hay n
gin l cc i tng. Mi i tng u c mt v tr, mt
hnh dng tiu biu, v mt biu tng biu th mt hay
mt vi c tnh ca n.
Cc thuc tnh Mt h thng thng tin a l (GIS) lu tr thng tin v
cc i tng ca bn trong mt c s d liu v ni kt cc
thng tin ny vi cc i tng. Cc thng tin ny c gi l
cc thng tin thuc tnh, hay n thun l cc thuc tnh.
Cc lp thng tin GIS ni kt cc i tng vi cc thuc tnh ca chng
(Themes) v qun l chng trong cc n v c gi l themes. Mi
40
 theme l mt tp hp cc i tng a l (chng hn cc con
ng, cc con sng, cc l t, cc a im du lch), cng vi
cc thuc tnh lin quan ti cc i tng ny.
C s d liu GIS Tp hp cc themes ti mt khu vc a l to nn mt
c s d liu GIS
I.2. Tm hiu Ca s ng dng l mn hnh cha Giao din ha
Giao din ca cho ngi s dng. Cng nh tt c cc ca s khc ca
ArcView ArcView, bn c th di chuyn, thay i kch thc, cc i v
cc tiu ca s ny.

Ca s D n (The Ca s ng dng cha mt Ca s D n. Ca s d n

Project Window) hin th tn gi ca tt c cc ti liu cha trong mt D n
ca ArcView.
1.2.1.Cc ca i vi mi dng thng tin, ArcView c mt ca s ti
s ti liu liu v mt giao din lm vic.
Giao din ha Giao din ha cho ngi s dng ca ArcView bao
cho ngi s dng gm cc iu khin nh lnh n, phm chc nng v phm
cng c c t chc trn ba thanh pha trn ca ca s ng
dng. Thanh lnh n cho php thc hin cc thao tc vi
ArcView thng qua mt danh sch s xung cc lnh. Thanh
chc nng cho php thc hin cc nhim v chung. Thanh
cng c cha cc phm cng c c th c kch hot bng tr
chut. Khi mt phm cng c c kch hot, hnh dng ca
tr chut s thay i tu theo chc nng ca cng c c
chn.
Thanh trng thi Khi bn dng tr chut trn bt k mt iu khin no
nh lnh n, phm chc nng hay phm cng c, trn thanh
trng thi s hin ln dng ch m t thao tc s c thc
hin. Thanh trng thi cng thng bo c v cc php o hay
hin th mt thanh thng bo tin trnh thc hin ca thao
tc.
Nhc nh chc nng Vic dng tr chut trn mt phm chc nng hay mt
phm cng c cng s lm xut hin mt hp thng bo mu
vng cha ni dung nhc nh v chc nng ca phm.

41
Thanh chc nng
Thanh lnh n
Thanh tiu

Thanh cng c

Ca s ti liu

Ca s
D n
Thanh trng thi

Hnh 1.2. Ca s ng dng ca ArcView

1.2.2. Cc ti ArcView cho php lm vic vi nhiu loi d liu khc

liu ca nhau v trnh by chng trong cc ca s khc nhau, gi l
ArcView cc ca s ti liu. Mi ca s ti liu li c giao din ring
ca mnh.
Cnh (Views) Mt cnh hin th cc lp thng tin (themes) khng
gian, chng hn cc quc gia, cc thnh ph, sng ngi, ng
x, trng hc, l t, ngn hng hay khch sn.
Bng (Tables) Cc bng hin th cc thng tin m t cc i tng m
ta nhn thy trn cc cnh, chng hn tn quc gia, tn
ng, dn s ca mt thnh ph, hoc s ti khon m mt
ngn hng c.
th (Charts) Cc th c xy dng trn c s d liu ly t cc
bng. ArcView cho php to su dng th khc nhau (Min,
thanh, ct, bnh, tuyn v im).
Bn v trang tr Bn v trang tr cho php bn kt hp cc ti liu kt
(Layouts) qu (di dng cnh, bng v th) v cc yu t ha
khc trong cng mt ca s to ra mt bn p trc
khi in ra.
M ngun (Scripts) M ngun l cc chng trnh c vit sn trn ngn
ng Avenue, ngn ng lp trnh ca ArcView. Bn cng c th
dng Avenue tu bin giao din ca ArcView, t ng ho
cc chc nng GIS chung v to ra nhng ng dng c lp.

42
 Cnh (View)

Bng

th

Bn v trang tr

43
 M ngun

Hnh 1.3. Cc ti liu ca ArcView.

1.2.3. Cc D Trong ArcView, tt c cc hot ng c thc hin trong
n ca kh ca mt D n. Mi D n ca ArcView l mt tp hp cc
ArcView lin quan m bn lm vic vi chng trong mt phin lm v
ArcView. Mt D n c th bao gm nhiu loi ti liu nh: cnh
bn v trang tr v m ngun.
Tp D n Thng tin ca mt D n c cha trong mt tp c tn
gi l tp D n. y l tp c khun dng ASCII v nht
thit phi c phn tn tp m rng l .apr.
Ca s D n Ca s D n hin th tn gi ca tt c cc ti liu ca
D n v c chc nng nh mt bng chn cho php truy cp
ti cc ti liu ca D n. Ti mi thi im ca mt phin
lm vic ca ArcView, ch c duy nht mt D n hot ng v
mt ca s D n hin th tn gi ca tp .apr.
I.2.4. Gii thiu ArcView lin kt cc i tng v cc thuc tnh ca
cc cnh chng trong cc lp thng tin (themes) v qun l chng trong
(views) v cc cc cnh (views).
lp thng tin
(themes)
Cc lp thng tin Mi theme ca ArcView biu th mt tp hp cc s vt
ca ArcView trn th gii thc di dng cc i tng ca bn cng vi
(Themes) cc thuc tnh. Mi theme c mt tn gi v mt hay nhiu
biu tng c s dng biu th cc thuc tnh ca n.
Cc cnh (Views) Bn c th hin th nhiu themes cho cng mt khu vc
a l trong mt view. Chng hn, trong cng mt view c th
cha mt theme biu th ng giao thng, mt theme biu th
cc trung tm thng mi, mt theme biu th cc ngn hng,
v mt theme biu th s liu iu tra dn s.
Ca s Cnh v giao Ca s View bao gm hai phn: phn Mc lc v phn
din ha cho Hin th bn . Phn mc lc lit k cc themes v cha cc
ngi s dng ch gii; phn hin th bn cha cc i tng ca mi
theme. Giao din ho ca view bao gm cc lnh n, cc
phm chc nng, cc phm cng c c dng thc hin cc
thao tc vi cc views v cc themes.

44
 Hnh 1.4. View v Theme ca ArcView
1.2.5. Cc thao Trong mt view c cha cc themes, bn c th bt hay
tc vi theme tt cc themes ny, kch hot chng thc hin cc thao tc
vi chng, v thay i th t hin th chng.
Bt v tt cc themes hin th mt theme trong mt View, ta cn bt n ln
bng cch kch chut vo hp kim tra ca theme trong
Mc lc. Nu kch chut mt ln na s lm cho theme b tt
i. Khi mt theme ang c bt, ArcView s hin th n trong
phn hin th bn ca View; cn khi theme ang b tt, ta
s khng nhn thy theme trong phn hin th bn . Tuy
nhin vic tt mt theme i ch tc ng ti vic hin th n,
hay ni cch khc l cc i tng vn khng b xo khi
theme. Mt theme cng khng nht thit phi bt ln khi bn
ang thc hin mt tc ng ln n.
Kch hot mt Nhiu thao tc ch c tc dng vi nhng themes ang
theme c kch hot. Khi mt theme c kch hot, n s ni cm
ln trong Mc lc. iu ny cng c ngha l n sn sng
bn thc hin cc thao tc vi n. Bn kch hot theme
bng cch kch chut vo phn Mc lc ghi tn n. Nu mun
kch hot nhiu themes mt lc, bn c th gi phm Shift,
ng thi kch chut ln tng theme m bn mun kch hot.
Thay i th t ArcView hin th ln lt cc themes c trong View, bt
hin th u t cc theme nm pha di cng, v kt thc bng cc
themes nm trn cng ca Mc lc. thay i th t hin
th ny, bn hy t tr chut vo mt theme trong phn Mc
lc, sau gi chut v ko theme ti v tr mi (ln hoc
xung) trong Mc lc.
1.2.6. Gii Trong ArcView, bng dng hin th cc d liu thuc
thiu cc bng tnh. Mi bng cha cc thng tin m t cc i tng trn
bn (chng hn cc quc gia, cc khch hng). Mi hng

45
 ca bng, hay cn gi l mt thanh ghi, xc nh mt thnh
vin i din ca nhm. Mi ct, hay trng, xc nh mt
thuc tnh n l ca tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm, chng
hn nh tn nc, m s khch hng, hay a ch.
Bn c th lm g vi Cc bng cho php lm vic vi cc d liu t nhiu
cc bng ngun d liu thuc tnh khc nhau. Vi cc bng ca
ArcView, bn c th truy cp ti hu nh bt k mt ti
nguyn d liu thuc tnh no trong c s d liu ca bn.
Bn c th hin th, tra vn, v phn tch cc thng tin
cha trong cc bng. Nu trong mt bng c cha cc thng
tin v v tr nh cc ta a l hay a ch, bn c th hin
th chng trong mt View c s hnh dung v khng gian
a l ca cc d liu ca bn.
Cc bng thuc tnh Cc bng thuc tnh ca mt theme cha cc thng tin
ca theme m t v cc i tng a l trong theme . Bn c th truy
cp ti cc thuc tnh ca mt theme trc tip t mt View.
ArcView qun l mi quan h gia cc themes vi cc bng
thuc tnh ca chng mt cch t ng, nn bn khng cn
phi quan tm n vic ti cc bng ny vo ArcView.
Trong chng Lm vic vi cc bng, bn s thc hnh
chi tit hn vi cc bng ca ArcView.

Trng

Thanh ghi

Hnh 1.5. Bng thuc tnh ca theme.

1.2.7. Gii th l s biu din cc d liu bng di dng ha,

thiu th n cho ta s hnh dung b tr v cc d liu thuc tnh. Mi
th tham chiu ti d liu trong mt bng thuc tnh ca
ArcView, cn loi th xc nh hnh dng m n c hin
th.
Bn c th s dng th hin th, so snh hay tra
vn cc d liu thuc tnh. Chng hn, bn c th t tr
chut ln mt min ca th dng bnh hin th thanh
ghi m min th ny tham chiu. th ca ArcView c
tnh ng cao, v n phn nh trng thi hin ti ca d liu
trong bng. Bt k mt thay i no ca d liu trong bng s
c phn nh t ng trn th.
Loi th ArcView cho php la chn mt trong su loi th

46
 khc nhau (min, thanh, ct, tuyn, bnh v im xy).
Bn s nghin cu thm v th trong chng Lm
vic vi cc bng.
Giao din ho
ca th

Hnh 1.6. th
1.2.8. Gii Trong Bn v trang tr, bn c th kt hp nhiu loi ti
thiu Bn v liu ca ArcView, cc yu t bn nh Mi tn ch hng
trang tr bc, Thanh t l xch, khung bn hay cc biu tng to
mt bn c hnh thc p. Chng hn, mt Bn v trang tr
c th bao gm hai cnh khc nhau, mt th dng so
snh, mt mi tn ch hng bc v mc ca ton b bn
v. Khi to mt Bn v trang tr, bn c th in n ra bng
my in hay my v di nhiu khun kh khc nhau, hay
thm ch c th ct gi n di dng khun mu cho cc bn
s c thnh lp sau .
Bn s nghin cu thm v Bn v trang tr trong
chng To cc bn v trang tr.
Giao din ha
ca bn v trang tr

Hnh 1.7. Bn v trang tr

1.2.9. Gii Mt ca s M ngun cng ging nh mt ca s son
thiu cc M tho vn bn cho php bn vit cc m ngun bng ngn ng
ngun Avenue. Cc m ngun Avenue l cc chng trnh cho php

47
 bn thc hin cc nhim v, b sung thm cc kh nng mi
cho ArcView, v xy dng cc ng dng ca ring mnh.
Giao din ha
ca M ngun

Hnh 1.8. M ngun

1.2.10. S dng H thng tr gip ca ArcView l mt cng c ht sc
h thng tr qu bu trong phin lm vic ca bn. Trong phn tr gip
gip ca ca ArcView, bn c th d dng truy cp ti tng chuyn
ArcView m bn quan tm v thc hin tng bc cc thao tc theo s
hng dn t c mc ch ca mnh. H thng tr gip
ca ArcView cng bao gm c mt kho t vng cc thut ng
k thut v ArcView v GIS.
Nhn tr gip v hin th tr gip v mt phm chc nng, cng c hay
mt phm chc la chn lnh n, bn ch cn kch tr chut vo phm Help,
nng, cng c hay sau kch tr chut vo phm chc nng, phm cng c hay
la chn lnh n lnh n m bn mun tm hiu.

Tr gip v cc hp hin th tr gip v mt hp thoi, nhn phm F1

thoi trong khi hp thoi ang m.
S dng tab duyt ni dung ca phn Tr gip ca ArcView, chn
Contents Help Topics t lnh n Help, sau kch chut vo Contents.
Phn ni dung c b tr nh cc cun sch. Dng phm
Open m v xem ni dung ca mi cun sch; dng phm
Display hin th mt chuyn tr gip.
S dng tab tm kim cc mc tr gip ca ArcView theo ch s,
Index chn Help Topics t lnh n Help, sau kch chut vo
Index. G mt t (hay mt vi ch u tin ca t ) s lm
hin th mt danh sch cc chuyn c lin quan n t va
g. Chn mt chuyn bn quan tm, ri kch chut vo
phm Display hin th ni dung chuyn tr gip.
S dng tab tm kim tr gip ca ArcView theo mt t no ,
Find chn Help Topics t lnh n Help, sau kch chut vo
Find. Find cho php thc hin tm kim theo cc t hay cm
t chuyn mn trong phn tr gip ca ArcView, thay v tm

48
 kim theo chuyn .
S dng vn bn Phn Tr gip ca ArcView s dng cc chc nng kt
kt ni ni vn bn cho php bn nhy t chuyn ny sang chuyn
(Hypertext) khc bng cch kch tr chut vo cc t hoc cm t mu
xanh.

Bi tp cho chng 1
Bi tp 1: Gii thiu phn mm ArcView.

49
 Chng 2. a d liu vo ArcView

2.1. To cc Nh m t trong chng 1, mi View l mt bn

Cnh v cc ng cha cc themes biu din d liu a l. Mt D n c
lp thng tin th bao gm nhiu views biu din cc themes t nhiu ngun
d liu khc nhau. Mi D n c th cha nhiu views biu
din cng mt vng a l hay nhiu vng a l khc nhau.
2.1.1. Cc lp Mt theme l mt tp hp cc i tng a l, chng hn
thng tin cc quc gia, ng ph, nh ca, hay sng ngi, cng vi cc
(Themes) thuc tnh ca cc i tng ny. Cc theme c th c to t
nhiu ngun d liu khc nhau, bao gm cc bn s ho,
hnh nh hay cc tp d liu dng bng.
Cc i tng ca theme thng tn ti di ba d ng c
bn l im, ng v min. Chng hn, h thng giao thng
c th c biu din di dng mt theme ng, cc ngn
hng c th c biu din di dng mt theme im, cn cc
quc gia c th c biu din di dng mt theme min.
Phn loi cc i Cc i tng ca theme biu th cc s vt trn th gii
tng ca Theme thc. Mi i tng c c trng bi v tr, hnh dng i
din (im, ng hay min), v mt biu tng cho php xc
nh i tng ny v cung cp cc thng tin v n.
im dng biu din i tng c v tr ri rc v qu
nh c xc nh nh mt min (trm in thoi, ging,
ga tu, trng hc, ...)
ng dng biu din i tng c di nhng li qu
hp c xc nh nh mt min (ng giao thng, sng
ngi, ng ng dn, ...)
Min dng biu din i tng qu ln c th c
xc nh nh mt im hay ng (l t, cc quc gia, tnh,
huyn, ...)
Cc biu tng dng ArcView c cc tp biu tng chuyn bit dng cho
trong theme im, ng v min.
Biu tng dng cho im thng ging vi cc i tng
m n biu din. Chng hn, biu tng trng hc
thng l hnh mt ngi nh nh, hay biu tng cho sn
bay c dng mt chic my bay nh.
Biu tng dng cho ng bao gm cc ng c dy
mng khc nhau, lin nt hay ri nt, v c th c nhiu
mu khc nhau.
50
 Biu tng dng cho min bao gm mu sc v hoa vn
dng t cho cc a gic. Trong nhiu trng hp, mt
s mu c th phn nh ng mu ca i tng trn th
gii thc nh xanh nc bin dng biu th bin, xanh
l cy dng biu th cng vin, v.v...
Khi bn thm mt lp thng tin mi vo view, ArcView
hin th cc i tng theo tp biu tng ngm nh v
nh mu ngu nhin. Trong chng tip theo, Hin th
cc themes, bn s hc cch thay i cc biu tng ca
theme.

Theme ng Theme min

Theme im
Hnh 2.1. To View v Theme trong ArcView
2.1.2. Cc D liu khng gian l cc d liu a l cha v tr v
ngun d liu hnh dng ca cc i tng a l, cng vi cc thng tin
khng gian cho thuc tnh m t i tng.
cc themes Shapefile l khun dng chun ca ArcView GIS c s
dng lu tr cc thng tin v v tr v thuc tnh ca
cc i tng a l. Shapefile c th c to trc tip
trong mi trng ArcView t cc themes hay bn c th
to mt Shapefile rng, sau cng thm cc i tng
vo bng cch v chng. Cc i tng dng Shapefile c
th c hin th mt cch nhanh chng v cho php bn
chnh sa hnh dng khng gian cng nh thuc tnh ca
chng.
Khun dng Coverage ca ArcINFO cng rt ph bin
trong cc ng dng ha v sn phm GIS. Bn c th
thm cc Coverage nh l cc lp thng tin vo ArcView.
Cn nh rng, chnh sa cc themes dng coverage,
trc ht bn phi chuyn i chng v dng Shapefile
ca ArcView.

51
 Vi ng dng m rng CAD Reader ca ArcView, bn c
th s dng cc sn phm ca AutoCAD di dng cc tp
.DXF v .DWG (ch cho mi trng Windows) to cc
themes trong ArcView.
2.1.3. Cc Ngoi cc ngun d liu khng gian, bn c th to
ngun d liu themes t cc ngun d liu dng nh v dng bng.
b sung cho
cc Themes
D liu nh D liu nh l cc d liu raster, tc l cc d liu c
qun l theo , trong mi , hay pixel, c xc nh bng
mt gi tr. Cc v d v d liu nh bao gm nh v tinh, nh
my bay, v cc ti liu c qut bng my qut. Bn c th
cng thm cc d liu nh vo ArcView v hin th chng nh
cc themes. Thng thng, ngi ta s dng nh lm nn cho
cc view, hoc dng s ho cc lp thng tin khc. ArcView
h tr cc khun dng d liu nh sau y:
TIFF, TIFF/LZW dng nn
ERDAS; IMAGINE (vi ng dng m rng IMAGINE
image ca ArcView)
Cc tp raster dng SUN
BMP
JPEG (vi ng dng m rng JPEG image ca ArcView)
GRID ca ARC/INFO.
Cc d liu dng Cc d liu dng bng c th bao gm hu nh bt k
bng loi thng tin no. Thng thng, chng cha cc thng tin
m t cc i tng trn bn . Bng cch gn cc d liu
ny vo mt theme, bn s lm tng kh nng hin th v tra
vn cc theme ca ArcView.
Trong trng hp bng c cha cc thng tin v v tr,
bn c th s dng d liu ny hin th trc tip cc i
tng trn mt view.
2.1.4. To mi Mt view c to mi trong khun kh mt D n ca
mt View ArcView. D n ny c th l mt D n c sn hoc cng
c to mi. Mt D n c th cha mt s lng bt k cc
views. Mt D n khi c to mi th khng cha bt k mt
view hay mt ti liu no khc (nh bng, th hay bn v
trang tr. Theo ngm nh, tn ca mt D n c to mi s
l Untitled.apr. Bn c th i tn ny khi ct gi D n.
Khi bn to mi mt view trong D n, n l mt view
rng, tc l khng cha mt theme no. Khi bn thc hin
thao tc thm mt view vo D n, view ny s c lit k
trong mt danh sch trong ca s D n. Theo ngm nh, tn
ca view mi s l ViewX, trong X l s view (chng hn,

52
 View1 s l tn ca view u tin c thm vo mt D n).
Bn cng c th i tn ca mt view trong hp thoi View
Properties.
2.1.5. Thm Thm mt theme vo mt view v thc cht l dng
mt theme i ArcView truy cp v hin th cc d liu a l. Cc themes
tng vo mt ch tham chiu ti cc tp d liu ngun, nn khi bn thm
View mt theme vo view, khng c d liu no b trng lp hay b
copy vo tp D n.
Thm mt theme i Mt theme i tng l mt theme c xy dng trn c
tng s ca mt ngun d liu khng gian dng vc t, chng hn
nh mt tp dng Shapefile, coverage ca ARC/INFO hay
CAD. Trong mt ngun d liu khng gian, thng tin v v tr
c lu tr di dng cc to x,y. Chng hn, cc i
tng dng im c lu di dng cc cp to x,y n l;
cc ng, k c ng bin ca cc a gic c lu di
dng mt chui cc cp to x,y.
S dng thm mt theme i tng vo mt view, vic u
chc nng Add tin bn cn lm l kch hot view, sau kch tr chut vo
Theme phm Add Theme hay chn mc Add Theme t lnh n View.
Trong hp thoi Add Theme, chn Feature Data Source t
danh sch Data Source Type, ri dng cng c duyt tp
truy cp ti th mc cha cc tp d liu ngun.

Hnh 2.2. To mi mt View

Phm Add Theme

Chn ngun d liu

53
 Hnh 2.3. Thm mt theme vo view
Chn cc ngun d Bn chn mt ngun d liu bng cch kch chut vo
liu n n ng sang mu sm. chn nhiu ngun d liu mt
lc, gi phm Shift trong khi kch chut vo cc ngun d liu
cn chn. Mi ngun d liu c chn s tr thnh mt theme
ring bit trong view.
Cc themes mi Sau khi bn thm cc themes vo mt view, ArcView
trong mt view s hin th chng trong phn Mc lc ca view. Theo ngm
nh, cc themes mi ny s khng c hin th cho n khi
bn bt chng ln bng cch kch chut vo hp kim tra ca
chng.
2.1.6. Thm Mt theme nh c to trn c s ngun d liu nh,
nh vo View chng hn mt nh chp t my bay hay nh chp t v tinh.
Cc ngun d liu nh cha cc thng tin khng gian c
khun dng mt mng cc c kch thc u nhau hay mt
ma trn c t chc thnh mt tp hp cc hng v ct. Mi
trong d liu nh cha mt gi tr, ghi c bi cc thit b
quang hc hay in t. Chng hn, mi pixel trong mt nh v
tinh biu din mt nng lng nh sng c bc x t b mt
tri t.
Bn c th thm mt tp grid ca ARC/INFO vo mt
view di dng mt theme nh n knh. Trong mt tp grid
ca ARC/INFO, mi cha mt gi tr s biu th mt i
tng a l (chng hn nh loi t, n v s dng t,
cao a hnh, dc).
S dng thm mt theme nh vo mt view, vic u tin bn
chc nng Add cn lm l kch hot view, sau kch tr chut vo phm Add
Theme Theme hay chn mc Add Theme t lnh n View. Trong hp
thoi Add Theme, chn Image Data Source t danh sch Data
Source Type, ri dng cng c duyt tp truy cp ti th
mc cha cc tp nh. Chn mt ngun d liu nh bng cch
kch chut ln n. Ngun d liu nh m bn chn s c a
vo view ang c kch hot nh mt theme.
2.1.7. Thm Khi mt bng c cha cc ta x,y, n c gi l mt
mt theme bng cc s kin v c th c s dng to ra mt theme

54
cha cc to trong ArcView. Cc d liu ca bng s kin cho php bn
x,y vo mt thnh lp bn c cha cc v tr a l, nhng khng phi
View khun dng chun ca cc d liu khng gian.
Cc ngun d liu Tp to cha v tr chnh xc ca cc i tng di
cha ta x,y dng cc to x,y. Cc to c xc nh bng nhiu cch,
chng hn cn t bn , o c ngoi thc a hay o bng
my nh v v tinh ton cu (GPS). n v ca cc to x,y
c th bt k h chiu no, chng hn kinh-v hay mt.
Thm mt tp vo Bn c th thm mt tp dng INFO, dBASEIII,
D n dBASEIV, hoc tp cc k t ngn cch bng du phy, hoc
bng du cch vo D n ca mnh nh thm mt bng. Khi
bn thm vo mt tp vn bn, ArcView s c vo tng hng
ca tp v a cc chui k t ngn cch nhau bi du phy
hay du cch vo mi trng (ct) ring ca mt bng. Dng
u tin ca tp ginh lu tr tn cc trng ca bng.
To mt theme t Sau khi bng c thm vo D n, hy chn mc
mt bng Add Event Theme t lnh n View v dng hp thoi Add
Event Theme to mt theme im mi t bng cho.

Hnh 2.4. Thm mt theme t d liu bng ta

2.1.8. Cc bng Cc themes c to t cc ngun d liu khng gian
ca theme nh coverage ca ARC/INFO hay Shapefile ca ArcView, v
cc theme c to t ngun bng s kin u c cc bng
cha cc thng tin thuc tnh ca cc i tng ca theme. Cc
theme c to t cc d liu nh khng c bng thuc tnh.
Mi i tng trong theme u c xc nh bi mt
thanh ghi trong bng thuc tnh, m t cc c trng ca i
tng ny. Mi trng ca bng thuc tnh cha mt gi tr
ca mt thuc tnh c th.
Khi thm vo view mt theme biu din cc d liu

55
 khng gian hay cc d liu s kin, bn c th truy cp ti
bng thuc tnh ny bng cch nhn chut vo phm Open
Theme Table. ArcView t ng qun l mi quan h gia cc
i tng a l v cc thuc tnh ca chng, v vy bn khng
phi mt cng nhp bng thuc tnh vo ArcView.
Trng Hnh dng Nu mt theme c to t cc d liu khng gian hay
(Shape) d liu bng th trong bng thuc tnh ca n s c mt trng
gi l trng Hnh dng (Shape). Trng ny xc nh th loi
ca mi i tng ca theme (im, ng hay min). Trng
ny cng cho php phn bit bng thuc tnh ca theme vi
bt k loi bng no khc trong ArcView.
Cc trng v hnh Khi mt theme c to t mt coverage ca ARC/INFO,
hc bng thuc tnh ca n s cha cc trng v hnh hc ca i
tng. Cc trng hnh hc c th khc nhau tu theo loi i
tng.
Cc trng Mi i tng c to t mt coverage ca ARC/INFO
ch s s c hai trng c trng l: trng Coverage# v trng
Coverage-ID, vi cc t Coverage c thay bi tn ca
Coverage.
Cc trng thc th Mi theme c xut x t cc d liu dng CAD s c mt
bng cha c tnh ca cc thc th nh mu sc, loi ng,
cao , dy, v.v...

Hnh 2.5. Cc bng ca theme

2.1.9. Ct gi Khi bn ct gi mt D n, tt c cc ti liu trong D
mt D n n (cnh, bng, th, bn v trang tr, v m ngun) cng

56
 c ct gi cng mt lc. Tp <project>.apr c cp nht v
lu v tr hin ti ca tt c cc ca s, cc i tng c
chn v cc theme ang hin th, k c biu tng v mu sc.
Bn cng c th s dng Save Project As ct gi D n di
mt tn khc.

Hnh 2.6. Ct gi mt D n
2.2. Tham chiu V tr ca cc i tng trn bn c tham chiu ti v
cc View vi tr thc trn b mt tri t ca cc vt th m chng i
th gii thc din.
2.2.1. nh v V tr ca cc i tng nm trn b mt cong ca tri
bng kinh v t c o bng kinh v v , hay cn c gi l cc to
v a l. c chia thnh cc n v nh hn l pht v
giy.
nh v bng cc to Trn bn , v tr ca cc i tng c xc nh bng
x v y h to phng hai chiu. H ta phng m t khong cch
ca i tng t gc to (0,0) theo hai trc, trong trc
nm ngang x biu th phng ng-ty, cn trc thng ng y
biu th phng bc-nam.
p dng php chiu V b mt ca tri t l mt mt cong, trong khi bn
bn li l mt mt phng, nn vic chuyn i v tr cc i tng
t b mt cong sang mt mt phng i hi s dng cng thc
ton hc m ngi ta thng gi l php chiu bn . (tham
kho chng 3, phn 1 ca gio trnh).
2.2.2. Xc lp Trong ArcView, bn c th lm vic vi cc d liu
tnh cht cho khng gian c hai dng: dng to a l cha c p
view dng php chiu (gi tt l cha c chiu) v dng c to
x,y c p dng php chiu (gi tt l c chiu).
Lm vic vi cc d D liu cha c chiu l cc d liu c lu dng
liu cha c chiu thp phn (tc l kinh hay v c biu th n v
thp phn thay v n v -pht-giy). Chng hn, gi tr
v a l 4503030 khi chuyn sang thp phn s c
biu din di dng 45,5083. chuyn i sang thp
phn, ngi ta chia s pht cho 60 v chia s giy cho 3600 v
cng cc kt qu li vi phn nguyn ca .
u im ca cc d liu cha c p dng php chiu
l:

57
 ArcView c th biu din chng qua mt php chiu bt
k;
ArcView c th c cc gi tr ta ca cc d liu v
hin th chng di dng cc bn 2 chiu.
Nu d liu ca bn c khun dng thp phn v
bn khng mun p dng php chiu ln chng, bn c th
khai bo n v bn ca view bn ang lm vic l thp
phn v gn n v o khong cch ph hp vi yu cu ca
cng vic.

Lm vic vi cc d D liu c chiu l cc d liu c c p

liu c chiu dng php chiu trc khi bn a chng vo ArcView. D
liu loi ny c n v o l mt hay pht, tc l ph hp vi
cc n v o trn th gii thc. ArcView s hin th cc d
liu loi ny trong php chiu m n c chiu. Bn cn
khai bo cho ArcView bit n v o ca d liu bng cch xc
lp n v ca bn . Cn nh rng i vi cc d liu
c chiu, bn khng th p dng php chiu vi chng hay
hu php chiu sn c ca chng trong ArcView.
Nu bn khng bit chc n v o ca d liu bn ang
s dng, hy tra cu thm trong t in d liu,hoc hi
thng tin t ngi hoc c quan cung cp d liu. Nu d liu
c to bi phn mm ArcINFO di dng coverages hay
grid, cc thng tin v h to v n v o ca d liu s
c lu tr trong cc tp dng vn bn (nh prj hay prj.adf).
Khai bo n v o n v o khong cch l n v m ArcView dng
khong cch thng bo v kt qu cc php o khong cch v kch thc
trn bn , ti thanh trng thi ca giao din ha. Bn c
th chn mt n v bt k ph hp yu cu ca bn s
dng cho view m bn ang lm vic.
2.2.3. Khai bo Nu bn ang lm vic vi cc d liu cha c chiu
h chiu ca v bn mun p dng mt php chiu cho cc d liu , bn
view bng c th chn mt php chiu ph hp vi yu cu ca cng vic
chc nng v p dng n cho view ang lm vic. ArcView cung cp mt
ngm nh ca danh mc s cc h chiu ang ph bin rng ri trn th
ArcView gii cho bn la chn.
Chn h chiu xc lp h chiu bn ca mt view, bn lm nh
sau:
Chn Properties t lnh n File. Trong hp thoi View
Properties, nhn tr chut vo phm Projection. ArcView s
hin th hp thoi Projection Properties.
Chn h chiu bn mun p dng. (Bn cng c th xc lp
cc tham s ca h chiu tu bin). Chn OK trn hp thoi
Projection Properties.

58
 Chn OK trn hp thoi View Properties. ArcView s t
ng v li bn trn view trong h chiu mi p dng.
Cc h chiu chun Bn c th p dng mt h chiu chun hay mt h
v tu bin chiu ngm nh cho mt view. Cc h chiu chun khng cho
php bn thay i bt k tham s no ca chng. Vi h chiu
tu bin, bn c th a vo cc tham s do chnh bn chn.
Ch : Khi bn p dng mt h chiu, ch c hnh dng
ca view l thay i, cn ta ca cc d liu gc vn khng
thay i.
Thay i n v o Ngay sau khi bn xc lp h chiu ca view, ArcView s
trn bn t ng gn n v o bn l mt (mc nh) v hin th tn
h chiu pha trn phm Projection. Mt khi h chiu ca
bn c xc lp, bn c th thay i n v o trn bn
theo mun, chng hn t mt sang pht.
Hu b xc lp h hu b p dng h chiu cho mt view, bn ch cn i
chiu n v o trn bn thnh khng r (unknown) hoc thp
phn (decimal degrees).

Hnh 2.7. Chn h chiu cho view.

59
 Hnh 2.8. Thay i n v o trn bn .
Khai bo h chiu Bt u t phin bn 3.2, ArcView cung cp mt cng c
ca view bng ng ht sc tin li cho php t ng chuyn i mt hay nhiu
dng m rng ca theme ca D n t mt h chiu ny sang mt h chiu khc.
ArcView y l mt ng dng m rng ca ArcView c tn gi l
Projection Utility Wizard. Nu ArcView ca bn c np
ng dng m rng ny, bn ch cn vo lnh n File, chn
Extensions v nh du vo hp kim ca Projection Utility
Wizard. Sau , ArcView s hng dn bn thc hin tng
bc quy trnh chuyn i h chiu bn cho cc lp thng
tin ca D n bn ang lm vic.
Bi tp cho chng 2
Bi tp 2a: Thm mt Theme vo mt View.
Bi tp 2b: Xc lp cc tnh cht ca mt View.

60
 Chng 3. Hin th cc themes

3.1. Xy dng Cng c to lp ch gii (Legend Editor) cho php bn to

cc bn cc bn rt hp dn, nu bt c nhng im quan trng
chuyn nht ca tp d liu m bn mun trnh by. Vi Legend
bng cng c Editor, bn c th chn mt trong nhiu loi ch gii khc
to lp ch nhau, phn loi cc d liu ca mnh theo mun, chnh sa
gii vn bn ca ch gii v thay i biu tng ca cc i tng.
Bn c th xem trc nhng thay i trn bn trc khi
bn quyt nh thc hin cc thay i .
3.1.1. M Bn c th truy cp ti Legend Editor bng nhiu cch.
Legend Editor Trc ht, bn cn xc nh theme c ch gii cn chnh sa
v kch hot n. Tip theo, bn c th chn mt trong cc thao
tc sau:
Chn Legend Editor t lnh n Theme, hoc
Kch tr chut vo phm Edit Legend, hoc
Kch p tr chut vo ch gii ca theme trong Mc lc
ca View

Hnh 3.1. M Legend Editor

3.1.2. Chn loi Mt trong nhng khu quan trng khi thnh lp mt bn
ch gii l xc nh loi ch gii thch hp cho bn . ArcView
cho php la chn mt trong su loi ch gii sau:
Biu tng n (Single Symbol)
Gi tr duy nht (Unique Value)
Cp mu (Graduate color)
Cp biu tng (Graduate Symbol)
Mt im (Dot Density)

61
 Biu tng th (Chart Symbol)
Ch gii theo biu Ch gii ngm nh ca ArcView l Biu tng n. Loi
tng n ch gii ny ch s dng mt biu tng biu din tt c
cc i tng ca theme. Ch gii ny c s dng trong
trng hp bn mun biu din v tr ca cc i tng trn
bn hn l mun biu din bt k mt thuc tnh no ca
chng.
Ch gii theo gi tr i vi mi trng thuc tnh cho trc, bn c th dng
duy nht mt biu tng duy nht biu din mi gi tr thuc tnh
duy nht (tc l gi tr khng b trng lp). Phng php ny
c hiu qu nht khi bn mun hin th cc d liu c xc
nh r rng, nh cc quc gia, tnh, huyn, v.v...
Ch gii theo cp Loi ch gii ny nh mu cho cc i tng theo cp .
mu Ch gii theo cp mu c dng nhiu trong cc trng
hp d liu c dng s v c xu hng pht trin hay dao ng
trong mt khong gi tr no , chng hn nhit , dn s,
v.v...
Ch gii theo cp Loi ch gii ny s dng mt biu tng c kch thc
biu tng tng hay gim dn biu din cc i tng. Ch gii theo
cp biu tng c dng trong trng hp cc d liu c
kch thc hay ln khc nhau. Loi ch gii ny ch p
dng c cho cc i tng dng im hoc ng.
Ch gii theo mt Bn c th biu din cc i tng ca theme a gic
im bng cc im ng vi cc gi tr trong mt trng thuc tnh.
Phng php ny pht huy hiu qu tt trong trng hp bn
mun biu din s phn b ca mt loa thuc tnh, (nh dn
s, cc trang tri, s thng du th, v.v) theo khng gian.
Chng hn, mt bn mt im c th cho thy cc khu
vc c s lng dn sinh sng nhiu nht l dc theo b sng
hay ti cc di ven bin.

62
 Hnh 3.2. Cc ch gii loi Biu tng n, Gi tr duy nht v Cp mu

Hnh 3.3. Cc ch gii loi Cp biu tng , Mt im v Biu tng th

63
 Ch gii theo biu Bn c th biu din nhiu thuc tnh khc nhau ca
tng th cc i tng bng cc th dng bnh hay dng ct. Mi lt
( th dng bnh) hay ct ( th dng ct) tng ng vi mt
thuc tnh, v kch thc ca mi lt hay ct ny c xc
nh bi gi tr ca mi thuc tnh. Loi ch gii ny tin cho
vic so snh cc thuc tnh a tr, chng hn nh cc dn tc
trong mt quc gia hay cc loi ng vt qu him tm thy
trong mt khu bo tn, v.v

3.2. La chn Khi s dng cc kiu ch gii theo cp mu hay cp

phng php biu tng, bn c th la chn cch phn chia d liu ra
phn lp thnh cc lp ca ArcView . Cc phng php phn lp khc
nhau s dn n cc hnh thc biu din d liu khc nhau.
3.2.1. S dng Theo ngm nh, ArcView s dng phng php ngt t
phng php nhin (natural breaks) phn lp d liu thnh nm lp.
ngm nh Bn c th t thay i phng php phn lp hay thay i s
lp bng cch s dng phm Classify trong Legend Editor.
3.2.2. Thay i Nu khng mun s dng phng php phn lp ngm nh,
phng php bn c th chn phng php khc bng cch s dng hp
phn lp thoi Classification. m hp thoi Classification, kch tr
chut vo phm Classify trong Legend Editor. T hp thoi
Classification, bn c th chn mt phng php phn lp
mi, s lp v cch lm trn cc gi tr s ca d liu. Trc
khi chn phng php phn lp, bn phi xc nh thuc tnh
m bn mun phn lp. ArcView khng hn ch s lng cc
lp.

Hnh 3.4. La chn phng php phn lp bng Legend Editor

64
 S dng phng Phng php ngt t nhin l phng php phn lp
php ngt t nhin ngm nh ca ArcView. Phng php ny xc nh cc im
ngt gia cc gi tr to ra cc lp c cha cc cm gi tr
d liu c mt cao. Phng php ny cho php khm ph
ra nhng m hnh nhm tn ti c hu trong d liu ca bn.

Hnh 3.5. Phn lp bng phng php ngt t nhin

S dng phng Trong phng php ny, cc gi tr c phn chia sao
php ng nh cho mi lp c cha cng mt s lng cc i tng. Vic
lng (Quantile) phn lp theo phng php ny mc d kh d hiu, nhng
li d b hiu nhm. Chng hn, vic biu th dn s r rng l
khng thch hp trong trng hp ny, v nhng khu vc tha
dn li vn c th c xp vo cng lp vi nhng vng c
mt dn cao.
Bn c th khc phc nhc im ny bng cch tng s
lp ln.

Hnh 3.6. Phn lp bng phng php ng nh lng

S dng phng Phng php ng khong chia ton b d liu ra
php ng khong thnh nhng khong gi tr bng nhau.

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 Hnh 3.7. Phn lp bng phng php ng khong
S dng phng Phng php ng din tch phn chia cc i tng a
php ng din tch gic sao cho tng din tch cc a gic trong mi lp xp x
bng nhau. (ArcView xc nh tng din tch ca cc i tng
c cc gi tr d liu hp l, sau chia i lng ny cho s
lp xc nh din tch ng vi mi lp).
Thng thng, nu kch thc ca tt c cc i tng l
tng ng nh nhau th cc lp xc nh theo phng php
ny rt ging vi cc lp c xc nh theo phng php
Quantile. Hai phng php ch khc nhau nu cc i tng
c kch thc rt tng phn nhau.

Hnh 3.8. Phn lp bng phng php ng din tch.

S dng lch Khi bn phn lp d liu bng phng php lch
chun chun, ArcView s t ng tnh gi tr trung bnh, sau t
cc du ngt ti cc gi tr ln hn v nh hn gi tr trung
bnh ln lt bng 1/4, 1/2 hay 1 gi tr trung bnh. ArcView
cng ghp cc gi tr ln hn ba ln gi tr trung bnh vo hai
khong >3 Std.Dev. (trn trung bnh) v <3 Std.Dev (di
trung bnh).
Xem cc s liu Trong Legend Editor kch chut vo phm Statistics, bn
thng k s xem c s liu thng k v cc trng c phn lp. Cc

66
 gi tr ny bao gm: cc tiu, cc i, tn sut, tng, trung
bnh v lch chun.

Hnh 3.9. Phng php lch chun v cc s liu thng k.

3.2.3. Chun ArcView cho php s dng hai phng php chun ho
ho d liu d liu l chun ho theo phn trm ca tng v chun ho
theo gi tr ca mt thuc tnh khc.

Chun ho theo Thay v biu din trn bn cc gi tr thc (nh dn

phn trm ca tng s, s doanh thu, v.v...), bn c th chun ho cc gi tr ny
bng cch chia mi gi tr thuc tnh cho tng ca tt c cc
gi tr. Cc kt qu s c biu th bng phn trm.
Chun ho theo gi Mt cch khc chun ho d liu ca bn l chia cc
tr ca mt thuc gi tr ca trng ang phn lp cho cc gi tr ca mt
tnh khc trng khc. Chng hn, bn c th lp bn mt dn s
bng cch chia s dn cho din tch ca khu vc c s liu.
Trng hp khng Trong mt vi trng hp, khi d liu ca bn c
nn chun ho d chun ho, th bn khng phi chun ho chng mt ln na
liu (chng hn cc thuc tnh t l ly hn hay mt ).

3.2.4. Thao tc ArcView cho php thc hin cc thay i trong qu trnh
vi cc lp phn lp d liu bng nhiu cch.

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Thm vo hay xo i Ngoi vic thay i s lp trong hp thoi Classify,
cc lp ArcView cho php thm vo hoc xo i cc lp d liu ngay
trong Legend Editor. Bng cch kch v ko tr chut, bn
cng c th thay i th t ca cc lp. Chng hn, bn c th
chuyn lp Khng c d liu t hng di cng ca Mc lc
ln hng trn cng.
Chnh sa cc gi tr Bn c th chnh sa cc gi tr trong ct Values thay
v cc nhn i ranh gii gia cc lp. Bn cng c th g mt xu k t
vo ct Labels n xut hin trong ch gii ca Theme trong
Mc lc. Sau khi chnh sa xong, bn cn kch tr chut
vo phm Apply v li view vi cc gi tr hoc nhn mi.
3.3. Chnh sa ArcView cho php chnh sa cc thnh phn ca ch
cc thnh gii tu bin hnh thc hin th bn .
phn ch gii
Sp xp cc gi tr Bn c th sp xp cc trng Values hay Labels ca
hay cc nhn Legend Editor bng cch s dng cc phm Sort Ascending
hay Sort descending pha di Legend Editor. Bn cng c
th sp xp trng Count trong la chn loi ch gii Gi tr
duy nht. Cc trng Values v Count c sp xp theo s,
cn trng Labels c sp xp theo theo th t abc.
o th t cc biu Bn c th thay i th t ca cc biu tng trong
tng trng Symbol bng cch kch chut vo phm o biu tng
pha di Legend Editor (Phm c in hnh thang mu v hai
mi tn). Chng hn, nu cc lp d liu ca bn c nh
mu t trng sang , th sau khi kch chut vo phm ny,
th t nh mu s c i li t sang trng. o th t
cc biu tng khng lm thay i th t ca cc nhn.

Hnh 3.10. Cc phm chc nng chnh sa Ch gii.

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 Thang mu theo Phm Thang mu (c hnh thang mu v mt mi tn)
m nht cho php to mt thang mu theo m nht gia mu u
v mu cui hay gia mu u tin vi mt mu c chn
khc trong ch gii ca bn. Bn cng c th dng phm ny
to thang mu gia hai mu c chn, hay gia mt mu
c chn vi mu cui cng trong ch gii ca bn.
S dng phm Undo Phm Undo cho php quay tr li ch gii trc. Bn c
th s dng phm ny quay ngc v cc ch gii trc
nm ln.
3.3.1. Lm vic Cc gi tr rng l cc gi tr m bn khng mun a
vi cc gi tr vo s dng trong qu trnh phn lp. C hai loi gi tr rng,
rng loi th nht vn c sn trong khun dng cc tp c s d
liu, chng hn cc tp dBASE, v loi th hai l cc gi tr
c c nhp vo d liu. ArcView c th t ng nhn dng
cc gi tr rng lin quan ti khun dng c s d liu.
Cc gi tr rng c c nhp vo trong trng hp
ngi nhp liu mun ch ra mt i tng a l khng c s
liu thuc tnh, hay h mun giu cc d liu ny, hay s liu
khng s dng c.
Nu mt trng d liu ang c phn lp c cha cc
gi tr rng, bn phi thng bo cho ArcView bit rng bn
mun b qua cc d liu loi ny trong qu trnh phn lp,
hay bn khng mun a chng vo ch gia.
V d v cc gi tr Cc gi tr rng bng s thng rt d nhn ra, chng
rng hn chng thng c biu th di dng 9999. S khng
cng thng c dng biu th gi tr rng. i vi cc
thuc tnh dng k t, gi tr rng thng l mt du trng.
Cn lu rng khng c biu tng Khng c s liu ngm
nh trong thang mu.

Hnh 3.11. Hp thoi Gi tr rng

3.3.2. Thay i Ca s biu tng (Symbol Window) ca ArcView cha
cc biu tng mt vi bng v (Palette) cho php thay i cc biu tng
bng ca s hin th trong Theme ca bn.
biu tng Bng v l mt tp hp cc biu tng hay mu sc
cha trong mt tp m bn c th gi ra s dng hay to
mi. Cc bng v khc nhau cho php thay i mu sc, ha
tit, kiu ng, biu tng im v phng ch ca ch gii.
S dng Palette S dng Palette Manager, bn c th ti, ct gi, xo
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 Manager hay to mi mt palette ngm nh. Ngoi mt palette ngm
nh, ArcView cung cp thm c mt s palette cho cc ng
dng chuyn bit. Cc palette b sung ny c lu trong th
mc cha cc biu tng. xem danh sch cc palette ny,
bn c th tm trong phn tr gip, chuyn : ArcView palette
files. Bn cng c th dng Palette
Manager nhp mt tp biu tng dng icon c cc khun
dng sau: GIF, MacPaint, Windows Bitmap, SunRaster, TIFF
v Xbitmap

Hnh 3.12. Cc palette ca Palette Manager.

3.3.3. Ct gi ArcView cho php lu mt ch gii v ct gi n trong
v ti cc ch mt th mc m bn to ra hoc ch ng dn n c th
gii s dng n cho mt phin lm vic khc. Khi bn ti mt ch
gii, ArcView cho php bn la chn gia vic ch ti cc lp
phn, ch ti cc biu tng hay ti c phn lp v biu
tng. ArcView cng hin th tn thuc tnh c dng
phn lp v cho php gn ch gii cho thuc tnh hay mt
thuc tnh khc trong cng theme.
3.4. Qun l Chc nng Theme Properties kim sot vic hin th cc
vic hin th theme. Bn c th dng hp thoi Theme Properties hin
Theme bng th mt tp hp con ca mt theme, nh nhn cho cc i
Theme tng bng cc gi tr ly t mt trng thuc tnh, xc lp
Properties mt t l hin th bn hay to cc ni kt nng cho php
hin th thng tin b tr khi bn kch tr chut vo i tng.

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 Sau khi xc lp cc c tnh ca theme, bn c th
kho cc c tnh ny bng cch gn mt khu.

Hnh 3.13. Ct gi v ti cc ch gii.

3.4.1. Xc nh Theo ngm nh, tt c cc i tng ca mt theme s
mt tp con c hin th trong mt view. Bn c th s dng chc nng
ca theme Query Builder (bn trong hp thoi Theme Properties) xc
nh mt tiu chun dng chn mt tp hp con cc i
tng ca theme. Chng hn, bn c th chn ch hin th cc
chn tm ng t c ln vt qu 5 Rch te t mt
theme cha ton b cc chn tm ng t.
Nu bn mun hin th c theme cha tp m ln theme
cha tp con trn cng mt view, u tin copy theme m, sau
xc lp tiu chun la chn tp con cho n, ri i tn
theme to thnh theme mi.

Hnh 3.14. Hp thoi Theme Properties.

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 Xc lp tiu chun Bn c th s dng Query Builder xc lp tiu chun
chn mt tp con chn mt tp con. Mi tiu chun chn c dng mt biu thc
cha mt trng, mt ton t v mt gi tr. Bn cng c th
lin kt cc biu thc li a tiu chun chn tr v mt
biu thc lgch c cha nhiu hn mt trng v nhiu hn
mt gi tr.

Hnh 3.15. Xc nh mt tp con ca theme bng Query Builder.

3.4.2. Xc lp m bo tnh r rng ca bn khi hin th, bn c
cn trn cho t th xc lp mt cn trn cho t l. S dng Theme Display
l hin th Properties m t t l thch hp cho vic hin th mt
theme. Khi bn phng to hay thu nh mt vng ca View,
ArcView s kim tra cn trn t l c xc lp quyt
nh hin th theme no. Nu t l ca theme khng p ng
tiu chun th mc d hp kim ca theme ang bt, theme
cng khng c hin th.

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3.4.3. To nhn Bn c th chn k t vo view m t cc i tng
cho cc i ca theme. Cc k t ny bao gm cc t c g vo t bn
tng ca phm, thng tin t bng, cc ch gii to trn Arc/INFO hay
theme AUTOCAD. Mi xu k t l mt yu t ho c th c
a vo view vi kch thc tu , ti cc v tr tu .
To vn bn t mt Hp thoi Theme Properties l ni bn c th m t
bng trng thuc tnh c thng tin vn bn c ly ra to
nhn cho cc i tng v v tr ca cc nhn vn bn ny
trong view. to tng nhn mt, bn s dng cng c Label
Feature (c hnh chut), cn nu mun to nhn cho tt c cc
i tng mt lc, bn chn Auto-label t lnh n Theme.
Nu trong mt theme c mt hay mt vi i tng ang c
chn th ch c cc i tng ny c to nhn.
S dng coverage Bn c th to mt theme vn bn t cc ch gii ca
ca ARC/INFO hay mt coverage ca ARC/INFO hay tp AUTOCAD. thm
tp AUTOCAD lm mt theme ch gii, s dng phm Add Theme v chn loi i
ngun vn bn ch tng t th mc cha d liu ngun. Cc theme ch gii c
gii lu tr v hin th nh tt c cc theme khc trong view.

Hnh 3.15. Xc nh v tr to nhn.

3.4.4. S dng Khi bn chn Auto-label t lnh n Theme, mt hp
chc nng to thoi xut hin cho php chn cc phng n khc nhau
nhn t ng to nhn cho cc i tng ca mt theme ang c kch
(Auto-Label) hot.
Chn v tr nhn Hp thoi Auto-label cung cp hai phng n chn v tr
t nhn. Phng n th nht l v tr c bn m t
trong mc Text Label ca hp thoi Theme Properties (Hnh
3.15). Phng n th hai l phng n ngm nh, s dng v
tr thch hp nht to nhn (Find best placement). Nu
khng tm c v tr thch hp, i tng s khng c to
nhn tr khi bn chn phng n cho php cc nhn nm
ln nhau (Allow Overlapping Labels).
Lm vic vi cc Theo ngm nh, ArcView s khng hin th cc nhn
nhn nm ln ln nhau. Nhng nu bn vn mun hin th cc nhn ny,

73
 nhau bn c th chn chc nng cho php cc nhn nm ln
nhau (Allow Overlapping Labels). Cc nhn ln nhau s c
mu xanh l cy. Sau y l mt vi phng php qun l cc
nhn ln nhau:
Xo cc nhn ln nhau bng lnh Remove Overlapping
Labels t lnh n Theme.
a cc nhn b ti cc v tr khc tt hn. u tin
dng cng c tr (hnh mi tn) chn cc nhn b v t
nht mt nhn c v tr tt v c phng ch bn mun s
dng. Sau chn lnh Covert Overlapping Labels. Cui
cng, li dng cng c tr hiu chnh v tr ca tng
nhn.
Lm vic vi cc Chn Remove Duplicates loi cc nhn b trng ra
nhn b trng lp khi view.

Hnh 3.16. Hp thoi To nhn t ng.

34.5. Ni kt Cc ni kt nng (hot links) cho php hin th cc d
nng cc i liu b tr cho mt i tng bng cch n gin l kch tr
tng ca chut ln i tng trn mn hnh. Cc d liu b tr ny
theme c th tn ti di dng cc tp nh, tp vn bn, mt ti liu
ca ArcView (view, bng, th, bn v trang tr) hay c mt
D n. Ngoi vic hin th d liu, cc ni kt nng cn c th
thc hin nhng chc nng khc thng qua vic thc hin cc
chng trnh vit bng ngn ng Avenue.
To cc ni kt nng Bn c th to cc ni kt nng trong hp thoi Theme
Properties bng cch chn mt trng, mt hnh ng xc
nh trc, v mt chng trnh ngun.
Trng Bng thuc tnh ca theme phi c mt trng dnh cho
vic ni kt nng. Trng ny cha ng dn ti tp vn bn,
tp hnh nh, tp D n hay tn ca ti liu trong cng D n.
Hnh ng xc nh Mt hnh ng xc nh trc s c thc hin khi
trc cng c Hot Link c dng kch tr chut ln i tng.
Cc hnh ng ny bao gm Ni ti tp vn bn (Link to text

74
 file), Ni ti tp nh (Link to image file), Ni ti ti liu (Link
to document), v Ni ti D n (Link to project).
M ngun Khi bn chn mt hnh ng xc nh trc, mt m
ngun cng s c chn. Tuy nhin, bn c th thay i xc
lp ny bng cch chn mt m ngun khc c sn (chng hn
m ngun do chnh bn vit) thc hin hnh ng ni kt
nng. bit thm chi tit, xem mc Hot Link with script
example trong phn Tr gip.
Cc khun dng h Chc nng ni kt nng ca ArcView c th c p
tr hin th nh dng cho cc khun dng nh sau: X-Bitmap, MacPaint,
Microsoft DIB (Device-Independent Bitmap), SunRaster, XWD
(X Windows Dump Format), GIF, TIFF v TIFF/LZW.

Hnh 3.17. Kt ni nng cc i tng.

3.4.6. Kho cc kha cc c tnh ca theme sao cho khng ai khc
c tnh ca ngoi bn c th thay i chng, bn s dng biu tng kho
theme (Locking) trong hp thoi Theme Properties. To mt mt

75
 khu gii hn truy cp vo hp thoi Theme Properties.
Sau khi cc c tnh ca theme b kho, hp thoi
Theme Properties ch c th c truy cp vo nu bn g
chnh xc mt khu ny (Hnh 3.18).

Hnh 3.18. Kho cc c tnh ca theme.

Bi tp cho chng 3
Bi tp 3a: S dng cng c to lp ch gii.
Bi tp 3b: Xc lp cc c tnh hin th ca mt Theme.

76
 Chng 4. Lm vic vi cc bng

4.1. S dng Cc bng ca ArcView l s hin th ho cc d liu thuc

cc bng tnh (cc d liu bng) trn mn hnh. Cc d liu bng c th
ca ArcView c a vo ArcView t nhiu ngun bn ngoi hoc cng c th
c to thng bng ArcView. Bn c th cp nht cc d liu
bng bng nhng phm cng c ca ArcView. Cc bng c th
c d dng ni hoc lin kt vi nhau, cho php bn xem cc
thng tin cn thit hoc hin th chng trn bn .
Cc ngun d Ngun d liu cho cc bng ca ArcView c th l cc tp dBASE,
liu cho bng bng INFO, mt tp vn bn hay thng tin ly t mt c s d
liu SQL.
4.1.1. To Bn c th s dng cc d liu dng bng c khun dng
bng t cc khc nhau t cc ngun bn ngoi to bng trong ArcView.
ngun c
sn
Cc khun dng ArcView GIS h tr cc ngun d liu bng nhng khun
c ArcView h dng chun sau y: dBASE III, dBASE IV, INFO v cc tp vn
tr bn cha cc k t cch nhau bi du phy hay du cch. a
cc bng c cc khun dng trn y vo ArcView, chn Add
Table t lnh n Project, sau m t khun dng ca ngun d
liu trong danh sch List Files of Type, ri chn tp d liu trong
danh sch tn tp.
Ni kt SQL S dng c tnh ni kt SQL ca ArcView, bn c th ni
vi mt c s d liu trn my ch v chy mt tra vn SQL
gi ra mt thanh ghi t c s d liu ny. Cc thanh ghi c
truy cp s to thnh mt bng trong D n ca bn. Bn c th
s dng bng ny nh bt k mt bng no khc ca ArcView.
ArcView c th truy cp ti cc bng ca nhiu h qun tr c
s d liu quan h nh ACCESS, EXCEL, ORACLE, INGRES,
SYBASE, INFORMIX v AS/400.

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 Hnh 4.1. Thm mt bng t ngun d liu bn ngoi vo ArcView.
4.1.2. To Bn c th s dng ArcView to mt bng v mt tp
mt bng v d liu ngun mi.
mt tp mi to mt bng mi, chn biu tng Table t ca s D
n v kch tr chut vo New. Trong hp thoi New Table, bn
ch ng dn ti th mc mun lu tp mi v t tn cho tp.
ArcView s to mt bng mi, cha c hng v ct, v mt tp
ngun c khun dng dBASE (ui .dbf).
Lc ny, bn c th thm hng v ct cho bng mi v
nhp cc d liu vo tng . Nhng bng mi to ny c th c
ni hay hp vi cc bng thuc tnh ca theme b sung thm
thng tin v cc i tng.

Hnh 4.2. To mt bng mi

4.1.3. Thm Sau khi to mt bng mi, bn phi thm cc trng vo
trng cho bng. lm vic ny, bn chn Add Field t lnh n Edit. Bn
mt bng cng c th thc hin thao tc ny thm mt trng vo mt
bng c sn.
Loi Trng Mi bng ca ArcView cho php thm vo mt trong bn loi
trng l: S (Number), Xu (String), Lgic (Boolean), v Ngy
thng (Date).
Xo trng Bn c th xo i mt trng ca bng bng cch chn Delete
Field t lnh n Edit.

78
 Lu thm trng vo mt bng, trc tin bn cn m chc
nng chnh sa bng ca ArcView bng cch chn Start Editing
t lnh n Edit.

Hnh 4.3. Thm trng vo mt bng

4.1.4. Thm Sau khi to c cc trng, bn s bt u thm cc
hng vo thanh ghi vo bng. T lnh n Edit, chn Add Record. Nu
mt bng mun thm vi thanh ghi mt lc, hy dng t hp phm
CTRL+A. Cc gi tr ngm nh trong cc hng mi thm vo
bng bng cch ny s l s 0 i vi cc trng dng s hay ngy
thng, v l trng i vi cc trng dng xu hay lgic.
Xo cc thanh Bn c th xo mt thanh ghi bng cch kch chut chn n
ghi ri chn Delete Record t lnh n Edit. Tt c cc thanh ghi
c chn u b xo theo cch ny. Nu trong bng cha c
thanh ghi no th la chn Delete Record s ng sang mu xm.

Hnh 4.4. Thm hng vo mt bng.

4.1.5. Chnh Nu bn c php chnh sa d liu trong mt bng ang
sa d liu c kch hot v mun lm vic ny, hy chn Start Editing.
trong mt Khi mt bng c th c chnh sa, cc tn trng trong bng s
bng chuyn sang dng ch khng nghing. chnh sa mt gi tr,
bn kch tr chut vo cng c Edit, sau kch tr chut vo bn
trong cn chnh sa v g gi tr mi vo.
kt thc chnh sa d liu trong bng, chn Stop

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 Editing t lnh n Table. Bn s c nhc phi ct gi hay b
qua nhng chnh sa va thc hin. Bn khng nn dng chc
nng Stop Editing nu bn mun chnh sa mt bng khc. Ch
cn kch hot bng m bn mun chnh sa v chn Start
Editing.
Chnh sa Ch c cc tp dng dBASE v INFO c th c chnh sa
trong mi trng ArcView. ArcView khng cho php chnh sa cc
tp dng vn bn v SQL. Tuy nhin, bn lun lun c th kt
xut cc tp dng ny ra di dng dBASE, sau a vo chnh
sa trong ArcView. Bn c th thc hin vic ny bng cch chn
Export t lnh n File.

Hnh 4.5. Cng c Edit

Di chuyn tr Khi s dng cng c Edit, bn c th di chuyn tr chut
chut trong mt nhanh bng cc thao tc sau y:
bng Tab: Chuyn con tr sang phi mt
Shift-Tab: Chuyn con tr sang tri mt
Enter : Chuyn xung di mt
Shift-Enter: Chuyn ln trn mt
4.1.6. Tnh Thay v g cc gi tr vo theo tng bng cng c Edit, bn
ton vi cc c th dng Field Calculator tnh v a mt lc nhiu gi tr
trng vo mt trng. u tin, bn hy kch tr chut vo trng bn
mun tnh kch hot n, sau s dng phm Calculate
hin th hp thoi Field Calculator. Trong hp thoi ny bn c
th a vo mt biu thc tnh cc gi tr cho mt trng bt
k.
Cc php ton S dng cc ton t sau y biu th mi quan h gia cc
trng v gi tr ca chng trong mt biu thc tra vn:
= bng
> ln hn
< nh hn
<> khng bng
>= ln hn hoc bng
<= nh hn hoc bng
() cc biu thc trong ngoc n c thc hin trc
AND c hai biu thc u ng, v d [area]>=100 and
[area]<=200
OR- t nht mt biu thc ng, vd. [rainfall]<20 or
[slope]>35
NOT- ph nh, vd. Not[Name]<=H ni
Loi trng Bn c th chn mt trong bn loi trng sau: S (number),
Xu (String), Lgic, v Ngy thng(Date). Trng s cha cc gi

80
 tr s, trng xu cha cc k t, trng lgic cha cc gi tr
ng hay sai, v trng Ngy thng cha cc d liu c khun
dng tm ch s (yyymmdd).

Hnh 4.6. Phm Calculate

Hnh 4.7. Hp thoi Field Calculator

4.2. Tra vn ArcView cho php bn xc lp v thay i tiu chun chn
cc bng cc thanh ghi trong mt bng. Query Builder l mt hp thoi cho
php bn m t tiu chun chn. Bn c th truy cp ti Query
Builder t mt View hay t mt bng. Cc i tng c chn
trong mt View v cc thanh ghi tng ng vi chng trong bng
thuc tnh s ng sang mu vng.

M t tiu chun Tiu chun chn c biu din di dng mt hay nhiu
chn biu thc lgic, trong mi biu thc bao gm mt trng, mt
ton t v mt gi tr. Bn c th gp cc biu thc vi nhau bng
cch m t nhiu hn mt trng hoc nhiu hn mt tp gi tr.

Hnh 4.8. S dng Query Builder.

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S dng cc du Cn m bo chnh xc khi gp cc biu thc vi nhau.
ngoc trong cc Cc du ngoc cho php bn xc nh th t u tin ca cc tiu
biu thc phc chun m t trong biu thc phc hp. Trong trng hp khng
hp c du ngoc n, biu thc s c thc hin theo trnh t t
tri sang phi.
Cc k t c K t i din cho nhiu k t bt k l du sao * ([State
bit name]=Ar*).
K t i din cho mt k t n bt k l du hi ?
([Name]=?athy).
Ngy thng c a vo di dng yyyymmdd
([Date]>20020401).
4.2.1. Hin Kt qu ca php chn c t ng nh mu vng c trong
th kt qu View ln trong bng. S thanh ghi c chn v tng s cc thanh
chn ghi cng c hin th trn thanh cng c ca ca s bng.
Bn hy s dng phm Promote y tt c cc thanh ghi
c chn ln nhng hng u ca bng.
Theo ngm nh, mu ca cc i tng hay thanh ghi c
chn l mu vng. Tuy nhin, bn c th i mu ngm nh ny
bng cch kch hot ca s D n, sau chn Properties t lnh
n Project. Trong hp thoi Project Properties, kch tr chut vo
phm Select Color, ri chn mt mu mi.
4.2.2. Bin Sau khi thc hin mt php chn, c th bn s mun
i s chn tinh lc thm tiu chun chn ca mnh. iu ny ng ngha vi
la vic thm vo hay bt i mt s thanh ghi t tp hp cc thanh
ghi c chn, hay to mt tp hp mi cc thanh ghi. Bng
cch , bn c th thc hin nhng thay i nh trong tp s
liu c chn m khng phi thc hin nhng thao tc phc
tp i vi ton b d liu trong bng.
S dng cc Kch tr chut vo phm Select All s cho php chn tt c
phm cc thanh ghi trong bng; kch tr chut vo phm Select None s
hu chn la hin ti trong bng; v kch tr chut vo phm
Switch Selection chn li tt c nhng thanh ghi trc cha
c chn.

Select All Select None Switch Selection Promote

Hnh 4.9. Cc phm chn la

4.2.3. Hin Vi ArcView bn c th hin th cc s liu thng k ca mt

th cc s trng trong bng. Nu ch c mt s thanh ghi c chn,
liu thng ArcView s ch hin th cc s liu thng k cho cc thanh ghi
k ny.
hin th cc s liu thng k, bn cn chn mt trng t
mt bng ang c kch hot, sau chn Statistics t lnh n
82
 Field.
Cc s liu thng k sau y s c hin th:
Tng
S m
Trung bnh
Cc tiu
Cc i
Xp loi
Phng sai
lch chun
Lu Nu khng c thanh ghi no c chn, ArcView s hin th
cc s liu thng k ca ton b cc thanh ghi trong trng
c chn.

Hnh 4.10. Bng cc s liu thng k

4.2.4. Tng Bn c th lm mt php tng kt cho tt c cc thanh ghi

kt bng trong mt bng hay cho cc thanh ghi c chn trn c s cc gi
tr ca mt trng ang c kch hot. u tin, bn cn chn
mt trng trong mt bng ang c kch hot, sau chn
phm Summarize. Khi hp thoi Summary Table Definition hin
ra, bn hy m t tn tp kt qu cha bng mi s do ArcView
to. Trong danh sch Field, ArcView hin th tt c cc trng s
c trong bng, tr trng ang c kch hot. Bn hy chn mt
trng m bn mun dng tnh ton cc s liu thng k. Cui
cng, bn chn loi (cc) s liu thng k t danh sch
Summarize by.
Bn c th chn cc s liu thng k sau y:
Trung bnh
Tng
Cc tiu
Cc i

83
 lch chun
Phng sai
Gi tr u tin
Gi tr cui cng
S m
Phm Add Phm Add xc nh trng s c to trong bng kt qu.
Khi bn s dng phm Add, cc kt qu c chn trong cc danh
sch Field v Summarize by c a vo hp Summary
Statistics ( bn phi). i vi mi loi s liu thng k, ArcView
to mt trng trong tp kt qu dng dBASE lu.
Phm Save As ng dn y ti tp kt qu c hin th trong hp
vn bn cnh phm Save As. Bn hy kch tr chut vo phm
Save As m t ng dn mi v tn tp mi.

4.2.5. Kt Khi bn tng kt mt bng, ArcView s to mt tp kt qu

qu tng kt dng dBASE trong mi thanh ghi cha mt gi tr duy nht
cc s liu ca mt trng ang c kch hot. Mi thanh ghi cha mt s
thng k m cho thy c bao nhiu thanh ghi trong bng ngun cng c
gi tr ny. Mi thanh ghi cng cha kt qu tng kt s liu
thng k cho bt k mt trng no khc ca bng ngun m bn
chn.

Hnh 4.11. Hp thoi Summary Table Definition.

Bng tng kt Bng tng kt minh ho trn hnh v cho thy n bao gm ba
trng: trng Zoning cha trong mi thanh ghi mt gi tr phn
vng (thuc tnh) duy nht, trng Count cha s thanh ghi c
gi tr , v trng Ave_Area cha din tch trung bnh ca cc
l t c gi tr .
Tp kt qu c khun dng dBASE. N c thm vo D n
nh mt bng ca ArcView.
Trong ca s D n, cc bng c lit k trong mt
danh sch theo th t m chng c thm vo ArcView. Theo
ngm nh, chng c t tn theo trnh t l table1, table2,
sum1.dbf, sum2.dbf, v.v...

84
 Lu Bng tng kt mi c th c ni hoc gp vi bng thuc
tnh ca theme. Khi , bn c th tra vn hoc hin th theme
theo d liu cha trong bng tng kt.

4.3. Thit lp Nu lm vic nhiu vi ArcView, bn s nhn thy rng mt

quan h ng dng i hi s truy cp ng thi ti nhiu bng khc nhau.
gia cc Chng hn, mt c s d liu v cc ch s hu nh t c th
bng bao gm mt bng cha thng tin v thu, mt bng cha cc s
liu iu tra dn s, v mt bng cha cc s liu v bt ng
sn.
Lin h cc bng Trong ArcView, bn c th to mi lin h gia bng thuc
tnh ca theme vi cc bng khc b sung cc d liu thuc
tnh cho cc i tng. Khi cc bng c lin h vi nhau, bn
c th s dng chng trong vic tra vn, thnh lp th, thc
hin cc php phn tch hay hin th cc i tng trn bn .
Gp v ni kt lin h nhiu bng vi nhau, bn c th s dng hai
cc bng phng php: gp bng v ni kt bng. S la chn phng php
lin h bng ph thuc vo mi quan h gia cc thanh ghi trong
hai bng c lin h. Yu cu quan trng nht c th thc
hin vic lin h bng l c hai bng phi c mt trng ging
nhau.
4.3.1. Cc Mt c s d liu quan h lu tr cc thng tin di dng cc
khi nim c thanh ghi v cc trng v s dng d liu ca cc trng m
bn v c s t bng ny tm kim cc d liu b sung nm trong mt
d liu quan bng khc. Trong qu trnh tm kim, c s d liu quan h tm
h ra s tng xng gia cc d liu ca mt trng ca bng ny
vi cc d liu ca trng tng ng trong bng th hai v to ra
bng th ba cha cc kt qu cn tm trong hai bng trc.
Kho chnh v Bn c th kt hp hai bng c cng mt trng ging nhau.
kho ngoi lai Cc trng chung ny c phn bit bi cc thut ng Kho
chnh v kho ngoi lai. Kho chnh l mt trng kho trong
mt bng ca c s d liu. Trng ny cha cc gi tr duy nht
(m bo khng c s trng lp ca mi gi tr) v c chc nng
nh l mt tiu chun xc nhn tnh duy nht ca cc thanh ghi
trong bng. Kho ngoi lai l trng chung nhng nm bng
th hai v khng nht thit phi m bo tnh c nht ca mi
thanh ghi (tc l mi gi tr c th gp t mt n nhiu ln
trong bng th hai).
Lin h tng C s d liu quan h s dng php tng xng gia cc
xng cc thanh gi tr trong hai bng ni kt cc d liu ca bng ny vi cc
ghi d liu ca bng kia.

85
 Hnh 4.12. Kho chnh v kha ngoi lai.
4.3.2. Quan S dng k thut ca c s d liu quan h, bn c th thc
h gia cc hin vic lin h gia cc bng mt cch nhanh chng.
bng
Cc loi quan h thc hin vic lin h cc bng mt cch chnh xc, bn
cn bit c nhng loi quan h no tn ti gia cc thanh ghi.
Trong ArcView, phng php lin h bng ph thuc vo loi
quan h gia cc thanh ghi. Cc loi quan h ny bao gm: quan
h mt-mt, quan h nhiu-mt, v quan h mt nhiu.
4.3.3. Gp Gp l cc thao tc lm tng xng v cng cc thanh ghi
bng ca hai bng. Bn hy chn trng chung ca mi bng (Trng
kho chnh v trng kho ngoi lai) ri kch hot bng ch. Khi
php gp bng kt thc, cc thanh ghi t bng ngun s c
cng thm vo bng ch.
Quan h gia Php gp c p dng ch yu i vi cc bng c mi quan
cc thanh ghi h mt-mt, nhng cng c th s dng cho cc bng c mi quan
h nhiu-mt. Mi thanh ghi trong bng ch (d c gi tr duy
nht hay khng) c lm tng xng vi mt thanh ghi duy
nht trong bng ngun.
Gp nhiu bng gp nhiu hn hai bng, u tin ta tin hnh php gp
cho hai bng, ri lp li quy trnh gp nhng s dng bng ch
t php gp trc v mt bng ngun mi.
Lu Mt bng thuc tnh ca theme nu c s dng trong
php gp s lun lun l bng ch. Bng ch phi c kch
hot trc khi bn kch tr chut vo phm Join.

Hnh 4.13. Phm Join

4.3.4. Kt Bng kt qu s hin th tt c cc trng ca bng ch v
qu gp bng ngun, nhng trng chung ca bng ngun b giu i.
bng Hai bng ngun s dng trong php gp vn tn ti ring
bit. Khi D n c ct gi, tt c cc mi quan h gp cng
c lu theo D n. Trong thc t, khi bn m D n, cc tp
86
 c gp v hin th trong bng ch.
Tt c cc thanh ghi trong bng ch u c hin th, cho
d chng c tng xng hay khng. V vy, bn c th thy trong
bng kt qu mt thanh ghi vi nhiu trng gp b trng.

Hnh 4.14. Kt qu gp hai bng Phng v Dn s.

4.3.5. Ni kt Ni kt c p dng ch yu cho cc bng c mi quan h
bng mt-nhiu. Khi cc bng c ni kt, vic chn cc thanh ghi
trong bng ch s ko theo vic chn cc thanh ghi tng ng
trong bng c ni kt.
Ni kt cng xc nh quan h gia cc thanh ghi trong hai
bng, nhng khc vi trng hp gp, khng c thanh ghi no
c cng thm vo bng ch. Bn s ch nhn thy kt qu ca
php ni kt khi bn thc hin mt php chn trong bng ch:
cc thanh ghi c ni kt trong bng ngun cng c chn
theo.
Cc tp ch s Hai tp ch s thuc tnh (c tn dng .ain v .aix) s c
to cng vi cc kt qu ca php ni kt bng. Cc tp ny cha
cc ch s ca cc trng trong mt bng v cho php tm kim
nhanh cc gi tr thuc tnh. Cc tp ny c ghi vo th mc
cha cc d liu ngun.

Hnh 4.15. Ni kt bng.

87
4.4. To th ca ArcView c tnh ng cao v l s hin th ho
th t cc ca d liu cha trong cc bng.
bng
4.4.1. To Bn c th to th t mt bng bt k. Trc tin, bn cn
mt th m mt bng v kch hot n. T thanh chc nng, bn chn
phm Create Chart hin th hp thoi Chart Properties.
Nu trong bng c mt s thanh ghi ang c chn th
th s biu th cc thanh ghi ny, nu khng, th s c v cho
d liu ca ton bng.
Hp thoi Chart T hp thoi Chart Properties, hy chn cc trng m t cc
Properties nhm v chui s liu s c biu din trn th.
xc nh cc nhm, hy chn mt hay mt vi tn trng
t danh mc Field ri kch tr chut vo phm Add a chng
vo danh sch nhm.
xc nh cc chui, t danh sch x Label series using,
hy chn mt trng c cc gi tr m bn mun a vo ch gii
ca th. Gi tr ngm nh ca trng ny l <None>, vi vic
hin th cc s thanh ghi trong phn ch gii.

Hnh 4.16. Phm Create Chart.

Hnh 4.17. Hp thoi Chart Properties.

4.4.2. Cc Mt th bao gm nhiu thnh phn nh: Nhm (dc theo
thnh phn trc X), Chui (trong ch gii), biu tng d liu (c hnh cc
ca th thanh, ng, im hay mu bnh), ch gii, trc x, trc y v
mc. Khi bn to mt th, cc thnh phn ny c v ti cc
v tr ngm nh, vi cc xu k t ngm nh. Bn c th sa i
ch gii, cc trc v mc, s dng hp thoi c tnh ca tng
thnh phn th.

88
 Cc chui v cc nhm c xc nh v chnh sa bng hp
thoi Chart Properties.
Chui Chui l mt tp hp gi tr d liu c ArcView so snh
trong mt th. Chng c to bi cc trng hay cc thanh
ghi. Cc biu tng d liu s dng cng mt mu sc biu th
mi chui. Chui lun lun c gn nhn trong ch gii ca
th.
Nhm Nhm l mt tp hp gi tr d liu c ArcView s dng
trong mt th m t cng mt i lng bin thin. Khi mt
th biu din nhiu hn mt nhm, mi nhm s bao gm d
liu t nhiu chui khc nhau. Tn ca cc nhm lun lun xut
hin nh l nhn gn cho trc x hay nh mc ca cc th
dng bnh.

mc

Trc y

Ch gii
(Chui)

Biu tng d liu Trc x Nhm

Hnh 4.18. Cc thnh phn ca th.

4.4.3. Chn ArcView cung cp su loi th: Min, Thanh, Ct, Tuyn,
loi th Bnh v phn b im theo xy. Mi loi th li c mt vi kiu
khc nhau la chn. Bn c th chn loi th t phm chc
nng, ri chn kiu th t mt su tp kiu.
Mt vi loi th rt thch hp vi vic biu din mt xu
th, mt s loi khc li thch hp biu din cc s tuyt i,
hay so snh cc gi tr n l vi gi tr tng th.
Cc th dng Cc th dng tuyn c dng biu din xu th theo
Tuyn v Min thi gian. th tuyn ch ra s bin i v cht thay v s bin
i v lng. Trong khi , cc th min c th p dng rt tt
biu din s bin i v lng, v chng s dng cc m hnh
cho nhng cm nhn bng mt v nhng i lng o c.
Cc th dng Cc th dng thanh v ct c dng so snh cc gi tr
Thanh v Ct d liu chuyn bit. Cc th thanh hay c s dng biu

89
 din nhng bin thin theo thi gian hay vic sp xp k hoch,
do hiu ng theo phng nm ngang ca chng. Nu thm vo
cc ng k , bn s lm sc nt hn cc gi tr tuyt i.
Cc th dng th bnh biu din cc mi tng quan gia cc mu bnh
bnh vi nhau hay gia mu bnh vi ton b chic bnh. Bn c th
tch ri tng ming bnh ra lm tng thm mc quan trng
ca tng mu bnh.
Cc th dng Cc th dng im phn b theo xy biu din xu th hay
im phn b m hnh theo lut nhn qu.
theo xy

Hnh 4.19. Su loi th ca ArcView.

Hnh 4.20. Su tp kiu th loi Thanh ca ArcView.

4.4.4. Sa Mi thnh phn ca th c mt hp thoi ring m

i cc t cc c tnh ca chng. Bn hy dng cng c Chart Element
thnh phn Properties thay i cc c tnh ny, v dng cng c Chart
ca th Color i mu cho mi thnh phn.

Hnh 4.21. Cc cng c Chart Element Properties v Chart Color

Thay i c tnh Kch tr chut ln cng c Chart Element Properties ri li
cho cc thnh kch ln mt thnh phn ca th s hin th hp thoi c tnh
phn ca th cho thnh phn . S dng cng c ny thay i cc c tnh
cho mc, ch gii v cc trc ca th. Bn c th thc hin
cc thay i sau y:
i tn v i v tr ca mc
i vn bn ch gii v v tr ch gii
i tn nhm xut hin trn trc x
Hin th hoc du cc trc v nhn ca chng
Thay i nhn ca cc trc
Thay i trnh t hin th ca cc gi tr trn th
Thm cc ng k v thay i cao ca th
Thay i mu Bn c th thay i mu sc ca bt k mt thnh phn no
90
 sc cho cc ca th bng cch s dng cng c Chart Color. Ch cn kch
thnh phn ca tr chut ln mt thnh phn ca th m bn mun thay i
th hin th ca s Symbol, sau kch tr chut vo phm Color
Palette. Chn mt mu bn mun, ri kch tr chut ln bt k
thnh phn no ca th thc hin thay i.
Bn c th dng cng c Chart Color thay i mu cho cc
thnh phn ca th nh: biu tng d liu, ch gii, mc,
trc, nhn chia ca trc v nhn ca trc.
4.4.5. Thay Bn c th dng cng c Chart Element Properties thay
i cc c i v tr ca ch gii. Kch tr chut vo mt v tr bt k ca
tnh ca ch ch gii hin th hp thoi Chart Legend Properties.
gii Trong hp thoi Chart Legend Properties, kch tr chut vo
biu Legend Position ti mt trong nm v tr sau y: gia,
trn, di, phi hoc tri. Ch gii s c t ngay vo v
tr va kch tr chut. Khi bn chn v tr gia, ch gii s c
treo vo v tr gia ca th, cho php bn dng tr chut ko
n ti v tr bt k.
Hp thoi Chart Legend Properties cng cho php bn chnh
sa vn bn ca ch gii. thay i nhn ca chui d liu, bn
ch vic chn chng ri g nhn mi vo.

Hnh 4.22. Hp thoi Chart Legend Properties

4.4.6. Thay Theo ngm nh, tn ca cc nhm tng ng vi tn cc

i cc c trng trong bng. Bn c th i tn nhm xut hin trn trc
tnh ca ca th v chnh sa cc c tnh khc ca trc bng cch s
trc dng cng c Chart Element Properties. Kch tr chut vo trc x
hin th hp thoi Chart Axis Properties. i tn nhm, bn
dng tr chut chn ton b vn bn, sau g tn mi vo ri
nhn <Enter>. Bn cng c th thay i cc c tnh sau y ca
trc:
ng trc Cc ng k trc x v y c th bt ln hay tt i.
Nhn trc Cc nhn ca trc x v trc y c th c thm vo, bt ln
hay tt i.

91
Nhn cho ng Cc nhn cho ng chia trn cc trc x v y c th c
chia thm vo, chnh sa, bt ln hay tt i.
Nhn nhm Vic thay i mt nhn nhm (tn trng) s ko theo s
thay i tn trng trong bng. Mt tn gi (Alias) c to trong
bng thay th cho tn trng tht.
V tr ca cc V tr ca cc trc x v y c th c o t trn xung di
trc hoc t tri sang phi.

Hnh 4.23. Hp thoi Chart Axis Properties.

4.4.7. Thay Bng cch thay i cao ca th v thm vo cc ng

i cao k, bn s lm tng kh nng din gii ca th. Bn c th
v thm vo thc hin cc thay i ny cho bt k trc no biu din cc gi
cc ng tr d liu.
k
Cc ng k Cc ng k chnh l nhng ng k c gn nhn, trong
chnh v ph khi cc ng k ph khng c gn nhn. Cc ng k v
nhn ca chng c tt hay bt bng cc hp kim.
T l cc tiu hay Bng cch xc lp cc t l cc tiu v cc i, bn c th
cc i kim tra s ph hp gia thang chia gi tr ca th v cc gi
tr d liu trong bng. Theo ngm nh, cc gi tr trn th
c v t khng n gi tr ln nht. Vic gn gi tr nh nht
ca trng cho t l cc tiu v gn gi tr ln nht ca trng
cho t l cc i s ti u ho vic biu din cc gi tr trn
th.

Hnh 4.24. Xc lp cc t l cc tiu, cc i v thm cc ng k chnh vo th.

4.4.8. Phm Series from Records or Field s thay i vic biu th
Chuyn i cc chui v cc nhm trn th. Mi thanh ghi trong mt chui
gia cc s tr thnh mt nhm v mi nhm s tr thnh mt thanh ghi
chui v cc
92
nhm trong chui (xut hin trong ch gii ca th).
Lu Bn s ch s dng c phm ny khi c t nht phi hai
nhm d liu c biu din trn th.

Hnh 4.25. Phm Series from Records or Field

Bi tp cho chng 4
Bi tp 4a: To v chnh sa bng.
Bi tp 4b: Chn v tng kt cc thanh ghi.
Bi tp 4c: Gp v ni kt cc bng.
Bi tp 4d: To cc th.

93
 Chng 5. To v chnh sa shapefiles

5.1. Lm Shapefile l khun dng chun ca ArcView dng lu tr

vic vi cc thng tin thuc tnh v hnh hc ca mt tp hp cc i tng
cc shape- a l. Cc thng tin v hnh hc ca mt i tng c lu di
files dng mt tp hp cc to vc t (im, ng v a gic).
Khun dng i vi mi Shapefile, ArcView to ra ba loi tp sau:
ca Shapefile Tp dng .shp - cha cc thng tin v hnh hc (hnh dng v
v tr) ca i tng;
Tp dng .shx - cha cc ch s v hnh hc ca i tng;
Tp dng .dbf - l tp dng dBASE cha cc thng tin v
thuc tnh ca i tng.
ArcView cn to ra bn tp dng ch s tr gip cc chc
nng phn tch v tra vn. Cc tp dng .sbn v .sbx c dng
gn ch s cho cc d liu khng gian, cn cc tp dng .ain v .aix
c dng gn ch s cho cc d liu thuc tnh.
Cc quy c Khi bn to ra mt Shapefile , ArcView s t ng thm ui
khi t tn .shp vo tn tp ca bn. V d, nu bn t tn cho Shapefile ca
mnh l Zone.shp, th theme c to trn c s ca Shapefile ny
cng s c tn l Zone.shp, cn cc tp khc s c tn gi ln lt l
Zone.shx, Zone.dbf, Zone.sbn, Zone.ain v Zone.aix.
Li th ca vic Khi bn lm vic vi cc Shapefile, bn s c cc li th sau
s dng cc y:
Shapefile Cc themes to t cc Shapefile c hin th nhanh hn;
Bn c th chnh sa cc themes to t cc Shapefile;
Bn c th to ra d liu ca mnh bng cch s dng khun
dng Shapefile;
Bn c th chuyn i d liu t cc khun dng khc (chng
hn .DXF, coverage ca ARC/INFO) v dng Shapefile.

5.1.1. Bn c th s dng mt theme bt k to sn a v

Chuyn i dng Shapefile. Sau bn c th thm ngun d liu dng
mt theme Shapefile ny vo View di dng mt theme mi. Trong ArcView,
v dng bn ch c th chnh sa mt theme nu n khun dng Shapefile.
Shape-file Khi bn chuyn i mt theme c sn v dng Shapefile,
ArcView s nhc bn t tn v ch ng dn ti th mc lu
Shapefile . Sau , ArcView t ng to ra cc tp dng .shp,
.shx v .dbf.

94
 Thm mt Bn c th thm mt Shapefile di dng mt theme vo
Shapefile di View ang lm vic hoc lu n dng vo lc khc. Nu bn
dng theme thm Shapefile vo View ang lm vic, theme mi s khng
c kch hot v trng thi tt.
to mt theme t mt Shapefile, bn chn Add Theme t
lnh n View v chn Shapefile t ngun d liu vc t.

Chuyn i mt theme kch

hot v dng shapefile v t tn cho shapefile

Thm shapefile vo View

nh mt theme.
Hnh 5.1. Chuyn i mt theme v dng shapefile.
5.1.2. Bn c th chn mt hoc nhiu i tng trong mt theme
Chuyn i ri chuyn i chng v dng mt shapefile. Sau khi t tn cho
cc i shapefile mi to, bn c th thm n vo view ang lm vic, hoc
tng lu n trong mt th mc dng li v sau.
chn v
dng
shapefile

Hnh 5.2. Chuyn i cc i tng c chn v dng shapefile.

5.2. To mt Bn c th thm mt theme mi vo mt View ang lm vic,
theme mi s dng a ch lu tr ca mt theme c sn. Khi to mt
t shape- theme mi theo cch ny, bn s phi xc nh c tnh hnh hc
file ca n, sau gn thuc tnh cho mi i tng. to mt theme
mi, hy chn New theme t lnh n View.

95
 Xc nh Nu bn thm mt theme mi vo mt View, khun kh v
khun kh v n v ca theme mi s c xc nh cho ph hp vi cc themes
n v cho mt c sn trong View. Nu View ang lm vic khng cha theme
theme mi to no th khun kh v n v ca theme mi s c xc nh bi
chnh View ang lm vic.
Chn loi i Trong hp thoi New theme, chn loi i tng bn mun
tng to theme: im, ng hay a gic.
Khi mt theme Bn s c nhc t tn v ch ra ng dn lu tr
dng shapefile shapefile m ArcView s to. Sau khi c thm vo View, theme
c thm vo mi s trng thi sn sng bn thm cc i tng v thuc
View tnh vo.

Hnh 5.3. To mt theme mi dng shapefile.

5.2.1. Thm Bn c th s dng cc cng c v to ra cc i tng cho
cc i theme va to.
tng cho
theme mi
dng
shape-file
S dng cc Cc cng c v c sp xp trong mt phm s xung v c
cng c v s dng v v chnh sa cc i tng v ha. Cc cng c
ny c t ng kch hot theo chc nng. Chng hn, khi bn
ang lm vic vi mt theme dng a gic, bn ch c th lm vic
vi cc cng c cho php v hnh ch nht, ng trn v a gic
(cc cng c khc s ng sang mu xm v khng s dng c).
Cng c im: v im;
Cng c ng: v ng thng;
Cng c ng gp khc: v ng c hai hay nhiu on;
Cng c v hnh ch nht: v mt hnh ch nht;
Cng c ng trn: v ng trn;
Cng c a gic: v a gic;
Cng c ct ng: v mt ng ct mt i tng dng
ng;
Cng c ct a gic: v mt ng ct mt i tng dng a
gic;
Cng c t hon thnh: v mt ng gn mt a gic vo
mt a gic c sn;

96
 S ho trn Bn c th v cc i tng trong mt View trn c s ca
mn hnh mt theme khc dng lm nn, thao tc ny c gi l s ho trn
mn hnh (haycn gi l heads-up digitizing). Trong thao tc ny,
bn khng cn s dng n bn s. Theme c dng lm nn c
th l mt theme nh hay mt theme dng vc t. Khun kh v
n v ca theme mi s c xc nh bi khun kh v n v ca
theme nn.
S ho bng Bn cng c th to cc i tng cho theme mi bng cch
bn s dng bn s s ho mt bn c v trn giy. lm vic
ny, bn cn bt ng dng m rng Digitizer ca ArcView. Hp
thoi Digitizer Setup s cho php bn ng k cc thng s ca bn
giy m bn s s ho bng bn s.
Cng c im
Cng c ng
Cng c ng gp khc
Cng c v hnh ch nht
Cng c ng trn
Cng c a gic
Cng c ct ng
Cng c ct a gic
Cng c t hon thnh
Hnh 5.4. Cc cng c v to i tng mi.
5.2.2. Thm Khi bn to mt theme mi trong ArcView, mt bng thuc
cc thuc tnh ca theme c t ng to ra. ArcView thm mt thanh ghi
tnh trng vo bng ny ng vi mi i tng mi c thm vo
theme. u tin, bng ny ch c mt trng l trng Shape.
Trng Shape cha thng tin v loi i tng, dng tham
chiu ti cc ta nh v i tng. ArcView lun duy tr v
khng cho php chnh sa trng ny.
Thm thng tin thm thng tin vo mt bng thuc tnh ca theme, trc
vo mt bng tin bn phi m bng ra. Bn c th thm cc trng vo bng
thuc tnh ca bng cch chn Add Field t lnh n Edit ca ti liu Table.
theme Trong hp thoi Field Definition hin ra sau , bn hy in tn
trng, chn loi trng v m t rng ca trng.
thm mt gi tr thuc tnh vo trng mi, kch tr chut
vo bn trong mi sau khi chn cng c Edit t thanh cng c
ca ti liu Table, sau g gi tr vo trng.
Hai cch thm C hai cch thm thuc tnh cho cc i tng mi to. Theo
thuc tnh cch th nht, bn c th thm thuc tnh ngay trong khi bn ang
v i tng. Theo cch th hai, bn s thm thuc tnh vo bng
sau khi v xong tt c cc i tng.

97
 Mi i tng mt thanh ghi; thm trng
Thm gi tr.
Hnh 5.5. Thm thuc tnh vo bng.
5.3. Chnh Trc khi chnh sa mt theme dng shapefile, bn phi c
sa cc php chnh sa n. lm cho mt theme c th chnh sa c,
shape-file hy chn Start Editing t lnh n Theme. Khi mt theme c th
chnh sa c, xung quanh hp kim ca n trong Mc lc View
s xut hin mt ng vin ri nt.
Sau khi chnh sa xong mt theme, bn hy chn Stop
Editing t lnh n Theme. ArcView s nhc bn lu cc thay i
sau qu trnh chnh sa. Sau khi bn chn Stop Editing, ng
vin ri nt xung quanh hp kim ca theme s bin mt.
Chn cc i Bn c th s dng cng c tr (hnh mi tn) chn mt
tng i tng bng cch kch tr chut ln n, hay ko chut thnh mt
hnh ch nht xung quanh n. Khi mt i tng trong View c
chn, xung quanh n s hin ra cc chm ch nht en.
Thay i hnh Bn c th s dng cng c Chnh sa nh thay i hnh
dng cc i dng ca mt i tng bng cch di chuyn, thm vo hay xo cc
tng nh.
Ni cc i Bn c th s dng cng c Ni (Snapping) ni kt v cn
tng cc i tng mi to.
Ct cc i Bn c th s dng cng c Line Split hay Polygon Split
tng ct cc ng v cc a gic.
Bin i cc Bn c th thc hin hng lot cc thao tc ni hay ct cc
i tng i tng. Trc tin, bn cn chn cc i tng, sau bn c th
chn mt trong cc phng n sau y t lnh n Edit: Union
Features, Intersect Features, Substract Features.
Lu Cc thao tc chnh sa m t trn c th p dng cho c cc
i tng cng nh cc ho (graphics).

98
 Chn i tng;

Thay i hnh dng i tng;

Bt i tng;

Ct i tng;

Bin i cc i tng:

- Gp

- Kt hp

- Giao

- Tr

Bt u chnh sa;
Hnh 5.6. Chnh sa cc shapefile.
5.3.1. Thay Bn c th s dng cng c Chnh sa nh thay i hnh
i hnh dng ca mt i tng bng cch di chuyn, thm vo hay xo cc
dng cc nh.
i tng
Thay i hnh thay i hnh dng mt a gic n hay mt ng n,
dng mt a kch tr chut vo bn trong a gic hay trc tip ln i tng
gic n hay ng. Khi , cc hnh vung nh s xut hin ti cc nh. By
mt ng n gi, mi thao tc nh thm vo, xo i, hay di chuyn mt nh, ch
c tc dng i vi a gic n hay ng n c chn.
Thay i hnh thay i hnh dng ca mt ng bin chung ca hai a
dng mt gic, bn hy kch tr chut ln ng bin chung ny. Khi , mt
ng bin ng trn nh s xut hin ti mi u ca ng bin chung v
chung mt hnh vung nh s xut hin gia ng bin chung. By gi,
nu bn thm vo, xo i, hay di chuyn mt nh, c hai a gic
u s b bin i.
Xo cc nh xo mt nh, bn hy t tr chut ln nh m bn
mun xo (tr chut s bin thnh hnh ch thp) ri nhn phm
DELETE trn bn phm.

Hnh 5.7. Thay i hnh dng i tng.

99
5.3.2. Ni Nu trong khi thm cc ng vo mt theme, bn mun cc
(Snapping) cc ng giao nhau v c cng chung mt im cui m khng b
i tng ct tha hay ct thiu, bn hy dng chc nng Ni.
Khi chc nng Ni c xc lp, ArcView s t ng ni cc
nh hay cc on thng cho khp vi cc nh hay cc on thng
c sn cn c vo cc khong cch c xc lp trc.
Bn cng c th s dng chc nng Ni trong trng hp bn
mun thm cc a gic mi vo mt theme sao cho cc a gic mi
ny khp vi cc a gic c sn trong theme m khng c cc
khong trng gia cc a gic nm cnh nhau, hoc chng khng
b chng ln nhau.
Ni chung Nu bn mun cc i tng mi to c ni cho khp vi
(General cc i tng c trong vng mt khong cch c xc nh
Snapping) trc, hy s dng chc nng ni chung. Chc nng ni chung
c thc hin ngay sau khi mt i tng c thm vo theme.
Ni tng tc Chc nng ni tng tc cho php can thip nhiu hn vo
(Interactive qu trnh ni cc i tng mi to khp vo vi cc i tng c
Snapping) sn. Vi ni tng tc, bn c th p dng cc quy tc ni khc
nhau i vi tng nh ca i tng khi a chng vo theme. Khi
thm mt i tng vo View, bn c th chn mt trong cc quy
tc ni sau y t lnh n s xung:
Ni vo nh: Ni nh ca i tng mi to vi nh gn
nht ca mt ng hay mt a gic c sn;
Ni vo ranh gii: Ni nh ca i tng mi to vi cung
gn nht ca mt ng
c sn hay vi ranh gii ca mt a gic c sn;
Ni vo giao im: Ni nh ca i tng mi to vi nh
chung gn nht ca hai ng hay hai a gic c sn;
Ni vo im cui: Ni nh ca i tng mi to vi im
cui gn nht ca mt ng c sn;

Hnh 5.8. Ni cc i tng.

5.3.3. Xc Bn c th xc lp khong cho php cc chc nng ni
lp chc chung v ni tng tc theo hai cch sau y. Cch th nht l g
nng ni mt gi tr ca khong cho php vo hp thoi Theme Properties.
Cch th hai l s dng lnh n s xung bt chc nng ni
ln, sau xc lp mt khong cho php bng cng c Snap.
G khong cho xc lp mt khong cho php bng cch g gi tr t bn

100
 php phm, bn phi chc chn rng theme bn mun chnh sa ang
c kch hot. Khi , bn hy m hp thoi Theme Properties v
chn biu tng Editting. xc lp phng php ni, hy kch tr
chut vo mt trong cc hp kim General hoc Interactive v g
gi tr khong cho php vo trng Tolerance.
Bt Snapping ln

Xc nh khong
cch

Kch tr chut
phi
Ni chung
Ni tng
tc

Hnh 5.9. Xc lp chc nng Ni (Snapping)

S dng tr xc lp mt khong cho php bng tr chut, trc tin
chut bn phi a tr chut vo View ri kch phm phi chut hin
th mt lnh n s xung. T lnh n ny, bn c th bt mt
trong cc chc nng ni chung v ni tng tc ln. Sau , s
dng cng c General Snap hay Interactive Snap xc lp
khong cho php bng cch ko tr chut v mt ng trn trn
View. Gi tr bn knh ng trn hin trn thanh trng thi s l
gi tr ca khong cho php s dng trong php ni i tng.
5.3.4. Ct ArcView cho php bn ct cc ng v cc a gic bng cc
cc ng cng c Line Split v Polygon Split.
v a gic
Ct cc ng S dng cng c ct ng, bn c th v mt ng ln
mt ng khc v ct n ra lm hai, hoc ln v ct nhiu
ng mt lc. Kch tr chut mt ln, bn s to ra im u ca
ng thng ny, cn kch p tr chut s to ra im cui.
ng thng bn v phi ct t nht mt ng khc.
Ct cc a gic S dng cng c ct a gic, bn c th v mt ng ln
mt a gic v ct n ra lm hai. Kch tr chut mt ln, bn s to
ra im u ca ng thng ny, cn kch p tr chut s to ra
101
 im cui. Bn c th ko di ng thng n ct hon ton a
gic nh ct. ArcView s ct a gic theo ng thng bn v
v xo sch nhng mu tha ca ng thng ny. ct nhiu
a gic cng mt lc, bn hy ko ng thng i qua tt c cc a
gic bn mun ct.
Lu Khi bn s dng cc cng c ct ng v ct a gic ct
mt i tng, thanh ghi ng vi i tng ny trong bng thuc
tnh ca theme s b xo i, ng thi hai thanh ghi mi s c
thm vo bng i din cho hai i tng mi c to.

Hnh 5.10. Ct ng v ct a gic.

5.3.5. Cp Khi bn s dng cc cng c ct ng v ct a gic, bn c
nht thuc th nh ra quy tc cho cc thuc tnh ca hai i tng mi
tnh bng c xc nh trn c s thuc tnh ca i tng ban u.
chc nng
Ct (Split)
Xc lp quy tc i vi mi trng trong bng thuc tnh ca theme, bn c
Ct th chn mt trong cc quy tc ct sau y:
Blank (trng): c hai thanh ghi mi s c trng;
Copy: Cc gi tr ban u s c gn cho c hai thanh ghi
mi;
Proportion (t l): cc gi tr s t l theo din tch ca cc a
gic mi to (hoc theo chiu di ca cc on thng mi to
trong trng hp ct ng). Quy tc ny cng c th p
dng cho cc thuc tnh dng s bt k no khc, chng hn
nh gi c hay dn s.
Shape Area (Din tch): cc gi tr din tch ca cc a gic
mi to s c nhp vo (ngm nh i vi trng Area);
Shape Perimeter (Chu vi): cc gi tr chu vi ca cc a gic
mi to s c nhp vo (ngm nh i vi trng
Perimeter);
Shape Length ( di): cc gi tr di ca cc ng mi to
s c nhp vo (ngm nh i vi trng Length);

102
 Xc lp quy tc ct cho mi
trng.

Trc khi ct

Sau khi ct
Hnh 5.11. Cp nht thuc tnh cho chc nng Ct.
5.3.6. Gp ArcView cho php gp cc i tng bng chc nng Hp
cc i (Union). lm vic ny, trc tin, bn phi chn cc i tng
tng bng bn mun gp bng cng c Tr, sau chn Union Features t
Union lnh n Edit.
Cc a gic nm cnh nhau Cc a gic khng nm cnh Cc a gic nm ln nhau
nhau

2 a 2 a
gic, 2 thanh ghi 2 a gic, 2 thanh ghi
gic, 2 thanh ghi

1 a 1 a 1 a
gic, 1 thanh ghi gic, 1 thanh ghi gic, 1 thanh ghi

Hnh 5.12. Gp cc i tng bng Union.

Gp cc a Nu cc a gic c chn nm k nhau, tc l chng c cc

gic ranh gii chung, th vic thc hin Union Features s xo b ranh
gii chung to ra mt a gic n. Nu cc a gic c chn
khng nm k nhau v cng khng nm ln nhau, th kt qu
ca Union Features l mt a gic c nhiu mnh. Nu cc a gic

103
 c chn nm ln nhau, Union Features s xo i phn chung
ca cc a gic to mt a gic n mi.
Gp cc ng Nu cc ng c chn ct nhau ti mt im, Union
Features s to ra mt ng lin tc mi. Nu cc ng c
chn khng ct nhau v cng khng nm trng ln nhau, kt qu
ca Union Features l mt ng c nhiu on. Nu cc ng
c chn c cc on trng nhau, Union Features s gi li cc
on trng nhau.
Lu Khi bn gp cc i tng bng Union, cc thanh ghi ng vi
cc i tng ny trong bng thuc tnh ca theme s b xo i, v
mt thanh ghi mi s c thm vo bng i din cho i tng
mi c to.
5.3.7. Cp Khi bn s dng Union Features gp cc i tng, bn c
nht thuc th nh ra quy tc cho cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng mi gp
tnh bng c xc nh trn c s thuc tnh ca cc i tng ban u.
chc nng
Gp
(Union)
Xc lp quy tc i vi mi trng trong bng thuc tnh ca theme, bn c
Gp th chn mt trong cc quy tc gp sau y:
Blank (trng): thanh ghi mi s c trng;
Copy: Cc gi tr ban u s c gn cho c hai thanh ghi
mi;
Proportion (t l): cc gi tr s t l theo din tch ca cc a
gic mi to (hoc theo chiu di ca cc on thng mi to
trong trng hp ct ng).
Add (thm vo): cc gi tr cng c gn cho cc thanh ghi
kt qu.
Average (trung bnh): gi tr trung bnh c gn cho thanh
ghi kt qu.
Shape Area (din tch): gi tr din tch ca a gic mi to s
c nhp vo (ngm nh i vi trng Area);
Shape Perimeter (chu vi): gi tr chu vi ca a gic mi to s
c nhp vo (ngm nh i vi trng Perimeter);
Shape Length ( di): gi tr di ca ng mi to s
c nhp vo (ngm nh i vi trng Length);
5.3.8. Cc ArcView cho php bn thc hin cc thao tc nh t hp
thao tc (combine), giao (intersect) v tr (substract) chnh sa cc i
chnh sa tng chng nhau.
cc i
tng
chng
nhau

104
Kt hp cc i Bn c th s dng Combine Features to ra mt a gic
tng phc tp c cha mt a gic khc bn trong. Vi Combine
(Combine Features, cc a gic c chn s c gp li, ng thi ArcView
Features) s xo i cc phn trng nhau ca cc a gic c chn to ra
mt l hng bn trong a gic kt qu.
Nu cc a gic khng chng nhau, Combine Features cho kt
qu ging nh kt qu s dng Union Features.
Xc lp quy
tc gp cho
mi trng.

Trc khi
Gp

Sau khi gp
Hnh 5.13. Cp nht thuc tnh cho chc nng Gp.
Giao cc i Bn c th s dng Intersect Features to mt a gic mi
tng t phn trng nhau ca cc a gic c chn.
(Intersect
Features)
Tr cc i Khi bn s dng Substract Features, ArcView s thc hin
tng (Substract php tr gia hai i tng chng nhau. i tng nm trn s
Features) chim u th so vi i tng nm di. Phn trng nhau ca i
tng nm di s b mt i, cn i tng nm trn vn c gi
nguyn hnh dng.
Bn c th thay i th t ca php tr ny (v i vai tr
ca hai i tng nm trn v nm di) bng cch gi phm Shift
trong lc chn Substract Features t lnh n Edit.

105
 Kt hp Giao Tr

Hnh 5.14. Cc thao tc chnh sa khc.

Lu Khi mt tp hp cc i tng c kt hp hay giao, cc
thanh ghi ng vi cc i tng ny trong bng thuc tnh ca
theme s b xo i, v mt thanh ghi mi s c thm vo bng
i din cho i tng mi c to.
5.3.9. Hu Bn c th hu b kt qu chnh sa ln cui cng bng cch
b thao tc chn Undo Feature Edit t lnh n Edit. Nu nhc li la chn
chnh sa ny nhiu ln, bn c th hu b ln lt cc kt qu chnh sa cho
n ln chnh sa u tin, hay cho n tn ln cui cng bn ct
gi cc thay i.
5.3.10. Ct Bn c th ct gi cc thay i ca mt qu trnh chnh sa
gi cc kt bng cch chn Save Edits t lnh n Theme. ct gi nhng
qu chnh thay i di dng mt shapefile mi, bn hy chn Save Edits As.
sa Trong trng hp ny ton b theme mi c chnh sa s c
ghi vo mt shapefile mi. Shapefile mi ny s c thm vo
View nh mt theme v sn sng cho php chnh sa.
Chn Stop Khi bn chn Stop Editing, ArcView s nhc bn ct gi hay
Editing b qua cc kt qu chnh sa. Nu bn bt u chnh sa mt
theme mi, ArcView s nhc bn ct gi hay b qua cc kt qu
chnh sa ca theme 1 trc khi bn c th chnh sa theme th 2.
Chn Save Nu bn chn Save Project or Exit, ArcView s nhc bn ct
Project or Exit gi hay b qua cc kt qu chnh sa shapefile bn ang lm vic.

Hnh 5.15. Ct gi cc kt qu chnh sa

106
 Bi tp cho chng 5: Bi tp 5: To v chnh sa cc shapefile.

Chng 6. Tra vn v phn tch cc themes

6.1. Phn Phn tch khng gian l xc nh v tr gia cc i tng vi
tch cc nhau. Chng hn, bn c th xc nh mt i tng nm bn cnh
mi quan mt i tng khc, mt i tng nm hon ton bn trong mt
h khng i tng khc, hay mt i tng chy qua mt i tng khc.
gian Trong ArcView, cc mi quan h ny c th xc nh nh s dng
php chn theme trn theme.
Cc v d v Tm tt c cc trm xng nm cch ng quc l 200 m?
phn tch ng quc l c chy qua sng hay khng?
khng gian
ng st d kin xy dng c chy qua thnh ph hay khng?
C nhng tnh no nm gip ranh vi tnh chn?
Nhng vng dn c no nm trong khu vc ngp lt?

Hnh 6.1. Phn tch cc mi quan h khng gian.

6.1.1. Php Cc i tng ca mt theme c th c s dng chn cc

chn theme i tng nm trong mt theme khc. Php chn theme trn theme
trn theme cho php bn s dng mt tp hp cc theme kim tra cc mi
quan h khng gian gia cc i tng ca cc theme ny.
Theme ch Theme ch l theme c kch hot. Cc i tng ca theme
ny s c chn. C th c nhiu hn mt theme ch c s
dng.
Theme chn Cc i tng trong theme ny s c s dng chn cc
i tng trong theme ch.
Cc loi quan Quan h Are completely Within cho php la chn cc i tng
h khng gian ca theme ch nm hon ton bn trong cc i tng ca
theme chn.
Quan h Completely Contain cho php la chn nhng i
tng no ca theme ch cha ton b cc i tng ca theme
107
 chn.
Quan h Have Their Center In cho php la chn nhng i
tng no ca theme ch c tm nm bn trong cc i tng
ca theme chn.
Quan h Contain The Center Of cho php la chn nhng i
tng no ca theme ch cha tm im ca cc i tng ca
theme chn.
Quan h Intersect cho php la chn nhng i tng no ca
theme ch giao vi cc i tng ca theme chn.
Quan h Are Within Distance Of cho php la chn nhng i
tng no ca theme ch nm bn trong mt khong cch cho
trc so vi cc i tng ca theme chn.
Cc ph giao vi ng st (ct) Cc ph nm trong a phn

Hon Kim

Cc trm quan trc cch trung tm <3 km Khch sn cch ng st < 2km

Hnh 6.2. Php chn theme trn theme

6.1.2. Chn Php chn ny c th tr li nhiu cu hi khc nhau, chng
cc im hn nh:
gn mt C bao nhiu trm xng nm cch ng quc l 200 m?
ng
C bao nhiu trng hc trong vng na dm cch ng quc
l ?
C bao nhiu khch hng sng gn ng ci?
C trm cu ho no gn ng ng dn nhin liu khng?
Theme ch Theme ch l theme c kch hot. ArcView cho php kch
hot nhiu hn mt theme ch. Theme ch l theme cha cc i
tng bn mun tm. Trong trng hp ny theme ch l mt
theme im. Cc im nm cch ng trong khun kh mt
khong cch cho trc s c chn.
Theme chn Bn hy g tn theme chn vo hp thoi Select By Theme.
Theme chn l theme c bn s dng lm tham chiu cho vic
108
 chn cc i tng t theme ch. Trong trng hp ny, theme
chn l mt theme ng.
Khong cch Bn c th xc lp mt khong cch chn tu . y l bn
chn knh xc nh vng tm kim v tt c cc im thuc theme ch
ri vo trong vng ny s c chn. (n v ca khong cch chn
ng vi n v khong cch m bn xc lp trong View
Properties).
1. Kch hot theme ch (im) 2. Chn Select By Theme

3. Xc nh theme chn (ng);

4. Chn loi quan h khng gian;

5. G khong cch chn vo

Hnh 6.3. Chn cc im gn mt ng.

6.1.3. Chn Php chn ny tr li nhng cu hi nh:

cc a gic C khu rng no nm cnh khu vc ang chy khng?
nm k
Ai l ch s hu ming t nm cnh cng vin?
Trang tri ca ai nm cnh vng b ngp lt?
Khi theme ch v theme chn l mt, th cc i tng nm
cnh nhau c th c chn.
Theme ch Php tm kim c thc hin i vi cc a gic nm k cc
a gic c chn, do theme ch phi l mt theme a gic.

109
 Theme chn V bn mun tm kim cc a gic nm k mt a gic trong
cng mt theme nn theme chn cng ng thi l theme ch.
Khong cch Khi khong cch chn bng khng (0), php tm kim c
chn thc hin i vi cc i tng nm k i tng c chn.
1. Kch hot theme a gic v
chn mt hoc mt vi a gic

2. Xc nh theme chn (ging

theme ch);

3. Chn loi quan h khng gian;

4. G khong cch chn vo

(bng 0)

Hnh 6.4. Chn cc a gic nm k.

6.1.4. Php Php chn ny tr li nhng cu hi nh:
chn ng Con sng ny chy qua a phn nhng tnh no?
trn a gic
t ai ca ai s b nh hng nu xy dng ng cp
truyn tin theo d kin?
Theme ch Php tm kim c thc hin i vi cc a gic b mt ng
chy qua, do , theme ch phi l mt theme a gic.
Theme chn Theme chn cha cc ng nm chng ln hoc ct qua cc
a gic.
1. Kch hot theme ch (a gic);

2. Xc nh theme chn (ng);

3. Chn loi quan h khng gian.

110
 Hnh 6.5. Php chn ng trn a gic.
6.1.5. Php Php chn ny tr li nhng cu hi nh:
chn im C bao nhiu khch hng ca ngn hng sng trong a
trong a phn qun Hon Kim?
gic
Trong khu vn ca ti c bao nhiu cy?
Theme ch Theme ch l mt theme im, v php tm kim c thc
hin i vi cc im nm bn trong mt a gic.
Theme chn Theme chn cha cc a gic, c th c nhiu hn mt theme
chn.
Quan h Are Mi quan h khng gian ny c th c s dng chn cc
Completely im, ng hay a gic nm hon ton bn trong mt a gic
Within (Nm khc.
hon ton bn
trong)

1. Kch hot theme ch (a gic) v chn

a gic;

2. Xc nh theme ch (im);

3. Xc nh theme chn (a gic);

4. Chn loi quan h khng gian.

Hnh 6.6. Php chn im trong a gic.

6.2. Thc Cc php gp khng gian khc theme v cng theme l hai
hin cc chc nng x l khng gian ca ArcView.
php gp
khng gian
khc theme
v cng
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theme
Gp khng gian Trong php gp khng gian khc theme, ArcView gp cc
khc theme trng ca mt bng thuc tnh ca theme vo mt bng thuc
tnh ca theme khc trn c s nh v cc i tng trong hai
theme.
ArcView s dng hai loi quan h khng gian so snh v tr
ca cc i tng trong hai theme ring bit l gn nht (nearest)
v bn trong (inside). Mi quan h khng gian c s dng tu
thuc vo loi i tng trong hai theme:
im ng a gic
im nearest nearest inside
ng nearest mt phn inside
ca (*)
a gic inside
* Php gp khng gian gia hai theme ng c hiu l cc
ng trong theme th nht l mt phn ca cc ng trong
theme th hai.
Xc lp khong Khi ArcView s dng mi quan h gn nht trong php gp
cch khng gian khc theme, mt trng c tn l distance c t ng
thm vo bng kt qu. i vi mi i tng trong theme th
nht, ArcView s tnh khong cch ti i tng gn nht ca
theme th hai v a gi tr ny vo trng distance.
Php gp khng Trong php gp khng gian cng theme, ArcView gp cc i
gian cng tng ca cng mt theme trn c s cc gi tr thuc tnh chung
theme ca chng. Cc i tng c gp theo phng php ny khng
c nm k nhau.

6.2.1. Php Khi cc i tng c quan h inside, mt i tng c cha

gp khng trong mt i tng khc. Chng hn, nu bn mun thc hin
gian khc php gp khng gian khc theme gia mt theme a gic ni
theme vi thnh v mt theme im trm quan trc, ArcView s tm tt c
quan h cc trm quan trc nm trong a phn bn qun ni thnh v gp
inside thuc tnh ca cc qun ny vi thuc tnh ca cc trm quan trc
nm trong ni thnh. Tt c cc trng trong bng ngun c
gp vo bng ch.
Trng Shape Trng Shape l trng chung gia hai bng trong php gp
khng gian khc theme. Hai bng ny khng nht thit phi c cc
gi tr chung, chng hn mt bng c th cha cc gi tr
polygon (a gic), trong khi bng kia cha cc gi tr point
(im).
Cc tp Khi cc php gp khng gian c thc hin, ArcView s to
ch s ra hai tp (chng hn, i vi theme tramquantrac.shp, cc tp
ny s c tn l tramquantrac.sbn v tramquantrac.sbx) cha

112
 cc ch s khng gian ca cc i tng. Hai tp ny ch c to
ra sau khi mt trong cc la chn sau y c thc hin: php
chn theme trn theme, php gp khng gian khc theme hay la
chn Create Index. Cc tp ny c lu trong th mc ca d liu
ngun.
Gp bng, s dng trng Shape chung

Bng ch Bng ngun

Bng kt qu

Hnh 6.7. Php gp khng gian khc theme vi quan h inside

6.2.2. Php Khi cc i tng c quan h nearest, cc i tng rt gn gi
gp khng vi nhau v mt khng gian. Chng hn, nu bn mun thc hin
gian khc php gp khng gian khc theme gia mt theme im trm quan
theme vi trc v mt theme im ging khoan, ArcView s tm tt c cc
quan h ging khoan gn nht cho mi trm quan trc. Sau , ArcView s
nearest gp thuc tnh ca cc ging khoan ny vi thuc tnh ca cc
trm quan trc tng ng. Tt c cc trng trong bng ngun
(thuc tnh ca Ging khoan) s c gp vo bng ch (thuc
tnh ca trm quan trc).
Trng Mt trng mi c tn gi l Distance c thm vo bng kt
Distance qu cha cc gi tr khong cch t mi trm quan trc ti
ging khoan gn nht. Khong cch c tnh bng n v bn
c xc lp trong View.
6.2.3. Gp Cc i tng im, ng v a gic c th c gp li
cc i theo mt thuc tnh chung no . Chng hn, tt c cc on ph
tng c cng tn c th c gp li thnh mt ph mang tn . Tng
t, cc cn h c cng a ch cng c th c gp li thnh mt
i tng.

113
Bng ch Bng ngun

Bng kt qu vi trng Distance

Hnh 6.8. Php gp khng gian khc theme vi quan h nearest

Trc khi gp: 17 i tng

Sau khi gp: theme mi vi 7 i tng

Hnh 6.9. Gp cc i tng.

6.2.4. Quy Qu trnh gp cc i tng c thc hin bng chc nng
114
trnh gp tng kt bng.
Chn mt Cc i tng c gp theo cc gi tr chung ca mt trng
trng c xc nh trc. Trong v d nu trn, cc i tng c gp
theo cc gi tr cha trong trng Tn Ph.
Tng kt Trong hp thoi Summary Table Definition, bn hy chn
Shape t danh sch x Field v chn Merge t c danh sch x
Summarize by. Cc trng khc cng c th c tng kt.
ArcView s tng kt cc s liu thng k cho cc trng ny.
Kt qu Khi bn gp cc i tng, kt qu s l mt theme mi v mt
bng thuc tnh ca theme mi. Bng thuc tnh ca theme bao
gm cc trng shape, trng merge (c kch hot trong qu
trnh gp) v trng Count dng thng bo s lng cc thanh
ghi ng vi mi gi tr trong trng merge. Do cc i tng c
gp vi nhau nn thng thng tp d liu kt qu s nh hn so
vi tp d liu ban u.
Gp cc i tng ph bng trng Tn ph (s dng phm summarize):

Mt theme mi v mt bng
thuc tnh ca theme mi c
to:

Hnh 6.10. Quy trnh gp.

Bi tp cho chng 6

Bi tp 6a: S dng php chn theme trn theme.

Bi tp 6b: Gp cng theme v gp khc theme cc d liu khng gian.

115
 Chng 7. To cc bn v trang tr (layouts)
7.1. Cc bn Bn v trang tr l mt ti liu ca ArcView dng to cc
v trang tr bn c cht lng cao, hnh thc p a ra in n hay kt
l g? xut ra cc tp in khc.
Bn v trang tr cha cc ti liu, ho v vn bn khc
nhau. Bt k ti liu no trong mt D n ca ArcView u c
th a vo Bn v trang tr.
Giao din ha cho ngi s dng ca ca s Layout c
cha cc cng c thnh lp, chnh sa, thay i v tr cc bn
v cc sn phm ha khc.

Hnh 7.1. Bn v trang tr

7.1.1. To Quy trnh to Bn v trang tr bt u bng vic xc nh

mt Bn v mt trang giy trn mn hnh (khun kh, hng nm ca trang
trang tr giy). Sau , cc thnh phn ca bn nh View, ch gii, mi
tn ch hng bc v thc t l xch s c a vo bn v. Khi
cc thnh phn ca bn c xc nh trn bn v, bn c
th a vo bn v cc ho khc nh u , biu tng,
ng vin khung, v.v... lm tng tnh hp dn ca bn v.
Sau khi to Bn v trang tr, bn c th ct gi n nh mt
khun mu cho cc bn sau. Bn cng c th in Bn v trang
tr ra giy bng my in hay my v.

116
7.1.2. Xc Trang v l mt v tr trn mn hnh c hnh dung nh
nh trang mt trang giy trong ca s ca Bn v trang tr, cho php bn
v thit k bn v ca mnh. Bn c th thay i cc c tnh ca
trang v bng cch s dng cc mc Properties v Page Setup
ca lnh n Layout.
Kch thc Kch thc ngm nh ca trang v l 8.5x11 inh. Bn c th
la chn cc kch thc chun khc t danh mc c sn, hoc
chn Custom t danh sch s Page Size ri m t kch thc
trang thch hp.
Kch thc ca trang v c th c thay i khng ph
thuc vo ca s Layout.
Hng t giy C hai hng t giy l Chn dung (thng ng) v Phong
cnh (nm ngang).
L Bn c th xc nh kch thc l trong hp thoi Page
Setup. Nu bn mun kch thc l c kim sot bi my in,
hy nh du vo hp kim Use Printer Border.
Li im Li im ca trang v trong layout thc ra ch l cng c
gip bn nh v chnh xc v d dng hn cc thnh phn trong
bn v. Bn c th xc nh khong cch gia cc im li trong
hp thoi Layout Properties.
Chc nng Snap to Grid l tu chn. Khi chc nng ny
c bt ln trong Layout Properties, cc thnh phn bn m
bn a vo bn v s t ng khp vo im li gn nht.

Hnh 7.2. Xc nh trang v.

Phng to v Tt c cc thao tc phng to hay thu nh trong ti liu View
thu nh trang cng c tc dng trong ti liu Bn v trang tr . Ngoi ra, cn c
v hai chc nng c bit c b sung cho ti liu Bn v trang tr,
l Zoom to Page v Zoom to Actual Size.
Chc nng Zoom to Page phng trang v ln ti phm vi

117
 ton cnh. Ton b trang v s c hin th mc cc i c
th trn ca s Layout.
Chc nng Zoom to Actual Size hin th Bn v trang tr
trong ca s Layout kch thc thit thc nht ( c nh
trc trong hp thoi Page Setup).
7.2. Xc nh Cc khung trong Bn v trang tr s bao hm cc thng tin
cc loi v cc thnh phn bn m bn a vo bn v. Chng hn,
khung nu bn mun a mt View vo bn v th trc tin bn phi
to mt khung View.
to mt khung, dng tr chut v mt hnh ch nht trn
trang v sau khi kch vo mt cng c thch hp. Mt hp
thoi Properties s hin ra, cho php bn xc nh ngun d liu
s cha trong khung va to.
Loi khung Cng c v khung trn thanh cng c ca ca s Layout
c s dng to ra cc loi khung sau:
Khung View cha ni dung ca mt View v c th c ni
kt vi cc khung ca ch gii v thc t l xch.
Khung ch gii cha mc lc ca cc theme ang bt trong
View.
Khung thc t l xch hin th t l ca d liu cha trong
View.
Cc loi khung khc cha mi tn ch hng bc, th,
bng, nh, v.v...
Thm vn bn Cng c vn bn trn thanh cng c ca ca s Layout c
s dng a vn bn vo Bn v trang tr.
7.2.1. To Bn c th to khung bng tp hp cc cng c to khung.
khung
Cng c Khung Kch tr chut vo tp hp cng c to khung, chn mt cng
c thch hp t danh sch x xung.
V mt hnh ch Sau khi kch tr chut vo mt cng c to khung, bn ko
nht trn trang v tr chut v mt khung hnh vung hay ch nht trn trang
v.
Xc lp cc tnh Hp thoi Frame Properties cho php bn xc lp cc quy tc
cht ca khung hin th cc thng tin bn trong khung va c to.
Bin i cc tnh Sau khi xc lp cc tnh cht ca khung, bn c th thay
cht ca khung i cc tnh cht ny bt k lc no bng cch s dng cng c
Tr kch p tr chut ln khung. Hp thoi Frame Properties
tng ng s hin ln sau thao tc ny.

118
 Hnh 7.3. To khung
7.2.2. Xc lp Tt c cc View hin c trong D n c lit k trong hp
cc tnh cht thoi View Frame Properties. Bn c th chn mt View hoc
ca khung chn <Empty View>(View trng). Mt khung cho View trng c
View th c s dng a mt View vo sau . Nu bn chn mt
View, bn xc lp mi lin kt gia ti liu View v khung
View.
Bn c th hin th hp thoi View Frame Properties bt k
lc no bng cch kch tr chut vo cng c Tr ri kch p ln
khung View.
Lin kt ng y l s lin kt ng gia ti liu View v khung View.
(Live Link) Khi mi lin kt ny c bt ln, mi thay i trong ti liu
View s c t ng phn nh trong khun kh ca khung
View. Chng hn, nu bn phng to bn trong ca s View,
bn trong khung View trn Bn v trang tr cng c phng
to theo.
Nu lin kt ng khng c nh du trong hp kim (b
tt i), khung View s cha mt bn tnh (phn nh ti liu
View). Khi View thay i, ni dung trong khung View trn Bn
v trang tr s khng thay i theo.

119
 Hnh 7.4. Xc lp tnh cht cho khung View.
7.2.3. Xc lp Bn c th kim sot mi quan h gia t l ca ti liu
t l cho View v t l ca khung View trong Bn v trang tr.
khung View
View scale (1:36 441 745) Automatic (cn theo chiu rng khung View)

Preserve View scale (1:36 441 745) User specified scale (1: 35 000 000)

Hnh 7.6. Xc lp t l cho khung View.

Automatic Nu bn chn Automatic, t l ca khung View s c cn

(T ng) theo chiu rng ca khung, khng ph thuc vo t l ca View.
y l ch ngm nh.
Preserve View Nu bn chn Preserve View Scale, View v khung View
Scale (Bo tn t c hin th cng mt t l. i ny c th khin cho bn
l ca View) ca bn b ct cc ra hay li qu nh trong khung xc nh.

120
7.2.4. Kim Trong khi s dng ArcView, bn c hai cch xc lp phm vi
sot t l v hin th cc d liu ca bn trong khung View.
phm vi bn
trong
khung View
Fill View Frame Nu bn chn chc nng Fill View Frame, ti liu View s
(Lp y khung c hin th sao cho khung View c lp y. Cc i tng
View) khng nhn thy trong View cng c th c hin th trong
khung View.
Clip to View (Ct Nu bn chn chc nng Clip to View, khung View trong
theo khung View) Bn v trang tr s c ct trng vi khung bn trong ti
liu View.

View

Hnh 7.7. Kim sot t l v phm vi bn trong khung View.

Cc phng n Cc phng n xc lp phm vi khung View c s dng
xc lp t l v kt hp vi cc phng n xc lp t l. C su phng n kt
phm vi bn hp sau y:

121
 Automatic/ Fill View Frame (ngm nh): View c gn t
l c hin th va vn trong khung View. D liu
khng nhn thy trong ti liu View cng c th xut hin
trong khung View ca Bn v trang tr.
Automatic/ Clip to View: View c gn t l c hin
th va vn trong khung View. Ch c cc d liu nhn thy
trong ti liu View mi c hin th trong khung View.
Preserve View Scale/ Fill View Frame: View v khung View
c hin th cng mt t l. Khung View c lp y
bi bn c cng t l vi ti liu View. D liu khng
nhn thy trong ti liu View cng s c hin th trong
khung View ca Bn v trang tr.
Preserve View Scale/ Clip to View: View v khung View
c hin th cng mt t l. Ch c cc d liu nhn thy
trong ti liu View mi c hin th trong khung View.
User specfied scale/ Fill View Frame: View c hin th
trong khung View c t l xc lp trc. Khung View c
lp y bi d liu ca View t l xc lp trc. D liu
khng nhn thy trong ti liu View cng c th xut hin
trong khung View ca Bn v trang tr(*).
User specfied scale/ Clip to View: View c hin th trong
khung View c t l xc lp trc. Ch c cc d liu nhn
thy trong ti liu View mi c hin th trong khung
View(*).
(*) Nu phm vi nhn thy ca ti liu View ln hn khung
View, ch c phn bn nm bn trong khung View c v.
7.2.5. V li ArcView cho php v li khung View v cho php la chn
bn v trang cht lng hin th.
tr
Display: When Khi bn chn Always, khung View s c v li mi khi c
Active /Always thay i trong ti liu View. Nu bn chn When Active, khung
(Hin th: khi View s ch c v li khi ca s Layout c kch hot.
c kch hot
hay Lun lun)
Quality: Draft/ Khi bn chn cht lng Draft, khung View s c v rt
Presentation nhanh bi n ch hin th mt hnh ch nht mu xm. Khi bn
(Cht lng: chn cht lng Presentation, khung View s c v lu hn v
Nhp hay Trnh n s hin th ti liu View trong khung View.
din)

122
 View Display Always

Display When Active: Inactive Display When Active: Active

Hnh 7.8. V li bn v trang tr.

7.2.6. Xc lp Khung ch gii biu din Mc lc ca mt View. Khi bn to
cc tnh cht mt khung ch gii, n s c ni kt vi khung View. Ch c
ca khung mc lc ca cc theme ang bt trong ca s View mi c a
ch gii vo khung ch gii.
Khung ch gii Khung ch gii c ni kt vi khung View. Bn chn
khung View t danh sch s xung. to mt khung ch gii
khng kt ni vi khung View, hy chn <Empty Legend>(ch
gii trng). Cc khung ch gii trng c th c lp y v sau.
Display: When Nu bn xc lp ch When Active, khung ch gii s ch
Active/ Always c v li khi ca s layout c kch hot. Nu bn xc lp ch
(Hin th: Khi Always, khung ch gii s c v li mi khi c thay i
c kch hot trong ti liu View.
hay Lun lun)
Quality: Draft/ Khi bn chn cht lng Draft, khung ch gii s c v rt
Presentation nhanh bi n ch hin th mt hnh ch nht mu xm. Khi bn
(Cht lng: chn cht lng Presentation, khung ch gii s c v lu hn
Nhp hay Trnh v n s hin mc lc ca ti liu View trong khung ch gii.
din)

View:

123
 Hp thoi Legend Frame Properties

Hnh 7.9. Xc lp cc tnh cht ca khung ch gii

7.2.7. Xc lp Thc t l nhm cung cp thng tin tham chiu o
cc tnh cht khong cch trn bn ca bn. Khi bn to khung cho thc
khung thc t l, n c ni kt vi khung View. Thc t l phn nh
t l chnh xc t l xch ca khung View. Khi khung View c ni
kt ng vi ti liu View, thc t l s t ng cp nht cho
ph hp vi nhng thay i v t l trong ti liu View.
Ni kt thc t ni kt mt khung cha thc t l vi khung View, bn
l vi khung View hy chn khung View t danh sch x xung. Nu bn chn
<Empty Scalebar>(thc t l trng), ArcView s to mt khung
trng bn c th a mt thc t l vo sau.
Preserve Interval Nu hp kim Preserve Interval c nh du, ArcView s
(Bo tn khong) hiu chnh kch thc ca khung thc t l khi t l ca khung
View thay i, nhng vn gi nguyn khong chia m bn xc
lp. Nu hp kim ny khng c nh du v t l ca khung
View thay i, ArcView s tnh li s khong chia nhng vn gi
nguyn kch thc ca khung thc t l.
Style (Kiu dng) ArcView cung cp mt thc t l s v bn loi thc t l
c kiu dng khc nhau.
Units (n v o) Bn c th chn mt trong cc n v o sau y th hin trn
thc t l: inch, ft, yard, dm, milimt, centimt, hay kilmt.
Interval (Khong Khong chia xc nh gi tr ca mi on trn phn bn
chia) phi gi tr khng ca thc t l. Theo ngm nh, gi tr ny s
thay i khi bn thay i n v o hay s khong chia ca thc
t l.

124
 Intervals (S La chn Intervals cho php bn xc nh s khong chia.
khong chia) Chng hn, nu bn chn n v o l dm, Khong chia bng
1000 v s khong chia l 3, thc t l s c ba khong chia
nm v bn phi gi tr khng, mi khong biu th di 1000
dm. Theo ngm nh, gi tr ny s thay i khi bn thay i
n v o hay s s khong chia ca thc t l.

Hnh 7.10. Xc lp cc tnh cht khung thc t l

Left Divisions Left Divisions xc nh s cc on chia nm v bn tri gi
(Cc on chia tr khng trn thc t l. Chng hn, nu bn chn n v o l
bn tri) dm, Khong chia bng 1000 v Cc on chia bn tri l 4,
thc t l s c bn khong chia nm v bn tri gi tr khng,
mi khong biu th di 250 dm.
7.2.8. Cc Cc cng c to khung khc cho php bn a mi tn ch
loi khung hng bc, th, bng v nh vo bn v trang tr ca bn.
khc
Khung cho mi Sau khi bn xc nh khung cho mi tn ch hng bc,
tn ch hng ca s North Arrow Manager s hin ln. Bn chn mt trong cc
bc kiu dng mi tn ch hng bc trong ca s ny v xc lp gc
quay cho n.
Khung cho Cc th v bng ang m trong D n c th c a vo
th v bng bn v trang tr bng cch s dng cc cng c to khung cho
th v bng.
Khung cho nh S dng cng c to khung cho nh, bn c th a nh vo
bn v trang tr. Hp thoi Picture Frame Properties cho php
bn truy cp ti th mc cha tp nh m bn cn.
7.3. B sung Cc ha m bn a vo bn v trang tr ca mnh bao
ha gm ng vin, u , mi tn, biu tng hay cc k hiu ch
ra nhng khu vc quan trng trn bn , v.v Cc ha
chun bao gm cc im, ng, cc hnh ch nht, ng trn,
a gic v vn bn.
Cc cng c v Tp hp cc cng c v cho php bn to cc im, ng,

125
 cc ng gp khc, cc hnh ch nht, hnh trn v a gic. Sau
khi chn mt trong cc cng c v ny, bn a tr chut ln
trang v v ha vo bn v trang tr. Trong khi bn v,
kch thc ca ha ( di cung hay bn knh ca ng
trn) s hin ln trn thanh trng thi. Cc kch thc ny phn
nh n v o hin thi ca trang v c xc lp trong mc
Page Setup ca bn v trang tr.
Sau khi to mt ho, bn c th dng Ca s biu
tng thay i biu tng hay mu sc ca n. Ca s biu
tng (Symbol Window) c th c truy cp t lnh n
Window.
Cng c vn bn Cng c vn bn cho php bn a vn bn vo bn v trang
tr. Sau khi chn cng c vn bn, bn hy a tr chut ln
trang v v kch p vo mt v tr a vn bn vo. G dng
vn bn vo hp thoi Text Properties.
Sau khi to mt dng vn bn, bn c th s dng Text
Symbol Palette thay i phng ch, kch thc v kiu ch
ca dng vn bn.
Cng c vn bn

Cng c v

Hnh 7.11. B sung ha.

7.3.1. Chnh Bn c th dng cng c Tr chn cc ha trong bn v
sa ho trang tr. Mt ha chn s c bn hoc tm vung nh
xut hin xung quanh n.
Di chuyn v thay Cc ha c th c di chuyn v thay i kch thc
i kch thc bng cng c Tr hoc hp thoi Size and Position ca lnh n
ha Graphics. Bn hy s dng cng c Tr ko ha chn ti
v tr mi hay ko cc hnh vung nh bao quanh ha chn
thay i kch thc ca n. Nu s dng hp thoi Size and
Position ca lnh n Graphics th cc thao tc di chuyn v
thay i kch thc s c thc hin chnh xc hn. Trc tin,
bn chn ha mun di chuyn hay thay i kch thc, sau
chn Size and Position t lnh n Graphics.
Cn thng hng Cc ha chn c th c cn thng hng theo l hay
ho theo mt ng thng bng cch s dng Align t lnh n

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 Graphics. Align cng cho php bn hiu chnh khong cch gia
cc ha v thay i kch thc cc ha chn chng c
cng mt chiu cao hay chiu rng.
Nhm v thay i Cc ha chn c th c nhm li bng cch s dng
th t ha Group t lnh n Graphics hoc bng cch kch tr chut vo
phm Group. Cc ha c nhm s c th c di chuyn hay
thay i kch thc nh l mt ha. Tng t, cc ha c
nhm cng c th c tch ra bn c th lm vic vi chng
nh cc thnh phn ring bit.
Theo ngm nh, cc ha c v theo th t m chng
c a vo bn v trang tr. thay i th t ny, bn hy
chn ha m bn mun hin th cui cng v kch tr chut
vo phm Bring to Front. Tng t, bn c th kch tr chut vo
phm Sent to Back hin th sau cng ha chn.
S dng Undo Bn c th s dng phm Undo quay li thao tc gn nht
trc ca mnh trong bn v trang tr. Chng hn, nu bn
di chuyn, thay i kch thc, n gin ho, nhm hay tch mt
ha, th khi kch tr chut vo
phm Undo, bn s quay tr li kt qu trc thao tc .
S dng bn Bn c th di chuyn ha c chn bng cc phm mi
phm tn trn bn phm my tnh ca bn.
Di chuyn v thay i kch thc ha

Cn thng hng ha

Nhm v thay i th t ha

Chn Cn (tri) Nhm

Hnh 7.12. Chnh sa ha.

7.3.2. S Bn c th truy cp ti cc bn v trang tr mu t cc lnh
dng v to n View hay Layout.
cc bn v T lnh n View, chn Layout; t lnh n Layout, chn
trang tr Use template. C hai la chn ny u hin th hp thoi
mu Template Manager. Bn hy kch p tr chut vo mt trong
cc mu c sn t danh sch s to bn v trang tr theo mu.
To mu ring Bn c th to bn v trang tr theo mu ring ca bn bng
ca bn cch thit k mt bn v ri ct gi n. T lnh n Layout, chn
Store as Template. Mt hp thoi s hin ra cho php bn chn
mt biu tng v t tn cho mu mi to ny. Bn v trang tr
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 mu ca bn s xut hin trong Template Manager.
Sau khi bn ct gi mu, mt tp c tn l template.def s
c thm vo th mc ch ca bn. Cc mu ny c th c s
dng hay chnh sa trong mi D n. quay li cc mu ngm
nh, bn ch cn xo tp nu trn khi th mc ch ca bn.
S dng mu
chun

To mu ring

Hnh 7.13. S dng v to bn v trang tr mu

7.4. In mt ArcView h tr vic in kt qu ra giy bng nhiu cch.
bn v ArcView cho php in bn v trang tr bng cc my in trn mi
trang tr trng Windows hay s dng cc trnh iu khin my in dng
PostScript, l dng chun ca ArcView .
In t Windows Bn c th in bn v trang tr ca ArcView bng bt k mt
my in no s dng h iu hnh Windows. Trnh iu khin s
dch khun dng ca bn v trang tr ra khun dng my in. Nu
bn khng c my in Windows, bn c th s dng cc trnh iu
khin dng PostScript, l dng chun ca ArcView dch khun
dng ca bn v trang tr ra khun dng PostScript, sau gi
ra my in PostScript.
In t Unix Trn h Unix, ArcView h tr cc my in PostScript hoc in
ra tp khun dng CGM.
In ra tp ArcView cho php bn in ra mt tp khun dng Windows
hoc mt trong cc khun dng PostScript c ArcView h tr.
Kt xut mt bn Nu bn khng mun in bn v trang tr m mun chuyn
v trang tr n sang mt ng dng khc, ArcView h tr nhiu khun dng
kt xut nh sau:
i vi tt c cc loi my tnh:
Encapsulated PostScript, Adobe Illustrator
CGM Binary, CGM Character, CGM Clear Text.
i vi cc my tnh Windows:
Placeable Windows Metafile, Windows Metafile, Windows
Bitmap.
i vi cc my tnh Macintosh:
PICT

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 Hnh 7.14. In bn v trang tr.
Bi tp cho chng 7

Bi tp 7: To mt bn v trang tr.

129
 Ti liu tham kho
1. Burrough P. A. and McDonell R.A., (1998). Principles of geographical
information systems. Oxford University Press.
2. ESRI, (1996). Introduction to ArcView GIS.
3. Michael Zeiler, (1999) Modeling our world: the ESRI Guide to
geodatabase design. ESRI Press.

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