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Vat Ly Bien PDF
Vat Ly Bien PDF
0
INH VN U - NGUYN MINH HUN
VT L BIN
1
MC LC
2
Chng 5.QUANG HC BIN...........................................................................................75
5.1 CC C TRNG QUANG HC CA NC BIN ..............................................75
5.1.1. Tng quan cc phng php o c .......................................................................75
5.1.2. Cc c trng c bn..............................................................................................75
5.2 CC TNH CHT QUANG HC CA NC TINH KHIT ...................................80
5.2.1 Nhng nghin cu l thuyt....................................................................................80
5.2.2 Cc s liu thc nghim..........................................................................................82
5.3 HIN TNG HP TH NH SNG TRONG NC BIN ..................................82
5.3.1 Thnh phn ca nc bin ......................................................................................82
5.3.2 Hp th nh sng trong nc bin...........................................................................85
5.4 TN X NH SNG CA NC BIN...................................................................86
5.4.1 Tn x phn t. .......................................................................................................86
5.4.2 Tn x do cc ht l lng ........................................................................................86
5.5 CC I LNG C TRNG CA TRNG NH SNG TRONG BIN.......89
5.6 HIN TNG TRUYN NH SNG QUA MT BIN...........................................90
5.6.1 Phn x bc x t mt bin. ....................................................................................90
5.6.2.S truyn nh sng qua b mt bin:.......................................................................93
5.7 RI NGM............................................................................................................94
5.7.1 Cc chun N. Erlov : ...............................................................................................94
5.7.2 S bin ng ca ri ngm.................................................................................96
5.8 CHI CA TRNG NH SNG TRONG BIN .............................................97
5.8.1 Phn vng trng chi trong bin ......................................................................97
5.8.2 Vng di b mt - vng Snell ...............................................................................99
5.9 MU CA BIN........................................................................................................100
Chng 6.M HC BIN.................................................................................................104
6.1 SNG M V MI LIN H GIA THNG S CA CHNG VI CC C
TRNG CA MI TRNG N HI........................................................................104
6.2 PHNG TRNH SNG ...........................................................................................106
6.3 CC DNG SNG M............................................................................................. 109
6.3.1 Cc sng phng ..................................................................................................... 109
6.3.2 Sng cu ...............................................................................................................111
6.3.3 Sng tr.................................................................................................................113
6.4 NHNG C TRNG NNG LNG CA SNG M ......................................114
6.5 PHN X V KHC X SNG M.......................................................................117
6.6 TC SNG M TRONG MI TRNG BIN ................................................120
6.7 HIN TNG HP TH SNG M TRONG BIN ..............................................122
6.8 S LAN TRUYN CHM TIA M TRONG MI TRNG PHN LP KHNG
NG NHT...................................................................................................................123
6.9 TN X SNG M TRONG MI TRNG BIN (M VANG BIN) V TP
M....................................................................................................................................128
6.9.1 m vang bin........................................................................................................128
6.9.2 Ting n trong bin (tp m).................................................................................130
TI LIU THAM KHO..................................................................................................133
3
Chng 1
NHNG KHI NIM C BN V NHIT NG HC NC BIN
4
cn bng nhit ng v mi quan h ca n.
Cn bng nhit ng l trng thi c xc sut ln nht. Theo thi gian, cc h c lp
khng tham gia trao i nng lng vi bn ngoi bao gi cng chuyn sang trng thi cn
bng nhit ng v khng t tch khi trng thi .
Lun im bc cu cho rng trng thi cn bng khng nhng c xc nh bi cc
tham s ngoi nh th tch, cng lc v.v... m cn c xc nh bi mt i lng xc
nh cho trng thi bn trong ca h. Khi tip xc vi nhau do kt qu trao i nng lng,
i lng ny s tr nn cn bng gia cc h tip xc.
i lng nu trn do c xc nh bi nng lng ca h nn c gi l nhit .
Cng nh nng lng, nhit biu th s o ca chuyn ng vt cht trong h khi chuyn
t dng ny qua dng khc v n l mt hm n tr ca trng thi h.
Trong nhit ng hc, nng lng c phn ra thnh ni nng v ngoi nng
E = Ein +Eex (1.2)
Trong ngoi nng E ex bao gm nng lng chuyn ng tng i ca h (ng
nng Ev) v th nng ca h trong trng trng lc Epot.
Eex = Epot +Ev (1.3)
= pi i (1.4)
5
Nh vy entropi c trng cho trng thi v m ca h ph thuc vo cu trc vi m ca
n.
Trn quan im cho rng trng thi h v m c xc nh bi nng lng v khi
lng ca n cc hp phn ca h: i v mi, ngi ta a ra khi nim v nhit T v th ho
hc i t nh ngha entropi, nng lng v khi lng cho cc hp phn ca h.
1
T m j
= v, ,
(1.7)
j = T , v, mi
mj
(i, j = 1,....., n )
Chng ta s xem xt qu trnh on nhit, trong khng xy ra trao i nhit gia h
v bn ngoi, vi iu kin din bin nhanh khng c trao i nhit v chm qu
trnh c xem l m bo cn bng. Khi ch c mt lc duy nht tc ng t bn ngoi, cng
m qu trnh thc hin s l
A = pdv (1.8)
trong v l th tch (hoc th tch ring).
m bo cn bng, ni nng ca h s c gi tr ngc du vi cng do p sut thc
hin
d = -A = pdv
v t y ta c cng thc nh ngha p sut p theo ni nng:
p= (1.9)
v ,m j
Kt hp hai cng thc (1.7) v (1.9) ta c
p
= = (1.10)
T v ,m v ,m v ,m
j j j
Vit vi phn ton phn ca entropi s c dng sau, cho rng entropi l mt hm ca cc
tham s nhit ng
d = d + dv + d mj =
v ,m j v ,m j m
j ,v , mi (1.11)
d p
=+ dv dS
T T T
trong bin i ca nng cc cht ho tan trong nc tng t mui S c
xc nh nh sau
d mj j
dS =
6
vi l th ho chung ca h v m.
Ta c th vit phng trnh (1.11) v dng
Td = d + pdv dS (1.12)
Phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh Gibbs hay l phng trnh c bn ca nhit
ng hc.
Theo nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc (quy lut bo ton v chuyn ho nng
lng) th:
d = Q - G (1.13)
trong Q l bin i nhit lng ca h, cn G l bin i cng m h sn sinh ra.
Thay vo phng trnh (1.11) ta c
1
[Q G + pdv dS ]
d =
T
Cho rng G l cng tng cng thu c t kt qu tc ng ca p sut ring phn ca
h: G = p*dv ( p* lin quan ti p sut ring phn), ta c th vit:
1
d = [Q + ( p p *)dv dS ] (1.14)
T
S hng biu th cng thc hin do chnh lch p sut bn ngoi p v p sut ring phn
p* tng ng hiu gia cng sn sinh v cng hu ch do chng li ma st. Thnh phn ny
thng xuyn lm tng entropi. iu ny cng d hiu v nu p* > p s dn ti vic gim th
tch v (p - p*)dv > 0 (lc tc ng t bn ngoi ln h s ln hn ni lc) v ngc li, nu
p sut bn ngoi nh hn p sut ring phn p > p* th n n th tch tng v (p - p*)dv >
0.
Nh vy i vi mt h c lp v thnh phn vt cht khng i dS =0 entropi lun
lun tng.
Khi hai h A v B c nhit khc nhau tng ng Ta v Tb v c mi lin h vi nhau
nhng li c lp vi bn ngoi th t phng trnh (1.14) ta c
Q Q
d = + a b
T a T b
cng do gi thit h c lp nn
Qa + Qb = 0
v vy
1 1 (1.15)
d = Q
a
T a T b
Theo tng quan gia Ta, Tb v Qa ta lun c d > 0. V d nu Ta >Tb v nhit i t
phn A n phn B, th Qa < 0 v phn A mt nhit, nu Tb > Ta v phn A nhn nhit, hay
Qa > 0 ta vn c d > 0.
Nh vy vi h c lp, trao i nhit lun dn ti tng entropi, hay ni mt cch khc
7
s phn b li nng lng gia cc phn ca h lun c xu th dn ti trng thi cn bng.
iu ny l pht biu ca nguyn l th hai nhit ng hc.
ngha vt l ca nguyn l ny c hiu rng s phn b nng lng gia cc thnh
phn ca h c xu th dn ti s ng u, hay c xc sut ln nht.
i vi qu trnh l tng, khi khng c ma st trn chu trnh kn, v l thuyt th cn
c xu th quay tr v trng thi ban u. Trong trng hp tch phn theo ng khp kn
s bng 0:
Q
T = d = 0
k
tng ng qu trnh thun nghch. Trong thc tin tt c cc qu trnh u khng thun
nghich, v t ra u c lc ma st. iu ny cng ni ln rng trong thc t khng th tn ti
ng c vnh cu c.
d = d( +pv-T)=-dT+vdp+dS (1.19)
Hm H = + pv c gi l entanpi ca h, = -T l nng lng t do,
= + pv - T l hm th nhit ng Gibbs.
Ba hm ny c gi l cc th nhit ng v l cc hm ca 3 trong 4 bin T,v, p v S.
Theo ng ngha ca cc hm th, o hm ring ca cc hm ny cho ta cc tham s
nhit ng.
i vi nhit , p sut, th tch ring v entropi, t cc phng trnh (1.17-1.19) ta c
H
T = p, m j = v, m j
p = T , m j = , m j (1.20)
v v
H
v = =
p ,m j p T ,m j
= =
T v ,m T p ,m
j j
8
i vi cc th ho hc i ta c th rt ra c cng thc nh ngha bng cch s dng
tnh cht cng c ca cc hm th,rng th nhit ng Gibbs c th hin qua dng sau
= mj f j
(T , p, c )
j
(1.21)
ta c
j
=
m
j ,v
ta c
m d + d mj j j j
= dT + vdp + d m j
j
hay
dT vdp + m j d = 0 (1.24)
j
9
bn ca nhit ng hc nc bin.
Nu xem nc bin ch bao gm hai thnh phn l nc tinh khit v mui, ta c
m =mw+ms
v phng trnh Gibbs - Duhem c dng
dT vdp + mw d + ms d = 0 (1.25)
w s
d = d E in = E in dT + E in dv + E in dS =
T v , S v T , S S T ,v (1.27)
= Td + dS pdv
E in
T v, S = T T v, s
Trong biu thc trn o hm ring s l o hm thng trong iu kin th tch v
mui khng bin i. Trn c s 1.27 ta c th a ra nh ngha nhit dung ca nc khi th
tch v thnh phn ho hc khng i.
= E in = T
d d
c v,S
(1.28)
dT v , S dT v , S
10
c p,S
= T
T p , S
(1.29)
d H
T phng trnh (1.17) ta c biu thc: T = = c p,S
dT p ,S T p , S
11
p
=
T T v
v
T y ta c th bin i cng thc (1.31) v dng
p v
c p,S
cv , S = T
T v T p
(1.32)
1 v
k =
v0 p T ,S
12
cui cng ta c:
2
T v0 a
c p , S cv , S =
k
(1.33)
v cng thc t l gia nhit dung khi p sut khng i v nhit dung khi th tch
khng i s l:
1
2
T v
=
c p
= 1 +
T p
c v
c
v
p
p T
Do gi tr ca v tri ca phng trnh (1.33) lun lun dng v vy cp cv. Tuy nhin
s khc nhau gia chng thng nh hn 1% v ph thuc ch yu vo nhit . i vi
nhit cc i mt k = 0 v cp = cv. Vic xc nh nhit dung bng phng php thc
nghim ch yu p dng cho cp. Cn nhit dung cv th tnh theo cng thc (1.33).
Hnh 1.1. Nhit dung khi p sut khng i ph thuc vo nhit v mui
Trn hnh 1.1 cho ta mi tng quan gia nhit dung khi p sut khng i ph thuc
13
vo nhit v mui. i vi cc gi tr p sut c nh th cp gim khi p sut tng (bng
1.1).
Tuy nhit dung ph thuc vo nhit , mui v p sut nhng s bin i ny nhn
chung khng vt qua gii hn 5% v vy trong cc bi ton hi dng hc c th chp nhn
mt gi tr khng i ca nhit dung.
Bng 1.1. Hiu gia nhit dung [j/gr.K] khi p sut bng p sut kh quyn v cc
su vi mui 34,85 %o
TC p
dbar
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
-2 0,0715 0,1318
0 0,0665 0,1218 0,1820 0,2060 0,2368
5 0,0569 0,1037 0,1680 0,1740 0,2050
10 0,0502 0,0920 0,1422
15 0,0460 0,0850
20 0,0440
dn nhit
Mt trong nhng c trung nhit ng hc quan trng ca nc bin l dn nhit cho
ta tc truyn nhit trong mi trng. Ngi ta ly h s truyn nhit lm i lng c
trng, hon ton tng t nh trong vt l hc, l lng nhit i qua mt n v din tch
b mt trong mt n v thi gian vi gradien nhit bng 1 n v. Ngi ta phn bit h
s truyn nhit phn t m v h s truyn nhit ri . Trong h s truyn nhit phn t
ph thuc vo cc tnh cht vt l ca nc, tc chuyn dch cc phn t, hay l qung
ng chy t do v mt . Gi tr ca h s ny i vi nc ngt di tc ng ca p
sut kh quyn v nhit bng 20 C vo khong 0,6 wat/(m.) v gim khong 10-2
wat/(m.) khi nhit gim xung tng 10 . mui khng nh hng ng k n
dn nhit.
Tnh cht truyn nhit ri l mt c trng quan trng ca nc bin v n quyt nh
cho tnh cht ng hc ca nc v hin tng xo trn ri. H s truyn nhit ri vo
khong hai n ba bc ln hn h s truyn nhit phn t.
Hin tng chuyn pha
Ph thuc vo nhit v p sut, nc c th tn ti trong cc pha khc nhau : hi,
lng v rn. thu c phng trnh biu th s tn ti ca cc pha v iu kin chuyn t
pha ny sang pha khc, chng ta da trn nguyn l cho rng entropi ca h bng tng entropi
cc thnh phn. Nh vy entropi ca h bao gm hai pha vi t l f v 1 - f s l
= f1 + (1-f)2 = 2 + f (1-2) (1.34)
Khi xem xt mt n v th tch ca h, th 1 v 2 s l entropi ring phn tng ng
cc th tch ring v1v v2:
14
v = fv1 +(1-f)v2 = v2 + f(v1-v2) (1.35)
Trong qu trnh chuyn pha, i vi tng phn df s c mt lng entropi tng ng
bin i
d = (1 - 2)df
dv = (v1 -v2)df
trong
d 1 2 (1.36)
=
dv v1 v 2
15
1 1
p = p exp Lbh (1.40)
h 0
R h T 0 T
Phng trnh ny thng c gi l phng trnh Klausius-Clayperon. Trong p0 l
p sut ca hi nc khi nhit bng T0. i vi T0 = 273,075K trng bo ho p0 =
6,1 mbar. Chng ta d dng nhn thy trn hnh (1.2) tng quan gia trng bo ho ca
hi nc v nhit , c xy dng trn c s cng thc (1.40) v th hin bng ng cong
OA.
Trong khi xc nh gii hn gia cc pha kh (I) v rn (III) chng ta cng s dng cc
gi thit nh trng hp u, cho rng th tch ring ca hi nc ln hn nhiu ln th tch
ring ca bng. Trng thi bo ho hi nc cng c th hin bng phng trnh trng thi
kh l tng. Theo cc gi thit trn chng ta thu c phng trnh sau y, tng t phng
trnh (1.40)
1 1
exp H h H b
p = p = (1.41)
h
0
Rh T 0 T
1 1
= p exp Lth
R h T 0 T
0
p = p + H Hb n
ln T = p + L b
ln T (1.42)
0
v v
b n
T 0 0
v v
b n
T 0
C ba ng cong nu trn u bt u t mt trng thi p0 v Tb. iu ny c ngha
rng i vi nhit v p sut ny nc c th tn ti v chuyn ho qua ba pha. Trn ton
pT im ny c gi l im cp ba.
16
S hin din ca mui trong nc bin lm bin i cc c im ca qu trnh
chuyn pha. iu ny xut pht t quy lut xc nh p sut bo ho hi ca cc dung dch
ca cht ho tan l tng, nhng do nc bin c cha cc ion v cc cht in phn nn cc
quy lut trn b nh hng. Tuy cha c mt l thuyt y v cc qu trnh ny cho h
nc bin, song iu r rng nht l nhit ng bng ca nc bin b gim. Sau y l
cng thc thc nghim ca Crumel
2
(
= 10 0,3 + 5,27 S + 4.10
3
S
2
+ 4.10
5
S)
3
(1.43)
Cc tc ng lin quan ti mui bin c th nhn thy trn hnh 2 thng qua v tr
ca cc ng chuyn i pha trn ton pT (cc ng chm chm).
p (mb) C A
17
dQ = dT + dv + pdv =
T v v T
p
= cv dT + + p dv = cv dT + T dv = (1.44)
v
T T v
(v
T p
) Ta
= cv dT T dv = cv dT + dv
v k
p T
Trong khi bin i (1.44) s dng ng thc sau rt ra t cc ng thc (1.20) v
(1.31)
p
T = + p = T
v T v T T v
i vi cc qu trnh on nhit do dQ = 0 nn t phng trnh (1.44) ta c
Ta
dT = dv (1.45)
cv k
Nh vy, nhit s gim khi th tch tng v ngc li nhit s tng khi th tch
gim.
Xt s bin i ca nhit khi p sut thay i
Cng da trn c s ca nguyn l th nht nhit ng lc hc (phng trnh (1.17)) c
dQ = d + d ( pv) vdp = d ( + pv) vdp =
(1.46)
= dH vdp
trong H l entanpi.
Tip tc bin i (1.46) bng cch trin khai vi phn ton phn ca entanpi
H H
dQ = dH vdp = dT + dp vdp
T p p T
ta c
dQ H H dp H dp
= + v = c p + v
dT T p p T dT p T dT
i vi cc qu trnh on nhit do dQ = 0 nn
H dp
c + v =0
p T
p
dT
hay
1 H
dT = v dp
c p p T
bin i cng thc ny v dng tin li cho tnh ton, chng ta tr li s dng cc
nh ngha entropi v entanpi v cc vi phn ton phn ca chng
18
Do H = +pv , ta c
dH = d +pdv +vdp,
ng thi d =Td -pdv, v vy
dH = Td - pdv + pdv +vdp = Td +vdp,
v t
H
= T + v
p T p T
ng thi t cc nh ngha T, p, v v ta li c
v
=
p
T T p
( biu thc ny rt ra t nh ngha
= , v =
T p p T
v tin hnh tnh o hm cho theo T v p)
Nh vy cui cng ta c
H v
v T
dT p T T p
= =
dp c p c p
19
D dng nhn thy rng khi nc i xung th nhit tng ln v khi nc i ln th
nhit gim xung.
Trong cc cng thc trn h s gin n v nhit a vo khong 1,510-4 (C)-1. H s nn
ng nhit k
1 v
k =
v0 p T ,S
H s k ph thuc mt cch phc tp vo nhit , mui v p sut. Sau y l cng
thc thc nghim ca Ekman i vi ton b ct nc t mt n su c p sut p
10+8k = 4886/(1+0,000183p)- (227 + 28,33 T - 0,551T2 +0,004 T3) +
+(105,5 + 9,5T - 0,158T2)p 10-3- 1,5 10-6 Tp2 -
-[(0 - 28)/10][147,3 - 2,72 T + 0,04 T2 - (32,4 - 0,87 T - 0,02 T2)p 10-3]
+ [(0 - 28)/10] 2 [4,5 -0,1 T - (1,8 - 0,06 T)p 10-3] (1.48)
trong : T (C) - nhit , p (bar) - p sut, 0 - t trng quy c (0 = -0,069 + 1,4708
Cl -1,57 10-3 Cl2 +3,98 10-5 Cl3), S - mui (S = 1,806 Cl), Cl C-lo.
Trong iu kin nc bin gi tr h s gin n v nhit a ~ 1,5 10-4 (C)-1, gradien
dT/dz vo khong 10-4 C.m-1.
tnh bin thin nhit theo p sut, t phng trnh (1.48) ta c
dT a v0
= dp
T cp
Tch phn hai v theo p ta thu c
p2
av
ln T 2
= c
0
dp
T 1 p1
p
v t
p2
av
T =T c
0
2 1
exp dp
p1
p
20
f (,S,T,p) = 0, (1.49)
f (,S,p,) = 0, (1..50)
hay
f(, S, T) =0 (1.51)
Trong s phng trnh dng (1.49) v (1.50) c gi l phng trnh trng thi
nhit, cn phng trnh (1.51) gi l phng trnh trng thi calo.
Trong thc t hi dng hc ngi ta hay s dng phng trnh (1.49) vit trong dng
= (T, S, p)
hoc
v = v(T, S, p) ,
trong v l th tch ring: v =1/.
Tin hnh ly vi phn ton phn i vi th tch ring, ta c
v v v
dv = dT + dS + dp (1.52)
T S,p S
T , p p S ,T
Trong cc phn trn chng ta a ra cc h s gin n v nhit a, h s nn ng
nhit k
1 v 1 v
a= , k=
v0 T S , p v0 p T ,S
Ngoi ra h s trong s hng th hai c xem l h s nn do mui
1 v
=
v0 S T , p
Trn c s phng trnh (1.52) c th vit qua dng
dv
= adT dS kdp (1.53)
v 0
1 S
=
S 0 T p
Do s phc tp ca cc mi lin h m i vi nc bin lun tn ti cc bin i
phi tuyn ca cc c trng vt l, nhit ng hc, nh th tch ring, vn tc truyn m, v.v...
21
vo nhit v mui.
nh gi chnh xc vai tr ca cc thnh phn v sai s c th xy ra trong khi lm
n gin ho phng trnh trng thi, chng ta cn nghin cu cc mi quan h chung ca
chng.
Trong cng trnh ca mnh O. Mamaev tin hnh phn tch th tch ring vo chui
Taylor theo cc bin T, S, p ti im c to S = 35 %o, T = 0C, p = 0 (cho rng p sut
trn mt bin bng 0 tng ng p sut kh quyn, nh hn nhiu so vi p sut trong
nc). Dng cui cng ca chui c dng 1.55.
Biu thc trong du ngoc vung cho ta phn hiu chnh i vi s hng u, c trng
cho th tch ring ca nc i dng chun v(35, 0, 0) = 0,97264.
Nu nh chng ta xem xt s bin i ca th tch ring ch ph thuc vo mt tham s
v cho rng cc tham s khc c gi nguyn khng i, ta c th vit cng thc tnh gn s
bin i ca mt hoc th tch ring s dng php phn tch cc hm vo chui i vi
tng bin ring r trong dng 1.56. Trong cc cng thc ny cc gi tr quy chiu ca
mui, p sut v nhit c chn tng ng 35%o, 0C v 0 mb.
v v v
v(S , T , p ) = v(35,0,0 ) + dS + dT + dp +
S T p 35, 0, 0
1 v 2v
+ 2 dS + 2 dT + 2 dp + 2 d SdT +
2 2 2
2 v 2 v 2
2 S T p ST
2
v
2
v 1 v
3
+ dSdp +
dpdT + 3dS +
3
Sp pT 35, 0 , 0 6 S
+ dT + dp + 3 dS dT + dS
3 3 3 3
v v 3
dp +
3 2 2
T p S T S p
3 3 2 2
+ dS dS + dp dS + dT dp +
3 3 3
2 2 2
T S p S T p
2 2 2
+ dp dT + 2 dSdTdp )]
3 3
2
p T STp (1.55)
2
22
v S = v( S ,0,0) v(35,0,0) =
dS + 2 dS + ....;
v
2
1
=
2
S 2 S
vT = v(35, T ,0) v(35,0,0) =
v 1
2
+ ....;
(1.56)
= dT +
2
2 dT
T 2 T
v p = v(35,0, p) v(35,0,0) =
v 1
2
2
2 dp
= dp + + ....;
p 2 p
Nh phn tch, cc biu thc thu c trong (1.56) c th xem nh cc hm ca mt
tham s c cho khng i, v vy nng cao chnh xc c th biu th tham s ny
vo chui theo bin mi, trong c th cho ng thi 1 hoc 2 bin khng i. iu ny c
th thy r trong cc cng thc 1.57 i vi cc cp bin nhit-mui, mui-p v nhit- p.
v ST
= [v( S , T ,0) v(35, T ,0)]
[v( S ,0,0) v(35,0,0)];
vSp = [v ( S ,0, p ) v (35, 0, p ) ]
(1.57)
[v( S ,0,0) v(35,0,0)];
vTp = [v(35, T , p) v(35,0, p)]
[v( S ,0,0) v(35,0,0)];
23
(S ,T , p) = (35,0,0) + + + + S T p ST
+
(1.60)
+ + +
Sp Tp STp
Bit rng = 1/v chng ta c th thu c tng quan gia v v, bng cch ly o
hm:
v
= 2
(1.61)
v
xc nh cc hiu chnh trong cc cng thc (1.59) v (1.60) chng ta cn xc nh
c cc o hm ring. Do hin nay chng ta vn cha tm ra c dng gii tch ca
phng trnh trng thi v vy cc o hm ny thng c ly t cc cng thc thc
nghim ca Knudsen v c a vo trong cc bng hi dng hc.
i vi nc mt i dng cng thc ph bin hin nay l
( S , T ,0) =
{ [ + + (
(0,4,0) 1 + 1 2 0 3
2
0
)] }
+ 0,1324 0 .103
(1.62)
trong cc h s i ch l cc hm ca nhit
(T 3,98)2T + 283
1
= 0,1324( 2 0,1324 3)
503,570 T + 67,26
;
2
= 1 (4,7867 0,098185T + 0,0010843T 2 )T .103 ;
3
= (18,030 0,8164T + 0,01667T 2 )T 106
H s 0 trong hi dng hc c gi l trng lng ring gi nh, ph thuc vo
mui nc bin. Do tnh n nh ca thnh phn cc ion chnh trong nc bin m mui
thng c tnh theo mt thnh phn c bn nh C-lo bng cng thc Knudsen
S = (0,030 + 1,8050Cl )% o (1.63)
hoc cng thc UNESCO
S = 1,80655 Cl %o, (1.64)
Cng thc tnh trng lng ring gi nh s l
0
= 0,069 + 1,4708Cl 1,57.10 3 Cl 2 + 3,98.10 5 Cl 3 (1.65)
Do s bin i thnh phn mui i vi cc vng ni hi nn cc h s tng quan c
th thay i.
S bin i ca mt v th tch ring ca nc bin theo su, c tnh theo cng
thc trong nh hng ca nn di tc ng ca p sut k (cng thc (1.48)) c k
n
[
v( S , T , p ) = v( S , T ,0) 1 k p ] (1.66)
24
Nhng cng thc thc nghim nu trn cho thy tnh phc tp ca mi ph thuc ca
th tch ring hoc mt vo cc c trng nhit ng hc ca nc bin. V vy trong
nhng trng hp khng i hi chnh xc cao c th s dng cc cng thc trong mt
s h s c th b qua. Sau y l cng thc c s dng ph bin do Lineikin xut
(T,S,p) = 1+ 10-5(6,89T-9,18T2-0,39ST+82S+5.10-3p); (1.67)
Trong nhiu trng hp cn c th s dng cc cng thc n gin hn nh cng thc
Robinson - Stomel
= 0 (1 - T)
hay cng thc Lineikin - Stomel
= (1 - T + S)
Hin nay phc v cc tnh ton chnh xc, UNESCO a ra cng thc chun i
vi mt nc bin trong dng
( S , T ,0)
( S , T , p) =
( S , T ,0)
1
k (S , T , p)
trong (S,T,0) v k(S,T,p) l cc a thc c bc cao nht l 5 vi cc h s khng
i.
Hin tng c c trong khi xo trn: h qu phi tuyn ca phng trnh trng thi
Nh trnh by trn y, do tnh cht phi tuyn ca phng trnh trng thi nn mt
, th tch ring v cc c trng nhit ng hc ca nc bin u khng c tnh cng
c, ngha l mt tnh theo nhit v mui (v p sut) trung bnh cng ca hai khi
nc xo trn khc vi mt trung bnh
[(T1+T2)/2, (S1+S2)/2)] trung bnh .
V d hai khi lng nc nh nhau c nhit T1= 30C, T2 =-1,5C v mui
tng ng S1 = 35,36 %o, S2 = 27,38 %o c cng mt 1 = 2 =1,02205. Khi xo trn mt
trung bnh s khng thay i. Nhng v khi lng nh nhau nn nhit v mui hn
hp s bng trung bnh cng:
T =14,28 v S = 31,18 %o, mt tnh theo nhit v mui ny s l 1,0238.
Nh vy khi xo trn mt tng ln 0,00136 hay T ~1,36.
Hin tng ny c gi l c c trong khi xo trn, ng mt vai tr ng k trong
pht trin xo trn v i lu ti cc khu vc gp nhau ca cc khi nc.
25
Chng 2
N NH CA NC BIN
2.1.1. Nhit th v
Nhit th v l nhit ca h c th thu c trong khi chuyn p sut thc t p
sang p sut kh quyn pa bng on nhit.
( )
p
Khong cch t 0 1 2 4 8
y (km)
T(C) 0 0,06 0,141 0,34 0,98
2 7 5
Trong bng 2.1 a ra mc bin thin on nhit ca nhit nc bin khi su
bin i.
Nh vy nu hai loi nc hai su khc nhau c cng nhit th v th nhit
thc t s khc nhau, ngc li khi chng c cng nhit th nhit th v phi khc nhau.
Nhit ca nc bin o c ti ch c gi l nhit in situ, nhit ny s l
26
tng ca nhit th v v bin i nhit do su (p sut)
T = + T
V d: Nu nhit in situ ti y H = 8 km l 4C, loi nc ny s c nhit
1,653C ti 4 km v 1,015 C ti su 2 km.
2.1.2. Mt th v
Mt ng vi nhit th v c gi l mt th v.
p
pot
= ( , p a
, S ) = ( , p, S ) p dp = ( , p a
, S)
pa ,S
d dS d ( + T )
= + + (2.2)
dp S dp T dp p
Trong iu kin i dng l tng, nhit v mui khng i theo su
dT dS
= =0
dp dp
v
d
=
dp T = const
p
S = const
l gradien mt p lc in situ.
Xt bin thin ca th tch ring, th tch i vi mt bng 1, ta c th vit
v S,T,p =v S,T,0 (1 - p)
vi l h s nn trung tnh. xem xt ngha ca h s ny cng nh cc h s nn
khc, chng ta tin hnh ly o hm ring hai v theo p sut p:
v S ,T , p
= v S ,T ,0 ( + p )
p p
So snh vi nh ngha h s nn tng qut c vit dong dng sau
1 v S ,T , p
k =
p
v S ,T , p
p
27
th
+p
p
k p = 1 p
Nh vy khi p sut bng 0 (p = 0) th kp = . Nh vy
v S ,T ,0
= v S ,T ,0 ,
S ,T , 0
= (2.3)
p p v S ,T , 0
28
G S,T,p = G S,T,0 + G T,p + G S,p .... (2.5)
Trong trng hp mt khng i d = 0, ta c
dS T
0= dS + dT =
S T dT
S
y l biu thc o hm nhit theo mui c xc nh bng t s gia gin
n v nhit v nn do mui. Thng thng t s ny c thay bng ctg, l gc hnh
ca tip tuyn ca ng ng mt trong h to T,S. Trong ton TS vi trc ngang
l nhit T v trc tung l mui S, cc ng cong ng mt cho php ta xc nh mt
khi bit nhit v mui. Phn tch ton ny cho thy ctg l mt hm ca nhit
v mui, khi nhit v mui thp th gc khng i, hay c mi lin h tuyn tnh.
g d v
d
g a
=
dz dz
z (2.6)
a
29
Trong iu kin khi gradien mt bng gradien nhit on nhit th lc Aschmed
s bng 0 v phn tng mt c xem l phim nh. Nu gradien on nhit ln hn
gradien mi trng th khi z > 0 mt nc dch chuyn s ln hn mi trng s chm
xung, cn khi z < 0 mt s nh hn mt xung quanh v tip tc i ln, ta c th ni
nc phn tng khng n nh. Khi gradien on nhit nh hn gradien mi trng th nc
dich chuyn s c xu th quay v v tr ban u v khi z > 0, mt nh hn mt mi
trng bt buc nc i ln, cn khi z < 0 th mt li ln hn mt mi trng lm
nc chm tr li. Ta ni trng hp ny c s phn tng n nh.
T min 114,6 42,2 15,5 5,7
1 N
ln
2 N0
30
du ngc li.
g d d v
2
N =
dz dz
(2.7)
a
Tn s ny c gi l tn s Brunt - Vaisialia.
Trn hnh 2.1 cho ta kt qu tnh ton phn b ca tn s ny theo su c trung cho
cc i dng. Theo phn b th n nh tng ln t mt n su nm nhit
(thermocline) ma ni n t cc i, sau n nh gim dn v trong lp t 0,5 km n
5 km, tn s N gim tuyn tnh theo su.
Trong thc t nhiu khi do vic s dng mt gp kh khn v cn tnh ton, ngi ta
s dng trc tip cc yu t nh nhit T, mui S v p sut. T kt qu dn ra ti cc
phn trn chng ta c
d dp
v dT
dz = T +
dz a p dz
(2.8)
a
Trong khi gradien mt ca mi trng c th vit trong dng.
d dT dS dp
= + + (2.9)
dz T dz S dz p dz
Thay cc biu thc (2.8), (2.9) vo phng trnh (2.7) ta c
2 g dT dT dS
N = +
T dz dz a S dz
(2.10)
31
bt n nh c gi tr dng. Nu nc bin phn tng n nh th lc ni thng xuyn c
hng ngc li vi hng chuyn ng thng ng ca nc. bo ton chuyn ng cn
phi mt mt cng chng li lc . Trong iu kin ny th nng lng bt n nh c gi
tr m.
Trong iu kin phn tng phim nh, nng lng bt n nh bng 0.
i vi chuyn ng thng ng khng ma st, ta c th thu c biu thc nng lng
bt n nh t cng thc (2.6) bng cch nhn vi khi lng M cha trong th tch nc
chn v qung ng dz. Sau khi n gin ho ta c
d E ko = Mg (1 )dz (2.11)
v
32
z 2
1 dz
E ko = Mg (2.12)
z 1 v
T biu thc ny d nhn thy rng khi > v phn tng trong i dng s n nh v
Eko < 0. Nu Nng lng bt n nh c th hin bng din tch c nh du trn hnh
2.2.
Trn c s s liu v nng lng bt n nh ta c th xc nh c vn tc cc i m
th tch nc dch chuyn c theo su khi khng c ma st.
Thc vy
2
wdt = Md ( w )
dw dw
d E ko = M dz = M (2.13)
dt dt 2
t
2 E ko
w= + w0 (2.14)
M
trong w0 l vn tc thng ng bt u ti im xut pht.
Nh vy vn tc dch chuyn thng ng ca mt th tch c bn t l vi cn ca 2 ln
nng lng bt n nh chia cho khi lng ca th tch nc .
33
Chng 3
H CC PHNG TRNH C BN THU NHIT NG HC
Hnh 3.1. Phn b hai chiu ph nng lng cc qu trnh i dng- kh quyn
34
Bng 3.1. S tng qut bin ng a-thu ng lc bin
35
i vi cc c trng thu ng lc bin, cc bin ng ngy m v ma c mt
ngha ht sc quan trng v cc qu trnh ng lc hc, sinh hc, sinh thi v cc hin tng
kh quyn lin quan u c nng lng ln trong di ph ny. Nhng hin tng hi dng
quy m ny c gio s Nihoul gi l 'thi tit bin v xut kin nn tp trung
nghin cu chng.
Nhng kt qu nghin cu bng thc nghim cng nh m hnh ha h thng bin, bao
gm di ven b, cho thy rng cc qu trnh thy nhit ng lc hc ng mt vai tr c
tnh quyt nh i vi s hnh thnh v bin i ca mi trng, sinh thi nc, t v khng
kh.
Theo cc kt qu nghin cu, cc quy m thi gian v khng gian i vi h sinh thi
cng c bc i lng t 104 s n 108 s. i vi phytoplankton quy m thi gian t 1 ngy
n 6-7 thng, cn i vi zooplankton th ko di gp i. i vi cc yu t mi trng
khc nh cc cht nhim, c, cc cht dinh dng, th quy m thi gian s ph thuc
thm vo chu k phn hu hoc suy gim, song cc yu t nhit ng lc hc v sinh thi
cng gi mt vai tr quyt nh. Vic tnh ton v d bo cc c trng thy nhit ng lc
hc s l c s cho d bo v kim sot mi trng.
Cc lc tc ng ln mt bin c chu k ngy m hoc tun l (quy m thi gian ca
bin ng trng gi) v bin ng ma ca ng lng ng thi cc thng lng nhit -
cht c cc tn s c trng tng ng 10-4s-1, 10-5s-1 v 10-8s-1. Tn s 10-4s-1 cn c lin
quan ti sng triu bn nht M2, cn tn s 10-8s-1 c th kt ni vi bin ng nhiu nm
trn mt khu vc ln ca i dng v kh quyn, v d: dao ng ca h thng hon lu
Gnstrim hay dao ng Nam El-Nino. T bng 3.1 cho thy cc vn lin quan ti mi
trng bin tng ng quy m thi gian t mt vi gi n mt vi nm , hay tn s 10-4s-1
n 10-8s-1 . Gii hn ny bao gm cc qu trnh quy m trung bnh nh hin tng nc dng
do bo gy tc ng mnh ln hin tng xi l b v y bin; bin ng hm lng cc
cht dinh dng, nhim cng nh trao i qua sn lc a. Trong gii hn trn cn c cc
qu trnh quy m ln lin quan ti hon lu chung v cc cu trc synop nh front, nc tri,
xoy..., nhng qu trnh ny c ngha quyt nh i vi bin i di hn ca cc hp cht
hu c v nhim.
Tng ng cc quy m thi gian, chuyn ng ri trong bin cng c cc quy m
khng gian hay kch thc ri tng ng:
kch thc v m khong 1000 km, tn mt nng lng ri i vi cc qu trnh quy
m ny vo khong 10-5 cm2/s3 .
kch thc trung bnh khong 10 km, tn mt nng lng ri tng ng 10-3 cm2/s3 .
kch thc vi m ~ 1 km, tn mt nng lng ri vo khong 10-1 cm2/s3 .
Ngun nng lng ch yu ca chuyn ng ri c ly t chuyn ng quy m ln,
36
t cc ri v m n ri vi m v cui cng tn mt thnh nhit do ma st.
37
ngha quan trng trong s pht trin chung. Nhiu ng thng ging c th xem nh l kt
qu ca qu trnh hnh thnh cc cun xoy t do trn dng trung bnh. Trong qu trnh
chuyn ng, cc cun xoy v thng ging t hnh thnh v mt i, gi tr ca chng c
trng cho quy m (kch thc) ca cun xoy. Quy m ny ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin
bn ngoi v tnh cht vt l ca cht lng.
tin cho vic tnh ton v nghin cu chuyn ng ri bng cc phng php khc
nhau, ngi ta phn tch chuyn ng cht lng ra hai thnh phn trung bnh v nhiu ng:
u = u + u' (3.1)
trong u c k hiu chung cho cc c trng nh vn tc, p sut, mt , nhit
v.v...
Cc i lng trung bnh l gi tr ca cc c trng tng ng c ly trung bnh theo
thi gian ti mt im c nh theo cng thc sau:
1t 0
+T
= dt (3.2)
T t 0
1
= dxdy (3.3)
38
' = 0, = , = i i
= , = (3.4)
x x t t
= +' '
1 2 1 2 1 2
39
= dF u + u
2 '2
d J x
= dF u v + u v ,
' '
d J y
d J z = dF u w + u w
' '
Nu chia cc ng lng cho din tch dF s thu c ng lc. ng lc lin quan ti lc
tc ng ln b mt mi trng chuyn ng. Dng ng lng i qua trong mt n v thi
gian thng qua mt n v din tch lun t l vi lc m mi trng xung quanh tc ng ln
din tch theo hng ngc li vi hng thng lng. Nh vy trn mt phng dF vung
gc vi trc x b cc ng lc sau y tc ng :
theo hng x:
dF u + u
2 '2
theo hng y:
dF u v + u v ,
' '
theo hng z:
dF u w + u w
' '
trong thnh phn th nht theo hng x l ng sut php tuyn, cn hai thnh phn
sau l ng sut tip tuyn.
Nh vy trong chuyn ng ri, cc nhiu ng vn tc lm xut hin thm cc ng
sut b sung. i vi mt phng vung gc vi hng x cc thnh phn ng sut b sung s
l:
= u ,
' '2 ' ' ' ' ' '
= u v , = u w (3.5)
x
xy xz
x
'
'2
u w
' ' ' ' ' '
xy
xz u uv
' ' ' '
xy yz
'
= uv v
'2 ' '
(3.6)
y
w v
' '
xz
'
z ' ' ' '
w
'2
yz u w vw
40
3.2.4. Cc h s trao i ri
Do s phc tp ca qu trnh ri, hin nay chng ta vn cha nm vng c ch chi tit
ca cc hin tng . i vi cc yu cu thc tin, vic xc nh cc quy lut phn b ca
nhng c trng trung bnh theo thi gian ca chuyn ng ri l rt cn thit. Tuy nhin mt
l thuyt ph hp cho vn ny cng cha c khm ph, v vy con ng ng tin cy
nht vn phi da vo cc kt qu thc nghim v bn thc nghim.
i vi dng ng lng vic s dng biu thc thc nghim ca Boussinesq c
ng o cc nh nghin cu chp nhn , theo dng ng sut t l vi h s trao i ri v
gradient vn tc trung bnh.
u
= u v =
' '
t
A y (3.7)
' xy
( )
= t = u v =
' ' u
A y (3.8)
Theo Prandtl th dng ri xut hin nhng khi lng cht lng c vn tc ring,
chuyn ng trong mt phm vi no theo hng x v hng vung gc, vi iu kin
thnh phn ng sut theo hng x khng bin i. Cho rng mt khi cht lng nh vy xut
hin tng y1-1 c vn tc u(y1-1) chuyn dch c mt qung ng l theo hng
vung gc vi hng chuyn ng chnh . Gi qung ng l ny l khong cch xo trn
ri. Trn cc tng khc, vn tc ca khi cht lng ny s khc vi vn tc mi trng xung
quanh mt i lng t l vi khong cch l v mc phn lp ca dng trung bnh:
u1 = u (y ) u(y l ) l uy
1 1
1
Tng t i vi khi cht lng t tng y1 +1 khi n tng y1 cng c hiu vn tc u2=
u(y1-1)
41
u2 = u (y + l ) u (y ) l uy
1 1
1
Xem u1 v u2 nh cc nhiu ng ri , gi tr trung bnh ca chng s l :
u
'
=
1
(
u1 + u 2 = l )
u
(3.9)
2 y 1
T biu thc 3.9 c th thy rng qung ng xo trn l l khong cch theo hng
vung gc vi dng chnh m cht lng c th i c sao cho hiu vn tc ca n v tr
xut pht v v tr mi bng gi tr tuyt i ca i lng nhiu ng trung bnh ca vn tc
u.
i vi nhiu ng vn tc ngang c th hnh dung nh sau: khi hai khi cht lng t
cc tng y1 - l v y1 + l ri vo tng y1 , chng s i li gn nhau hoc tch xa nhau vi mt
vn tc 2u. Nh vy trn tng y1 s xut hin chuyn ng theo phng ngang t y1 hoc ti
y1. i lng ny (v) s c ln tng t u:
u
= . u = .l
' '
v (3.10)
y 1
Cc nhiu ng vn tc v v u c du ngc nhau , v vy c th vit:
' ' = k ' '
u v uv (3.11)
' '
= . u 2
u v l y
(3.12)
Gp tch s -.l2 vo l2 ta c:
2
u 2 u u
l = l
2
= (3.13)
y y y
t
Biu thc cui cng ny cho ta mi lin quan trc tip gia ng sut tip tuyn v
gradient vn tc trung bnh.
So snh vi cng thc (3.6) biu thc i vi h s A c th bin i thnh:
u
A = l
2
(3.14)
y
Da vo cc cng thc ny , kt hp vi cc gi thit khc v qung ng xo trn d
dng tnh c cc c trng ri trong lp bin. Cc cng thc (3.13) v (3.14) c
42
Taylor a ra trn c s gi thit v bo tn th ri.
Karman ng dng l thuyt ng dng v th nguyn, theo th trng nhiu ng
vn tc ti mi im ch khc nhau v quy m v kch thc: c th chn kch thc di l
qung ng xo trn l, cn kch thc vn tc l vn tc ng lc u* :
' '
u *
= t
= uv
Vn tc ng lc u* l i lng c trng cho cng ca dng ri cng nh cng
trao i ng lng o nhiu ng vn tc gy nn.
Sau khi phn tch th nguyn, t phng trnh chuyn ng ta cng c th rt ra cng
thc (3.13)
Mt khc, bng cch tng t ta c:
du 2
,d
u
= f
' '
uv dy 2
d y
hay:
4
du
dy
= u v =
' ' 2
, = 0,4
2
d 2u
2
d y
So snh vi cng thc Bousinesq, ta c biu thc i vi h s ri:
3
du
dy
A
2
= 2
d 2u
2
d y
3.2.5. S phn b ca dng ri gn mt tng di v hn.
Dng tng qut ca phn b (profil) vn tc
Trn c s cc suy lun th nguyn th cc c trng thng k trung bnh ca dng trn
khong cch z t mt tng s ph thuc vo ng sut ma st 0 , khong cch z v cc tham
s ca cht lng nh h s nht v mt , trong tham s 0 v ch nm trong dng
0/ v khng ph thuc trc tip vo mt . Thng thng i lng ny c thay bng
vn tc n lc u* tnh theo ng sut ti lp bin st mt:
43
u *
=
0
u v = 0,
' '
nn:
0
=
du
,
dz
lp cht lng nm trong khu vc ny c gi l lp (phn lp) nht phn t, cc qu
trnh trao i phn t ln hn trao i ri.
Trong lp ny:
du
dz 0
= = const , (3.16)
u (z ) = u* z , (3.17)
y l s hng u tin khi phn tch hm f trong cng thc tng qut (3.15) vo chui
Taylor theo z ti z = 0. Gii hn trn cng ca lp ny c th nh gi theo khong cch z
tho mn iu kin ng sut ri nh hn ng sut nht phn t. C th ly ch tiu: ng sut
ri bng 10% ng sut nht phn t, hay:
' ' du
u v = 0,1 dz
Cho rng khong cch ny () ph thuc vo cng ri hay vn tc ng lc v h
s nht phn t ta c:
= u =
*
*
vi l hng s.
44
Vic chn gi tr ca hng s ny cn bo m cho phn b vn tc qua cao chuyn
tip ny khng b t bin. Thng thng =5 v
=5
u 8
Trng hp ti hn khc khi z >> z*, ta c th b qua thnh phn nht v ng sut ch
yu do chuyn ng ri to ra:
Comment [CB1]:
' '
0
= u v Comment [CB2]:
= A u*
du
(3.18)
dz z
hay sau khi ly tch phn:
u ( z ) = A u* ln z + A 1
(3.19)
y l quy lut phn b vn tc trong lp bin st mt thng c gi l lp bin
logarit.
Nu biu din hng s A1 qua dng:
u
A = A u ln + B u*
8
1 *
u ( z ) = u* A ln u* + B = u* ln u* +
z z
Trong ngi ta s dng s Karman thay cho A: =1/A v thay cho B, gi ch
ca chng tng ng: A=2,5, B=5,5.
Tr li khi nim v h s nht phn t v h s nht ri K:
trong lp nht phn t, do khng tn ti chuyn ng ri nn khng c ng sut ri b
45
sung, h s nht ri K = 0 v h s nht phn t = const,
trong lp bin logarit chuyn ng ri ng vai tr quyt nh nn h s nht ri ln
hn nhiu ln h s nht phn t ( << K) v vy cc qu trnh nht phn t c th b qua. H
s nht ri K s ph thuc vo cao z v cng ri, h s ny c xc nh theo cng
thc sau:
K = u* z
Cc quy lut tng t c th rt ra i vi cc momen khc ca trng vn tc trn mt
tng phng.
Cc dng phn b c th ca vn tc gn mt tng g gh.
Trong trng hp g gh ca mt tng h0 khng nh hn so vi kch thc z* th
cc quy lut phn b vn tc ph thuc vo hai trng hp: khong cch z ln hay nh hn
g gh.
Khi khong cch nh hn g gh, th vn tc trung bnh s ph thuc vo hnh dng
v phn b ca cc g gh trn mt tng, nhn chung c s khc bit gia cc khu vc chn
v nh ca cc g gh.
Khi khong cch ln hn g gh , phn b vn tc s khng cn ph thuc vo nht
phn t cng nh tnh cht cc b ca cc g gh, cc dng ng sut lun hng xung mt
tng v cc cng thc (3.18-3.19) vn p dng c v gi tr A=1/ vn gi nguyn nh
trng hp mt tng trn, cn A1 s ph thuc vo vn tc lp st mt g gh.
dtv + v
d r
+ pt r g = F (3.20)
r
+ g =0 (3.21)
z r
trong ch s r lin quan ti trng thi i dng chun: entropi v mui khng
46
i, cht lng khng chuyn ng; g l vc t lc trng trng vi module g; l vc t vn
tc quay ca qu t; v l vc t vn tc; l ton t lapla: = i + j + k vi
x y z
cc vc t n v i, j, k.
Trong thc t mt ca nc bin khng khc my so vi gi tr n nh 0 v c
ly lm gi tr p sut thu tnh.
V tri ca phng trnh 3.20 cho ta tng cc lc qun tnh, lc Coriolis, lc do chnh
r
lch p sut, v trng lc. Nu s hng F , th hin tng cc lc cn li tc ng ln cht
lng, v phi ch k n lc ma st ri th phng trnh chuyn ng (3.20) c th vit di
dng sau:
dv 1 ( )
+ v + pt 0
g = v (3.22)
dt 0
0
trong e - vect n v theo z v b l module ca vc t lc ni.
Bng cch th hin cc i lng khc thnh hai phn: trung bnh v nhiu ng
phng trnh (3.24) c th vit:
d (U + u )
+ (U + u ) +
1
( + p ) (B + b ) e =
dt 0
(3.25)
= (U + u )
trong vc t vn tc v c th hin thnh hai phn vc t vn tc trung bnh U v
nhiu ng u.
47
3.3.2. Cc phng trnh lin tc, bin i nhit v khuych tn bin.
i vi cht lng chuyn ng cc nh lut bo ton khi lng, ng lng cng vi
phng trnh trng thi v cc nh lut nhit ng lc hc phi c bo m.
nh lut bo ton khi lng th hin qua phng trnh lin tc v bo ton mui
trong dng sau:
+ div v =0
(3.26)
t
s s
t
+ div s vs =
t
+ div ( v + I ) = 0 (3.27)
s s
trong
I = v v , M = v
s s s
trong
H
h =
m j
j
T , p , mj
l entanpi ring phn j , emj - phn khi lng thm vo do trao i vi mi trng
xung quanh.
i vi trng hp cn bng ca h khi nhit v p sut khng i, ta c:
n n
Q = d + pdV h j emj = dH h j emj = 0 (3.31)
1 1
48
2
( )
q n d =
d
v + dV X .
dt v 2
r
v
dV
V
V (3.32)
(n ). v d + {h . I . n + h . I
s w
.n d ,
s w
Du tr bn tri cho ta hng ca thng lng ly theo php tuyn ngoi, i lng
ny cho ta tng nhit lng trao i. Cc s hng bn phi cho ta cc thnh phn bin i
nng lng ca h: thnh phn u - vn tc bin i, thnh phn th hai v ba - tng ng
cng ca lc khi v lc mt tc ng t bn ngoi, thnh phn th t nmg lng bin i
do trao i khi lng vi mi trng xung quanh tng ng do dng mui v nc gy nn.
Khi th tch ti 0, i lng v hng q(n) ph thuc vo hng ca vc t php tuyn n ca
b mt.
Sau khi bin i cc tch phn v s dng ton t o hm ton phn theo thi gian:
d
= + v .
dt t
cng thc (3.32) bin i v dng sau:
d v
2
+ =
dt 2
(3.33)
2
v
2 + v + q v + hs I s + hw I w + X v
m bo s cn bng cn c s bo tn khi lng: Is + Iw= 0 v hsIs + hwIw = (hs-
hw)Is, mt khc theo nh ngha ca entanpi:
H
h h =
s
s w
T,p
Nu lc khi X c hm th l U c th vit:
(U ) + (U v ) U .
X . v = U . v = (3.34)
t t
Phng trnh (3.31) by gi c th bin i nh sau:
v
2
+ + U =
t 2
(3.35)
2
v + + U v + q v +
H U
2 s I s + t
Gi = (v2/2)+ +U l nng lng ring ton phn ca cht im v nu hm th ca
49
lc khng i (U/t=0) nh i vi trng hp lc trng trng th t (3.35) ta c phng
trnh bo ton nng lng trong dng sau:
( ) = div I (3.36)
t
trong
H
v + q v + I
I = (3.37)
s
s
T,p
2
2
v + v
v 2 = X v + v
(3.38)
t 2
cho rng lc khi c th U, phng trnh chuyn v dng sau:
v
2
+ U =
t 2
(3.39)
2 1
v + U v v e +
U
2 2 t
trong :
= p m +
t s I s
2
(3.40)
50
d H 1
+ e
= q + I (3.41)
dt s s
2
Trong c s l thuyt nhit ng hc, ngi ta s dng phng trnh bin i entropi
qua dng phng trnh Gibbs.
d d dv ds
T = +p
dt dt dt dt
C th bin i phng trnh ny v dng ph thuc vo cc thng lng mui Is, nhit
q v ng sut nht . Ta c th vit:
d d p dv ds
= ( )+ )
dt T dt T dt T dt
Trong qu trnh bin i cng thc trn s dng cc tnh cht bin i tenx:
1
e e
= pdiv v +
2
d 1 H 1
I s 2T e
= div q + + + div Is (3.42)
dt T s
T
=
T p
=
T
C p
p
51
(dp vo khong 1-20C i vi z = 2000 m, trong khi dT vo khong 100C) v vy i vi
nc mt bin dp/dt c th b qua. Cng c th b qua cc thnh phn nh nh T, p,
s v v v ta thu c phng trnh truyn nhit cho mi trng chuyn ng :
dT
Cp = div q (3.45)
dt
Trong thc t , mt nc i dng thng t bin i: (/) 10-3, v vy phng
trnh lin tc c th n gin ho:
+ div v = 0 (3.46)
t
Ngoi tr trng hp sng m, khi /t c gi tr ln, trong nhng trng hp khc i
lng ny c th b qua v vy phng trnh lin tc c dng n gin :
div v = 0 (3.47)
Cui cng cc h phng trnh c bn c th vit li di dng sau y:
t
(
0 v
= )
+ g
+ 2 0 v
(3.48)
div v = 0 (3.49)
( S ) = div S v + I s
(3.50)
t 0 0
trong :
= v v + p m
0
= -1 khi hon v s l ln 3 s 1, 2, 3
+1 khi hon v s chn ln 3 s 1, 2, 3
ng dng php ly trung bnh i vi cc phng trnh nu trn, ta thu c h cc
phng trnh i vi cc c trng trung bnh ca vn tc, nhit v mui:
t
( v ) =
0
+ g + 2 0
v (3.51)
divv = 0 (3.52)
( T ) = div T v + q + C T v'
'
(3.53)
t
p
0 0 0
( S ) = div
S + I s + 0 S
'
t 0 v v' (3.54)
0
52
trong :
= + p m
' '
0 vv 0 v v
(3.55)
q+ J q
, I +Js s
, +R
trong :
C T v' , S v' , = 0 v v
' '
= =
' '
J q 0 p J s 0 R
Thng thng cc thng lng ri trn y ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc c trng tng
ng do cc qu trnh phn t gy nn. Nh vy bi ton dn ti vic xc nh cc mi tng
quan gia cc thng lng ri v cc c trng trung bnh.
+ . v = S + I
i i i i
(3.56)
t
trong Si v Ii l tc bin i ngun i vi thnh phn i trn mt n v th tch
do cc tc ng bn ngoi (sng vo bin, ngun thi,v.v...) v cc qu trnh bn trong (
cc phn ng ho hc, sinh thi hc,v.v...). Cc i lng ny c xem l ngun nu c gi
tr dng v khi c du ngc li c xem l phn hu.
tin li trong thc t nghin cu ngi ta a ra i lng mt v ng lng
theo vn tc tng th v ca hn hp c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
,
i
= (3.57)
v
i i
v= (3.58)
53
trong l tng tt c cc thnh phn ca hn hp. i lng v l ng lng trn
mt n v th tch (kg.m-2.s-1).
Cc vn tc ca tng thnh phn khng nht thit phi bng vn tc ca hn hp, nh
vy phn ti ivi ca tng thnh phn s c phn tch thnh phn ti do dng tng th v v
phn trt qua cht lng:
i
v = v+
i i i i
v v (3.59)
Phn trt ny c th do khuych tn phn t hay chuyn ng thng, ging (migration)
trong trng trng lc khi cc phn t nng hn s lng ng xung, cc phn t nh hn s
bc ln cao.
Nu cho rng:
(v v ) = m +
i i i i i
(3.60)
+ . .
i i i
(3.61)
t
trong
=S +I . m
i i i i i
c trng cho tc chung ngun (hoc phn hu) cc b ca thnh phn i do tng
tc vi bn ngoi, tng tc bn trong v thng ging.
Phng trnh (2.43) ch th hin quy lut bo tn khi lng: bin i theo thi gian
khi lng cc b ca mi thnh phn do kt qu chuyn dch bi cht lng, do khuych tn
phn t v do tc ngun v phn hu.
54
'
+ v . + + . v = 0.
' '
(3.64)
t 0
Nu ly cc i lng c trng cho vn tc v khong cch l v v l, ta c th rt ra t
biu thc trn:
v ' v
.v ~ << (3.65)
l 0 l
iu ny cho thy rng cc thnh phn c cha i lng .v thng c bc nh hn
rt nhiu v/l v c th cho rng nhn chung khi vn tc khng ln th c th xp x b qua
chng:
.v = 0 (3.66)
Vic thay phng trnh lin tc (3.63) bng phng trnh iu kin cht lng khng nn
(3.66) c gi l xp x Boussinesq.
Tuy nhin iu kin cht lng khng nn (3.66) khng p dng cho tt c cc thnh
phn ca phng trnh chuyn ng, truyn nhit v khuych tn trong bin.
Chng ta cn gi mt bin i trong biu thc lc hp dn (trng lc) v g c gi tr
ln hn nhiu so vi cc gia tc thng thng trong cht lng v vy (-0)g khng th xem l
khng ng k c.
= c p (3.69)
55
Trong trng hp ta c phng trnh:
+ . v = .
(3.70)
t
Nh vy chng ta tha nhn cc tc ng ca qu trnh ti do cht lng, ca cc
ngun cc b v ca thng lng phn t trong bin i cc tnh cht nhit theo thi gian.
Trong thc tin kh tng v hi dng chng ta thng s dng cc c trng i vi
mt n v khi lng hn l i vi mt n v th tch, c th l:
nng (kg/kg hay %):
=
1
a a
(3.71)
0
vn tc:
v = 0
1
(3.72)
( l ng lng)
v nhit th v:
= ( 0c p) 1
(3.73)
=
1
(3.75)
chng ta c th vit cc phng trnh (3.61), (3.63), (3.66), (3.70) v dng tng qut
(trong phng trnh (3.76) thu c khi y = 1 v v phi bng 0):
( 0c p)
=
1
(3.76)
= ( 0 c p )
1
(3.77)
y
+ . y v = .
y y
(3.78)
t
Phng trnh ny cho ta thy s bin i theo thi gian ca y (y =i, vj, , a, 1) ph
thuc vo bnh lu v i lu (advection) do chuyn ti v i lu ca cht lng .(yv), do
ngun v phn hu cc b y v do khuych tn phn t -.y.
Trong c hc cht lng a vt l, cc bin nhit ng hc khng ch bao gm nhit
v p sut. Cn phi tnh n cc yu t nh mui (trong bin v ca sng), m (trong
kh quyn) v c c th gy nh hng ti mt .
Nu chng ta cho rng mui l khi lng tt c cc thnh phn ho tan trong mt
56
khi lng nc, m l khi lng hi nc trong mt n v th tch khng kh v c
l khi lng cc cht l lng trong mt n v th tch, th h phng trnh s th hin quy
lut bo ton khi lng cho ba thnh phn tng ng.
K hiu a thay cho tng thnh phn tng ng s, h, t ta c th vit cc biu thc sau
y:
=
a i
(3.79)
( ) a
v = v = v+ m +
a a i i a a a a
( ) a (3.80)
=
a
( )
(S i + I i). a ma
a
( )
i
(3.81)
t
+ . v = 2 + g + p + F (3.83)
trong = v l ng lng trn mt n v th tch, l vc t vn tc quay ca qu
t, -2 l lc Coriolit, g vc-t gia tc trng trng, lc thin vn tng cng trn mt
n v th tch ( lc to triu, ...), p- p sut v F l lc ma st nht. Lc ma st nht c th
hin qua thng lng phn t ca ng lng, v vy cc thnh phn ca n c biu din
trong dng div ca vct thng lng j.
C th vit phng trnh chuyn ng trn v dng cc thnh phn theo trc to nh
57
sau:
+ . .
j
v =
j j
j = 1,2,3 (3.84)
t
j
trong
j
= 2 + g + p (3.85)
j
cho ta tc ngun (hoc phn hu) cc b ca ng lng do cc ngoi lc v ni
lc, trong j l thng lng phn t ca ng lng. D dng thy s ging nhau ca
phng trnh ny v cc phng trnh (3.61), (3.68).
58
1 x3
=e 0 H
(3.89)
Khc vi trng thi chun, mt ph thuc vo nhit th v, mui (hay m)
v c c v p sut. Khi cht lng chuyn ng th gradien p sut khng nhng theo
hng thng ng m cn c hng ngang.
Tin hnh nh gi v so snh cc s hng ca phng rnh chuyn ng, chng ta thy
rng trng lc c bc i lng ln hn nhiu so vi lc qun tnh v ma st nht, n cn
c cn bng bi thnh phn thng ng ca gradien p sut, iu ny ni ln iu kin cn
bng thu tnh:
p (3.90)
~ g
x3
0 0
e (3.91)
g= g+ g = + b e
0 0 0
vi
= g
x
e
d ; 3 (3.92)
0
b = be ; 3
b= e
g (3.93)
0
0 = ~
1
(3.94)
Nu k hiu:
p
q= + + ~ (3.95)
0
Ta c th bin i biu thc lin quan ti ngun-phn hu trong phng trnh chuyn
ng i vi bin:
= 2 v + b q (3.96)
j j
59
3.4.6. Phng trnh trng thi v phng trnh tng qut i vi
ni
Trong iu kin s dng php xp x Boussiesq, thnh phn lin quan ti bin i mt
ch cn xut hin trong s hng lc ni ca cc phng trnh thu ng lc. Cc phng
trnh ny hp thnh mt h gm 4 phng trnh v hng i vi 5 n l p, (hay b) v ba
thnh phn vn tc.
iu ny i hi thm mt phng trnh na khp kn h. Phng trnh ny gi l
phng trnh trng thi cho ta mi tng quan i s gia mt v cc bin nhit ng (, p,
s, h, t).
Gii hn trong cc s hng u ca php trin khai vo chui Taylor ti im chun, ta
c:
d d
s t
d d dp
= + + + (3.97)
dt dt dt
s
dt
t
p dt
= v32
dp p p
~ v
p dt p x3 c x3
3
(3.99)
p 2
~ g ~ c e
(3.100)
x3 x3
Nhm cc biu thc trn ta c:
dp e
~ (3.101)
p dt x3
d
e
Nu tr hai v ca phng trnh (3.97) bi i lng v nhn chng vi -g/0,
dt
sau khi bin i vi iu kin phng trnh (3.101), ta c:
db b
+ .(v b ) = .
b b
= (3.102)
dt t
trong b (tng ng b) l cc t hp tuyn tnh ca , s, t (tng ng , s,
60
t ) cho ta thnh phn ngun (tng ng cc thng lng) ca b.
C th cho rng b v b c th hin thng qua hm ca ring b v cc phng trnh
tin trin i vi , s v t cn c dng nh phng trnh i vi b (3.102).
Nhn chung, cc bin i ca mt c xc nh ch yu theo mt trong cc yu t
, v t (thng thng l ). Cc hm b v b thng c tnh kh chnh xc theo
s
b
= kb (3.103)
trong k l h s khuych tn.
Trong thc tin, cng thc gn ng ny khng gy nn hu qu xu no i vi bi
ton bin v kh quyn, khi cc qu trnh ri c tnh cht quyt nh.
61
Chng 4
RI BIN
v v
a
t
b
(
+ . u a = + . a .) vb
' '
(4.4)
62
Phng trnh tng t i vi cc bin v hng
+ . u =
t (4.5)
'
S + I . m + . . v
'
vi =+
Cc phng trnh tng ng i vi cc nhiu ng thu c bng cch tr hai v
tng ng cc phng trnh tng qut v cc phng trnh trn.
.v=0 (4.6)
v'
+ . u v ' + v u + v v ' v v '
' ' '
=
t
(4.7)
' '
= 2 v + b r + . v '
( )
'
b ' ' ' ' ' '
+ . u b + v a + v b vb =
t (4.8)
=
b
b
(
+ . b
'
)
'
' '
+ . u + v + '
'
v
' '
=
t v (4.9)
'
'
= S + I S + I . m + .
T cc phng trnh ny ta c th thu c cc phng trnh i vi ng nng ca
chuyn ng trung bnh Es = (1/2)u2 v ca nhiu ng k = <(1/2)v2>.
Es ' '
t
u
+ .u E s = Q + . E s . [ ] u v v (4.10)
Bng cch nhn v hng hai v ca cc phng trnh i vi vn tc trung bnh v
nhiu ng vi vn tc tng ng ta c th thu c:
k
+ .u k = Q + .[k ] . v (k + r )
w '
(4.11)
t
Trong
u u u
Q = v v
u ' '
+ a u 3 . u p (4.12)
x x x
63
u v' v'
'
=
w '
Q b v'
'
v v
+ (4.13)
x x x
3
Cc phng trnh trn c th c vit trong dng tng qut sau y:
y
t
y y
(
+ . y u = Q + . y . ) j
y
(4.14)
Phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh khuych tn, ngha ca cc thnh phn c
th khi qut trong bng 3. 2.
Thc t cho thy rng thng lng ri gy nn khuych tn ri tng t nh khuych
tn phn t nhng c bc i lng ln hn nhiu ln.
Bng 3.2. Cc thnh phn ca phng trnh tng qut 4.14
4.1.2.Cc l thuyt ri c bn
L thuyt Prandtl
Nh chng ta nhn xt trn y, cc thng lng ri ng vai tr quyt nh i vi
qu trnh khuych tn trong bin v kh quyn. Khuych tn do cc nhiu ng xut hin trn
nn chuyn ng trung bnh v bao gm cc xoy c kch c v thi gian tn ti khc nhau,
chng s ly ngun nng lng t ng nng v th nng ca chuyn ng trung bnh.
Prandtl a ra mt tn s M c trng cho qu trnh trao i nng lng v qu trnh
khuych tn ri ph thuc trc tip vo tn s ny.
Trong trng hp cht lng khng phn tng, nng lng ri hon ton c ngun gc
c hc v ph thuc ch yu vo gradien vn tc trung bnh.
64
C th xut pht t biu thc nng lng
u
' ~
. u = u . u
' ' '
v v = vv (4.16)
x
vi mt tn s c trng c gi l tn s Prandtl
M ~ u (4.17)
Prandtl cho rng h s nht ri ph thuc trc tip vo M v
~ = l m M
2
(4.18)
trong lm l khong cch c gi l qung ng xo trn.
L thuyt nu trn c p dng cho tt c cc hng trong khng gian.
Cho rng:
1
u u 2
M =
x x
ta c th vit:
~ 1 = ~ 2 = ~ 3 = l m
2
M (4.19)
Hnh 4.1. Cc c trng ri (nng lng ri) ph thuc vo chu k ly trung bnh
65
Nng lng cc nhiu ng c ly t trng trung bnh u (v trong mt s iu kin
c th t a) do cc xoy phn nh tnh khng dng, bt ng nht v d hng ca trng
trung bnh. Nng lng ny c truyn tip cho cc xoy c kch thc nh hn, bc thang
nng lng ny lun gn lin vi hin tng xa ri qu kh, ngha l bt u t mt kch
thc no ta c th xem cc xoy ri c tnh thng k dng, ng nht v ng hng.
Ngi ta xc nh mt kch thc ti hn ca xoy lH m bt u t tnh thng k dng
c th hin. Kch thc ny ph thuc vo kch thc c trng cho s bin ng ca
trng trung bnh, vo khong cch ti bin (tng, vch) v nu nh L l i lng b nht
trong s cc kch thc c trng th lH<<L.
Trong mi trng nc v khng kh th cc bin i theo phng thng ng hay xy
ra v ln hn c v vy L gn lin vi khong cch c trng ca su hay cao. Do
khong thi gian ly trung bnh h khng trng vi thi on c cc tiu nng lng trong
ph chuyn ng ri nn bn cnh nhiu ng v h c trng cho nhng nhiu ng s b trit
tiu ti h cn c thm thnh phn vs=v-u-v h c quy m thi gian c trng trng vi h.
i vi lc ni th bh khng ng k v ta c th cho rng b = a +b s.
Nu ly trung bnh cc phng trnh i vi v v b theo chu k h, ta thu c cc
phng trnh tng t nh phn trn, nhng thay vo u s l u+v s, a s l a+b s, v l v h v
b l b h (vi b h =0).
Trong iu kin ny vh c xem l thng k dng v ng nht v phng trnh i
vi nng lng ri () s c dng sau:
u '
' '
v s
v h v h x
' '
+
v h v h x + = (4.20)
C th thy rng hai s hng trong v tri c trng cho nng lng ly t chuyn ng
trung bnh trong mt n v thi gian v nng lng trao i trn mt n v thi gian gia v
s v v h, ngha l gia hai xoy c kch thc gn k nhau.
S hng th nht cng tng ng ngun nng lng trc tip t ri vi m, c trng
trung bnh nui dng, cn s hng th hai tng ng s thnh to xoy ri vi m bi xoy
c kch thc ln hn lin k trong thang chuyn ho nng lng m t trn y. Tn mt
nng lng s bao gm tng ca hai s hng .
Nu cho L l quy m nh nht ca bin i u v l l quy m khng gian ca vs, hai s
hng trn s c bc i lng nh sau:
<v' 2>(u/L) v <v' 2>(v's/l).
Theo , nu cc xoy gim chm hn so vi kch thc ca chng, th ta lun tm c
l << L lm sao cho qu trnh truyn nng lng theo bc thang s c tnh quyt nh v cng
thc (4.16) c th vit:
66
v '
'
'
v h v h ~
s
(4.21)
x
La chn mt h s nht ri c trng cho thng lng ri tng ng v h, c th rt
ph hp nu ly qung ng xo trn Prandtl bng kch thc l ca xoy phn cch gia vs
v vh.
Cui cng ta c th vit:
l2M3 =
hay
M ~
1/ 3 2 / 3
l (4.22)
~ ~ l
1/ 3 4/3
(4.23)
Kolmogorov xut mt i lng gi l s sng
k = l-1
c trng cho quy m ri v mt hm ph nng lng Ek sao cho kEk l ng nng cha
trong di ph k.
Theo cc cng thc trn c th thy rng ng vi mt gi tr k s c mt nng lng
trong min ng nht ca ri v n s c truyn theo thang nng lng trong mt n v
thi gian, tn s ca qu trnh ny s l:
~ k
1/ 3 2/3
k
Ta c th vit:
~ k (k E k ) (4.24)
Sau khi bin i c th rt ra
E ~ k ~
2/3 5 / 3 2/3 5/3
k l (4.25)
Biu thc ny c Kolmogorov rt ra trn c s phn tch th nguyn cho ta quy
lut phn b nng lng trong min cc xoy ng nht.
Cng thc ca Kolmogorov c kim nghim bng cc s liu o c trong kh
quyn v i dng i vi phn suy gim ca ph.
67
kt hp vi phng trnh Navier-Stokes (phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht lng nht)
ta c:
vi
+ v
vi
=
vi (
v v )
+ i
=
t x t x
1 p 1 p 2 vi
X i + vi = X i + 2
xi xi x
Sau khi nhm cc s hng phng trnh c dng:
vi v j
+
t
x
[ v v v + (p v
i j i j
+ p v j i ) (v i j
)]
+ v j i =
vj (4.26)
(
= vi X j + v j X ) + p v i
+
xi
i
x j
vj vi
i
xi
+ j
xj
Trong qu trnh bin i s dng ng thc sau:
p vj
p
vi x v j x x
+ =
p vi [ ]
+ p v j i p
vi
p
j i
j
xj x i
68
vi v j
+ ' ' v j + ' ' vi +
x vi v j v
+
t v iv v j v
x
[(
p vi j
+ p v j i ) (v i j
+ v j i = )]
(4.28)
v j v j vi
(
= vi X i + v j X j
) + p vi +
x j xi
i
xi
+ j
x j
+
v j
' ' v
+ ' '
v v x + v v x
i
i j
Ta c th vit cc phng trnh (4.26) v (4.28) v dng phng trnh nng lng .
1
i vi ng nng ton phn E: E = v v , trong phng trnh (4.26) cho i = j ta
2
c:
E
[
E + p v v =
t x v
+ ( )]
(4.29)
= ( v X )+
v
trong - tn mt nng lng: =
x
Trong qu trnh bin i s dng ng thc sau y
vj vj
i
xi
i
x
i vi ng nng ca chuyn ng trung bnh Es, phng trnh (4.28) c th vit:
Es
t
+
x E s v
+ v ' v ' v + pv v
( ) =
(4.30)
v
(
= v X ) + s + v'
'
v x
1
E 2 v v
s
= ,
69
v ' v'
i j ' ' ' ' '
t
+ v i v j v + v i v j v +
x
' ' ' ' '
p v ' p v'
'
x
j
+
i
v
i j + v j
i =
i j
Trong phng trnh ny xut hin nhiu thnh phn mi lin quan ti khuych tn ng
lng.
c du khc nhau trong cc phng trnh i vi Es v Et, cho ta hng hng chuyn
ho nng lng gia chuyn ng trung bnh v chuyn ng ri: nng lng ri c ly t
chuyn ng trung bnh quy m ln.
Bn cnh phng trnh i vi Et ngi ta c th vit phng trnh i vi mt
ng nng ri e = (Et/). Nu s dng ton t o hm ton phn D phng trnh s c
dng sau:
70
De e e
Dt t v x
= + =
1 1 ' '
v ' v ' v ' p v ' v ' = (4.33)
x 2
v
= ' X ' t v ' v '
v
x
1
E = ' '
t
2 vv
vi v j U i + b w
' ' ' '
xj
Nh phn tch trn , thnh phn u cho ta bin thin ca ng nng ri do dng
trung bnh U, thnh phn th hai trong du ngoc vung cho ta s phn b li nng lng
trong khng gian vt l ca dng ri, ton b v tri khng lin quan ti qu trnh pht sinh
hay phn hu ca nng lng ri.
Nhng s hng bn phi ca phng trnh cho ta cc thnh phn ngun ng nng sn
sinh v b phn hu. Thnh phn u, nh trnh by phn trn, thng c gi tr dng
(>0) cho thy ng nng chuyn ho t dng trung bnh sang ng nng ri thng qua cc
ng sut Reinolds chng li gradient vn tc trung bnh U, hay s phn lp vn tc. Thnh
phn th hai lin quan ti cng ca thng ging lc y Acshimed v vn tc thng ng.
Nu s phn tng mt khng n nh , gi tr N2(z) s nh hn 0
(N ( z)) = Bz = g
2
z
< 0, b w > 0,
' '
Lc Acshimed ng vai tr ngun pht sinh ng nng (chuyn ng) ri. Ngc li
2
khi N (z) >0 hay s phn tng n nh i lng nng lng ri chu tn tht do phi chng
li lc Acshimed. Cn thnh phn cui ca phng trnh l vn tc tn mt nng lng ri:
71
nng lng chuyn thnh nhit nng v tiu tn do nht phn t.
Trn tng mt i dng, dng trung bnh thng c hng ngang v ri c th xem
nh ng nht theo hng vung gc vi trc chnh c th ly hng x, trong iu kin ny
phng trnh trn s c dng nh sau:
2
1 2 p v i
v i + w + = vi w U i + bw , i = 1,2. (4.35)
t 2 z 0 2 z
Trong phng trnh trn, cc i lng thng ging khng vit km du v cho rng
i lng bt k s bao gm 2 phn trung bnh A v thng ging a.
So snh cc thnh phn bn v phi cho thy, nu phn tng mt n nh th bt u
t mt gii hn no phn nng lng mt i do lc ni Acsimet s ln hn ngun ng
nng nhn c t dng trung bnh, v vy cc c trng ri ch c th bo tn trong trng
hp c cc ngun nng lng b sung no khc t bn ngoi.
Nh vy, iu kin tn ti v pht trin ri c th c biu din thng qua tng quan
gia hai thnh phn k trn nh sau:
bw
1 (4.36)
U
v w
z
Nu s dng khi nim v h s trao i ri cho ng nng do lc y cng nh i vi
ng sut Reinolds:
B U
bw = K b , v w = K M (4.37)
z z
Biu thc (4.36) s bin i v dng sau:
B
K z
R = =
b
f
K U
M
2
z
(4.38)
g
K =K z
= R 1
b b
K K U
M
i
M
2
z
i lng Rf c gi l s Richardson ng lc hay s Richardson thng lng c
s dng ng thi vi s Richardson Ri thng thng. Cng thc (4.38) th hin iu kin
suy gim hay khng cho ri pht trin trong bin.
Nu s dng khi nim v tn s Brunt- Vaisalia N cng nh tn s Prandtl M:
72
2
B g U
(N ( z ) ) 2
= =
z 0 z
, M =
2
z
th s Richardson Ri c th vit n gin hn, th hin tng quan gia ngun chi v
thu ng nng trong chuyn ng ri bin:
2
N
Ri = 2
M
Trong bng 4.1 th hin nh hng ca s phn tng mt ln pht trin ca ri trong
bin.
Tn ti hai gi tr s Richardson ti hn, gi tr u Rf = 1, ti bin i ng nng
theo thi gian b trit tiu, chuyn ng ri vt u gim khi s Richardson tng. i vi gi
tr ti hn th hai khi Rf>>1 th ri khng cn tn ti na.
Bng 4.1. iu kin pht trin ri trong bin
Mt <0 =0 >0
/z
Nng lng >0 =0 <0
dE/dt
S <0 =0 =1 >>1
Richardson
Rf
c im Ri pht Khng ph gim khng
pht trin ri trin thuc tn ti
H s trao i ri trong bin
Khi tm cch gii cc bi ton thu nhit ng lc hc bin ngi ta tha k cc l thyt
ri khc nhau, trong h s ri c xem l c im c tnh quyt nh. H s ny cho ta
mc ph thuc gia cc thng lng vt cht, nng lng, v.v.. vi cc trng trung bnh
ca cc yu t vt l nh nhit , mui, vn tc, v.v... Cng thc 3.11 l th d v cc h
s . Nghin cu nh hng ca phn tng mt ln ch ri ngi ta c th thu c
mi tng quan gia h s trao i ng lng Km v nhit ri K vo s Richardson, v d:
K = K0 (1+TRi)-3/2 ,
KM= KM0 (1+vRi)-1/2,
trong
73
K0 = KM0 , khi Ri =0 v T= 3,33, v = 10
Nhng kt lun nu trn ni chung ch ng trong trng hp cc yu t ng lc
khng i. Khi cc yu t ng lc mnh th xo trn ri vn c th xy ra, ngay i vi iu
kin phn tng n nh . Nhng qu trnh c th gy nn xo trn ri ng lc mnh l
sng gi, dng chy bin, cc hin tng sng di v thu triu...Nghin cu phn b vn tc
tn mt nng lng ri trung bnh trong lp xo trn sng cho thy tn mt nng lng vo
khong 10-2cm2/s3.
i vi lp nc xo trn sng, Kitaigorotxki tm ra mi tng quan gia h s trao
i ri v cc c trng sng nh sau:
3
V
K Mw =
3
(4.39)
g
trong = h/ - dc trung bnh ca sng, =c/V - tui sng, V-vn tc gi, h
- cao sng, - di sng,c - vn tc truyn sng v = 0,002.
C th s dng biu thc bin i h s K theo su trong dng sau y:
2z
K ( z ) = 8 2 ( z + ah) 2 e (4.40)
trong : a = 0,2 , = 0,4 , - chu k sng.
Trong trng hp nu dng chy l nhn t c bn th h s K c th vit trong dng
sau (Suleikin):
V0
4 2
2 (i +1) z
z
2 e
K= k
74
Chng 5
QUANG HC BIN
Hin tng pht quang v mt s hin tng quang hc khc xut hin bin, bin i
ngay c trong thi gian o c do cng rt kh khn khng nh chnh xc cc hin
tng trong iu kin t nhin khi khng c cc tc ng ca c cc dng c o.
Ngoi ra, chng ta cng bit rng nc bin l mt mi trng hot ho cao cn phi c
cc phng php c bit cc dng c c th hot ng lu di v chu c p lc cc
su ln.
5.1.2. Cc c trng c bn
Cc tnh cht quang hc ca nc bin c th hin y bng ma trn tn x, th
hin s bin i ca tt c cc tnh cht phn cc ca chm nh sng khi b tn x. Cho n
nay quang hc bin xem xt mt h thng nh gi n gin hn, th hin bng s thay i
chi ca chm tia nh sng khi b tn x v hp th chnh l ch s hp th v tn x
v hm s ch th tn x x().
75
cc i lng c th hin r rng trong bng 5.1 :
Tn K Cng thc
hiu
Cc c trng c bn
H s hp th bc x
1 d
trong mi trng nc =
dl
H s tn x
1 d
=
dl
Hm ch th tn x
x() 4 ( )
x( ) =
Cc c trng th cp
H s suy gim bc x
1 d
=
dl
Xc sut tn ti ca ht Photon
= =
+
H s tn x ng hng
() 1 dI( )
( ) =
E n dv
dy lp quang hc ca nc l
= (x) dx
0
H s truyn qua ca lp nc T ( l)
T= = e
(0)
76
- gc tn x (gc gia hng bc x ti v bc x tn x);
d = - dl (5.1)
d - d = dx + d = - (x + ) dl = - dl (5.2)
Do : =+ (5.3)
Trong tc dng tng h ca dng photon phn ca cc photon bin thnh nhit (hay
b trit tiu), phn b tn x (vn cn l nh sng).
Trong cng thc (5.4) chng ta s dng dng bc x coi l song song cha c tht
chnh xc, cn phi p dng cng thc (5.4) cho dng bc x dng nn ngha l c chi.
77
quan trng nht ca quang hc cc mi trng khng trong sut.
Nc bin tn x nh sng theo cc hng khc nhau khng ng u. Phn ln nh
sng tn x tp trung trong mt gc nh. Hm s x th hin s phn b chi ca nh sng
tn x theo gc tn x gi l hm ch th tn x. hiu ngha ta xem hnh v 5.1.
Hnh 5.1 Vng gch cho - th tch tn x; 101 - Hng truyn ca tia ti
02 - dng tn x; - gc tn x
Cng nh sng dI, tn x bi nguyn t dv trn hng s l :
dI = () En dv (5.6)
En - chiu sng.
dF = dI d
( 4 )
Ngoi ra
dF = dl
Vi: = EnS ; dv = S dl
2
= ( ) d = d ( ) sin( )d = 2 ( ) sin( )d (5.7)
( 4 ) 0 0 0
Cng thc (5.7) thit lp mi quan h gia h s v (), c th biu din mi quan
h di dng sau:
78
( ) d d 4 ( )
4
4
= x( )
4
= 1 , x( ) =
(5.8)
( 4 )
1
2 0
c. sin d = c = 1 (5.10)
79
ng I h s suy gim nh sng trong nc tinh khit, gi tr cc tiu nm vng
bc sng xanh (do bt k vt th th vo nc bin c mu xanh d dng nhn thy xuyn
qua lp nc).
ng II H s hp th nh sng ca cc cht hu c ho tan, hp th tng mnh
vng nh sng xanh v cc tm.
ng III H s suy gim nh sng ca cc ht khong cht, tng vng nh sng
xanh.
ng IV H s suy gim nh sng ca cc ht c ngun gc sinh vt.
Trc khi xem xt mi lin h ph ta cn bit rng nc bin cha ng 3 thnh phn
c tnh cht quang hc chnh l : nc tinh khit, cc cht ho tan (v c v hu c) v cc
cht l lng (khong vt v hu c). nh hng ca cc thnh phn ny ln cc c trng
quang hc ca nc bin khng ging nhau, ph thuc vo nng cc thnh phn tng ng
v ph thuc vo di bc sng. Mi lin h c trng c bn gia h s suy gim v
di bc sng vi cc thnh phn khc nhau ca nc bin th hin trn hnh v 5.3.
80
ra trong vt cht ng nht v quang hc v lin h ti phn o ca h s khc x phc k ca
vt cht m (m = n - ik):
4
= k (5.10)
1 U
( ) = (90 o ) 1 + cos 2 (5.11)
1 + U
2
2 2 n 6 + 6 U
(90 ) = 4 2 n 2
o
k P k TK (5.12)
T 6 7 U
81
Vi: U - h s phn cc Caban;
- mt ; n h s khc x;
kP h s nn ng nhit ca nc;
Do tn x gy ra bi cc bin i nhit, do cng ca n t l vi nhit v h
s nn. i vi nc 20oC = 436nm v U =8,8. 10-2 v hm ch th tn x c dng:
Tng h s tn x s l :
16 1 + 0,5 U
= 2 ( ) sin d = (90 o ) =
0 3 1 + U (5.14)
= 16,1 (90 o )
82
quang hc ca nc bin. Cc mui v c ho tan v cc hp cht hu c nh hng ti tnh
cht quang hc ca nc bin, nhng nh hng chnh ny nm trong vng nh sng tm v
cc tm.
Cc mui v c: cc mui NaCl, KCl, MgCl, MgSO4, CaSO4 l thnh phn chnh ca
cc mui ho tan trong nc bin. Trong nc phn t cc mui phn chia thnh cc ion. Gii
hn bin i ca mui bin khi l 33 - 37 o/oo, gi tr trung bnh l gn 35 o/oo.
83
Ngun gc khc ca cht vn l cc hp cht mn trong nc sng, sn phm th cp
khi to ra cht vn l cc thnh phn pht quang.
Cc th nghim phn tch cht vn t nc bin v nghin cu tnh cht ca chng
trong cc phng th nghim n nay cha t c kt qu, cc lin kt ho hc yu to nn
hp cht ny khng tn ti c trong qu trnh phn tch.
Cht l lng: Cht l lng trong nc bin rt a dng l cc ht bi t lc a do
sng v gi mang ti, cc t bo ca phytoplancton, vi trng, cc ht c ngun gc ni la
hay v tr v Detrit Cc thnh phn cn li khi cc t bo ca Phitoplankton v
Zooplankton phn ng. Theo quan im quang hc, ta ch quan tm ti hn hp cc kch
thc t phn trm micromt n hng chc micromt, cc ht nh hn hay ln hn thng
rt t c th nh hng ti tnh cht quang hc ca nc bin.
Do thiu cc phng php o tin cy, chng ta ch c th o c nhng ch s ca
nng cc cht l lng c bn. Trong lp nc b mt nng cc cht l lng vo khong
0,05 0,5mg/l, cc vng gn b gi tr ca n c th tng hng chc thm ch hng trm
ln, trong nc di su nng gim xung t 0,001 0,250mg/l
S lng cc ht N trong mt n v th tch n nay vn cn c nhiu kt qu khc
nhau.
Cc s khc bit ny lin quan ti c im tng t ngt ca lng ht khi kch thc
ca chng gim. Thc nghim ch ra rng hm phn b n(r) cc ht theo bn knh z tun th
theo hm m.
n(r) = Ar -
Vi: = 3 - 5;
84
Hnh dng cc ht ca cht l lng c th khc hn hnh cu. V d: T bo vi trng
thng c dng que hay chng lin kt vi nhau dng chui xch, quan st di knh hin vi
in t chng v cng a dng.
85
Khi tng cng vi s tng ca l do nc tinh khit, s gim l do cc cht ho
tan v cc ht. V tr cc tiu lin quan n cc i lng hp th ; trong nc bin sch hp
th nh nht vng = 510nm, mt mu nc (thng l trong hn) cc tiu chuyn dch
ti = 490nm hoc thm ch ti 470nm (ngha l trng vi cc tiu hp th ca nc tinh
khit).
5.4.1 Tn x phn t.
Sinh ra do s bin ng ca mt , nh hng ca cc phn t nc, nng ca cc
cht ho tan. V cc dng bin ng ny khng nh hng ti nhau do tn x phn t tng
hp M l tng ca c 3 thnh phn. Bng 5.2 th hin cc gi tr M = f().
M M M M
-1 -1 -1 -1
[nm] m [nm] m [nm] m [nm] m
25 40. 36 10. 48 27. 60 11
-3 -3 -4 -4
0 10 0 10 0 10 0 5.10
30 19. 40 59. 52 20. 64
-3 -4 -4
0 10 0 10 0 10 0 89.10-4
32 15. 44 40. 56 15. 64
0 10-3 0 10-4 0 10-4 0 69.10-5
5.4.2 Tn x do cc ht l lng
Cc ht l lng trong nc bin, c hnh dng hnh hc rt a dng, kch thc ca
86
chng thng tng t hoc > , l thuyt tn x chnh xc ca nh sng do cc ht ny vn
cha c, phn ln cc tc gi khi phn tch l thuyt s dng cc m hnh tng t hnh cu,
trong m hnh ny, cc ht c coi l hnh cu ng nht.
Trong m hnh cc ht ca cht l lng c coi l cc vt tn x c lp, nu trong th
trng ca mt u o c nhiu ht th chi tng hp ca nh sng tn x () s bng
tng chi to ra bi cc ht ring r (, r).
+ Tham s nhiu x
a
= 2
Vi: a - ng knh ht;
+ H s khc x phc m
Vic tnh ton cc hng theo cc cng thc chnh xc kh phc tp do cc i lng
thnh phn gim chm v nhn c chnh xc cao cn phi lu gi nhiu tham s. Cc
tnh ton ny thng c x l bng my tnh v kt qu th hin dng bng.
i vi cht l lng ca nc bin c cc bng do C.X. Shifzin v I.N. Salganic tnh
ton, l tp th 5 ca Bng tn x nh sng do nh xut bn Kh tng Thu vn Nga xut
bn gm 2 phn :
Phn I : Cc m hnh tn sc n, mt ct ngang ca tn x i vi cc ht vi tham s
nhiu x f trong khong t 0,3 200 i vi 2 gi tr ca h s khc x m = 1,02 (cht l lng
sinh vt) v m = 1,15 (l lng ph sa).
- Phn II : cc m hnh tn sc phc hp, h s tn x cng nh ma trn tn x v mc
phn cc ca trng nh sng.
S bin i nh sng tn x ca nc bin : Tn x nh sng ca nc bin bin i
trong khong rt rng gi tr ca h s tn x bin i t phn trm n hng n v (m-1).
87
ven b bin Peru.
88
Hnh 5.5 th hin mt s hm ch th ca mt s mu nc bin o trn thc a.
trong sut Zb L m
89
chi (l mt i lng v hng B (l) = B (, ) trong gc pht x 4, hm s ny trong mt
vi hng cho trc.
Vct dch chuyn bc x : H l mt vct vi hnh chiu ca n trn bt k h to l
c th biu hin qua cc gi tr thnh phn Hx, Hy, Hz.
Cc c trng th sinh trong bng 5.3 kh rng ri, t do v vic o trc tip trng
chi rt kh khn, v thng cc thng tin chi tit v y cng khng tht cn thit,
chng ta ch cn cc c trng n gin v trung bnh.
Cc i lng trong bng 5.3 c nghin cu mt cch h thng trong quang hc
bin. Gia cc c trng tn ti cc mi quan h thc nghim, do khi bit mt i lng c
th xc nh cc i lng khc. Cc mi quan h thc nghim ny rt c ch v chng gip
ta bit c cc c trng ca trng nh sng trong bin t mt s t cc s liu quan trc.
sin 2 (i j) sin i
rs = ; d s = 1 rs ; n =
sin 2 (i + j) sin j (5.17)
tg 2 (i j)
rp = 2 ; d p = 1 rp
tg (i + j)
1
r= ( rs + rp ) (5.18)
2
90
90o phn x s l ton phn r = 100%.
Bng 5.4 h s phn x Frenell i vi mt nc tnh
i rp rs r i rp rs r
0 2,0 2,0 2,0 60 0,4 11, 5,9
10 1,9 2,1 2,0 70 4,7 5 13,
20 1,7 2,5 2,1 75 11, 21, 3
30 1,2 3,1 2,1 80 0 9 21,
40 0,6 4,3 2,4 85 24, 31, 2
50 0,1 6,7 3,4 90 0 3 34,
49, 45, 9
3 9 58,
10 67, 3
0,00 4 10
10 0,00
0,00
2. i vi cc tia song song khi gc ti i khi i + j = /2, i lng rp s bng khng.
Trong trng hp ny nh sng phn x s b phn cc hon ton (ch cn li cc tia vung
gc).
pha trn chng ta ni ti cc chm tia song song v c th p dng trc tip i
vi nh sng mt tri i ti b mt bin.
Nh vy, chm tia sng mt tri I, phn x t mt bin v nhn c bi mt u o t
nm ngang s l:
E'r = I r(i) cosi
Phn bc x ti b phn x t mt bin gi l h s phn x Ar ca mt bin, phn bc
x truyn qua b mt gi l h s truyn qua T
Ta c Ar + T = 1
H s phn x tng hp ca bin
A = Ar + Ad
Vi: Ad H s phn x thnh phn sinh ra bi phn bc x tn x ca c lp nc
ca bin.
Gi s E dng bc x trc tip
Cc i lng Ar v T s l:
91
T' = 1 - r(i)
tnh c dng nh sng ca bu tri Er, phn x t bin ta gi thit bit c
chi ca bu tri B(, )l hm ca cc gc v . Dng bc x n v t bu tri ti mt
u o nm ngang hng (,) s l :
V tng bc x phn x s l
1
E "r =
2 r() B(, ) sin 2 d d
( 2 )
Albedo i vi phn bc x tn x
1
E "
2 r() B(, ) sin 2 d d
(2 )
A =
" r
= (5.20)
r
E "
B(, ) sin d d
(2 )
Trong trng hp ny ta c
2
A "r = r() sin 2 d (5.21)
0
E 'r + E "r
Ar = (5.22)
E ' + E"
= E"/(E' + E")
Ta c:
92
Bng 5.5 Thnh phn bc x tn x.
0 - 30 40 60 80
BM = n2(1 - r) Ba (5.24)
93
dEM = BM cosj d = BM cosj sinj dj d
Theo nh lut khc x c th chng minh rng:
5.7 RI NGM
94
H s khng ch ph thuc vo cc tnh cht quang hc ca nc m cn ph thuc
vo cu trc ca trng nh sng trong bin, ph thuc vo cao ca mt tri
= o secj
D di bc sng [nm]
ngph
3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7
n loi
10 50 00 50 00 50 00 50 00
I 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 5
I 6 4 7,2 8,1 7,2 4,2 5 0 9
A 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 6 5
I 3 2,5 5,1 7,4 6,6 3,6 4 9,5 8,5
B 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 6 5
I 0 0,5 5,5 6,7 6,0 3,0 3 9 8
I 6 8 9 9 9 9 8 6 5
I 9 4 2 4 3,5 0,0 0 7,5 6
II 5 7 7 8 8 8 7 6 5
0 1 9 8,5 9 6,5 5 5 4
95
Hnh 5.8 S suy gim ri theo su ca cc dng nc c phn loi theo Erlov.
96
Bnh Dng.
97
3. Vng su.
Vng th nht I nm gn su nh hn Zb (Zb l su nhn thy a trng)
Vng th ba III cc su ln hn 4.Zb
Vng th hai II trung gian gia vng I v III.
Trn hnh v 5.9 th hin bc tranh c trng ca bc x mt tri trong nc bin ng
nht trong vng gc 15 150o, su 5m.
Trong vng di b mt (n su khong 40m ti trm kho st trn) vn xut hin
bc x mt tri trc tip.
Trong vng trung gian ch cn bc x mt tri b tn x nhng ph chi vn cn b
ko di v pha mt tri do gi tr chi y ph thuc gc thin nh v gc phng
v.
Khi su tng ln, hng cc i ca chi s dch chuyn v hng thin nh v
t n i xng theo chiu thng ng l c trng ca vng th III, su ca vng th
III ti trm kho st ny vo khong 170m, y dng ph ca chi khng cn bin i
theo su, nhng ln theo cc hng gim theo quy lut hm m exp (- ooz) vi 00 -
h s suy gim theo su.
98
Hnh 5.9. Phn b chi B() nh sng mt tri cc su khc nhau.
Trong vng di b mt, chi c nhiu bin ng, h s suy gim y ph thuc
vo gc ti ca bc x mt tri tt dn ( su ca vng ny n 100 110m). phn cc
nh sng ti y ph thuc vo cc hin tng nh trn b mt v cn ph thuc vo tnh
cht tn x ca mi trng, vng ph ca bc x lin tc b thu hp. H s suy gim thng
ng tin gn ti gi tr ca h s ny ti vng su.
Trong vng III s bin ng ca chi bng khng, s thay i ca chi, ri ch
lin quan n s thay i ca chiu sng ca b mt bin (nh hng ca my, chiu
sng trong ngy ca mt tri ..). S phn b gc ca chi trong vng nc su ch mang
cc thng tin v cc tnh cht c trng ca mi trng, khng c cc thng tin v iu kin
chiu sng. S phn tch nh sng vng nc su cng ch ph thuc vo cc c trng s
cp ca mi trng m khng ph thuc vo iu kin chiu sng. Ph bc x y rt hp
ch c vng nh sng xanh xanh lc.
99
Hnh 5.10 Phn b chi B() nh sng mt tri su nh
5.9 MU CA BIN
Ta thy rng mu ca cc bin khc nhau hon ton khng ging nhau. Hin tng ny
dn ti nh s dng mu kh kin ca nc bin nh l mt c trng hi dng.
xc nh mu ca bin, cui th k trc c 1 bng c bit so mu (Forel - Uha)
tp hp cc ng nghim cha nc mu. Xc nh mu ca bin bng cch quan st chn ra
ng nghim cha dung dch c mu gn vi mu bin. Mu bin c k hiu bng s liu
tng ng ca ng nghim.
Mu kh bin ca bin khng nhng thay i t vng ny ti vng khc m cn ph
100
thuc vo cc iu kin chiu sng v c gc quan trc.
iu ny lm phc tp thm nh chn la ch s mu cho cc vng nc khc
nhau nhng do s gin n trong vic quan trc mu bin nn cho n nay n c s
dng rng ri nh l mt c trng hi dng hc.
gim thiu s nh hng ca gc quan trc v cc iu kin kh tng thu vn,
phng php quan trc c chun ho.
Nh chng ta bit mi tng mu bt k u c th nhn c bng cch trn theo t
l khc nhau ca 3 mu c bn c xanh lc xanh tm (RGB). Chm tia sng i vo mt
gy ra cc t bo cm quang ca mt cc phn ng ph thuc vo thnh phn ph ca chm
tia sng ti.
Nu loi b cc dng iu kin d thng (TD : kch thch qu nh ca vt v.v..) cm
gic mu ca mt ngi c th nh gi mt cch nh lng bng cc to mu bc x x,
y, v z. Cc ta ny xc nh theo cng thc.
X Y Z
x= ; y= ; z= ; (5.27)
X+Y+Z X+Y+Z X+Y+Z
101
Bn cnh phng php xc nh cc to x v y, cn c phng php khc xc nh
mu, da trn quan nim nh sng trng: c th coi mt mu bt k l s pha trn ca mu
trng to nn bi tp hp ba mu c bn E () = const, to ca n (x = y = z = 1/3). Trn
gin mu n c th hin l im S (x = y = 1/3).
B = Br + Bd (5.28)
102
(180 o )
( ) = (5.29)
2
Trong vng bc sng ngn cc ng cong ca cc vng khc nhau, rt khc nhau do
nh hng ca h s hp th v iu s dn ti s khc nhau v mu ca bin. Trong thi
tit nhiu my, bc x i ra t bin rt nh so vi nh sng phn x i ti t cc m my do
bin c mu xm.
103
Chng 6
M HC BIN
=cf (6.1)
Cc sng m theo tn s dao ng c th phn loi ra: sng h m, ting ng, siu m
v sng siu cao.
Sng h m l cc dao ng vi tn s t 16 - 20 Hz v thp hn.
Ting ng l cc dao ng vi tn s t 16 - 20 Hz n 16 - 20 KHz.
Siu m l cc dao ng vi tn s t 16 - 20 KHz ti 106 KHz.
Sng siu cao l cc dao ng vi tn s ln hn 106 KHz.
Chng ta xem xt mi tng quan gia cc tnh cht c trng ca mi trng n hi
vi cc c trng ca sng m. K hiu th tch ca mt phn t cht lng hoc cht kh l
o, mt l o, v p sut tnh tc dng ln phn t ny trc khi c tc ng ca sng m
l Po.
Ngoi lc tc dng t bn ngoi s gy ra s dch chuyn cc ht phn t ca mi
trng lm bin i th tch, mt v p sut n cc gi tr v p. S bin i tng i
ca cc i lng s l:
(6.2)
104
(6.3)
Cc i lng c th mang du dng hoc m.
i vi cc bin ng nh, khi v theo nh lut bo ton khi lng
( ) ta c:
T biu thc (6.4) chng ta thy i vi cc bin ng nh, gi tr nn v dn bng nhau
nhng ngc du.
S bin i mt ca th tch nguyn t mi trng s dn ti s bin i p sut, p
sut tc thi s l tng ca p sut tnh v p sut ng lc d
P = Po + p
p sut ng lc d ny c gi l m p (p lc sinh ra do sng m). Chng ta ch
gii hn trong vic xem xt cc qu trnh m m p nh hn p sut tnh nhiu ln (p <<
Po) hay sng m bin nh.
Trong trng hp khi p >> Po s l i tng trong m hc phi tuyn.
Trong trng hp c bn, theo phng trnh trng thi, p sut trong cht lng v cht
kh l hm s ca mt v nhit . Nhng trong sng m hin tng nn dn xy ra xen k
nhau nhanh ti mc vic truyn nhit gia cc vng ny trong mt chu k dao ng khng
xy ra v qu trnh lan truyn sng m l qu trnh ng p. Trong trng hp ny p sut p
ch l hm ca mt
p = f(
Phn tch (6.5) vo dy Tailor. i vi trng hp dao ng vi bin nh ( nh),
c th loi b mt s i lng ta c:
p
P = Po + (6.6)
p= (6.8)
105
1
c= = (6.10)
o Kp
Vn tc sng m trong nc bin ph thuc vo nhit , mui v p sut thy tnh.
Cc i lng Kp, x c nh gi tr ca vn tc sng m c.
Vn tc sng dc v sng ngang trong mi trng cng (y bin) ph thuc vo cc
c tnh c hc. Vn tc lan truyn cc loi sng ny c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
E (1 )
cl = (6.11)
( 1 ) ( 1 2 )
G
ct = (6.12)
Vi: cl, ct - vn tc lan truyn ca sng dc v sng ngang.
E, G - m un n hi v m un dch chuyn
- h s Paosson.
106
V 1
= grad p (6.15)
t
Nu trong phng trnh (6.15) ta biu din mt qua nn (6.3), ly o hm ring
v b qua cc i lng nh bc hai ta nhn c phng trnh sau:
+ div V = 0 (6.16)
t
p
+ div V = 0 (6.17)
t
rot Vt=0 = 0
o o o
o (x,y,z) = ( dx + dy + dz )
x y z
107
t p
u= ( ) dt + o
x 0
pt
v= ( ) dt + o
y 0
p t
w= ( ) dt + o
z 0
Ta k hiu:
t p
( ) dt + o = (x, y, z ) (6.20)
0
Do :
u= ; v= ; w= ; (6.21)
x y z
Hm (x,y,z) gi l th vn tc.
Gi s trong thi im ban u th vn tc bng khng v bin ca cc dao ng
sng m nh ( ~ o) ta c:
1 t
o 0
= p dt (6.22)
Ly vi phn (6.22) theo thi gian, ta nhn c biu thc lin h gia m p v th vn
tc
1
p= (6.23)
o t
2
Nu trong (6.17) o hm ring ca p theo t thay th theo (6.23) qua gi tr v
x 2
o hm ring ca vn tc theo x, y, z c thay bng o hm bc 2 ca theo (6.21) ta c:
2 2 2
2
+ + = (6.24)
x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2
v tha mn (6.10)
2
c2 2 = (6.25)
t2
108
Vi: 2 - ton t Laplas
Phng trnh (6.25) gi l phng trnh sng. Nu ly o hm ring theo t ca trong
phng trnh (6.25) v tnh ti (6.23) ta c phng trnh sng di dng khc:
2p
c2 2 p = (6.26)
t2
2 2 (6.27)
= c2
t 2
x2
= x - ct ; = x + ct (6.28)
= + = +
x x x
2 2 2 2
= +2 +
x 2
2
2
= c +c
t
2 2 2 2
= c2 2 2 +
t 2 2
109
Thay th vo (6.27) ta c
2
= =0 (6.29)
= f () (6.30)
Tch phn (6.30) theo ta c:
= f () d + c = f 1 () + f 2 () (6.31)
Coi c l hm bt k ca
Quay tr li cc bin ban u, tm tch phn ca phng trnh sng (6.27)
= f 1 (x ct ) + f 2 (x + ct ) (6.32)
x
x - ct = x + x - c(t + t) = x + x - ct - c = x - ct
c
Suy ra, hm s f1(x - ct) l dng sng, lan truyn theo hng dng ca trc x v i
lng c l tc d lan truyn cc nhiu ng - vn tc ca sng m. Hm s f2(x + x) - l
sng truyn theo hng ngc li.
Do gi tr ca th vn tc ti thi im cho trc im bt k ca mt phng, vung
gc vi trc x khng bin i, nn mt phng ny gi l b mt sng v sng c m t bng
phng trnh (6.27) gi l sng phng.
Trng sng phng c th to ra bi cc pt tng sinh dao ng phng. Trong mi
trng khng b gii hn, mt phng cn c kch thc v cng ln, do trn thc t trng
sng phng c th to ra trong mi trng c gii hn. Th d: trong cc ng c thnh cng.
Trong i dng khong cch xa ngun nhiu ng, c th phn tch ra mt vng m trong
c th coi sng m l sng phng.
Nu trng cc sng m phng to ra t ngun pht cc dao ng iu ho th th vn
tc c th biu din di dng:
= Ae j ( t kx ) (6.33)
Vi A - bin sng m
k = /c - s sng
Gi tr hiu dng ca m p i vi sng phng iu ho c th nhn c t cng thc:
110
p = = jAe j ( t kx ) = j (6.34)
x
v gi tr hiu dng ca vn tc dao ng t cng thc (6.21):
u = = jkAe j ( t kx ) = jk (6.35)
x
Gi tr hiu dng l gi tr cn bc hai ca cc i lng (p sut, vn tc...) trong bn
chu k dao ng.
Biu thc (6.34) v (6.35) minh chng rng trong sng phng, vn tc dao ng v m
p ng pha. T cc biu thc ny c th tm ra cc mi quan h n gin gia vn tc dao
ng v m p
p = c u (6.36)
r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 (6.37)
Khi s dng nhng phng trnh ny, biu din cc phng trnh o hm ring (6.24)
qua o hm ring ca th vn tc theo khong cch r.
Ly o hm ca (6.37) theo x, y v z ta c:
r x r y r z
= ; = ; = ; (6.38)
x r y r z r
Sau ta c
r x
= =
x r x r r
2 x x
= + = (6.39)
x 2
x r r r x r
x 2 2 r 2 x 2
= +
r 2 r 2 r3 r
Tng t ta c
111
2 y 2 2 r 2 y 2
= + (6.40)
y 2 r 2 r 2 r3 r
2 z 2 2 r 2 z 2
= + (6.41)
z 2 r 2 r 2 r3 r
Gp v phi ca (6.39), (6.40) v (6.41) ta c
2 2 1 2 ( r )
2 = + = (6.42)
r 2 r r r r 2
Suy ra, phng trnh sng c th biu din dng sau
2 c 2 2 ( r )
= c 2 2 = (6.43)
t 2 r r 2
Phng trnh (6.43) trong mi lin h vi i lng rl phng trnh sng mt chiu
v nghim ca n so vi r phi trng hp theo dng vi nghim ca phng trnh sng i
vi sng phng, ngha l:
r r
r = f1 t + f 2 t + (6.44)
c c
Nghim tng hp ca phng trnh sng l tp hp sng tin i ra t trung tm vi c
th vn tc :
1 r
1 = f1 t
r c
v sng li i vo trung tm vi th vn tc:
1 r
2 = f2 t
r c
Khc vi nghim ca sng phng, th vn tc trong sng cu i xng i ra gim
nghch o vi khong cch r. Do b mt sng l mt cu ng knh r = ct (c - vn tc sng
m) do th vn tc trong sng tin i ra s m rng front sng.
Trong thc tin thng ch gp sng cu tin i ra t u pht, s cn thit tnh n
sng li ch xut hin trong mt s t trng hp, th d: khi nghin cu phn x sng m t
bin ca cc dng c hnh cu vi ngun pht hnh cu trung tm.
i vi sng cu iu ha tin, th vn tc c th vit di dng:
112
A j ( t kx )
= e (6.45)
r
Vi: A - hng s ph thuc vo tham s ca ngun pht.
Khi ly o hm (6.45) chng ta tm c biu thc i vi m p v vn tc dao ng
cc:
jA j( t kr )
p = = e (6.46)
t r
1 + jkr
ur = = 2 Ae j( t kr ) (6.47)
r r
T (6.46) v (6.47) ta s c
( 1 + jkr ) p 1 + k2r2
ur = =
p
(kr j) = p x
rj ckr c kr
(6.48)
j
x = pe
kr 1
j
1+ k r
2 2
1 + k2r2 c cos
kr 1 1
vi cos = ; sin = ; tg =
1+ k r 2 2
1+ k r2 2 kr
j
pe 2
u2 =
ckr
113
2 2
2 = + 2
x 2 y
2 2 1
= c 2 2 + (6.49)
t 2 x r r
1 2 e j( kr t )
= A (6.50)
2 k r
114
n v th tch) trong sng so vi trng thi khng nhiu ng.
Mt ng nng ca mt th tch nguyn t mi trng trong sng
1
Ek = ou 2 (6.51)
2
Vi: u - vn tc dao ng.
Th nng ca th tch nguyn t s l cng cn phi thc hin tay i th tch nguyn
t ny t o n di tp dng ca p d. Theo (6.4), s bin i ca th tch gy ra s bin
i v cng nh ca mt t n + d, theo php xp x bc nht s l o d v
cng sinh ra s l - o d. Tnh cng sinh ra khi th tch bin i t o n theo (6.8)
bng cch ly tch phn ca
po d = o d
1 op 2
o d = o 2 = (6.52)
0 2 2
p2
E =
2c 2
1 2 1 p2
E = Ek + E = u + (6.53)
2 2 c 2
p2
E = u 2 = (6.54)
c 2
p2
I = E.c = (6.55)
c
115
i lng I l mt i lng vc t v mang tn l vc t Umov (tn ca nh vt l u
tin nghin cu dng nng lng c hc trong vt th).
Cng m c th xc nh nh l cng sinh ra do p sut tc dng dch chuyn theo
phng X trong mt n v thi gian. Do gi tr tc thi ca cng c th vit di
dng sau:
It = pt. ut (6.56)
vi: pt v ut - l cc gi tr tc thi ca p sut v vn tc dao ng.
i vi sng phng hnh sin ta c th vit:
pt = pm sin( t - kx)
ut = um sin( t - kx)
Ta s nhn c gi tr trung bnh ca cng trong chu k t:
1 t p m um t
pm u m
It dt = sin (t kx) dt =
2
I= (6.57)
t 0 t 0 2
p2m u2m
I= = c (6.58)
2 c 2
p2hd
I= = c u2hd (6.59)
c
Nh vy mt dng nng lng trong sng phng ng nht theo khng gian v
khng ph thuc vo khong cch n ngun pht trong mi trng ng nht khng hp th.
xc nh cng ca sng cu ta s dng cng thc (6.56). Theo mc 6.3 trong
vng gn ngun pht (kr <<1) vn tc dao ng lch pha /2 vi p sut, gi tr cng
trung bnh trong khong thi gian t s bng khng v khng bc x vo mi trng.
cc vng xa (r >> ) m p v vn tc dao ng trng pha. i vi cc dao ng iu
ho:
A
p = sin(t kr )
r
kA
ur = sin(t kr )
r
1 t kA 2 ck 2 A 2
t 0
I= purdt = = = cuhd
2r 2 2r 2
116
Nh vy cng m gim t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch, khi ri xa ngun
pht sng, sng cu i xng trong mi trng ng nht c cng sut phn b theo b mt
sng tin din tch t l vi r2.
cc vng xa, sng tr i xng c bin , m p v vn tc dao ng bin i theo
pha v gim t l nghch vi r. Khi xc nh gi tr cng trung bnh trong mt chu k ta
s c:
Bk
I = c
r
T y suy ra trong loi sng ny cng suy gim khi ri xa ngun pht chm hn
trong trng hp sng cu.
Di cng sng m c ngha trong nghin cu kh rng, trong khong bin i ny
ngi ta thng dng t l lgart.
K hiu p v po l cc gi tr ca m p v I, Io l cc cng m tng ng. T s
gia cc cng m v m p c th biu din di dng:
I p
N = 10lg = 20lg (6.60)
Io po
p1 + p1' = p2 (6.61)
117
Tng vn tc dao ng trn bin phn cch cng bng vn tc dao ng ca sng truyn
qua
u1 + u1' = u2 (6.62)
Thay th vo (6.36) ta c:
p1
u1 = (6.63)
1c1
p 1'
u1' = (6.64)
1c1
p2
u2 = (6.65)
2 c 2
p1 p 1' p1 p 1'
= (6.66)
1 c 1 1 c 1 2 c2 2c2
p 1' 2 c 2 1 c 1
Rp = = (6.67)
p1 1 c 1 + 2 c 2
2 c 2 1c1
Ru = (6.68)
1 c 1 + 2 c 2
118
Hnh 6.1. S phn x v khc x sng m trn bin phn cch gia hai mi trng.
Ti mt phn cch cng m p c nhn i cn vn tc dao ng b trit tiu. Sng
phn x v sng ti c p sut v vn tc dao ng ngc pha.
2c2 = 0 - sng i ti bin phn cch mm hon ton
ta c: Rp = -1; Ru = 1
p1' = - p1; u1' = - u1
p2 = 0 ; u2 = 2u1 (6.70)
Nh vy: ti mt phn cch t do, m p b triu tiu cn vn tc dao ng tng gp hai.
Nu sng m phng i ti bin phn cch phng di mt gc th mt phn nng
lng m phn x t bin v mt phn lt vo mi trng th hai to ra sng khc x.Cc
ng chm trn hnh 6.1 th hin cc front ca cc sng ti, phn x v khc x. Vn tc m
l c1, c2 v mt mi trng l 1 v 2.
Vn tc dch chuyn cc front sng dc theo bin xc nh cc thnh phn ngang ca
vn tc sng tong ng. i vi sng ti thnh phn ngang ca vc t vn tc l c1/ sin1v
sng phn x l c1sin'1, sng khc x l c2/sin2. khp kn cc iu kin bin ta cn c
tc dch chuyn cc front ca sng ti, phn x v khc x ti bin phn cch phi bng
nhau.
Do : 1 = '1 (6.71)
c1 c2
= (6.72)
sin1 sin1
p1 + p'1 = p2 (6.74)
119
Tng hp t (6.63) - (6.65), (6.74), (6.75) ta s c biu thc ca h s phn x Rp l i
lng ph thuc vo khng m ca mi trng v gc ti ca sng.
1c1 cos 2
1
2 c 2 cos 1
Rp = (6.76)
1c1 cos 2
1+
2 c 2 cos 1
Trong iu kin t nhin, y bin v b mt nc c th coi l bin phng trong mt s
t trng hp, l khi di bc sng dao ng ln hn hn cao nhiu ng ca b mt
phn cch, trong trng hp khc mt phn nng lng s b tn x v cc bt ng thc
(6.67), (6.76) s khng tha mn.
Vi:
cT = 4,5721T - 4,4532. 10-2T2 - 2,6045. 10-4T3 + 7,985 . 10-6T4
cS = 1,3980(S - 35) + 1,692 . 10-3(S - 35)2
cP = 1,60272 . 10-1P + 1,0268 . 10-5P2 +
+ 3,5216 . 10-9P3 - 3,3603 . 10-12P4
cTSP = (S - 35)(- 1,1244 . 10-2T + 7,7711 . 10-7T2 +
+ 7,7016 . 10-5P - 1,2943 . 10-7P2 + 3,1580 . 10-8PT +
+ 1,5790 . 10-9PT2) + P(- 1,8607 . 10-4T +
+ 7,4812 . 10-6T2 + 4,5283 . 10-8T3) +
+ P2(-2,5294 . 10-7T + 1,8563 . 10-9T2) +
+ P3(-1,9646 . 10-10T).
n v ca c = [m/s], T = [oC], S = [o/oo] v P = [kg/cm2].
Trn thc t, vn tc m c tnh theo cc i lng c lp thnh bng (6.77).
i lng thm vo vn tc m do nh hng ca p sut c th biu din qua su Z c
dng:
cz = 0,1656 + 1,64802 . 10-2z + 1,4680 . 10-7z2 +
+ 4,315 . 10-12z3 - 3,48 . 10-16z4 - 3,4 . 10-21z5 -
- 1,2 . 10-26z6 (6.78)
Vo nm 1971 xut hin mt cng thc n gin hn tnh ton vn tc lan truyn
m theo cc gi tr thc o T, S, P
c = 1449,30 + cT + cS + cP +cTSP
Vi: cP = 1,5848 . 10-1P + 1,572 . 10-5P2 - 3,46 . 10-12P4
120
cT = 4,578T - 5,356 . 10-2T2 + 2,604 . 10-4T3
cS = 1,19(S - 35) + 9,6 . 10-2 (S - 35)3
cTSP = 1,35 . 10-5T2P - 7,19 . 10-7TP2 - 1,2 . 10-2(S - 35)T
Nhit ca nc bin l yu t lm thay i vn tc m ln nht. Khi nhit tng,
gi tr ca nn Kp tng v mt o gim. Theo biu thc (6.10) iu ny s dn n s
tng ln ca tc m. Trong bng 34 ca Bng hi dng hc Zubv th hin s bin i
cT khi nhit thay i mt i lng bng 1oC trong cc khong bin thin khc nhau.
Bng 6.1
ToC 1-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Bin i
cT 4,446 - 3,635 3,635 - 2,734 2,734 - 2,059 2,059 - 1,804
mui c nh hng t hn, cc loi mui c trong nc bin nh hng khc nhau
ti gi tr ca Kp, gy nh hng ln nht trong cc loi mui l mui MgSO4, nhng nng
ca mui ny li nh hn rt nhiu so vi NaCl, do mui NaCl li c tng nh hng
ln nn Kp cao nht. Trong bng 6.2 th hin nh hng ca cc loi mui ha tan trong
nc bin ln nn v vn tc lan truyn m.
chnh lch ca vn tc m do p sut thy tnh trong cng thc (6.78) c mi lin h
vi su nh sau:
Z[m] 0 10 100 1000 5000
cP [m/s] 0,166 0,330 1,815 16,796 86,777
S bin i c trng ca vn tc khi su thay i mt i lng bng 10m trong cc
khong bin thin khc nhau c th hin di y:
Z [m] 0 10 100 1000 5000
Gradient vn tc
c [m/s/10m] 0,165 0,165 0,165 0,168 0,1826
Trn cc bng trn r rng rng cc su ln vn tc m tng nhanh hn quy lut
tuyn tnh. Gi tr trung bnh ca vn tc m i dng th gii vo khong 1500m/s, v
khong bin thin c th t t 1430 n 1540m/s, cc su ln (gn 7km) l 1570 n
1580m/s. S bin i c tnh ca mi trng nc l cc tc nhn chnh gy ra s bin i
theo khng gian v thi gian ca trng vn tc m.
121
6.7 HIN TNG HP TH SNG M TRONG BIN
Phng trnh sng (6.26) l phng trnh i vi cht lng l tng. Trn thc t nc
bin v nc ngt c tnh nht v dn nhit, trong mi trng bin thc t lun tn ti cc
sinh vt bin, c, sn phm qu trnh sng ca chng, cc loi ht v bt kh. Nh trn bit,
mi trng bin l dung dch phn ly cha cc ion Cl-, Mg++, Na+ SO4v.v.. Ngoi ra nhit
, mt v mui nc bin lun dao ng gn gi tr trung bnh to nn cc vng khng
ng nht trong th tch, hin tng ny trong cu trc ca nc bin s gy ra s tt dn ca
sng m khi lan truyn.
S tt dn hay suy yu nng lng sng m to ra hin tng hp th trong mi trng
v tn x do s khng ng nht. nht v dn nhit ca nc bin cng lm suy gim
nng lng m do gy nhit. Cc cht kh cng gy ra tn x sng m v lm suy yu bc x
m.
S hp th sng m c th gii thch bng phng trnh Stok, nhng vn tng t
c A.P.Stachxevich xem xt.
C ch hp th sng m trong bin, lin h ti nht, gy ra cc bc nhy v ng lc
xut hin khi cc lp st nhau dch chuyn tng i so vi nhau. Cc ng lc ny t l vi
gradient vn tc v h s nht k hiu l 1. H s 1 ch tn ti trong s bin dng dch
chuyn nn c gi l h s nht Stok dch chuyn. i dng 1/ = v nht ng
nng. S hp th do tnh nht chim u th trong nc ngt. Trong bin chng c vai tr ln
ch trong vng siu m (f 1Mhz).
S hp th sng m cn xy ra do hin tng bin i bt i xng ca nc. N c
xc nh bng h s nht th tch 2. H s 2 xut hin trong qu trnh lin quan ti s thay
i th tch ca cht lng, s thay i trng tri nn, dn sng m trong mi phn t nc. S
thay i ny gy ra s bin i cu trc ca phn t nc dn n ph hu s cn bng nhit
ng lc, mi trng s t cn bng li sau mt khong thi gian p, qu trnh ny s lm
tiu tn nng lng m. Ngoi ra cc phn t phn ly cng to ra qu trnh tng t.
Mt phn cc phn t mui, ho tan trong nc bin di dng cc ion Mg2+, SO42-,
Na , Cl- v.v. khi nhit p sut khng thay i s lng cc ion phn ly v ti hp cn bng
+
nhau. Khi sng m truyn qua trng thi cn bng ny b ph hu. Trong th tch c p sut
cao phn ly ca mui (Th d: lng MgSO4 tng). Trong cc th tch c p sut gim
phn ly gim, tng ti hp ion vi khong thi gian khng i khong 10-6 giy. Trong qu
trnh thit lp li cn bng m p b chm pha v c qu trnh mang tnh bt i xng v gy
ra trong nc bin cng nh trong dung dch s tiu tn nng lng m. Mui MgSO4 nh
hng ln nht c bit vng tn s gn 104 - 105 Hz.
H s hp th , c trng cho s mt mt nng lng m c biu din nh sau:
2 4 1 1
= 3 1 + 2 + M cV cP (6.78a)
2c 2
Vi cv cp nhit dung khi th tch v p sut khng i.
M h s dn nhit
Theo L.I Mandelstam v M.A.Leoutovich h s nht khi c th biu din di dng.
2 =
p
1 i
(
c 2 c 02 ) (6.78b)
122
Vi co tc m trng thi cn bng
c tc m tn s cao m trong mt chu k trng thi cn bng
khng kp thit lp li.
Ta thy rng nht dch chuyn ca nc bin gim i khi p sut thu tnh tng.
nht khi tr nn khng i. Khi nhit tng c hai gi tr nht gim. nht khi ln
hn nht dch chuyn khong 3-5 ln.
Mt trong cc nguyn nhn ca hin tng hp th sng m trong bin l cc bt kh.
Lp cha cc ht bt kh trong bin c dy khng vt qu 10-15m (trng hp c bit
25-30m). Khi sng m i ti cc ht kh s dao ng v bc x li sng m v lm suy gim
nng lng m.
T (8.79) ta thy rng trong mi trng phn lp khng ng nht xy ra hin tng tia
sng m b un cong. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng khc x m, s thay i gc nghing
ca tia ch xc nh bng gi tr ban u v cui cng ca vn tc c, tia b khc x lun
123
nghing v hng vn tc sng m gim.
Ta xem xt mt phn t qu o tia ra t ngun im di gc o vi to (zo, O).
Trn hnh 6.4 c
dz dz
= tg(z ) hoc dr = (6.81)
dr tg(z )
co
Vi : n(z) = , co - vn tc m ti su t ngun pht
c(z )
Nu qu o tia m c mt vi im c xem xt th khong cch s l tng cc
khong cch gia cc im theo (6.81).
Trn hnh 6.4 - 6.6 th hin mt s trng hp ring mi lin h gia c(z) v cc qu
o tia m trong bin.
Hnh 6.4 - Tho mn s suy gim tuyn tnh vn tc theo su vi quy lut:
124
vng sng m. Cc tia tip xc vi b mt v chia cc vng ny gi l cc tia bin. Cc im
ca tia tng ng vi gc trt c gi tr bng khng th hin hin tng phn x ni bi b
mt hay mc ngang z no gi l im quay ca tia.
Th (6.82) vo (6.81) ta c :
z
[1 a(z z o )] dz
r = cos o (6.83)
zo 1 [1 a(z z o )]2 cos 2 o
1
= [sin o 1 [1 a(z z o )]2 cos 2 o ] (6.84)
a cos o
1
r= [sin o sin (z)] (6.85b)
a cos o
125
hnh v 6.3 ta c
dR dz
dt = = (6.86)
c(z ) sin (z ) c(z )
Nh vy tng thi gian lan truyn ca sng m dc theo tia c im quay c tnh
bng tng cc khong thi gian gia cc cc tr lin tip ca ng cong z(r)
k zi
dz
t = (6.87)
i =1 z i 1 sin (z ) c(z)
cH co
omax = 2 (6.88)
co
Vi: cH v co vn tc m ti y v ti b mt.
Do s tiu tn nng lng khi phn x t y ln hn s tiu tn nng lng khi phn
x t b mt do trn khong cch ln n ngun pht cc sng ngang c th khng tnh ti.
Nu c (z) c cc tiu ti su zk (hnh 6.7), to ra cc iu kin thun li sng m
lan truyn trn khong cch ln, mt nhm sng lan truyn trong lp s khng b tn x hoc
b hp th bi y v mt bin. Lp nc ny tng ng vi mc vn tc ca cc tiu gi
l knh m ngm.
Hin tng lan truyn sng m xa trong knh m ngm c L.M. Brekhovski v
L.D. Rozenberg pht hin v nghin cu t nm 1946. Hiu ng ca knh m cng ln khi
ngun pht cng gn trc knh.
126
m ngi ta thng s dng h s hi t l t s gia cng ca m trn khong cch R
t cng mt ngun pht trong mi trng khng ng nht v mi trng ng nht.
dG G
Io = = (6.89)
d 4 R 2
r
Do dr = - d o
o
r
nn d = 2 r sin (z ) d o
o
G cos o
v I= (6.90)
r
4 r sin (z )
o
Do h s hi t f s l :
R 2 cos o
f= (6.91)
r
r sin (z )
o
127
Cng m ti im c khong cch R t ngun pht (khng tnh s phn x t b
mt v y bin) vi h s hi t c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
G () . 10 0,1R n
I=
4 R 2
fi ( o , R) R 2P () (6.92)
i =1
Vi: fi h s hi t ca tia th i;
h s chm quanh trc ca ngun pht;
RP c trng nh hng ca ngun pht;
h s tt dn ca m (dB/km);
o gc i ra t ngun ca chm tia.
128
Trng sng m tn x l mt trng tng hp ca nhiu vt th tn x khc nhau v
thng khng th ch ra cc nguyn nhn c th gy tn x m, hoc phn loi cc vt th lm
tn x theo dng, vai tr v c im ca chng. Chng ta cng c th thy r l trng tng
hp sng m tn x quan trc ti im bc x s bin i theo thi gian. Qu trnh m t s
bin i theo thi gian tn hiu m tn x gi l m vang bin.
Chng ta s dng cc khi nim nng lng nghin cu tnh cht cc tn hiu tn x,
l vic xc nh cng trung bnh trong mi tng quan vi thi gian I(t), cc c trng
ca tn hiu bc x, ngun pht x v tnh cht tn x ca mi trng. Do chng ta c th
phn ra cc dng c trng ca hin tng m vang
m vang gy ra bi s tn x do tnh khng ng nht ca mi trng nc.
m vang ti cc lp do tnh khng ng nht hoc tch lu nng trong cc lp .
m vang trn bin gy ra bi s tn x do tnh khng phng ca bin gii hn gia hai
mi trng.
S phn loi ny ph hp vi s m t ton hc ca hin tng v cng ch l gn ng
do khng tnh n hin tng khc x, bin i vn tc lan truyn sng m v hin tng tn
x th cp.
i vi cng trung bnh I(t) gy ra bi cc vt gy tn x trong mi trng nc ta
c biu thc :
G A k o hd o
I( t ) = . 10 0,1ct (6.93)
2 ct 2
G A k o h hd n
I (t) = . 10 0,1ct (6.94)
2 c 2 t 3
Cng trung bnh m vang do cc vt th gy tn x trn mt bin xc nh bng
cng thc
G A k o H hd d
I (t) = (6.95)
c 3 t 4
129
Vi H khong cch t ngun pht n bin tn x.
Khi phn tch cc cng thc trn ta thy r rng l I(t) t l vi cng sut pht m, gim
xung khi hin tng hp th tng.
6.9.2 Ting n trong bin (tp m)
Trong bin v i dng v trn b mt ca chng thng tn ti rt nhiu cc ngun
gy ra cc dao ng m trong bin. Do sng m trong bin lan truyn trn khong cch rt ln
nn tp m ti im quan trc l kt qu ca s pha trn trng m ca rt nhiu cc ngun
pht m c lp.
C th chp nhn bng phn loi cc tp m trong bin theo ngun to ra chng :
Cc tp m ng lc sinh ra do cc qu trnh nh sng, dng chy trong bin, khng
kh, tc ng ca cc hin tng ging thu trn b mt.
Tp m di b mt bng lin quan ti cc tc dng ng lc ca bng v khi bng,
s ph hu bng v nhit, tc dng ca gi trn b mt bng - tuyt.
Tp m sinh vt, to ra bi cc ng vt bin
Tp m kin to cho cc chuyn ng kin to ca b mt tri t, phun tro ca cc ni
la ngm hoc trn cn, cc vi chuyn ng kin to thng xuyn ca v tri t.
Tp m k thut kt qu hot ng ca con ngi
Ting ng do cc loi tu gy ra.
130
Hnh 6.10 m t ph nng lng c trng ca tp m c ngun gc khc nhau. Trc
thng ng l gi tr m p ca tp m trong di 1Hz.
ng cong 1 v 2 gii hn vng quan trc cc gi tr p sut ca cc tp m c ngun
gc ng lc. H cc ng cong c ch s trn ng th hin s nh hng ca tc gi
i vi tp m di nc. Cc ch s l vn tc gi.
Ma trn mt bin cng gy ra vic nng mc n trong di tn s 1-10kHz (ng s 4)
ng cong 7 v 8 l ph cc i v cc tiu ca cc tp m di bng. ng 9 ph
ca tp m do s phun tro ni la di nc, cn ng 10 l mc ca tp m do chuyn
ng kin to. Cc ng gch trong di tn s 104Hz lin quan ti tp m c ngun gc nhit
phn t ca bin.
Cc tp m c ngun gc sinh vt gy nh hng ln n hot ng ca cc dng c
nghin cu thu m. Hin nay chng ta c kh nng nghin cu cc dao ng m v c
trng ca cc tp m ca cc dng c, c heo, tm. Nghin cu cc m thanh do cc loi ng
vt bin gy ra, phn ng ca chng i vi cc tn hiu m khng ch thun tu c ngha
khoa hc m cn c ngha thc tin.
Phn tch cc s liu cng b v tp m ca bin cho thy mi lin h cht ch gia
cc c trng ca tp m vi cc iu kin kh tng thu vn v cc qu trnh xy ra trong
lng bin cng nh cc mi trng tip xc vi bin. Ngoi ra nu cc c trng ca tp m
trong vng tn s cao xc nh bi cc qu trnh xy ra trong vng bn knh mt vi kilmt
th phn tn s thp ca ph cho php nh gi cc qu trnh trn khong cch ln t h
thng thu.
131
132
TI LIU THAM KHO
Doronin Iu. P (hiu nh),Vt l bin. Kh tng Thu vn, Leningrad, 1978, 293 tr
(Ting Nga).
Necraxov A. B. (hiu chnh), ng lc bin thc hnh, Kh tng Thu vn, St
Peterburg, 1992, 317 tr (1992).
Apel J.R., Principles of Ocean Physics, Academic Press, L,N-Y,Tokyo, 1995, 605 tr.
Suleikin V. V., Vt l bin. Khoa hc, Moscva,1968, 1083 tr (Ting Nga).
Nihoul J.C.J. Hydrodynamic models of shallow continental seas. Etienne RIGA, 1982.
Nihoul J.C.J Lecture on turbulence, Ele, 1979
Roy Lewis. Dispersion in estuaries and coastal waters, John Wiley & sons, 1997.
8.Job Dronkers& Maarten Scheffers, Physics of estuaries and Coastal seas, Balkema,
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133