DAMS & EMBANKMENTS Dr. Fady Mohamed Badran Assistant Professor of Geotechnical Engineering ect. 13 Ain Shams University Earth and Rockfill Dams OUTLINE 1. Introduetion Definition Purposes Classification of dams nv Different components of dams Selection criteria of dams Design requirements of Earth and Rockfill (embankment) dams 6. Filter design Chapter logisties LECTURES: + Lectures 3 Lectures in total: Leet | & 2: Dams “Lect? 3: Embankments + Tutorials:3 Tutorials: v Tutt; Revision on Flow nets ¥ Tut#2: Revision on method of slices ¥ Tuti#3; Quiz on dams/Tunnels + Lecture materials, Provided with annotations after each lecture EVALUATION: Assignment: No marks Quiz Final Exam Question: 20-25/140 De Ban srt ete Omnia omassteaues/2 1-Introduetion 1.1 What are they? “A dam is defined as a atcie’-..or structure across a stream, river ot waterway to.Con fice... and then .Conbal ..the flow of water” rconp crest upsheawn | Free bur upstream a. eae eee | few.daendodee A Cvess. sectsa OF dns sete nrg Dots cesssttecue sh1-Introduetion 1-Introduction b-Water supply for agricultural purposes 1.2 Purposes of Dams: + Water Supply e + Flood Control i) : i, + Power Production f a if + Navigation & | eNtraaph tr ncovatrann + Recreation . ——=— — a a é te ~ | 2 i e ra é Sim OID, | Bi Rate dor cm BR Ee (Dr. Oadran Structural rpincering Deparment AS) CESASL lecture 3/3 De Badan Structural Engineering Oepertment AS. Hydropower generation (C25.451 Lecture We 2-Classification of Dams 2-Classification of Dams Dams are classified according to: | -2a. According to height of the Dam: 8) HEIGHT of the Dam: —s high Sow >) SIZEofDam: ~-—> Cage small, eee ©) CONSTRUCTION MATERTAL —y man-made of Dam: L_, natural + IH>100m— high Gari + 150 m Sov of Dam body: [+ Buttress + 1H < 50m Low daen L_, ard, + an Srna Egesing Cpe pséstiecue 7 rate aca eget Dope estiteaue ue2-Classification of Dams 2.b, According to size of the Dam: + IfH>1sm— lage + If 10m + [not satisfying the above conditions + Seaald dav 2-Classification of Dams 2.¢. According to materials of construction of the Dam: Most modern dams are of two basic types: i-Man made: Masonry or Conerete + Typically used to block streams running through relatively narrow gorges, as in. mountainous terrain; although the structures may be very high, the total amount of material required for such sits is limited, ii- Natural: Earthfill or Rockfill (embankment dams) + Are often preferred to control rivers and streams passing through broad, wide valleys where only a very long barrier, requiring a great volume of material. + They are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or racks ‘are weak to support the masonry/conerete dams, * Embankment dams are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earthfill dam or Rockfill dam, set tcoe tt 2-Classification of Dams Examples Highest Dam: Jinping (China) Sane &hyh “Largest Dam: New Comelia (USA) Lone K rvediuw dow , Be td seat ageing ouparmertasy essasiteiee 30 2-Classification of Dams 2.d. According to statical body design of the Dam: Concrete > Siding i-Gravity Aas peanut oN ee * These dams are heavy and massive we wall-like structures of concrete in which the whole weight acts Hee vertically downwards. + As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation. foundatisn Seil Gravity dams are constructed where(‘ocks are competent and stable, Note: Earth and Rockfill dams are considered gravity type. 1: tran sist nseng Senet ctststtecee2-Classification of Dams 2.d. According to statieal body design of the Dam: icGravity: Bhokra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Sevond Highest in the world 2-Classification of Dams 2.d, According to statical body design of the Dam: uttress ee Fett «. ry 2-Classification of Dams 2.d. According to statical body design of the Dam: plan view + Buttress Dam ~ Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports. + Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure. Buttress Dam can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker ‘ei sean ual age SpE ‘asistiecue a 2-Classification of Dams 2.d. According to statical body design of the Dam: These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex upstream in plan, This shape helps to transmit the major part of the water load to the abutments by arch action. Arch dams are built across arrow, deep fiver valleys 0:4 tan sretslenperrgaeReneR SU st ects k2-Classification of Dams 2.d. According to statical body design of the Dam: ifiArch; The Mdukki Dam, India Concrete! Masonry | Masonry Wide Valley Wide valley J+ Widevaiey | !Natov ily Suiate |*St0m ovsak —|+Suongereak | Swengorweak | *SuaRBvaley Seite ae wl vate vate "vari ta sStorgor weak | -Srospem | Steg dam ‘eundation| foundation oundtion| foundation Ts ones Advan | Ay Frneete” | igh durbity | vokimethan | Economie Gravity Deaite Seemee | Leseemace {Silt Sea se Limiaioas | "andtiign’” | targeconeree [Silat | erations ‘analyses volume — Ttess durability | ‘Skilled Consttion cxresiccue si 2-Classification of Dams. See Dams ASCE| Eber, Ped Be I arch Craw + The primary_type of dam is the egrthfiit embankment dam which represents/43.7%)of the total + This is followed by_gravity dams (10.6% of the total) and racktild embankment dams 5%), of the total). 3-Different Components of Dams i:Main Dam body: Embankment dams can be constructed as: + Homogenous earth dams: Y Low ki VHigh availability of material 9: alan srl engentradepsemre rset tacue 03-Different Components of Dams 3-Different Components of Dams i:Main Dam body: fain Dam body: Embankment dams ean be constructed Embankment dams can be constructed as: + Homogenous earth dams with filters or Hz drains: + Zoned embankments: Low ky “High availability of material crack core + eg. Clay > fier rancher ¥ Filter: Protection from erosion “ % iz ™ We es cess ate Ya Sn acl agar eprnel shell eg. gravel toe filter cr Aston unl nin Onset A) csststuetee 122 3-Different Components of Dams i-Main Dam body: Embankment dams can be constructed as: | + Rockfill ¥ Shell: Rocktill o protect core against erosion ¥ Core: Low k soil for seepage control 3-Different Components of Dams in Dam body: In case of foundation soil with high &: Partiod curope wall tte Sry eg Des sess acu 38 Dc tian rt Enpean Sepine cssatecue 243-Different Components of Dams ii-Spillway: + It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the reservoir to downstream side. Iuice way: + An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side. Downstream ce Sm siacunl egret remedy estes 125 3-Different Components of Dams Example: High Dam, Egypt eee ay core oa “water suc [F< Gay varner”™ yerbed © 2008 Enoylpa Brit, De tan iets Eapnuirg Sopra cxsasntcue 427 3-Different Components of Dams ceseiuerie WE 4-Selection Criteria of Dams Dams are selected based on: + Topology + Geology conditions + Foundation conditions + Available material + Environmental consideration Example: A dam to be constructed on a wide valley of a river with maximum, reservoir water level of 20 m, Clayey materials are available in small quantities. The foundation soil comprises 2 m of fissured rock followed by deep layer of intact limestone, The dam site is considered lo be in an active seismic zone. Propose a dam that suits the above conditions I resem i4-Selection Criteria of Dams Solution: 200% Fissured rock 2.00.m Hard rock 011 san seu nhnine Cerner ceases ys 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams Failure example: ‘Teton Earth Dam, Idaho, U.S. -1976 (SRE aio Gel nhc TAG eo ORDO TT + Smalll leaks were discovered that grew rapid] * The dam burst after few hours sending ~ 60,000 m’/see. + Forced the US government to increase regulations for similar projects. ‘hss rate Dern) Festi 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams Failure mechanisms: creo i onstean 6) ovetepeng ae lg eeudoun saan a Au 2) ope stab tae cau hegad orice Me a Oona borer “cont Nwwseice 2) te 4 uaa or Suu ae Owen AS crsastaan 120 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 1. Initial Geometrical consideration Loads Settlement Seepage Control Stability »Global Stability (Sliding) Local Stability (Slopes) YR eR5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.1. Initial Geometric consideration: . 5.4 + Ag wind soup ¥ Wind velocity Dam ype . In-Up ‘on design wave from: ‘yz Run-up based on design STS Y Fetch length Dam slope +S Safety margin= 051.0 % Max reservoir height (h) Dada rc nig Dain) xs 8 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.3. Settlement: i, Elastic Settlement {i.Consolidation Settlement iii Differential Settlement ef Satan euceapneing apna A crassa 38 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.2. Loads: i.Dead loads ii. Water Pressure iii, Uplitt iv.Earth pressure (rockfill) v-Temperature 'vi.Wind pressure vii. Wave pressure viii.Barthquake 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.4. Seepage control: * Seepage through embankment dams can cause .Piping...and/or cro sian... + Ifseepage is increased more than the desired values s¥ed to consider a solution to reduce the seepage in the dam body, for example: > Cut-off wall om YAsphaltic concrete blanket onthe | upstream oF, | Use filter Qunket ~~ Bitier5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 54. Seepage control: + To assess the flow in embankment dams we use .. bw. .n@h + To draw flow net we need to satisfy the following conditions: 1. Flow lines and Equip. lines are L. 2, Flow lines! Equip. lines don’t intersect. 3. Grids are curvilinear squares, where diagonals cross at right angles. 4, Each flow channel carries the same flow, 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.4, Seepage control: * Calculations from flow net: Discharge: Ne : ; Ve] k=Hydravtic conduetivity (miday) Otway) = ex AH! ‘dite tonalhoed ta} = . NF-No.of low channels N= No. ofheed drops 2.Uplit distribution on damn base: “Total head > from flow net Pp, h. Elevation head from datum 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.4, Seepage control: + Steps of drawing flow nets in dams: L.Draw to scale (1:200 or 1:400) 2Datum—D5S. & site boundaries 3.Draw phreaic line (as a parabola) “Entrance correction Exit correction-»(except for toe filters and hz drains) 4.Draw EL. she 4 5.Draw rest of flow lines 638 ead Src reer pera ctsestiee st 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams Stability: = 1.50 Famig Yurcain® 2 Fariving = Fu Fresisting = Ca X Bp X 1.0 m+ (5 we v) tard Where: (Ca= adhesion between dam and foundation -» {5 fiction between dam and foundation soil > B= Foundation width W> total weight above B, = Us Total uplift under dam base5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.5, Stability: 5.5, Stability: licLocal Stability: upstream && dotynstream slopes ii-Local Stability: ypstroan & downstream slopes + To assess the stability of the dam slopes we use .. + From equilibrium of failure surface > Mresisting = Mariving Maine _ (Ntang-+C xl, Xr Se W = Yooit X hay XB 1 Merny > Stiving force x arm U = Qe Xj) X ALL ton rl sig aa eniecu t bck tsa soc ree Denes atest 82 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.5. Stability: 5.5. Stability’ ocal Stability: Different cases i-Local Stability: Case (2) Steady State seepage (general case) Case (2): Steady State Seepage rained conditions (C’ &") Seepage through dam & water pressure EOS par # EOS sn ppg Wiwana Toa kr] Sematee wease 9 Case (1): Just after Construction > + YUndrained conditions (C,,) . : No water YFOS woscean = F-OS.gonnstean > 3 riving force = wsina Case (3): Rapid draw down Swsincaxer— Fwd a. sel) > AL x ¥ Drained conditions (C" &") = Tih Bay xB xT No seepage through dam but iy X Ry XB XL there is water pressure VFO S pens # FOS: downsncam cr tan secur! een Dear a seenn tests a8 Usually Downstream slope is more critical5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 5.5. Stability: 5.5. Stability: licLocal Stability: Case (1) Just after construction ii-Local Stability: Case (3) Rapid dtaw down FOS. e Driving force= wsina wsina xr = Fast Hh, & bac Cnet ke 12 Normal force = no need a Tue ty) AUX 1 W = Yavit X gy X 0 1 Hh Xy XB XT Upstream = Downstream Usually Upstream slope is more critical OF tadan Seta ner Cupar ceesesttetue es 1 dan rca renewing Oearment esas cure 100 5-Design requirements of Earth & Rockfill dams 6-Filter Design 5.5. Stability: Local Stability: Special Case : Filter 6.1. Function of filters in embankment dams: + When seepage water flows from a soil with + + relatively fine grains into a coarser material, ae oko there is a danger that the fine soil particles tmnt may wash away into the coarse material. Over a period of time, this process may clog the void spaces in the coarser material. Such a situation can be prevented by the use of a. 77 filter or protective filter between the two soils. ee eat a com Breit EEvE Pree eee + Thus filters in embankment dams: For Downstream slope in cases of Steady State and Rapid Drawdown, if the stip ? Brove 7 se Sardvot kre nae epcee hem Protect the downstream slope from - + Both cases ae similar surface erosion ¢ « Whedntied Bareldeness ¥ ‘Control the flow in the dam body ‘* + Use bulk saturated unit weight ¥ Control the uplift on the dam base Fp pp + No uplift ‘Sour itpictol dseoreedkenton son’ cesestince 347 ck dan Scaling Diets esse te6-Filter Design 6.2. Filter design requirements i:Filter material requiremen |. Stability requirement: The size of the voids in the filter material should be small enough to hold the larger particles of the protected material in place Ge.,no erosion}: ® Dis ser =(4-5) Das soit 2, Permeability requirement: The filter material should have a high permeability to prevent building of large seepage forces and hydrostatic pressure in the filter: > Disses ® 4-5) Dass 3. % of fines passing from sieve#200 (0,075 mm) < 5% Whee: Days Diameter through which 152% of Dgy= Diameter through which 85% of the material will pass naterial will pass 6-Filter Design 6.2, Filter design requirements * Qui aul from flow net ee : : * Gomer XE Aptar yge re | a \ ee * b 200 = keer XX CU! Lin) 200 = kyacr X sina x (tysine x 1m) Get ty = 150m wa 200 = yma G0 200 = Kyuer x Bx (yx Im) Get ty = 0.5m 6-Filter Design 6.2, Filter design requirements ilter material requiremen 001 oat of 1 10 Grain Size (mm) Next time: Dam Construction & Monitoring