The History of

Computers
E i
Eniac
z The title of forefather of today's
today s all-electronic
all electronic digital
computers is usually awarded to ENIAC, which
stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator.
z ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania
between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John
Mauchly and the 24 year old J. J Presper Eckert
Eckert,
who got funding from the war department after
promising they could build a machine that would
replace all the "computers
computers
z ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons,
and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes.
ENIAC
ENIAC
P
Programming
i the
th ENIAC
z To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the
patch cords that you can observe on the left in the
prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches that
you can observe
b on th
the right.
i ht
z To program a modern computer, you type out a
program
p g with statements like:
z Circumference = 3.14 * diameter
z To perform this computation on ENIAC you had to
rearrange a large number of patch cords and then
locate three particular knobs on that vast wall of
knobs and set them to 3,, 1,, and 4.
P
Programming
i the
th ENIAC
P bl
Problems with
ith the
th ENIAC
z The ENIAC used 1818,000
000 vacuum tubes to
hold a charge
z V
Vacuum tubes
t b were so notoriously
t i l unreliable
li bl
that even twenty years later many
neighborhood drug stores provided a "tube
tube
tester"
R l i
Replacing a vacuum tube
t b
Th Stored
The St d Program
P Computer
C t
z In 1945 John von Neumann presented his
idea of a computer that would store computer
instructions in a CPU
z The CPU(Central Processing Unit) consisted
of elements that would control the computer
electronically
Th Stored
The St d Program
P Computer
C t
z The EDVAC
EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC were the
first computers to use the stored program
concept
z They used vacuum tubes so they were too
expensive and too large for households to
own and afford
Edvac
Ed
z It took days to change
ENIAC's program.
z Eckert and Mauchly's next
teamed up with the
mathematician John von
Neumann to design
EDVAC,, which pioneered
p
the stored program.
z After ENIAC and EDVAC
came other computers
p with
humorous names such as
ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC, and,
of course, MANIAC
S
Second
d Generation
G ti Computers
C t
z In 1947,
1947 the transistor was invented
z The transistor made computers smaller, less
expensive and increased calculating speeds
speeds.
z Second generation computers also saw a new
wayy data was stored
z Punch cards were replaced with magnetic
tapes and reel to reel machines
U i
Univac
z The UNIVAC computer was
the first commercial (mass
produced) computer.
z I the
In th 50's,
50' UNIVAC ((a
contraction of "Universal
Automatic Computer") was
the
h h household
h ld wordd ffor
"computer" just as
"Kleenex" is for "tissue".
z UNIVAC was also the first
computer to employ
magnetic
g tape.
p
Thi d Generation
Third G ti Computers
C t
z Transistors were replaced
by integrated circuits(IC)
z One IC could replace
hundreds of transistors
z This made computers
even smaller and faster.
F
Fourth
th Generation
G ti Computers
C t
z In 1970 the Intel Corporation invented the
Microprocessor : an entire CPU on one chip
z This led to microcomputers
microcomputers-computers
computers on a
desk
Computer Programming
i the
in th 70s
70
z If you learned computer
programming in the
1970's, y you dealt with
what today are called
mainframe
computers such as
computers,
the IBM 7090 (shown
below),), IBM 360,, or
IBM 370.
Ti
Time-Sharing
Sh i
z There were 2 ways to
interact with a mainframe.
z The first was called time
sharing
h i b
because th
the
computer gave each user a
tiny sliver of time in a round-
robin
bi ffashion.
hi
z Perhaps 100 users would
be simultaneouslyy logged
gg
on, each typing on a
teletype such as the
following:
g
T l t
Teletype
z A teletype was a motorized
typewriter that could
transmit your keystrokes to
the mainframe and then
print the computer's
response on its roll of
paper.
z You typed a single line of
text, hit the carriage return
button, and waited for the
t l t
teletype to
t begin
b i noisily
i il
printing the computer's
response
B t h M d Processing
Batch-Mode P i
z The alternative to time
sharing was batch mode
processing, where the
computer gives its full
attention to your program.
z In exchange for getting the
computer's' full
f ll attention
i at
run-time, you had to agree
to prepare your program off-
line on a key punch
machine which generated
punch cards.
P
Punch
h Cards
C d
z University students in the 1970's
1970 s bought blank cards
a linear foot at a time from the university bookstore.
z Each card could hold only 1 program statement.
z To submit your program to the mainframe, you
placed your stack of cards in the hopper of a card
reader.
reader
z Your program would be run whenever the computer
made it that far.
z You often submitted your deck and then went to
dinner or to bed and came back later hoping to see
a successful printout showing your results
P
Programming
i Today
T d
z But things changed
fast. By the 1990's a
university
y student
would typically own his
own computer and
have exclusive use of it
in his dorm room.
Microprocessor
Mi
z This transformation was a
result of the invention of the
microprocessor.
z A microprocessor
i ((uP)
P) iis a
computer that is fabricated
on an integrated circuit (IC).
z Computers had been
around for 20 years before
the first microprocessor
p was
developed at Intel in 1971.
Microprocessor
Mi
z The micro in the name
microprocessor refers
to the p
physical
y size.
z Intel didn't invent the
electronic computer,
b t they
but th were theth first
fi t
to succeed in cramming
an entire computer on a
single chip (IC)
I t
Integrated
t d Circuits
Ci it
z The microelectronics
revolution is what
allowed the amount of
hand-crafted wiring
seen in the prior photo
to be mass-produced
mass produced
as an integrated
circuit which is a small
sliver of silicon the size
of your thumbnail
I t
Integrated
t d Circuits
Ci it
z Integrated circuits and
microprocessors
allowed computers
p to
be faster
z This led to a new age
off computers
t
z The first home-brew
computers is called the
ALTAIR 8800
A l 1C
Apple Computer
t - 1976
Th IBM PC
The
C
Commodore
d 64
A l Macintosh
Apple M i t h
Th Amiga
The A i
Wi d
Windows 3
M i t h System
Macintosh S t 7
A l Newton
Apple N t
St d d UNIX
Standard
P
PowerPC
PC
IBM OS/2
Wi d
Windows 95
R f
References
z Most of the information for this powerpoint
was obtained from the following web page:
z htt //
http://www.computersciencelab.com/Comput
t i l b /C t
erHistory/History.htm
Tugas : Dikumpulkan via email
H i Senin,
Hari S i 30 Maret
M t 2015
z Review perkembangan teknologi berikut
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