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Review Article
Nanoemulsions: A Versatile Mode of Drug Delivery System
HITENDRA S MAHAJAN*, SAGAR K SAVALE
Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance, R. C .Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Shirpur 425405, MS, India
ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT
Article history: A versatile mode of drug delivery system has been developed to overcome the
Received on 23 August 2016 drawbacks associated in conventional drug delivery system. This review was give
Modified on 20 September 2016 detailed idea about Nanoemulsion system. Nanoemulsion is promising delivery of
Accepted on 23 September 2016
various drugs. It is nanosized submicron sized emulsions, which are manufactured
Keywords: for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Nanoemulsion was
Nanoemulsion, thermodynamically as well as kinetically stable isotropic system in which two
Microemulsion, immiscible liquids are mixed to form a single phase by means of an emulsifying
Submicron Sized agent (Smix). The droplet size was falls typically in the range of 50-200 nm. The
Emulsions, main difference between emulsion, microemulsion and nanoemulsion lies in the
Drug delivery, size and shape of particles dispersed in the continuous Phase. Nanoemulsion offers
Emulgents, a promising vehicle for increasing the aqueous solubility of poorly water soluble
Novel drug delivery,
drugs and enhances the Pharmacological as well as Therapeutic action of drugs.
Versatile drug delivery.
The design and development of nanoemulsions aimed at controlling or improving
required bioavailability levels of Pharmaceutical agents. In this review, the
attention is focused to give a basic idea about its Introduction, advantages,
disadvantages, components, factors, mechanism, formulation method, evaluation
and applications of Nanoemulsion system. It also focused in Nanoemulsion system
Comparision between emulsion and microemulsion system.
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2. Specific composition is required to avoid response to alternating electric voltage. The tip
Oswald ripening the dispersed phase should of Sonicator contacts the liquid medium, it can
be highly insoluble in the dispersed medium produces mechanical vibration and cavitation
[35]. occurs. Formation of cavitation and collapse
3. Optimum concentration of surfactant is vapour cavities in liquid. Thus, ultrasound can
required to stabilize the Nanoemulsion [36]. directly produces emulsion. In this method is
mainly used for laboratories purpose, where
Mechanism of Nanoemulsion System emulsion droplet size is low as 0.2 mm can be
The Entropy was changes that favours the obtained [44, 45].
dispersion is greater than the energy is required
to increases the surface of dispersion hence the 3. Microfluidization
free energy of conventional emulsion is direct Microfluidization is a one of the patented mixing
function of energy is required to create new technology, which makes use of a device called as
surface between oil and water phase and microfluidizer. This device was used in high
addition of emulsifying agent to reduce the pressure positive displacement pump (500-
interfacial tension subsequently emulsion was 20000psi), which forces the product through the
stabilized [37-39]. interaction chamber, resulting very fine particles
in submicron range. This process is repeated
Formulation Aspects and Method of several times to obtain a desired size to
Preparation for Nanoemulsion System produced uniform or homogeneous
Formulation of Nanoemulsion system includes nanoemulsion system [46, 47].
active drug molecule, additives, polymers and
emulsifier. Various methods for the preparation Low Energy Emulsification
of nanoemulsion system but, mainly divided by 1. Phase inversion emulsification method
two methods: High Energy Emulsification and This method involves phase transitions by
Low Energy Emulsification. The high energy applying higher temperature to emulsification
emulsification method includes high pressure pathway [48-50].
homogenization (HPH), Ultrasonication and
Microfluidization. The low energy method 2. Spontaneous emulsification
includes Phase inversion, Spontaneous In this method nanoemulsion is spontaneously
emulsification. Using combination of both formed. In which, preparation of homogeneous
methods, which includes high energy and uniform organic solution consisting oil and
emulsification and low energy emulsification, for lipophilic surfactant in water miscible surfactant
prepared reverse Naemulsion system are highly and hydrophilic surfactant phase. The organic
viscous system [40-42]. phase was injected in aqueous phase under
continuous magnetic stirring, stable o/w is
High Energy Emulsification Method formed. The aqueous phase was removed by
1. High pressure homogenization (HPH) evaporation under reduced pressure [51-53].
The preparation of nanoemulsion system is
required high pressure homogenization. This Evaluation Parameters of Nanoemulsion
method mainly used high-pressure System
homogenizer/ piston homogenizer to produce 1. Droplet size analysis
nanoemulsions of extremely low particle size (up Droplet size analysis of nanoemulsion was
to 1 nm). The dispersion of two phases (oil and measured by a diffusion method utilizing the
aqueous phase) is achieved forcing there mixture light-scattering particle size analyser (Nano
through a small inlet orifice at very high pressure ZS90, Malvern Pvt. Ltd. USA). It is also measured
(500 to 5000 psi), which subjects the product to by correlation spectroscopy that analyses the
intense turbulence and hydraulic shear resulting fluctuation in scattering of light due to Brownian
in extremely fine particles of emulsion [43]. motion. Droplet size analysis of NE was also
performed by Transmission electron microscopy
2. Ultrasonication (TEM) and Photon correlation spectroscopy
Ultrasonic emulsification is very efficient method (PCS) [54, 55].
for reducing a droplet size. In this method, the
energy is provided through sonotrodes called as 2. Viscosity determination
Sonicator probe. It can contain piezoelectric Theoptimum viscosity is essential for
quartz crystal which can expand and contract in nanoemulsion system. The viscosity of
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Hitendra and Sagar / Indian Journal of Novel Drug Delivery 8(3), Jul-Sep, 2016, 123-132
15. In Vivo Pharmacodynamics Studies was diluted with water (1/100). A drop of the
In vivo studies were conducted in four groups diluted nanoemulsions was directly deposited on
such as control, test, standard and normal group, the holey film grid and observed after drying [80]
each group was containing six male albino rats [81].
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