Table of Contents

What is Art................................................................................................................................2
Functions...................................................................................................................................3
Controversial forms of Art......................................................................................................7
Good Quotes
Artist John Sloan said, Though a living cannot be made at art, art
makes life worth living.

What is Art
Creation of beautiful or thought provoking works that can be shared with others
Fine arts/the arts:
o literature (poetry, drama, story),
o visual arts (painting, drawing, sculpture),
o performing arts (theatre, dance, music),
o music (as composition).
Functional art & design:
o graphic arts (painting, drawing, design and other forms expressed on flat
surfaces),
o plastic arts (sculpture, modelling),
o decorative arts (enamelwork, furniture design, mosaic),
o architecture (including interior design)
art: needs to fulfill certain criteria
o aesthetically pleasing,
o emotionally engaging
o evidence of effort and skill involved (implied that it is man-made)
need to be of quality
o having meaningful message that can provoke thinking, even constructive
debate
i.e. intended to communicate something to audience
However,
Artist tracey Emin created a work called My Bed, which
consists of an unmade bed with packets of condoms and a
bottle of vodka
o Official Recognition: possibly inviting support sponsorship, grants,
exhibitions, publicity etc. from state or key art institutions; etc.
Usually, the general public prefers the familiar to the strange, and have
been hostile to new artistic movements
But artists usually have little time for their opinions
Poet percy Shelley: time reverses the judgement of the foolish
crowd
E.g. Stravinskys Rite of Spring was booed off the stage in
paris, but is now considered to be one of the great works of art
But is everything art?
o French artist Duchamp exhibited objects taken out of their everyday context,
renamed them and put them in an art gallery
we might be tempted to say that if we just opened our eyes we would
see that everything is art.
 But if we say that everything is art, then the word art is in danger of
losing its meaning because it no longer distinguishes some things from
other things.
Just as high only means something relative to not-high, so art only
means something relative to non-art.
o Hence, everything can be looked at from an aesthetic point of view
When something is put in an art gallery, that is precisely the way we
are invited to look at it.
Thus, while an unmade bed in a hotel room is unlikely to engage your
aesthetic interest, if you put a glass case round it and put it in an art
gallery, you will stop looking at it as a purely functional object, and
this might set in motion the wheels of thought and feeling
o Inexhaustibility
every time you come back to it you discover new things in it.
A related idea is that great works of art stand the test of time and speak
across generations and cultures
e.g.
Shakespeares many plays can move us with the same power
and intensity that it moved audiences over 500 years ago.
Macbeth enthralled audiences 500 years ago as well

Functions
Oscar Wilde: All art is quite useless
1. Art functions as a means to a peace of mind and relaxation
o Aristotle the Greek philosopher believes that art affects human character and
hence, the social order of the world the person lives in. To him, if happiness is
the aim of life then the major function of art is to provide human satisfaction.
o The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer believed that aesthetic
satisfaction is achieved by contemplating them for their own sakes, as a means
of escaping the painful world of daily experience.
o According to the 19th Century German philosopher G. W. F Hegel, art,
religion, and philosophy are the bases of the highest spiritual development.
Beauty in nature is everything that the human spirit finds pleasing and
congenial to the exercise of spiritual and intellectual freedom.
o Sigmund Freud believed that the value of art lies in its therapeutic use: it is by
this means that both the artist and the public can reveal hidden conflicts and
discharge tensions. Fantasies and daydreams, as they enter into art, are thus
transformed from an escape from life into ways of meeting it.
o Art in many forms serves to provide peace and relaxation.
E.g. music such as Gregorian chants and pieces played by Kitaro and
Edvard Grieg, and dance such as Swan Lake ballet.
2. Art helps preserve cultures and traditions
o Museums and libraries are impt institutions that preserve culture and its
heritage. But without art, there would be no record of how life was lived.
o Examples comprise some of the following:
Artefacts and crafts such as pottery, weaving, jade carving, glassware,
paintings on walls, houses, tombs, textile designs and tiles revealed the
way people lived at that time, the beliefs and religion they embraced
 and the cultural practices honoured. Themes included folk and nature
cults, figure subjects, portraits, and scenes from history that had an
ethical or didactic purpose.
o Han dynasties
artists were skilled in the visual arts: clay, jade, lacquer, bronze, stone
and the various manifestations of the brush, especially in calligraphy
and painting.
The walls of the palaces and mansions, and ancestral halls were
plastered and painted.
o Japanese stoicism is capture in Japanese art
paintings include rock outcroppings, waterfalls and gnarled old trees.
The Zen garden is an art form itself which imported Buddhist notions
of transience and merged them with the spiritual need to seek
instruction from nature.
The Haiku in poetry is also typical of Japanese way of looking at life
from a distance.
o Lyrics in folk music of Africa, Russia, Bohemia, Spain, Mexico, Germany
(Bavaria), Hawaii (Polynesian Islands), New Zealand (Maori folk music),
England and Scandinavia made allusions to nature and animals while others
described the various phases of growing up, cycle of seasons, yearly festivals
and other aspects of folk community and traditional rituals that were
significant to community life.
The music blended the traditional rhythms and colours of Western
music with those of native dances and songs.
o In literature, traditional notions of charity drawn from past allusion to the
Romantic hero for instance King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table
(England) have been adapted as icons of today into movies for example,
Zorro or Lord of the Rings and even Superman.
Art functions as a symbol of national identity
o In a book called National Music (1934), Ralph Vaughan Williams, an English
composer of music who tried to shape the native materials into contemporary
styles, wrote:
Art like charity should begin at home. If it is to be of any value, it
must grow out of the very life of the composer himself, the community
in which he lives, the nation to which he belongs.
o F. Sionil Jose (2006) one of the Philippines most prominent writers whose
novels, stories and essays have been published in 28 languages, say:
Many artists themselves dont realize how crucial their work is they
dont realize they are laying the foundation of what you would call
identity.
o Art, therefore, gives a sense of identity which forms the foundation of
nationhood.
o The work of art can be associated with the country of its origin.
Every country has its own brand of art that is distinct from others.
Native music, which was borrowed from the peasant music, was used
to create national styles represented by national for songs and dances.
These became popular in the end of the 19th Century.
 Some other compositions were founded on the nationalistic spirit of its
people in their search of national aspirations such as their love for their
motherland, yearning for the old social order and loss of beauty and
purity of their people.
Art functions as a form of social realism
o reflects the social and political sentiments of the times and thus, mirror life
o e.g. in popular music, anti-establishment lyrics of songs composed during the
1960s contained references to drugs and their addictive powers. For example,
Hotel California sung by the pop group Eagles included the allusion to
the beast which they could no kill.
o the hippie movement of that time preached a mixed message of anti-Vietnam
war, sexual freedom, togetherness and mysticism.
With its slogan of Flower Power and tune in, turn on, drop out
(anti-establishment sentiments, for instance taking drugs and dropping
out of school) this new offspring of beat generation spread across the
country all over America.
o Van Gogh in his painting, The Potato Eaters, tried to portray the ordinary, poor
and tough lives of the peasants in his time.
wanted to depict peasants as they really were.
deliberately chose coarse and ugly models, thinking that they would be
natural and unspoiled in his finished work:
"I wanted it to give the idea of a wholly different way of life from ours
civilized people. So I certainly dont want everyone just to admire it
or approve of it without knowing why."
o The present-day world presents society with a long list of incomprehensible
situations and events.
Few people understand why countries declare war, racial tensions
exist or millions die from incurable diseases.
Artistic representations of these phenomena give society a different
viewpoint on humanity and present interpretations of current problems.
Acting as a buffer between the horrors of reality and individual's
perceptions of the world,
art allows people to see social problems in differing contexts
and perhaps explains how to prevent or help certain situations.
o Political cartoons are powerful tools used by cartoonists to provide their views
on a wide range of issues as they seek to inform, influence and shape their
audience to take actions.
Art helps to inform, explain and educate society about controversial issues
o However, art can also be used to change people's perceptions.
o Modern propagandists such as governments, organisations and individuals
realize the persuasive emphasis behind visual representations and use this
power in contemporary propaganda campaigns.
o For instance, art is used pervasively by individuals to express their political
opinions on issues which differ from the governments stance.
o Using visual representations in propaganda campaigns benefits the
propagandist in three main aspects:
Images present the campaign message to a wider and more varied
audience.
 Images and pictures allow illiterate and foreign populations to
fall under the influence of propaganda tactics.
People who cannot read about the atrocities of war can easily
image the details from a single picture of a war ravished town.
Images present a clearer and more explicit message than just mere
words.
Words alone explain situations, yet illustrations add detail and
references to the message.
Different cultures give varying meanings to certain words and
phrases; a picture will clarify the message conveyed by the
words.
Pictures give political messages a more emotional appeal.
When viewing a picture, people automatically attach a story
line to the visual representation bringing personal feelings and
contemporary influences to the image.
By associating the picture with a part of their life, the viewer
more readily accepts the propagandist's message.
When confronted by unfamiliar and inexplicable events, people
will reduce their uncertainty through personal explanations.
Heightened materialism and popularization of mass
entertainment in the twentieth century gives modern
propagandists endless material to emulate and convert into
propaganda.
Propaganda takes on the form of advertisements and
entertainment promotions, products seen daily by individuals.
Familiarizing a situation helps individuals accept unusual and
uncomfortable situations such as war, famine and disease. Art
facilitates the acceptance of these controversial and timely
topics.
o E.g.
Some playwrights and performers after the Japanese surrender of 1945
devoted themselves to writing plays that discuss social and political
issues.
instructional religious tool in the case of the biblical scenes for the
illiterate devoted masses in Kells, Ireland.
Population control in Singapore spans two distinct phases: first to slow
and reverse the boom in births that started after World War II; and then,
from the 1980s onwards, to encourage parents to have more children
because birth numbers had fallen below replacement levels.
Government eugenics policies favoured both phases.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the anti-natalist policies flourished.
o The Family Planning and Population Board (FPPB) was
established, initially advocating small families but
eventually running the Stop at Two programme, which
pushed for small two- child families and promoted
sterilisation.
o From 1969 it was also used by government leaders to
target lowly- educated and low-income women in an
 experiment with eugenics policies to solve social
concerns.
o Government leaders also announced the Graduate
Mothers' Scheme in 1984, which favoured the children
of mothers with a university degree in primary school
placement and registration process over the lesser-
educated.
o After the outcry in the 1984 general elections it was
eventually scrapped.
o Posters and TV commercials were heavily employed to
strongly drive home these anti-natalist and pro-natalist
policies during these two phases.
Many countries employ print and non-print media to rally their citizens
to support their cause for war.
In the past, governments used art in the form of paintings and
sculptures to record their military success.
In the 20th century, it is very common for governments to
employ posters to effectively rally peoples support for war.
(Refer to page 12 for specific examples.)
Art enables humans to destress
o Art can exert the most profound effects on the minds of men.
To many people poetry or painting or music have conveyed an
overwhelming sense of revelation.
At the play, we can be "purged by pity and fear" or gripped by
powerful and liberating collective emotion, and many people have
found their first visit to the theatre was also their induction into a new
and compelling mode of experience.
We are not quite the same after we have read Tolstoy's War and Peace.
And Beethoven's posthumous quartets can transport us to another
world, make us free of another realm of being.
o Art opens the doors of that other world in which matter and quantity are
transformed by mind and quality
Art is sometimes contemptuously dismissed as escapism.
But we all need escape.
Apart from our modem need to escape from the dullness of routine and
from the over-mechanised life of cities,
there is the universal and permanent need to escape from the
practical and actual present in which we have of necessity to
spend so much of our lives, and above all from the prison of
our single and limited selves

Controversial forms of Art

Pop Art
o Originated in 1950s in Britain and the united states
o challenged traditions of fine art by utilizing commonplace objects (comic
strips, soup cans, road signs, hamburgers, etc.) as subject matter and including
imagery from popular culture such as advertising and news, entertainment
 o Imagery often removed from original context, but in turn used to emphasise
banal and mundane aspects of culture through the use of irony
Uses images that are popular, as opposed to elitist culture of fine art
o Notable artists
Andy Warhol
o Examples
In 1994, a performing artist named Joseph Ng snipped his pubic hair
before a small audience in a symbolic protest against the mistreatment
of homosexuals.
Fined and banned from future public performances and the
organizers punished.
decried by the National Arts Council as being vulgar and
extremely distasteful. They added that "By no stretch of
imagination can such acts be construed and condoned as art.
Such acts, in fact, debase art and lower the public's esteem for
art and artists in general."
in 1977, Andy Warhol began work on oxidation paintings
Ironically, the only paint used by the artist in this work was the
metallic copper background. Warhol invited friends and
acquaintances to urinate onto a canvas covered in metallic paint
in order to cause oxidation.
Warhol and his collaborators experimented with both pattern
and coloration by using a variety of metallic background paints
and by varying the makers fluid and food intake.
Street Art
o Usually encompasses art found in or inspired by urban environment
Usually has anti-capitalist and rebellious undertones
Not limited to gallery and cannot be easily collected nor possessed by
those who want to turn art into a trophy
o some considering it to be a nuisance.
o For others, however, it is used as a tool for communicating views of dissent,
asking difficult questions and expressing political concerns
o New York Citys Queens Museum of Art Executive Director Tom Finkelpearl
said public art is the best way for people to express themselves in this city.
Art gets dialogue going. Thats very good.
However, he doesnt find graffiti to be art, and says, I cant condone
vandalism...
o Legality
legal distinction between graffiti and art is permission
With permission, traditional painted graffiti is technically considered
public art. Without permission, painters of public and private property
are committing vandalism and are, by definition, criminals
BUT
o most street art is unsanctioned, and many artists who
have painted without permission, (Banksy, Shepard
Fairey) have been glorified as legitimate and socially
conscious artists.
o E.g.
 Singapores Sticker Lady Samantho Lo
accused of painting the words My Grandfather Road along
Robinson and Maxwell roads as well as strategically placing
humorous stickers on road traffic signs in the area.
arrest has sparked much debate on what is considered art and
what is considered vandalism.
Banksy
World renowned British Street artist whose subversive works
earned him global recognition

Art Censorship
Intro
o Many artists use Art as vehicle to express an opinion, or comment, on issues
such as politics, race, religion, science, history etc.
o As such, the arts can provide thought-provoking commentary and innovative
perspectives on a vast array of global ideas.
o Art, like the various media, has the ability to influence and hence governments
have over the years attempted to censor the Arts.
o SG
Known around the world for its cleanliness, social order and rapid tech
advancement
Has been surging forward in many fields
However, it is backward with art, censorship still remains
SG examples
o In 1998, the SAM exhibited Zunzi's Lee's Garden, a caricature of then prime
minister Goh Chok Tong wielding pest- control gear, with senior minister and
former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew patting him on the back.
After the work was brought to the attention of the authorities, it was
removed from the museums walls by its staff and put into a rubbish
bin. The artist was not consulted.
it was political commentary, and had crossed an invisible line of
transgression and censored
o Leslie Chews Demon-cratic Singapore
Investigated for alleged sedition
International examples
o Ai Weiwei
Detained in Beijing and passport confiscated for 4 years by Chinese
govt

Access to the arts

Familiar complaint is that arts is elitist, appealing only to the intellectual or rich
o commonly perceived that the theatre-attending crowd is made up mostly the
better-educated, higher income strata of society
In the past, art belonged to the private realm of the privileged.
o Artists worked under the system of patronage, producing works on the order
of aristocrats, the Church and the court, who enjoyed the masterpieces in the
privacy of their own space and time.
 o The public aspect of art didnt properly exist then,
The turning point came during the Enlightenment, with increasing appreciation of the
public as arbiters of taste.
o It was also during this period that institutions housing artworks for public
viewing, or museums, were created.
Much importance is placed nowadays on making art accessible to the public.
o New museums, such as the latest Guggenheim in Abu Dhabi, are popping up
everywhere, often at lavish budgets; while art exhibitions and festivals take
turns to be the toast of the town, the ultimate conversation starter.
Commissions for artwork in public spaces, whether by state or private entities,
meanwhile continue to pour in at an unabated pace.
o One of the latest of such commissions is Antony Gormleys One & Other at
Trafalgar Square in the UK.
o The project involves 2,400 members of the public devoting one hour of their
lives to becoming part of this live artwork in the heart of London, for 100
days, 24 hours a day, from July 6.
Still, the art market has evolved such that many important works continue to remain
in private hands today, and out of the publics reach.
o Thankfully there are new players on the field corporate entities who buy art
and decorate their offices and buildings with those works, bringing art back
into the public sphere.
In SG
o attempts have been made to make art more accessible to the general public
o Museum entry is now mostly free for Singaporeans
Muesuems include
National museum of SG, Singapore Art Museum, Asian
Civilisations Museum
o Art Installations in public spaces like MRT stations
Art In Transit Programme brings the work of top Singaporean artists
into MRT stations and the lives of all who use them
accessible, engaging and they speak to the common man.
Most of the artworks are site-specific and represent a journey in time
as well as an effort to curate the culture and history of the
neighbourhoods around each station

Local Arts Issues

Intro
o London looks to us to deal with traffic congestion. China
modelled an industrial town after ours in Jurong. After years of
establishing ourselves as an urban infrastructure and business
powerhouse, Singapore has a bigger aspiration: to join the
ranks of the great arts epicentres of the world, such as
London, Milan, Paris and New York where artists want to
exhibit at and where connoisseurs go to grow their collections
SG pulling out of Venice Biennale 2013
o Govts stance
The arts is about national development
 E.g. community programs at heartlands, SG
biennale, Art in Transit
o Allows more ppl to enjoy the arts, instead of
just 1 person
Continues giving grants of at least 7.3 million for
visual arts here
NOT about honing certain artists only
o Artists Stance
Taking visual arts to heartlands should not be done at
the expense of depriving artists of greater glory and
international recognition
Venice Biennale
Foremost contemporary art exhibition in the world
Good opportunity to produce works on large-scale,
given the kind of resources and support given to
artist
Arts, like sports, thrives on far-sighted efforts.
calls for a long-term investment and commitment
to see the desired outcomes and ours were just
beginning to show at Venice
The status of Arts in SG
o Singapore Biennale
Started in 2006
o Govt announced it was gonna spend $274 million on
developing arts and culture over next 5 years in 2012
o Launched Gillman Barracks, govt led art district that houses
17 international art galleries
o SG Art Fair
Prominent art fair
o Education
In 2008, Singapore opened its first independent, pre-
tertiary school in the School of the Arts (SOTA)
on top of the countrys two other established art
institutions Lasalle College of the Arts and Nanyang
Academy of Fine Arts
5,409 students enrolled in full-time tertiary arts in 2014
o Challenges
Need to cultivate global mindset to position SG as a
global arts hub
Not just about infrastructure, but also contributing to the
global arts scene
Govts Perception on the arts
o Sees the arts for their practical use
i.e.
community bonding
KPIs for global arts hub
See it as a means to an end
 o Hence,
Govt adopts a top-down approach, where artists not
given a voice
o Thus
Impact on artists
Censored,
Saturation of arts production despite lack of
demand
Regulations and Censorship in SG
o Intro
In the past five years, Singapore rejuvenated arts and
film festivals, and numerous art fairs and gallery
openings.
Over the same period, however, regulation of film and
the arts was spotty and, occasionally, heavy-handed.
o The power of art comes from
beauty, the pleasure it gives, its ability to move people
but also the incisiveness of what it has to say about life
and society
o Examples of art that was allowed by govt
home-grown short film anthology 7 Letters, by turns
soulful and clear-eyed about the journey the country has
taken
o Stuff that was banned
MDA banned award-winning film-maker Tan Pin Pin's
documentary feature on political exiles, To Singapore,
With Love (2013), while allowing private screenings of it
in schools
Tan's sympathetic portrayal of the exiles allegedly
legitimises violence and subversion in politics.
Government granted several key arts institutions
autonomy in their operations a few years ago, but then,
required them to apply for licences from the MDA for
each exhibition or performance staged, which they did
not have to do when they were run by statutory boards
E.g. Singapore art museum, National Gallery
Singapore
face uncertainty over whether new works could be
found sensitive, and yanked at the last minute.
Indeed, Wild Rice received a licence to perform
Hotel three days before the show opened
o Impacts
Brain Drain
situation where local film-makers and artists are
maturing and getting international attention, but
face unpredictable and shifting "out of bounds" or
OB markers at home, could lead to a brain drain.
 The departure of just a few influential talents
would be costly for a small country.
prospect of losing funding or not getting a licence would
make artists more cautious about what they put out,
breeding self-censorship and the fear of taking risks
o Counter / what is good
MDA released a few case studies on deliberations behind
controvertial work
Ken Kwek's film Sex. Violence. Family Values
(2012), which was first banned for racially
offensive references, but then, was later allowed
with edits after it was determined that the film
portrayed bigoted individuals in all their
unsavouriness but did not in itself promote racism.
In-depth backgrounders like these enlighten artists and
the public on how a work of art may be conceived, and
the different ways it can be received
any changes to arts and film regulation will have to be
introduced very gradually
most Singaporeans still do not have any issue with
the Government being the gatekeeper of morals
or the public interest.
Some even expect it, citing the country's
multiracial, multi-religious social fabric.

Specific Art Forms

Literature (Poetry, novels, short stories, epics)
Uses of books
o Power to touch us profoundly
o Open our eyes to injustices
o Catalyst for social change
Examples
o Uncle toms Cabin
Second best selling book of 19th century after bible
Story of an African-American slave,
brought the horrors of slavery to the attention of
the public on a personal level for the first time,
causing an uproar
furthered the abolitionist cause in the north
as Lincoln suggested, possibly even helped tip the
country into civil war
o The jungle by Sinclair
Portrays harsh working conditions, extreme poverty and
exploitation faced by mainly immigrant labourers in
Chicagos meat-packing industry.
 Although the book was written to highlight plight of
working poor and deep-rooted corruption of people in
power, also sparked public outcry over food hygiene
arguably considered one of the most politically
influential American novels of the last century
President commissioned an investigation into Chicagos
meat-packing industry.
Within a year, the Meat Inspection Act was passed,
along with the Pure Food and Drug Act, which later
paved the way for the Food and Drug
Administration.
o Things fall apart
describes a tribal society falling apart as a result of the
arrival of Christian missionaries.
widely read and studied as an example of the impact of
colonialism on African culture and identity
o 1984 by George Orwell
dystopian work about life under totalitarian regime
nightmarish place with no freedoms or nights
Poignant reminder of importance of freedom of speech
and though
Literature in SG
o horrifyingly low take-up rate of O-Levels Literature
o now only about 3,000 students taking literature, compared to
16,970 in 1992
o Pro-literature
Imparts critical thinking skills
Making us more creative
Teaches us values / cultivates empathy
By taking us out of ourselves, art and literature
make us open to and mindful of others.
o As the novelist Barbara Kingsolver has
written, literature sucks you into another
psyche.
Exposure to literature and the sorts of movies that
do not involve car chases might nurture our
capacity to get inside the skins of other people
In a study done in 2013 by psychologist Evan Kidd,
o Ppl who read literary fiction have better
ability to detect and understand other
peoples mental states, which is the
foundation for empathy.
o the brain networks involved in making sense
of other minds are activated strongly when
people read literary depictions of other
people.
Performing Arts (Music, Dance, Theatre)
Music is the art of arranging sounds so as to create an effect. These
sounds are usually made from musical instruments or voices.
Functions of music
o Music can rally people together
Occupy Central, the group behind the hong kong
protests, adopted the song do you hear the people
sing from les miserables as its anthem
o Music allows for emotional expression, be they expressions of
love, joy, sadness, social concerns or even protests.
o Music is particularly useful in the integration of society and
religious groups. Christians sing hymns and Christmas carols;
Buddhists chant prayers and Muslims recite the Quran.
o Music tells about the society and culture, creating feelings and
responses in the listener. Music sometimes raises questions
about society's norms and values, and sometimes has the
power to bring about change.
o Music promotes nationalism with the singing of the National
Anthem.
o Music can be a powerful tool in the healing process. In some
cases, it can be used as a pleasant addition to any form of
medical treatment. Music can calm the mind and the body,
minimize pain and promote relaxation as well as lower blood
pressure. Music therapy is one of the newest forms of
complementary treatment for cancer.

Media arts (Photography, film, cinematography)

Films
o Ability to generate discourse
o Plays a role in history
provide an image of the way daily life unfolded for the
mass of people: how they worked, what they did for fun,
how families were formed or fell apart, or how the fabric
of daily life was formed or transformed
While traditional historical documents tend to privilege
great events and political leaders,
historians now use other records to discern the
lives of "ordinary" people.
Film is perhaps more like these records of daily life
than it is like the documents that record great
events
best evidence of what it was like to walk down the
streets of Paris in the 1890s, what a Japanese tea
ceremony was like in the 1940s, what the World
Series in 1950 looked like, or how people in
factories did their work or spent a Sunday
afternoon in the park
Photos
 o 1972 photo of nine-year old Vietnamese girl (Napalm girl)
photo of the raw impact of conflict underscored that the
war was doing more harm than good
photo quickly became a cultural shorthand for the
atrocities of the Vietnam War

Visual Arts (Drawing, painting, ceramics, sculpting)

Munchs The Scream
o immortalises the artist's moment of existential horror in an
image that strikes terror into any viewer's heart.
we can never escape our inner anxiety, it is the price we
pay for consciousness

New forms of Art (comics, street art)

Sticker lady SG
o Strict govt laws and action
instill greater respect for public property and help make
Singapore a more inviting place to live and invest
much as former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's
efforts to prosecute petty crimes helped boost respect
for the law there.
o Critics
rules and other efforts to limit self-expression squelch
creativity and make Singapore sterile,
could make it less appealing to both residents and
businesses looking for innovative workers in LR
Banksy
o Time magazine selected the British artist Banksygraffiti
master, painter, activist, filmmaker and all-purpose
provocateurfor its list of the worlds 100 most influential
people in 2010
o satirical street art and subversive epigrams combine dark
humour with graffiti
o rose to prominence for his provocative stenciled pieces
o