IS 4301 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

FINAL REPORT FOR STATISTICAL RESEARCH

NAME Jayamanna A.M.S

REG NO EG/2013/2211

DATE
INTRODUCTION
we decided to conduct a search to verify Ohm's law by a laboratory experiment that satisfies all the assumptions set out
in the law that we are testing. So; we try to check these values and use knowledge as a tool for statistical analysis. The
test statistic for analysis is the resistance of the variable resistor in the experimental device. Given that the statistical
analysis is the need to vary the resistance at random. Only then it will be a good amount of information about the entire
population of resistance values and become a random sample that can be used to obtain an inference on the whole
population. To reduce the complexity of the analysis; we rounded the data in both experimental and theoretical to the
nearest whole resistance value. So; a discrete random sample containing raw data 60 was obtained at the end of the
laboratory experiment. Statisticians estimate that a random sample containing elements greater than or equal to 30 is a
sample that can be used for inference about the parameters of the population. All the resources to collect data were
available at the Department of Electrical Engineering. In the data collection step; Readings should be taken from the
measuring instruments and the theoretical values have been calculated using Ohm's law. Using the theoretical
knowledge learned in this module and obtaining using Microsoft Excel statistical software; we were able to get a very
deep analysis of the test statistic. Finally, we have arrived at a conclusion that we intended to start using the statistical
results.

OBJECTIVES
The main objective was to verify the law of the ohm by performing a laboratory experiment and use these practices to
obtain raw data of a relationship (correlation ) between the experimental and theoretical results predicted results by the
law Ohm .
 FIGURE 1.1 : EXPERIMENTAL CIRCUIT

E : Voltage source (DC power supply) A : DC Ammeter

V : DC Voltmeter r : Variable resistor

Ro : Fixed resistor

Our experience verifies the law of Ohm, was conducted in the laboratory of the electricity supply system and
Information Engineering Department. This arrangement was designed by our members group. In this arrangement, we
have attempted to verify Ohm's law. Ohm's law indicates that the voltage across the load is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it at constant temperature. So; if the load contains no capacity or inductance value; the ratio of
the voltage and current gives the load resistor directly. We have carefully selected standard resistances of 0.25 W power
and 5% of the value of tolerance. 0.25W power helps protect the status of the constant temperature set by Ohm. 5%
tolerance not add any error in the experiment; since the actual resistance values were measured using the multimeter.
just an assumption can be made that the temperature of the environment is constant during the time the data was
recorded. The test statistic is the resistance of the variable resistor "r" shown in Figure 1.1. For each of the data; r was
randomly changed by rotating the adjustment on the pot mechanically. Then the corresponding resistance value was
measured using 20k scale Multimeter.Voltage and current measurements were read by observing the readings on the
voltmeter and ammeter, respectively. We kept the system for some time and ensured that the readings are unchanged
over time. Finally; the experimental resistance value was calculated using Ohm's law by dividing the voltage by the
current value observed observed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Frequency polygon obtained for both measured and calculated resistance were identical.

30

f
r 25
(-1000)-(0) 0 0
0-1000 6 6
e
1000-2000 25 25
q 2000-3000 11 11
u 3000-4000 5 5
20
e 4000-5000 3 3
5000-6000 2 2
n 6000-7000 2 2
c 7000-8000 1 1
15
y 8000-9000 0 0
9000-10000 0 0
10000-11000 0 0
11000-12000 1 1
10
12000-13000 1 1
13000-14000 1 1
14000-15000 1 1

class intervals
0

FIGURE 1.2 : FREQUENCY POLYGON

STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR MEASURED RESISTANCE

Maximum is 14 697 and minimum is 607. Therefore ; the beach is 14090 and range coefficient is 0.92067.First quartile
1249.5 and 3601.5 is the third quartile . Interquartile range ; which is the difference of the first and third quartile is
1,176,125 . Median is equal to 1834.5 and Mean is 3093.3167 . Giving total average spread deviation of each average
value is 2156.2206 and 3194.1371 standard deviation . This distribution is positively distributed with a coefficient of
Karl Pearson asymmetry 1.1823

STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR OHMIC RESISTANCE:

Maximum is 15000 and Minimum is 632. So; the range is 14368 and Coefficient of range is 0.91914.First quartile is
1308.25 and the third quartile is 3687.5. Interquartile range; which is the difference of first and third quartile is
1189.625 . Median is equal to 1937.5 and Mean is 3168.072. Mean deviation which gives total deviation of each value
from mean is 2171.426 and standard deviation is 3226.982. This distribution is positively distributed with a Karl
pearsons coefficient of skewness of 1.144015
 sum of squ. deg. Of freedom (Sum of./d.o.f)
S.S.T 2392652132 119 20106320.44
S.S.Tr 167626.875 1 167626.875
S.S.E. 2392484505 118 20275292.42
f value 0.008267544 f0.01(1,118) 0.0001577

TABLE 1.1 : ANOVA TABLE

f value > f0.01(1,118). Therefore f value does not lie in the critical region. Hence null hypothesis for equal variance cannot
be rejected.

By assuming resistance to be approximately normally distributed;

null Hypothesis(H0): Equal variance Alternative hypothesis(H1): Unequal variance

Smeasured = 3194.1371 Scalculated. = 3226.98 for n1 = n2 =60

When the level of significance is = 0.02 under H0;

fH0= (Smeasured)2/( Scalculated.)2
= (3194.1371)2/(3226.98)2
= 0.9797
from f distribution we get;
right critical value = f(0.01,59,59)
= 1.84
left critical value = 1/( f(0.01,59,59))
= 0.543

Hence; 1/( f(0.01,59,59)) < fH0 < f(0.01,59,59)

So; null hypothesis of equal variance cannot be rejected.
98% confidence interval for variance ratio is:

1/( f(0.01,59,59)) * ((Smeasured)2/( Scalculated.)2 ) < (measur.)2/( calc.)2 < f(0.01,59,59)* ((Smeasured)2/( Scalculated.)2 )

1/( 1.84) * ((3194.137)2/( 3226.98.)2 ) < (measur.)2/( calc.)2 < 1.84* ((3194.137)2/( 3226.98)2

0.532 < (measur.)2/( calc.)<1.8027

By considering resistance to be approximately normally destributed;

Xmeas.= 3093.3167 Xcalcu = 3168.07
Assuming equal population variance;

Pooled estimate of variance is :

Sp = (((n1 - 1)* (Smeasured)2+(n2 - 1)* (Scalc.)2)/(n1+n2-2))0.5
= (((60 - 1)* (3194.137)2+(60 - 1)* (3226.98.)2)/(60+60-2))0.5
= 3210.6
Null Hypothesis(H0) : population mean are equal
Alternative hypothesis(H1) : population mean is different
Under H0;
ZH0 = (Xmeas.-Xcalc.)/(SP*((1/n1)+(1/n2))0.5)
= (3093.3167-3168.07)/(3210.6*((1/60)+(1/60))0.5)
= -0.1275
Left critical value is : -Z0.025 = -1.96
Right critical value is: Z0.025 = 1.96

So; ZH0 does not lie in the critical region. So null hypothesis for equal population mean cannot be rejected.
95% confidance interval for difference of mean is ;

(Xmeas.-Xcalc.)-(Z/2)*Sp*(1/n1 + 1/n2)0.5 < 1 - 2 < (Xmeas.-Xcalc.)+(Z/2)*Sp*(1/n1 + 1/n2)0.5

-1223.65 < 1 - 2 < (1074.145)

LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS

yi = 0^ + xi * 1^
where yi represents measured resistance and xi represents ohmic resistance
1^ = 1.010186192 0^ = 43.24088365

Correlation coefficient = 0.99990

16000
R
14000 e
s
O
12000 i
h
s
m
10000 t
i
a
c
8000 n
c
e
6000

4000

2000
Multimeter readings
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
CONCLUSION