Forum " " | / 11 12 2009

( )

. 1, . 2 . 1
1
(....),
, ,
2
(....), -
, , , ,

....
30-90oC.
(100-600 m) -
.
(=90-150oC)
, ,
. ,
122C 1.377 m
. ,
( )
.
(
)
. ,
, ,
.
.
( ),
, , .
90-175oC
( Rankine
Kalina).
, .
,

. ,

,
(Enhanced Geothermal
Systems) .

1
1.
(....)

() 30-90oC
: () ( - , ), ()
( ) () ( ),
() , () (
. /), () (
) ( - ) .
, () ( , , ,
, - . ), () (
. ), () (
. . ), () - ( . ,
) () (
). ,
-
.... - /
... 1012/./19-7-2005, 1058/./2-6-2009
1946/./8-9-2009. /

1.

(.
) .
, 3 40-120 m, ,
99oC.

1: (T90oC)
(
/ ,
, ).

,
T>90oC (..

2
 , - ,
)
.
( Rankine Kalina), , ,
90-175oC
.

2.
( )
,

.
( )
( ).
, .

.
, ,
.
- (,
)
.
, , ,
.
/ -
(, 1991).
(, , -
). ,
, - ( - ).
- ,
,
(Fytikas et al., 1977).
( )
-, - -.
-- (KXKF)
- 120 km,
: ()
()
,
(Rondoyanni et al., 2004, Mountrakis and Tranos, 2004).


.
()
-
() (transtensional shear zone)
,
(Pavlides et al., 1990).
2 (
)
().

3
 2: ( ) ,
() [1: , 2:
, 3: , 4: , 5: , 6:
, 7: , 8:
- , 9: - , 10: , 11: , 12: ,
13: ( 1: , 2: , 3: - , 4: , 5:
- - , 6: , 7: , 8: - , 9: , 10: , 11: , 12:
, 13: , 14: )] (Kolios et al., 2007)

4
 , , -
( )
. ,
-, -
-, - -.
, ,
-
-
().
(Kolios et al., 2007).
, , ,
( )
.
,
, .
,
.
. ,
,
(),
(Kolios et al., 2005).
- (horsts),
, .
( )

().

3.

()
. ,
3, - (), ,
, ( ),
, ( )
.
[ Rankine (= Organic Rankine Cycle, O.R.C.) Kalina],
90-175C ( )
( , , , CO2,
), .
. ,

. , ,
kWe 3 MWe.
T<100oC,
,

.

.
. ,

5

( , 2004).

3: (
) ( , 2004).

2004 530 MWe Rankine

, 32 MWe ,
,
Rankine 5,6% 30 MWe (
, 2005). Kalina, 1990,
Rankine
( , 2004).

4.

,
() :
()
() ,
()
-
() -

() .

4.1
, , -
(. 4), (SMM)
. -

6
 , . -
, 28 32 (Marakis, 1969, Durr et al., 1978, Kolocotroni,
1992), . -
(SMM) , , , , -
( -
). ,
(Kilias et al., 1999).
4
km, ,
(Syrides, 2000).
( , , -
, , , , ), 700-800 m
(, , , , , ,
, ) 900-1.000 m ( -
, , , , ) (Lalechos, 1986, P.P.C., 1988).
-,
BB-NN - - -. (
) (,
) .

4: ,
....
(1: , 2: , 3: - , 4: , 5: - -
).

7
 ,
.
. , ,

.
: ()
, , ()

()
(, 2003).

() - (T=40-64C), (T=40-75oC), -
(T=40-62oC) (T=40-48oC) -
- (T=51oC 560 m ).
(50-650 m).
.
Na-HCO3 (...
T.D.S.) 0,3-2,5 g/l. , CO2 (
3,7 kg/m3 ). - -
, (Karydakis et
al., 2005).

, . STR-1, STR-2 STR-3 3.651, 2.678 3.144 m
.
1.
4. STR-
1 STR-2 5. STR-1 STR-2

.

1.
(P.P.C., 1988, S.P.E.G., 1982b
...)



(m) (m)
(oC)
1.209 57
1.475 66
STR-1 40 57 52,48 3.651 m 1.752 75
23 40 14,19 2.505 95
2.884 106
3.651 135
STR-2 40 59 38,10 2.678 m 1.506 59
23 43 01,47 2.678 89
STR-3 41 01 34,22 3.144 m 1.910 64
23 35 29,74 3.144 96

STR-1 : 0-870 m
, 870-1.711 m , 1.711-3.651 m .
6 STR-1.
STR-1 31oC/km,

8
 5: STR-1 STR-2 (B.R.G.M.
and I.G.M.E., 1982). Lalechos (1986) P.P.C. (1988).

9
 6: STR-1 (B.R.G.M. and I.G.M.E., 1982).

10
 3,6oC/100 m 1.700 m, 3,25oC/100 m 2.200 m, 3,0oC/100 m
3.000 m 2,96oC/100 m 3.650 m. 1.500 m
.
250 m 1.500 m 15 19-32%,
28-66oC,
314 m (P.P.C., 1988). 2.073 2.146 m 5
55 m ( 5 16 m)
15% (B.R.G.M. and I.G.M.E., 1982).
7 STR-2.
5 m 800 1.000 m
. 1.500 2.000 m 40 3-4
m, 5-10 m 18-20% (B.R.G.M. and I.G.M.E., 1982).
STR-3 25,7oC/km
STR-1 STR-2.

7: STR-2 (B.R.G.M. and I.G.M.E., 1982).

11

25 36oC/km 2.000 m (P.P.C., 1988). ,


(B.R.G.M. and I.G.M.E., 1982, Shterev et al., 1995).

4.2
....
2002-2006 ,
(. 2). ( )
,
(horst)
. APOLLONIA-1 (AP-1), 3.146 m,
- (0-1.250 m),
(1.250-1.875 m) (1.875-3.146 m).
59-67 121-130oC 1.335 3.146 m
. . ,
(. 1, 2)
90oC.
.... 6 180-545 m.
, AKR-1 AKR-3 (. 8), 275 515 m
83 90oC , CO2.

8: . .
: AKR-1, 275 m, 150 m3/h
83oC CO2.
: AKR-3, 515 m, 200 m3/h
90oC CO2.

12
,
.

4.3
-
(. 2)
450 km2 ( ).
- (horst) - .
70 160.
(-
, )
.
3.500-4.000 m (Lalechos and Savoyat, 1979).

() - , -
, . -
( - ).
-
, (Proedrou, 1979). ,
, , , , , ,
. - -
, . -
(
) .
()
(. 1, 2): () -
( )
30-68oC () -
.
-
,
, .
200-440 m
.
( 25oC/100 m). 30 68oC.
(... T.D.S.) 0,57-10,1 g/l
: Na-Cl Na-HCO3Cl (Kolios et al., 2005).
40 km2
, - .
, 3-4 .
( 550 m).
, ,
,
(Fytikas and Kolios, 1992, Kolios et al., 2005).

270oC (Chiotis,
1985). 160o
(horst) ,
(. 9).
700 m .

13
 9: . .
: [1: , 2:
, 3: , 4: , 5: ] (Fytikas and Kolios, 1992).
: ( oC/100 m)
[1: ( oC/100 m), 2: , 3:
, 4: , 5: ] (Kolios et al., 2005).

80-100oC/km.
60,9oC 430 m 69,7oC 530 m
(Fytikas and Kolios, 1992). ,
75oC
555-655 m (calcarenite formation),
.
Na-Cl TDS 8,2-15,2 g/l. , N-1P N-2P
(. 9), 1997-98, 655 670 m
65 55oC . ,
300 m3/h (Kolios et al., 2005).
(. 9).

N-1G 1.377 m (. 10). 122oC
(Sotiropoulos, 1989)
78oC/km. ,
, ,
550-650 m. , ,
(calcarenite formation)
. 40 m
70oC, .
(650-760 m ) ,
. ( 760 m)
,

14
 .
.
.

10: -1G .

1976-78
, . -1, -2 -3
3.159, 3.970 3.851 m .
11. 9
Ne-1, Ne-2 Ne-3,
....
2.
-1, 3.159 m, -
(0-777 m), (777-3.120 m)
(, , ) 3.120 m. (777-1.194
m .
3,48oC/100 m.
()
2.374-2.400 m 20%. -1, 9-15%

15
 11:
(P.P.C., 1988).

2.
(P.P.C., 1988, S.P.E.G., 1982a,b
...)



(m) (m)
(oC)
1.096 55
N-1 40 53 48 3.159 m 2.400 85
24 39 30 2.970 115
3.156 126,4
2.370 93
N-2 40 53 36 3.970 m 2.774 102
24 37 42 3.104 127
3.960 164
1.047 56
N-3 40 52 37 3.851 m 2.482 105
24 38 56 3.601 138
3.851 160

7-15 mD 1.781-1.786 m.
4-7% 0,03-0,05 mD
1.940 1.949 m (S.P.E.G., 1982a).
-2, 3.970 m, - (0-950 m)
(950-3.956 m) 3.956 m. 950-1.545 m
. - (1.545-
3.956 m) , ,
- .
.
2.400 m.
,
180oC
. ,

16
 178oC 4.000 m N-2.
40,4oC/km. -2
3.080 3.088 m 8-9% 0,3-1,9 mD
(S.P.E.G., 1982a).
-3, 3.851 m, - (0-835 m)
(835-3.838 m) (
) 3.838 m. 835-1.212 m
, -1 -2.
: 3,5oC/100 m <1.000 m, 3,5oC/100 m
1.047 m, 3,4oC/100 m 2.482 m, 3,3oC/100 m 3.601 m 3,6oC/100 m 3.851 m.
3,7oC/100 m.
2.500
m, 2.500 3.600 m .
, ,
160oC .


() .

N-1, N-2 N-3,
,
(3oC/100 m) -
(4,7oC/100 m N-1,
5,6oC/100 m -2 4,3oC/100 m -3).
,
,
(, 1988).
,
()
,
.
12
. : ()
( No.3) ()
( )
( No.5). (70oC)
600 m ( No.3)
( No.5). 150-180oC
.
,
40 km2, .

: ()
() 1.500-1.800 m
150-180oC
.
N-1G
,
- ( .4).
( )
() ( No.3).

17
 12: (Fytikas and Kolios, 1992).

4.4 ()

()
- , (. 2).
700 km2,
.
3.500-4.000 m
. -
,
. , 2.000 m,
, , , , .
, 1.500 m, ,
, ,
, .
- (33-23 ).
,

.
-, .
,
.
. .

18
 .
- -
(, 2001, Kolios et al., 2005, 2007).
50oC
.
,
70 160, ,
,
.
30 km2 (20 km2
50 km2 )
14 km (. 1, 2).

(. 13). 14 ,
( ) -3,
360 m, air-lift >150 m3/h 89oC.

. T>86oC
360 m ().
50oC, 200 m
,
( )
. ,
, 50oC
( -2, -3).

, , , .
,
. ,

13: .
[1: , , , , (), 2: ,
(), 3: , , , 4:
(), 5: , , (. ), 6: () (.
), 7: ( ), 8: ( )] (,
2001, Kolios et al., 2005)

19
 14: -3 (, 2001).

32oC
>350 m (, 2001, Kolios et al., 2005).
Na-Cl
(TDS) 4,3 10,5 g/l Ca2+ SO42-.
.

( , 1998).
(~200 m)
(>350 m).
Na-SO4 ,
(, 2001, Kolios et
al., 2005). Na/K, K/Mg, Li/Mg Na/Li
130-140oC
( , 1998).

EVROS-1, DELTA-1, DEV-1, DEV-2 DEV-3.
2. EVROS-1, 2.658 m, 1956-
57 .
, 1962-63 DELTA-

20
1, 3.548 m. DEV-1, DEV-2 DEV-3
1981-82.
, 3.

3.
(P.P.C., 1988, S.P.E.G., 1982a,b
...)



(m) (m)
(oC)
1.600 68
DEV-1 40 49 50 4.229 m 2.740 96
26 06 15 3.975 136
4.229 146
DEV-2 40 48 56,04 3.213 m 2.000 81
26 06 58,42 2.500 90
3.000 100
DEV-3 40 49 10,44 2.860 m 1.520 62,7
26 09 14,01 2.650 104
2.860 108
ARD-1 40 56 50 2.323 m 2.322 98
26 11

DEV-1, 4.229 m, - ,
- (
) 3.270 m (S.P.E.G., 1982a,b, Lalechos, 1986).
DEV-2, 3.213 m, : 0-600 m
- (, , ), 600-1.650 m
( , ), 1.650-2.980 m
( , , , ), 2.980-
3.148 m ( , , )
3.148-3.213 m () (: ...).
DEV-3, 2.860 m, (-,
, ) ()
2.800 m. 2,9oC/100 m
<1.500 m, 2,8oC/100 m 1.520 m, 3,2oC/100 m 2.620 m 3,1oC/100 m 2.860 m.
1.000 m,
17 31% (P.P.C.,
1988).
ARDANION-1 (ARD-1)
BOUGIONOU-1 (BOUG-1) 1955-56 1961 .
2.323 m ARD-1 1.745 m BOUG-1. ARD-1
98oC 2.322 m (S.P.E.G., 1982a).

4.5
, , -
(Kaufmann et al., 1976) (Kotopouli
et al., 1989, Tsikouras and Hatzipanagiotou, 1995): () , ()
, () , ()
, () ()

21
 .
(, , ) .
(Tsikouras
et al., 1990) , , . (
) () .
(~ 18
). , , (Eleftheriadis et
al., 1994), ,
. ,
( ) .
, ,
150 m. ,
.
: () -
( , , ),
(
) () ,
14 km, - -
-
() ( .., 2005).

15: .
: (: http://alex.eled.duth.gr/Samothrace/Samothracem/map.htm)
: (: http://www.samothrace.gr)

35-58oC ,
, (. 15).
,
, .
, 1, 2 3 120, 120 40 m
(. 16).

100oC (, 1998). Na-Cl (...
31 g/l) Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Li+, Sr2+, SiO2, B, Br- -.
SiO2, Na/K, Na-K-Ca Na-Li,
140-250oC. , >200oC
O18(SO42-- H2O) (Dotsika, 1991).

.

22
 .
100oC 40 m
. ,
... ,
.

16: 3, 40 m, , 8 m3/h
94-99C.

4.6
....
17

....,

, , - ( ).

120C , .
ORESTIAS-3 (OR-3),
, 142oC 3.720 m (P.P.C., 1988).
,
, N-1G
. ,
()
.
18
.... , . ,
,
.
.
,
,
,
, ().

23
 17:
....

18: .... .

24
4.7

(E.G.S.)

(),

(Enhanced Geothermal Systems, E.G.S.)
Rankine Kalina. ,
(Hot Dry Rocks, HDR),
, ,
,
. ,
. -
( )
.

, .
,
( , 2004).

.

(. 2). ,

. ,
E.G.S. .
,
(E.G.S.) ,
,
.
.

5.



.

5.1 Unterhaching

(Combined Heat and
Power Plants, CHP) Unterhaching (. 19)
() 3.350 m

150 l/s (540 m3/h) 122 C, ()
3.590 m 3,5 km , ()
Kalina 3,36
MWe, () () .
28 Wth
2 o 2008 30 MWth.
Unterhaching, 22.500 (3 ),

25
 70 MWth. 3
34 MWth. 2008,
25% , . 3.000 (Hepp
Katharina, Rdl & Partner, ). 40 MWth
60% Unterhaching.

CO2 40.000 t , 60.000 t CO2
( ) Unterhaching.
50 (Knapek and Kitt,
2007, Knapek, 2007, Wolfgramm et al., 2007, Rdl & Partner GbR, 2006, Rdl & Partner GbR,
2007, Lutz et al., 2007, Schulz, 2007). ,
(Molasse Basin)
3.350 m 150 l/s 122oC
.
Kalina
. ,
, 4,8
, 2
(: http://www.geothermieprojekte.de).

() () ()

() () ()
19: Unterhaching
(http://www.geothermieprojekte.de) [() (): , () ():
, (): Kalina, ():
].

5.2 Altheim

Altheim 5.000 . ,
2.306 m, 1989 .

26
 46 l/s 104oC,
85-100 l/s 106oC.
10 MWth 650 40%
.
80% ,
().
,
.
. , 1994,
ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle)
1 MWe. 500 kWe. ORC 2000
,
2001. 85 l/s
.
,
100.000 kWh/ . , 14,5
km, 1.200
. 1994 ,
3.100 m 2.200 m.
100 l/s 93oC,
(100 l/s). ,
.
,
290 m. , ,
65-70oC (Pernecker and Uhlig, 2002, Lund and Chiasson, 2007).

20: Rankine (ORC) Altheim

(Pernecker and Uhlig, 2002). : . :
ORC ( ORC).

5.3 Bad Blumau

Bad Blumau . ( ),
, .
95 mW/m2 >100oC 2.000 m.
Bad Blumau
Bad Blumau-1. Bad Blumau-1a, 3.046 m,
100C 17 l/s. ,
Bad Blumau-2 Bad Blumau-3. Bad Blumau-3 1.200 m

27
 47oC 1,5 l/s ( ).
630-960 m . Bad Blumau-2
2.843 m 2.360 m
2.843 m. 2.368-2.843 m.
80 l/s 110oC.
CO2. /
(9:1) CO2 97%. Na-Cl-
HCO3 ... 17,9 g/l. Bad Blumau : ()
(ORC), () , ()
CO2 (. 21). (
Rankine) 250 kWe 2001 (. 21,).
110oC 180 kWe.
99%, 2001 2002,
1.560.000 kWh .
85oC ,
( 2000).
50oC
Blumau-1a, 3.000 m,
0,7 MPa. 2.500
m2 1,5 l/s (. 21). Bad
Blumau-3 ,
Bad Blumau-1a 2.
CO2, 2002
CO2 (. 21). 1,5 t/ CO2 .

21: Bad Blumau (Goldbrunner, 2005,

http://energieprojecten.nl/pr_blumau.html). () (): ORC Blumau-
2. (): CO2 Blumau-2. ():
Bad Blumau.

28
 H 3,5 MWth
1,6 MWth.
(ORC) 2,5 MWth 10%.
1,56 kWh 3
2003 (Goldbrunner, 2005, Lund and Chiasson, 2007).

5.4 Neustadt-Glewe

o Neustadt-Glewe
. 1995, 98oC
. 2.300 m
, 2.100 - 2.300
m. (...=227 g/l)
(.. ) . 2003,
, 210 kWe,
.
98oC. Rankine
(ORC) (
) 31 kW.
, 260 m.

- .
. 110
m3/h ,
. , .
,
.
. ,
73oC.
, 98oC. ,
,
. ,

50oC. 11
MWth ( 6 MWth ),
(Lund, 2005, Lund and Chiasson, 2007).

22: Neustadt-Glewe
(Lund, 2005).

29
6.
(E.G.S.)

, (E.G.S.)

( , )
/
. E.G.S. ,
, ,
,
() , ,
,
. ,
,

(Massachusetts Institute of Technology - M.I.T., 2006). ,
EGS (ORC Kalina).
, E.G.S.
(Genter et al., 2006):
() (graben)
(.. graben )
() (.. Bouillante,
Larderello)
() (.. )
() (.. )
() (.. / -
)
() (.. ).

E.G.S. .

6.1 Soultz

(HDR) Soultz-sous-Forts, 50 km ,
. (graben)
, 1.400 m (Genter, 2008, Genter et al.,
2009).
1987-1997 ,
GPK1 GPK2, 3.590 3.876 m (. 23). 1.400 m
, ,
. 3.500 m 150oC 3.900 m
165oC. 1987-1997
.
, 4 , ,
, 25 l/s 140C,
250 kWe , 10 MWth.
(http://www.soultz.net, Genter et al., 2009).
1998-2001 GPK2 5.000 m (. 23).
200oC 4.950 m. , OPS4, 1.500
m, . GPK2
2000

30

195-200oC. (1.200 kg/m3)
5.000 m -,
500 m, 1.500 m 1.500 m (http://www.soultz.net).
2001-2004 , GPK3 GPK4
(. 23). GPK3, 5.000 m, 6 m GPK2
, 2000.
GPK3 GPK2 600 m. 2003
GPK3 GPK2.
GPK4, 5.000 m, GPK2
GPK3 GPK3. GPK4
GPK3 600 m. GPK4
GPK2 GPK3.
2000 2007
() .

GPK2 GPK4 ~20 GPK3 ~1,5
. 20, 15 60% GKP2,
GKP3 GKP4 .
2,9. 2005-2008
(5 ) .
GPK3 GPK2 GPK4.
3
6 m
600-700 m (http://www.soultz.net, Genter et al., 2009, Sausse et al., 2007).
4,5 km
500 m . -
-
,

(Genter et al., 2009).

23: HDR Soultz

(http://www.soultz.net).

31
 2007 2008
(ORC), 1,5 MWe.
(, , )
kWh 2008. ,

, . ,
. ,
(, LSP) 250 m GPK2
(ESP) 500 m GPK4.
2008, GPK2 17,5 l/s 158oC
GPK4 12,5 l/s 152oC.
GPK2 GPK4 GPK3 (. 23).
ORC
155oC. GPK3
70-80 bars (Genter et al., 2009).
Soultz
(ORC) 6 MWe (http://www.soultz.net).

24: EGS Soultz (Genter et al., 2009).

[(): , (): 3
( GPK4, GPK3 GPK2
LSP), (): ORC
( ), (): GPK4
ESP]

32
6.2 - Cornwall

25: RH15 Rosemanowes Quarry 1985 (M.I.T., 2006).

1977-1991 Rosemanowes Quarry, Penryn

(Cornwall) . , HDR
.
(120 mW/m2),
35oC/km.

Camborne School of Mines. 1977
300 m (Tenzer, 2001). 1980-1984, 3
(RH11, RH12 RH15), 2.000-2.600 m,
79 100oC 2.000 2.600 m (..., 2006).
RH12 RH15 ,
1985 3
(Tenzer, 2001, M.I.T., 2006).
10 . : RH11/RH12
RH12/RH15.
RH12/RH15 (Kolditz and Clauser, 1988). RH12
, RH15 .
1986
. ,
( 20-25 kg/s) 4 .
80,5 70,5oC.
5-24 kg/s. , 5 kg/s,
4 kg/s 40 bar.
24 kg/s, 15 kg/s
10,5 MPa (M.I.T., 2006). 3 ,
,
, .
. ,

33

(Tenzer, 2001, M.I.T., 2006).
25%
RH11/RH12 75%
RH12/RH15 . RH12 RH15 ( RH15
RH12), (Kolditz and Clauser, 1988).
Rosemanowes Quarry
(Tenzer, 2001, M.I.T., 2006).
,
. 2006 Rosemanowes Quarry
3K Facilities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemanowes_Quarry).

6.3 E.G.S. Gro Schnebeck

26: E.G.S. Gro Schnebeck (Huenges et al., 2006,

Huenges et al., 2007).

E.G.S. Gro Schnebeck,

( ),

.
Rotliegend ( ), , (
). 2 4,3
km 150oC. (GrSk 3/90)
1990 4.240 m, 2000 4.294 m 2003
4.309 m. 2001
Rotliegend. 2002
2003
Rotliegend, proppant,

34
 loggings.
. 2006 2007
(GrSk 4/05), 27 m , ,
4.400 m ( ) 4.500 m.
,
,
.
. GrSk
3/90 GrSk 4/05 472 m. GrSk 4/05
- 2007
( Mg) Rotliegend
4.100-4.375 m. Gro Schnebeck
(ORC), 750 kWe,

,
. 10
MWth (Seibt and Wolfgramm, 2003, Legarth et al., 2003, Huenges et al., 2006, Brandt et al., 2007,
Huenges et al., 2007).

, ,
106-164oC 4 km
. . ,
. , 122C 1.377 m. ,
. , ,
275 515 m
83 90oC . ,
360 m 89C. ,
, 40 m
99oC.

,
. ,
,
Rankine Kalina
2-5 km,

.



(E.G.S.) .

,
E.G.S.
. ,

,
.

35

, . (1998).
. (...) .., /, 48 .
, . (2003). . ,
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:
http://alex.eled.duth.gr/Samothrace/Samothracem/map.htm
http://www.samothrace.gr
http://www.geothermieprojekte.de
http://energieprojecten.nl/pr_blumau.html
http://www.soultz.net/version-en.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemanowes_Quarry

38