THREE BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS 8.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PUNCTION VALUES {LLL Definition "The function Jie said to have a reletiee marimumwafee at «if there existe aa open in ontatning con which fis defined, such that f(e) > f(c) forall z in this interval. 4uL-2 Definition The function fis said to have a relate misimame valve at cif there exists an open inte containing oy 00 which fie defined, such that f(c) < f(z forall = in this interval. If the fasetion f hos either © selaixe maximum or a relative minimum value at hem {eat to have a relies entromem at 6 3.1.3 Theorem If f(z) exiss forall values of z in the open interval (a4), and if J has a zlative extremum cwhere ace <4, then if P(e) exists, /(e)=0. SA1A Definition If ¢ ism number in the domain of the funtion f, and if either #"(2)=0 or #0) dow fxs, then ¢ is called critical member of f ‘We conclude that a necemary (out sot sufiient) conditin for a foxction to have relative exttemum at is fore to bea critical number. 3.15 Definition The function f i said to have an absolute masimum value on on interoat if there Is ruber e inthe intereal such that f(c) > f(z) forall» in the interval. In such o case fe) the absolute masimum valve of J on the interval ‘3:46 Defnition The Lincten f is oaid to Save an abiolute minimum value on an interuat if there is number ¢in Che interval such that f(c)< f(z) forall = in the interval In such 2 case J(e) the aiwolute :isimum value of fon the interval “An adsolse coiremam ofa function f on an interval Tis either an absolute max value or an nbslute misimusn volte of f-an 1 (1 f has an abeclte extremum on T, then “Absolnte extrem rust ovtur ether al a tial number ef fot at an endpoint of Ti Not cloned interval ar 7 i» not eontienous on I, then f may aot have an absohte ext fon 1 To show that f has no absotte maximum on I, we show that for seme ¢ i Giine! ig f(e)= roo Him. fla) =a bat f(e)< 4 fm b where the Timits may be sed. To show that f has no absolute misimum on I, we show that for some c in 1 ei Jim J(=) = 20 or Jim fle) = but fle) >€ on 3.1 Rxtreme- If the fonetion fis consinuoes on the cloved interval [2,6], thes fas an ‘Value ‘Thontem maximum value and an absslute minimum value on [8 "The following steps can be used to Sind the ebsole exirema of f on (00) i continuous om [8] 1 Find each number ¢ in (08) such that #2) =O oF (6) does not exist 2 Fine the function value f(@) foreach number ¢ f step 1. 3 Pind the function valves f(a) ard (2). 4AThe largo of the values from steps 2 an 3 isthe absolute maximum value and smallest of the vals frm steps 2 and 3 isthe abeslote minimum valve of J on ‘loved interval 6) Include in step 1 any poists such as the break points of » defiaition in pieces, where might not exist. I is easer to evaluate f(c) than to prove that J") dose not exist3.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FUNCTION VALVES 161 3a 18, (a) plot the function and estimate the critical numbers. (ls) Calculate the eritical numbers. 2472 — Be; f'(e) = 82? + Me —5 = 2 — Ihe +8) ‘and = —5, Thus} and —5 are the critical aumbers of f. lez +1; oz) = 62" — 4216 = 2(52* 228) = 1004.4)(2—2) 4 and >= 2, Thus ~$, 2 ate the critical numbers of 9 (2) = Bal! — a9! = Ge 45(2—2), (0) doce not exist and 0 is in the domain of Thus D and 2 are the exitical numbers of 9. Ty gA/O_ 4,109 domain of f is (~30,+00)e Sie)! 29 > A plot of fis shown at the right. ort +42~3) - Se 3e £'(0) does not exist nnd 0 is in the domain of f, by Definition Disa critical number of J. If f"(2) = 0, then O=(72-4\e +1); } oor 6 FG) =0, #'{1) =D, and because $ and ~1 arein the domain of f, by Definition 21.4, 8 and —1 are critical numbers of f. y= pL = SL ay Neier 14) noe J) dened. The domain of Fis (alee #1 = Sha Se Hd) 1 (24 1)(2e~5) _ 2? 5244~ (25435) 2? pe yg (aor +4) ies aye (oF )=0 when -s?—2249=0)27422-9=0;2=-12. 0 1+ 10 ane ~1— s/f ate the erites! numbers of f that #'(z} is undefined when 2?— 52444 =0. However, the only solutions of this equation are 1 and 4, bers which are not in the domain of f, Therefore, neither 1 nor 4 is a critieal number of f- 2¢=0, c= £$.arenpt in the domain of f. Hence they will not be in the domain of f" but will not be 2 nie, 1") = ME aM OBIE Deh eae 2 nantes (¢) = Gan ayh 7 P@)=O when 258 + 18218 924 9= 0; 2 =H9+ 95). Theretore, 19+ 3%) and (9-3/5) are the critical numbers of f. )= (2-242 + 1 G2) = se — 2 e +1) + 2-2) 4-0) = @- 2+ 1)Gr—1) when £= 2, 2=—1, and ef Thun the eitical numbers of G are 2, =1, and 3. (64+ 2P@-27 © A plot of F is shown at the right. domain of F is (~00, +00). Because (2—r)? = (2—2)¢, F(a) = (2 45)%2—2)? tinting, we have Pq) = (245)°D (2 =2)? 4 (2—2)'D,(e 45) (= +5)(2\(2—2) + (e-2)*(3)(2 +5) fe +5 (e— 2Ce + 5Y2) + (2 -243)) = (+5) =2)52 +4) ») is defined at every real number. If F*(0) =, then either z = —5, ss in in the domain of F, we conelade that —5, 2, and —4 are the critical numbers of Fs $-14, (3) Calculate the critical numbers, Check by ploting (b) f5 and (¢) NDER(f() 2) ) = +113 + 34? + 152. f"(z) = do” + 530? 46824 13 = (2-45) (2 + Mle +3). G)=Owhen 2=—5, 2= —2, and 2 = ~3. Thus ~5, -} 3 are the ertical numbers of f a 7162. SELLAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXINATIONS Me49)—(24 9] =Ae-Nle+ Nie +3) 3. Thus 1y 1-9 ace the eriial mambors of f nf) = f(t) YP — 9-20). 1-2) and J"(2) do not exist and ~2 and 2 ae in the domain J F(@ =O when t =O. Thos ~2, 2, 0 are the critical numbes of j. 12, sw) =(wh-au+ 4)! >The demain off i (~20,-+20)- Plots of f and NDER(/) ate shoven below Sw) = Ku? — 38 44)? (80? — bu) - es (A344 = ten?) wo) -2yP* way ho—as “The factored form of the denominator w"—3u?+4 vas feand by tral and error usiag synthetic divs Because fw) ie nat defined at —1 and at 2, both —1 and 2 are enitical numbers of f. Beeause f"(0) = 0, ie alio a etic umber of J. 4254, 71s detined when J i defied and fe) = 0h (@-2)? P4420; £2y2 Hence the critical numbers of f are 2+ 2/3 and 2— V3. ARE, gy BEEBE DI APES AEST ated te Fd Hite) =0 when

2 Tyandso f(s) <1 on 1, and (2) =4, ten ithe ste maxim value off on 1. There nd sbsolice minim of fom Lbecase lin f(2)= out fie) <}on | pznandv aint ieame i Ise cel number of in. absolute aimam value of f on beolte maximam value of f 08 1 9) The grap the funtion ix prema the sight 4 ) 2) = ~Scon x. f"Gr)~ and fr isin x fore fre the eitical number of Gin Heine = $y2e 202, Sboolite minimum value of fon Tia “2 and f(s) = -3. zl absolite maximum value of fon Tis Oand f(0) =O WIFE I= F840) S@)=55h 5 Gand fe) Oost 2V85= 3 the absolate minimum value of fon fs 0 4 ‘Because im, f(z) =, ther is no absolate maximam valu off on eo fiz)S2 en and f(0) =2, ther the absoltte maximum _( \ ‘alos of f on Tis 2. Theres no absolite minimum value of Fon I beemuse lien f(2)=0 but f(e) > Von L i164 GENAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXINATIONS 5 He) == Bay “fos: Theefore hha no sbsol:e maximum value o (a) is never 0 4 thers are no ertical aurnbes of 20 the absdte minimum value ef boa Tis 3,2) > (@) Tie em 2,8 orn ha 3g e2) —Se(~2e) 3042") ot - Bam endpeint off and im (2) = a= "Thereore g has no absolute minimum value on (a) never Uae there aze ao exical numbers of 9 and g(2) < $a L. Therefore g has 29 PIU) doce not exit and 4 Sin P(e) is never 0, 10 4 isthe critical number. 70) =8, Pa) =1, FO) = 3 P has an abolute minimam value of ton T and F(t “lin, Fe) = bot Fe) <9 for al ete FickceF has no abeoate maximum valve on 1. 3. fa) =14—27h 1= (20, +00) Wedsie 12? 201-2 S28, and 4—z*<0if2 <2 ore >2, then at isc te Wee? s@efice ieee ie) {# iracece St ile>? te tap? Because f(-2) = —A and f*5(@2) = 4, then f'(=2) isnt defined Beene §1(2)= Band 7 (2) isnot defined, Also, {"(0) =0. Thus, the ‘teal numbers of fate ~2, 0, and 2, The abnolnte minimura value of jis 0 and is occurs at » = 2 and at = = ~2. Beemuse the values of f(2) can be arbizaily Isrge there is no abwolate maximum valve of f. Thee i relative saxtmum ‘ale of 4 which geurs at the extieal number = =0. 3. $0) = VIFF l= 09): de) =e SH docs nol exe bak fig not 1G) ene 0. $Theahealte minimum vale of gon Tis 2 ad 8) Hecate ig (e) = 8 and 2) 8 forall zn hip oo aah cin ai Cat +i) tet, x. {3 feeaaleal “lim, 7(2)=1l=0 ® 5, then f not continuous at = 1. Therefore f'(-1) i aot ‘toed and thus “tie cleal me of f. The graph of fon Lin shown at the cght, The able maximum value of fon I's and it occu at 2 = —L Because 4. (4) Wolds and /z) >0 on, there no abeoite minimum vale of fon3.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMU3 FUNCTION VALUES 165, ego tee t= 88) . “Bim. fle) = =o there ie 1 « volte minimum valve of fon pee tunic marion niued Fen t2and f@)=57 i te)" {t HESS 4 » I re) eres: (05 2<1)+(231)-(@21)=Os2<1) + Fr bad Lasts fotontie onary ee cli ps wh bane, leven ts Be csc ee rae [ pblenn nied) Gna erey pot 0) —[z} T= (1,3) FU cow recrerearonn a oicouren wauro mt Beg Je) = or Denn Tig F10) Se) <1 eral eink eaaeeh ¢)= 22+ [22-1 1 = (1,2) Bie gap oh aan the fe ies} feta ase Gt ittee amet dan fa 2 lewhere. Tha th ete! Gikint band =. Deus line Aa) > 3}, th i abate mini value hin 1 atsolie matimun value af hor is and 42) 27 =m 8s, I= [-jrfk)~ one tan =~ O and Oita ‘es O eh ea sure, i, 9(2) = 400, 9 bas noabeolte pce bedate minimum vale oon is Land Me) ) =tan 25;1= [-Jfe] = r J He)= taal Fp, whic not dined, f 4 Beet jp Peter if) =i an Se don Ble i se miata ob. Bee eke secure anes) Se omee Haka roto daned d 2 de, feb notin the domain off. Than has ia mute Pua, J) 2 fide) = tn = V3. fc concnie tn the sheche usin value df "V5. 31-46, te abit exten ofthe fncin on the cased intr and ces by Ho fa)= 2* 82° 4 16 (0) I= [-40); (0) 1 2 fats nee Se een i cotinon on cater, fhe an sbcue mariner alae aod abit ita vile parson coke Ie) The cal outers of on (b) The ciel numberof fon{-3,] are 2 and ‘Fi-4) = 144, f(-2) = 0, (0) = 16 S(-8) = B, f(-2) =0, f@) = 6, £0) Be tose ncn van Bee sce ncn vale 10, theabece arimum vi fo 26166 BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCFION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS 40. fe) = 24867416 (o) 1= [0/48 (W) I= (1.4) = © Fe) td Noe delat) tale be) i ‘al Becase fis continuos on each interval, f hap at abslite maxim value a and on sbcluto minum slaw on each '(2)=0 whee ==0, 2=—2, 2=2 a {@) The erieal rumba of fon (b) The eral sarabes of fon al 19,3] are Oana 2 sod? “| F(0)=16, F@2)=0, 1) (2) =0, 4) = 1k The sinlae maini valve fe Tn able nim valve oO: Ae Fp the ebcolutemnasimur value 25. the aksolute maximums value is 144, A. (0) =28nt, 1 Fon FG Because fis continuous on I, f has an absolute maximum value and an abeolute miniimem value ox I. Fp ta p= tes ted won Ct fr and fa 1) = The absolute minimus Yalu is ~2: the absolute maxinum values 2 49, #(2) = hee 2, Beemise lim, f'2)= so 0d im. ft 43. (u) =p th Becatse y » continuows on lg hes an beolate masimei velue and an absolute minimem valve ont Because y/(u) exists ererynhere on Tand g(x) is never 0, f has no critical numbers. absoluts extreme value 991. s(-1)= band g(2) =} «The absolte miaimum talue is ~1; the absolute maximum value is 44. fe) 2223 1-1-5] A plots shown af the right Spot mfets)-1 Ga Because f'(2) is defined and f‘(z) # 0 for all 2 in 1, there are no critical snumberso fin [and oo the absolute extrema off it oest atthe exd- point of [-5,2), Beene f(-8) =O a8d JG) = ~7. weconeude that = 0 inthe ataoate maxims valor of Jon Land isthe absolute minimum valee of 08 L 45. fiz) = (2+ 1), [21k Pe) =e ‘Because fis continonts on f bau an abso axiom value ad an abenute sini vue oa S'(-1) does not exist and -1 is in the domain of f: f(x) is never 0, Thas —1 is the only critical number. =I The sbclute minimus value; theabslste maximum vale is 46. g(z)=1 (2-399, 1 = [54h le) = He 3 8 ‘Becose js continuo ony fbn an cbt eit vale ada beste rabimam value 0 #'(3) does not exist and 3 the domain of f; {"(z) is never 0, Thus $ is the only critical number L(-3) = 8 £8) =$ fA) = 0 1 The sbelute minimum value is ~5; the absolute maximum value is tn Bxercies 47-52 lotto estniate the absolut, extrema ofthe feta onthe dosed interval, then us eal AL f(a) =#4524,12[-3-Ih fa) = 3845 icauce fis eoutinuoas on ,f bas an aoise maxim value and an absiute maim value 2 Pa) exists everywhere and (es never 0. Therefore, f has no etic numbers f{-3) = 18s) = 10 we alslate maim values 10. fe) The abeolute minimum waz is ~46;3:1 MAXIMUM AND MIND{UM FUNCTION VALUES 167 ef] A plot ia shown atthe right ‘1s continvows on 7, 9 has an absolute maximem value ard solve minimum value on S)=3s? Gr 9 = 8c? 2-3) exist everorhere. (2) =O when tie! mime of Tare 8 ad 1. ‘evaluate atthe critical number and al each endpoint of I ol) =20, 8) = 5. (8) = 76 absolle minimura valve is =5; the absolute maxicaun values 76 secs = (bred f(t) ne Ita ) Seat 6, The ertieal sumber of yon tis 0. sec($r) = 4¥3, 9(0)= 2,90 ‘absolute minimum value is 2 the absolute maximem value is 2/2. cos 2; = ede] FC 2 = ne tha iif )= Sooo =—8 f(fn) = doonhs = 9 SGe) is § which occu at jr, andthe absolute inimem value of fis ~3 whieh cecursat Ju (2-1)! 44,1 = (0,2): (2) = He - 177 (1) is not defined and f/(z) is never 9. “The eritieal number of f on 1 is 1. 40) =3, 0 1 (2) brolte minimum values 3; the absolute maximam value is. y= eth 1= 10,9 © A plot shown s the igh. ‘oe t) e+ aa = i ee ee Jute minimum value on I, Because f'(z) exists everywhere on I and fa} wee 0, howe cite nabs fO = (0) =-2 *) Be eae uasentemacnariawes I-46) ee he gto ibe ied ar 8) oserinite otiactnc l Min, dpseitecanre=(egecone f2 Choose <= JL in the definition of limit, The there exist « 6> 0 such that if mumber in 1=[f,2| such thatthe sum of the number and is ey Bethe mmr. Wecesk she extreme of fie) =2-+hs ss) = 1 al that doesnot contain 0. (=)=0 ven t=, 28=1, 241, bot only 2 = 2a 8, si) +} } (a) 2 = 1 minimioes the sum (b) x=} reaximizes [-1.1] such thatthe nurnber minut sare is () maxim 2 be the number, We sek the exrerm of j(z) =2 2% '(e) = tte f moon sey itera. fe) = when 2e =, = Pel fel (6) 2= 1 minimizes the éifersee. a solv the indicaed exerci of Beercises 1. 1B. A felé of length x mx encloned with 10 mw of fence. Ta wi fs of) = 120 2)o = 1902— 24 0-2 <1 alle) = 1002 “Tho arn is grentet when = = 00 end the fl is 60 m2 60 14. A garden of length = fie gecloned with 100 fb of fence. Its width is 41009) = 50-2 and ite B Me) = (00-2 = B02), 025 £50. ae) =W— =O when S22, Aoyed, aa) ees, = 0. The area greatest when = 25 and the garden 25 8x25 8 procal i (a) minimums (6) maximum. Jp Ji continuous aad 6) exits on (0) minimum, sand fe) int JQ) =4 1(1)=0 (a) 2 =F mnasitmizes the 1, A Geld of length 2 m parallel to veri enced with 240m of feces width in 4240 —2) mand Web 0226040. oe) = 120-200 when 22120. ado o, ‘The ares is greatest wien 2= 120 and the fd i 120 ms 60 on, 36. A gerd of inglh 1 paral to a house is enclosed with 106 ft of fence is width ta aren isos) =X100~2)r = 502-2? O< 2 < 100, wx) = 1850, (100) =0, The awa i greatest whin x= 50 and the pandaa oO W420 137, When sin. squares are cut fom the comtrs of 8 in by 18 in, sheet and the ides re turned up, the 4 V(s) in® where V(z) = uh = (8~22)(35~2a)e —4z9—462"4 1000, er 0-6/1) = J - ‘on {0,7} and F(0) 0) < 506 41(-1) = A +3 = bon (O,x] and (2) = bis the abvolute minimum value. ‘the area of the largest rectangle with two vertices on the z-axis and two on the parabola y = 9— 2? gus recree centage cise fie aS a iO). ‘The two on the parabola are (+2,9- 27). We wish to maximize the area A(z) = 22(9~2*) Se — 22%; Al(x) = 18-62". A’(z) = 0 when 62? =18, V3G land 2 = ~J3 €1. ACY3) = 2V(9— 3) = 12,73, Aa) = 0 j= fs"(k — 2) = ea? 18, 0 < rch; J"(2) = be Be = a(k-B Be amici ope cate Creston ake }) =0, #'Gk) = 0 and #2) exists on [0,4]. Hence 3 is the only critical number. £0) =0, 1G) = ZR, FQ) =0 J has an absoluse maximum value at 36, greatest detrease in bleod pressure occuts mben Zt ing of the drug is taken lon tn css ee ws ate « comes thes =n 4 ty lle ts ilies en oe ot ei oe op ort (ocak ey eeepc ame is continuous on {R,R] so f has an absolute maximum value on (JR, RI. [UIE ence eee VG@R) = A(R JR? 4) = Je, VER) = &(R-$R?— AR) = Aen, V(R) =0 > 4 V hasan absolute maximum value at $8. Boer an ls tne af igen en mai ne. oi mia i EH Ba sy ates cavemen (=) = ke(144? — 23) = k(14d?s - 2°), 0 < 2< 144 S'(2) = b{144? — 32| = 34(9-487— 2) ioe cc be tessa b tal a etae es nian hia (z)=0 when 2 = 448/3 and S'(z) exists on [0,144], so 48/4 is the critical nuraber. (0) =0, S(48/5) = 06,57 k, $148) 1S hasan abcolute mesimurs valve when 2 = 48) and Vit—2 = 44/6, ‘dimensions of the strongest beam are 48/8 = 83.14 em hy 48/8 ~ 117.58 em. Six) be the stiffs when its breadth is = em. Because 9 diagonal of the bean isa diareter aE the log, te {ta} cm, und for coms postive constant ky S(e) = ke( ct 2)879,0 leach side of the equilateral triagle 2 longs then (1032) is lek forthe suare. Hence each side the square tas length 11032). ‘The number of square fet ia th ares of the ecuilateal tangle 3 VGz! and the number of square eet in the aea ofthe equae is [400 ~ 2) Henee, i Ais the coal ‘tea ofthe triangle and the square then (a) = jie? + 00-327 Because 230 and 10-3220, we find the absolte maximum and minimam values of A on the Inverval 0, if. Dierenating, we ave fvie+4a0-32)(-3) ‘We note that A") i defined for all = FAG) =, we have = hVE2—(a0~32)-3) t= 4fiz+(10~32)-8) t=4ySe-30492 = VE 4 oe = 30 9-43 _ 3010 - 4/3) “Tay oi ‘We evaiunte A atthe entical number 1.88 and at he endpoints 0 ard 4 Alo) =#$ = 6.25, (Ls) = 2.72 A) = 385 ‘the absolute minimum and maximum ofA ae 2-72 and 6.25 reopcively. Ths the combed ate ofthe figures a9 unl os posible if the sie of to triangle is exactly 440 ~ 4/3) long. Hone, the wie 3 Decat co thot the piece that is beat ito an equlatral Giangle is FAY —4/3) & 3.69 T long. And to ‘he combines area as lange as possible, al ofthe wie shosld be used forthe square 4) Hoa) = 1.882 ANPLIGNTIONS WVOLVING AN ABSOLUTE EXTREMUMON a CLOSED INTERWAL 0 1580 9 <4 0 and C'(z)=0 when == cb4. For what ue of F wil the asolute minum value of C occur ata umber in the open interval (0,8)? ) More generally, et J(2) = Ve" F210), 2 € (Ot), u>9>0. the absolute minimum value of / surat a nurmber in the open interval (0), show tha: av < by/ad— {) Ith atuolote minimum value of C oceee i the intenval 0,2) the the rita mamber & mut be a that terra, that ia E> 4. 2) To locate the critical number, we Sind the detvatve, sett tozero snd alive fe = Hen 0 when BE me ue eV SET RY at a ay Pat ahd aA BO- Tio aa (a? 4 22) : tat PP xa ier 0) then the ei! munber must be int, that “the absolute minimum value of f occurs inthe ntercal 4s; the postive root muse fess tad Mocha Jin nt defied at 3. ‘Thue Jie dbeontnuows 00 (8) m2, f(a) ==} a= 1,b=2. fis net defined a § Te ft decontious on (1,2) 2. j{z) =3(2-47!), 93-455 F@)=%e-47" S04) = ig, SEA te) ‘Therefore, J ip net difeeruiable at 0 fis not differentiable on (~4,5). th seo=Gsth, Gosek (2 iteed s Fe=Le tesa By Theorem 2:34, (3) =2 and J',(0)=—2. Thus {0} does not exist nd se ffs not diferaniale on the pon interval (1.3). Hanes, condition {Gof the hypottesia of the mean-vlue theorem i not satis. The graph of Pemtctng]m shown et the right Not that there eno pot on the gra of at which the tangent lin to the graph is paral to, the ine trough the serpin ofthe grep 25, f(e)=at~2e9 42242; fle) = Ao 624s} Besnue fis a polynomial tuncéon, jis cmtinuous and diferentiable everywhere; 4(0) ‘hus follestherem Holds on [0,1 Hene, tere is some number c€ (01) seb tht #6) lent one eal oor ofthe equation 4° —Ga"-+4e—I'= Oi the open interval (01), an, (2) =29422 +4; fe) =302 42 Seeause fis polynomial fonction, [8 continous and differentiable evaywhee. Suppose f(@) 70) 20 Pau Rolle theo nl on ol), Heney thre Scone number e (a) uch that 6) = 0, i312 0, Bacau this is impose, j cannot have to real ook. B, f(a) =408 +30 30-2: Je) = 2a 4 90 49 1) 2 and f(1) ~8. Beeause J is continuous on Pt] and 0 is betweet ~2 and & f(a) = ¢ for Shomer x between Oand © Hence bs coot ef the equation. Now suppos that the oqstion has toot cal Bis rot rs Then f(r) =0. Ht -< ey colder the terval [fr] ard ifr 2, consider the inter TEuak In ether case fir) = f(z) =0 aud Ralle’'s theorem helds. Thteore eve is a ntinber between Sach that Pie) 20. But 72) i always greater thaa ef ental to 8, Hence ovr assumption ends ta ‘Galradiction, There, the euston cannot have another wt.33 ROLLE'S THEOREM AND THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM 18% -mean-vale theoren to prove that if = >0, then cos > 1— Bs? Dove s—(1— fe) Then /'(2) = 2—sins, Become f is contioious ond dfferentibl thearem Rolls on [0,z}. Hence there isa number ¢€ (0,2) such tat Te) HO) =(2— OF) feos - (1-4) -' €>0, then sin ¢ 0, Therefere coon (fet) 0 cons 1}? con = ~(1~ Je) isan oven function the above inequality i alse tue i = <0 he mean-valiue theorem to prove that it > 0, then sin x > =~ s* f{2)=sin =~ (212), Thee f"(2)=con=— (1-42), Because fis continuons and difereniable here, the mean-value theorem holds en 0,e), Hence there fs a number e € (6.2) sach that, flz)~ [(0)=(2~0)f"e} fein 2 (2— $29] 0= eleose~(1-}-")] > 0, by Exar 28 ox ¢~(1 Je!) >0. Beeausez > 6 sinz—(2-He5)>0 peor shen Se (ovine) ins>e—{o sin 2 ~(2 19) inan odd fanston, the sboveinogoality i reversed f 2 <0. ‘ie ean-valie theotem to prove Rezaoul oltre. Inoqualty: > 0 and +> 1, where Fi rational, chen tre). Then s'(2)= (12) r= r[llb2y— =I], Deeauwe F is continuoos and the mean-valus theerem olds on [0,2]. Hence there sa number © € (0,2) such that Fe)" = (Fe) (042) (i4r9)—daerth +091} £0, then 1 +e > 1; because r > 1 then r—1> 0. ‘Therefore (1 +e)"~? > 1, Hence (ireyndgra}oe (s'> Lars H1<. 20, then -1.¢e< 0, 0146-1 and (1-40) < Lo that arf +7"! —1] >0 and the above ality i til ve. The inequality rain tae S70, The inequality ie evened if er the momvalveUmoren to pove hat if ¢ At) where iy whee 9 ad on weeny toto he aa I a fanetion is ether increasing on an interval or decreasing on an interral then iti aid to bbe menatonicon the interval Theorem Let. the function f be continuous on the elord interval (at) and differentiable on the open interval (05) it $(e)> 0 forte in (a8), then f te increasing on [0,8] (3) 7") <0 oral = in (a) ther J i deeeasing on (ext) Note that the hypottesis of ‘Poeorem’ 9.43 unay be sauisied even when f'(a)=0 and £1) =0 or whes { is not diferentiable at a or L. By letting points where /(2) aeto ot ndefined be code of subintervals, me haves (if £2) > Oat all but Bnitely mery pois of an interval I, then Fis ineveasing on f (i) 7) <0. al but Gately mary poists ofan interval I then f is decreasing on 1184 BERAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREND FONCTION VALUBS, AND APPROXIMATIONS cad Tint Lt th incon fbe continous a al pine ofthe open intel (a) canting te ma fe eat for cand uppooe tt Jot tal pointe of (0,6) ep poly a (i) (2) > 0 forall values of» in some open interval having ¢ as ite right endpoint, if /"@) <0 for all vahes of x n some open interval having ¢as is left endpoint, {f tas a relative maxinum ralue at (iy F(S) <0 for all values of e in some open interval having ¢ ass right endyoim, a if fe) > 0 for all values of ¢ in some open interval having ¢ as its left endpoint, {fara relative minimum salue 2b ¢ ‘The flowing steps mate se of the Frat derivative test to skeich the graph oft function J. 1. Find cach mumber at which J) is eer aero of undefined often by factoring J “Arenage the numbers in tneasing ode. 2, Use (hese numbers to partition the nurse line into open intervals. 5, For each interval (aumbes) detenine whether (2) i podtive or negative (eer ‘undetned). (2) will be pstive on an interval if the number ef negative factor ven, and aogative ifthe suber of nopaive factors ino 4. For each interval state whetaer 7 i ineasing or decreasing. 8: For each aunts, stove whether J han a maximo, = minimam or aciher, evaluate f(z), Determine if the graph of f hae a horisontal or vertical tangent line conne, ofa verueal rymptote, In step 5 we may need to we Definition $.1-() which states that 2 =e is vertical tam to the groph of f at P=(of(6) if both J" (c) and f"y(c) ae infinite. If m some of interval containing ¢, the curve lis on one side of the neemal line at P, then the grap i fo have a casp at P, Figures 5.4.34 and $4.2 ilustrateverbea! tangents in the later Bacup. Tatermedinte-Value Theorem for Derivatives, If f'(z) existe at euch point of closed inthe closed interval [ and kis a rumber steely beeen J'(e) and (6) then there exists a number ¢ in (6) that fle) =f. We do rat nssame that fis entinunus. See Esrcive 5. Exercises 3. Ip Brereions 1-18, (a) plot the graph, and determine () the relative extrema of fc) the values of x at which telatve extrema ones, (8) the intervals on which ft Snetesing, and (e) the inirvals on which fs der Contre by eglealus. Tf(a)= ata Me) = ted Set fe) =0 ane obttn the xa number 2 fe) | He Conelusion za = Ts decensing om (205) er | o {be a telative minimum valve tee + ia incoasng oP 4-3) 2 fle) = ta? S262 fe) =6e-2 Set f(s) =0 ane obtan the critical number}. te) | re) __| eoaaon =F =| Fis dewesig on = i o f has a relative minimum value hee + Fis inceasiog on +3)$2) 2827-201 (2) =0 Ger ifenl) =o) 25-4 5.4 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST- DERIVATIVE TEST 185, (2)= 299244 152—5 Slt off neha the sight, We ind the derivative of and factor Ma) ~ 328184 15 = S(e— TV 5) {fle} = 0 wien o— 1 or #5, the crteal mombare of f a1 '. We comider the thre intervals #<1, 1<2-c5, and 2 >5 Ut duarmined by the eieal sume Uhest at shows Tn the fst row he table, The facor +1 ie O for = =1, negative for smaller value 2 sod postive fr lege vals of thn i own in the second row [the tate. The third tow shows Ue sxe ofthe feior 2~5. nthe throw, the sign of Js) i the tod ofthe sgn in rows 2 and 3 ‘sing Theorem 3.43 and the conelonion fr the etal number is loated a the critkal number and atone pat ofeach inte branch, ier | 0) | concion | + 7 is increasing on (25, —) + t & 0 ‘has relative maximum value 4 ena Sy ° i atv etre + | Fsteremingo 49) ‘The eonelusion far the intervals ‘ound using Theorem 2.4. (=) ® Ppa f(a P— me +e $42) = 0: ste— I)le—2) <0: 2 =O 2 = 1, 22 £2) Fig) | Concsion = T is decreasing (= Tr ris is decreasing on [1,2] Thasa relative minimum value Fis increasing ot (2,400) e+ Ns? 241) + ° ° £1) | Conelasion 7 Tis decreasing 8 (= —T 3 ° Phas. relative minienaen value + | pia tenening 0 [-1, +00) Fel eslitesest=b aD =D = c + + + = = “ = ° + F@) + 7 = 7 z fs fima fh fhee fi ee on(-2e,]] _maximira on{,8)_misimom on [5 co) has a relative minimum value186 BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME: FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS Set fe) =0: 2 eos be= Oe = da ot fe = ess = | 3 fe) | $2) nftas =. SHES Teresi OF [25 =F] 7 “4 relate misiwum vale /: ebee fncreasig 00 =] é sr 4 lative mation valve reese deceasag on (r2 8 f(a) =2 con3e, 2 €[-24. 24h fs) =~6 sin te —— Set f(z) =0: —6 sin 2e nes, oo a foc opierneei AMAA Roe pee WY YY pahredin | lative minimum value Ferien se corte Bade 2 Geter ccna die = |aeceasng on +38, Be patel increasing on (bx +36z,3r + en] =e 7 5 tative macimum valve il 1. The domain of fis (0,400) and f'(2) exists for all = in domain of f. ~L is notin the domain so theve are | merical numbers and no lative tions, ar 1) roy end 4 fis increasis 4 0. fe) =254 neh etn a pasa ferrets [7 3 ecaus:{'(2) > 0a8 every number in ite domain, Lis inrensing on (~2e,~2) and (2,420). ‘There are no relative extems, x Sia) =(1~ 2) +a) se) = 2 )(1 42) +31 +242? 4 Ama) +2}4)-2(14 2) +301 e)) = (1-2) +2241) a ae yil=wene et : Te} _| Concaion | K | {Liiesingon so | LI cetnerie ae [~ fs decreasing on 1] ‘fas aeative mim vale Fis'ncesing [1400)8.4 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND THE EIRST- fe) = (2422-0? “A plot of the graph is shown at the ight SG) =e +2) e— 1+ 22 + 2)(e— 1) 22 +2Me— 1) +1le—1) +(e +2) Se 42Ke-1}@e+ 1) Tie critical nu a PRIVATIVE TEST 187 “Tie table ie filled in one row ata ime, P'(2) docs wot exist when 2 =(. The eitiel numbers of fare 1,0, snd 1 ret TRere-} e=jeret zr wea) v + + = + et = + baal 2 = = Q + + FE) z + ¢ = + fis fimo fis, fla fis Shan fin usin] decreasing telmive increming’ elaive decreasing lative increasing fon (20,~2) minimum on[-2)-f] maximum on (3 ]__minimum on [h-+00) fey | IC © fcpa4 Henow 70) oie) Ba) = 2-90", 72) =1 - 97 Su fa) =O: Pa, Pay Poa; e= 2 Conlin Ts ereasig 68 (=55 =I hae a telative masta vale t 0if => 0. J Increasing on (0,22), 51810380 (2) = fet Be = fee) 0 and (0) doesnot exist. The graph has a cusp at the origin. rte Fle) oven 0 + ‘Tfhas a inceasing ME decreasing TONE, incesing te) ° eA a Perse 19-32, compu () the elativeextema off, (0) the vals of zat which the nlative exten ce (6) the intervals on whic fi lsteang, aod (2) the intervals or whieh decreasing. Check by plotting, 19. fe) = 268 Oe JG) = 6s! — IB Bet fa) =0: bole a3 ie) Conclusion eat ‘Phu atelative maxim value a0 ocacd 4 is decreasing on 0,3) 2-3 Phas» relative minimum value Bee {is increasing on [8, +22)