LABWORK OF BIOPHYSICS REPORT

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON BODY

TEMPERATURE

Created by:
Group IV
Helda Arina Simatupang (12315244003)
Eka Adytianto (12315244004)
Yuliana (12315244015)
Wulan Ambar Pratiwi (12315244017)

SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAM

FAKULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
2015
 THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON BODY
TEMPERATURE

A. OBJECTIVE
Can doing temperature measurements homoeterm and observing the effect of
environmental temperature on the temperature of the human body

B. LITERARY REVIEW
Thermoregulation is the process that allows the human body to maintain its core
internal temperature. The state of having an even internal temperature is called
homeostasis. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return the body to
homeostasis.
A healthy, safe temperature has a very narrow window between 98F (37C)
and 100F (37.8C). Within a few degrees of that range, you may experience signs related
to body temperature changes. For example, if your body temperature falls just 3 degrees
to 95F (35C), you might experience hypothermia. Hypothermia can cause cardiac
arrest, stroke, or even death. At 107.6 F (42 C), you could suffer brain damage as a
result of temperatures that are too high.
A section of your brain called the hypothalamus controls thermoregulation. It
issues instructions to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system when it senses
your core internal temperature is becoming too low or too high.
Many factors can affect your bodys temperature. Illness or infection is one of
the most common causes for a fever. Exercise, digestion, and being outdoors in a hot
climate can also increase your temperature. Cold climates can lower your temperature.
Drug or alcohol use and metabolic conditions like diabetes can cause low temperatures,
too.
When your temperature increases, your body activates a system to promote heat
loss. This returns body temperature back to normal.
This process has three steps:
1. Sensors in your central nervous system (CNS) send messages to your hypothalamus,
telling it your internal temperature is increasing.
2. Your hypothalamus, which controls thermoregulation, receives the message.
3. Your hypothalamus activates one of several mechanisms to decrease your
temperature.

The same process occurs when your body senses your temperature is falling too
low. When your brain receives a temperature warning from your body, it sends signals to
various organs and body systems, which try to slow or increase heat production.
If your body needs to cool down, these include:
1. Sweating: Sweating is one of the first methods your body will use to control your
temperature. Sweat cools your skin as it evaporates. This helps lower your internal
temperature.
2. Vasodilatation: Your CNS may instruct the capillaries under the surface of your skin to
dilate, or open. Vasodilatation, or enlarged capillaries, increases blood flow at the skin
surface. This lets your body release heat through radiation.
If your body needs to warm up, these include:
1. Stopping sweating: Your nervous system can lower sweat production to help maintain
the heat your body generates.
2. Vasoconstriction: Your CNS may signal your capillaries to constrict, or become
narrower. This decreases blood flow under the skin and reduces heat loss.
3. Thermogenesis: Your bodys muscles, organs, and brain can produce heat when your
internal temperature is sinking. This process is called thermogenesis. Muscles are
especially effective at thermogenesis. They can produce large quantities of heat
quickly. Shivering is one way muscles generate heat.
4. Hormonal thermogenesis: Your body can activate the thyroid gland if you are getting
too cold. This releases hormones that increase your metabolism. An increased
metabolism increases the energy your body creates and the amount of heat your body
is able to make.

Controlling temperature
 Too cold Too hot

A - Hair muscles pull hairs on end.
B - Erect hairs trap air.
C - Blood flow in capillaries
decreases.
D - Hair muscles relax. Hairs lie flat so heat can
escape.
E - Sweat secreted by sweat glands. Cools skin
by evaporation.
F - Blood flow in capillaries increases.

The physiological system for thermoregulation operates like an automatic

control system that responds to negative feedback. The body temperature is regulated at a
set reference temperature, and temperature sensors throughout the body respond to the
central controller in the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region of the brainstem,
which then adjusts heat production and loss accordingly.
Thermosensitive neural tissue consists of specialized receptors in the outer
layers which detect the temperature of the skin. Temperature changes in localized sites
trigger behavioral as well as physiological thermoregulatory responses. Under ordinary
environmental conditions, the body is quick to perceive temperature changes and trigger a
response that tells the body, for example, to begin sweating or to move to a cooler
environment. In the presence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, however, heat is
absorbed by tissues below the skin and is therefore not sensed by temperature sensors until
a finite time has elapsed. Absorption patterns in the body can be complex and result in
uneven heating. These problems are discussed further below.
Vasomotor control is a fancy expression for the convective heat transfer that
occurs via the circulatory system. In cold environments, vasoconstriction (constriction of
the blood vessels) limits heat loss from the body core to the skin in peripheral vasculature,
such as in the hands and feet. This is commonly experienced in the fact that hands and feet
are the first to feel cold on a cold day. This is evidence of the body's attempt to retain heat
 in the body. Residual heat flow is reduced to 5-9 W/m per C difference between the body
core and skin in the peripheral areas. In thermoneutral environments, peripheral vessels are
vasodilated (expanded) so that each liter of blood at 37C that flows to skin surface and
returns 1C cooler, releases 1 kcal or 1.16Whr of heat. During vigorous exercise,
peripheral blood flow can increase up to ten times, which is crucial in eliminating the
increased metabolic heat produced in working muscles. Tissue conductance refers to the
combined effect of conduction though layers of muscle and fat, and convective heat
transfer by the blood. In the cold, conductance is minimized to 6-9 W/m/C, and in heat,
increases a lot.
Evaporative heat loss through sweating is a very efficient means for balancing
metabolic heat production and heat absorbed from surroundings by radiofrequency
radiation and convection. Secretion of sweat occurs when the ambient temperature rises
above 30-31c, and/or when internal body temperature rises above 37C. Those who are
physically fit or used to warm environments, show a better response of the sweating
mechanism in response to exercise as sweating begins at a lower internal body
temperature. Humans, some primates, and a few other species sweat. Cats and dogs pant to
cool by evaporation of water, while other species such as rodents have no physiological
mechanism of thermoregulation and hence rely only on behavioral responses.
Vasodilation occurs to increase heat loss and after the threshold intensity. The
magnitude of the response is a function of whole body SAR or total heat load. Once
peripheral vasculature is maximum, the evaporative response sets in to cool the body
more. Humans lose a lot of body heat through sweating when the dry-bulb temperature,
T_db, is greater than 30-31C (86- 87.8F) or deep body temperature is greater than 37C
(98.6F). In contrast, rodents cannot sweat or pant like cats and dogs, and can only lose
heat through evaporation by licking their pelt and causing evaporation of saliva. The local
sweat rate increases linearly with the temperature of the body core during exercise. At
lower skin temperatures, the body temperature must be higher in order to initiate sweating.
This is well known as in that on a cold day you don't sweat as easily. Tests done on
monkeys confirm that the rate of sweating depends on the temperature of the core, and the
surface temperature (ambient or skin temperature).

C. MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Materials: Tools:
1. Yuliana 1. Termometer
2. Wulan 2. Stopwatch
 3. Helda 3. Plastic
4. Eka A 4. Beaker glass
5. Cold water
6. Hot water

D. PROSEDUR

E. OBSERVATION RESULT
Suhu Tubuh (0C)
Hot Water Cold Water
No. Nama
Normal Minutes: Minutes:
I II III IV V I II III IV V
1. Eka 35,7 35,7 35,6 35,6 35,6 35,6 35,8 35,8 35,8 35,8 35,8
2. Helda 36,6 36,5 36,5 36,5 36,5 36,5 36,7 36,7 36,7 36,7 36,7
3. Wulan 35,3 35,3 35,3 35,3 35,3 35,3 35,5 35,6 35,6 35,6 35,6
4. Yuli 35,4 35,3 35,3 35,3 35,3 35,3 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5

F. DATA ANALYSIS
1. Eka
a) Suhu normal : 35,7 0C
 b) Rata-rata suhu pada hot water :

c) Rata-rata suhu pada cold water :

2. Helda
a) Suhu normal : 36,5 0C
b) Rata-rata suhu pada hot water :

c) Rata-rata suhu pada cold water :

3. Wulan
a) Suhu normal : 35,3 0C
b) Rata-rata suhu pada hot water :

c) Rata-rata suhu pada cold water :

4. Yuli
a) Suhu normal : 35,4 0C
b) Rata-rata suhu pada hot water :

c) Rata-rata suhu pada cold water :

So,
Praktikan Suhu Normal (0C) Suhu pada hot water Suhu pada cold
(0C) water (0C)
Eka 35,7 35,6 35,8
Helda 36,5 36,5 36,7
Wulan 35,3 35,3 35,6
Yuli 35,4 35,3 35,5

G. DISCUSSION
The observation that title The Influence of Environtmental Temperature on Body
Temperature. The objective can doing temperature measurements homoeterm and
observing the effect of environmental temperature on the temperature of the human body.
The materirals that use in the observation are Yuliana, Wulan, Helda, Eka, cold water and
hot water than the tools that use are thermometer, stopwatch, plastic, and beaker glass.
Shaking off the thermometer to show the lowest scale, attaching the thermometer
in the ampit praktikan for 3 minutes, observing the temperature on the thermometer scale,
attaching cold water on neck, measuring body temperature and observing every single
minute for 5 times, repeating the above procedure by replacing into warm water and
noting temperature difference before and after the practicum.
The normal temperature when measured using a thermometer at the practicum
Eka has a temperature of 35.7 C, Helda has a temperature of 36.6 C, Wulan has a
temperature of 35.3 and Yuliana has temperature of 35,4 C. Based on the literature for
normal human body temperature or in a healthy state in the range of 35-36 C so that the
practitioner is all in good health because it has a temperature range between 35-36 C.

For the first practitioner that Eka, the average temperature when was given hot
water is 35.6 C, then Heldas temperature is 36.5 C, Wulans temperature is 35.3 C
and Yulis temperature is 35.3 C. Then the average temperature when was given the cold
water is to Ekas temperature is 35.8 C, Heldas temperature is 36.7 C, Wulans
temperature is 35.6 C and Yulis temperature is 35.5 C.
In each experiment that has been conducted on three types of temperature, the
result is also that both men and women will reach the highest body temperature is when
was given ice water and the lowest temperature at the given warm water. This is
consistent with the theory that if the body feels hot then there will be a tendency of the
body to increase heat loss to the environment, when the body feels cold, then the
tendency to reduce heat loss. The amount of heat lost to the environment through
conduction, convection and radiation are determined by the temperature difference
between the skin and the outside environment. So increasing the ambient temperature
then the practitioner's body temperature will decrease and vice versa where the ambient
temperature decreases the practitioner's body temperature will increase.
Thermoregulation is the process that allows the human body to maintain its core
internal temperature. The state of having an even internal temperature is called
homeostasis. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return the body to
homeostasis.
The physiological system for thermoregulation operates like an automatic
control system that responds to negative feedback. The body temperature is regulated at a
set reference temperature, and temperature sensors throughout the body respond to the
central controller in the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region of the brainstem,
which then adjusts heat production and loss accordingly.
 Thermosensitive neural tissue consists of specialized receptors in the outer
layers which detect the temperature of the skin. Temperature changes in localized sites
trigger behavioral as well as physiological thermoregulatory responses. Under ordinary
environmental conditions, the body is quick to perceive temperature changes and trigger a
response that tells the body, for example, to begin sweating or to move to a cooler
environment. In the presence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, however, heat is
absorbed by tissues below the skin and is therefore not sensed by temperature sensors until
a finite time has elapsed. Absorption patterns in the body can be complex and result in
uneven heating. These problems are discussed further below.
Vasomotor control is a fancy expression for the convective heat transfer that
occurs via the circulatory system. In cold environments, vasoconstriction (constriction of
the blood vessels) limits heat loss from the body core to the skin in peripheral vasculature,
such as in the hands and feet. This is commonly experienced in the fact that hands and feet
are the first to feel cold on a cold day. This is evidence of the body's attempt to retain heat
in the body. Residual heat flow is reduced to 5-9 W/m per C difference between the body
core and skin in the peripheral areas. In thermoneutral environments, peripheral vessels are
vasodilated (expanded) so that each liter of blood at 37C that flows to skin surface and
returns 1C cooler, releases 1 kcal or 1.16Whr of heat. During vigorous exercise,
peripheral blood flow can increase up to ten times, which is crucial in eliminating the
increased metabolic heat produced in working muscles. Tissue conductance refers to the
combined effect of conduction though layers of muscle and fat, and convective heat
transfer by the blood. In the cold, conductance is minimized to 6-9 W/m/C, and in heat,
increases a lot.
Evaporative heat loss through sweating is a very efficient means for balancing
metabolic heat production and heat absorbed from surroundings by radiofrequency
radiation and convection. Secretion of sweat occurs when the ambient temperature rises
above 30-31c, and/or when internal body temperature rises above 37C. Those who are
physically fit or used to warm environments, show a better response of the sweating
mechanism in response to exercise as sweating begins at a lower internal body
temperature. Humans, some primates, and a few other species sweat. Cats and dogs pant to
cool by evaporation of water, while other species such as rodents have no physiological
mechanism of thermoregulation and hence rely only on behavioral responses.
Vasodilation occurs to increase heat loss and after the threshold intensity. The
magnitude of the response is a function of whole body SAR or total heat load. Once
peripheral vasculature is maximum, the evaporative response sets in to cool the body
more. Humans lose a lot of body heat through sweating when the dry-bulb temperature,
T_db, is greater than 30-31C (86- 87.8F) or deep body temperature is greater than 37C
(98.6F). In contrast, rodents cannot sweat or pant like cats and dogs, and can only lose
heat through evaporation by licking their pelt and causing evaporation of saliva. The local
sweat rate increases linearly with the temperature of the body core during exercise. At
lower skin temperatures, the body temperature must be higher in order to initiate sweating.
This is well known as in that on a cold day you don't sweat as easily. Tests done on
monkeys confirm that the rate of sweating depends on the temperature of the core, and the
surface temperature (ambient or skin temperature).
Vasodilation of blood vessels of the skin, which allows increased blood flow to
the skin hot, will increase heat loss. Instead, vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels reduces
blood flow to the skin, thus maintaining a constant body core temperature, where the blood
is insulated from the external environment, so reduce heat loss. Skin vasomotor responses
are coordinated by the hypothalamus through the parasympathetic system. Enhanced
sympathetic activity to the cutaneous vessels generate heat savings vasoconstriction in
response to cold temperatures, whereas a decrease in sympathetic activity generates heat
loss skin vasodilatation in response to warmer temperatures.
When cold objects attached directly to the skin, blood vessels to contract further
until the temperature 15oC. When the point of reaching a maximum degree of constriction
of blood vessels begin to dilate. Dilatisi is caused by a direct effect of local cooling of the
vessel itself. Cold contraction mechanism makes barriers nerve impulses come into the
vessel at a temperature close to the temperature of 0 C so that the blood vessels reach the
maximum vasodilatation. This can prevent freezing the affected body part, especially
hands and ears.
Many factors can affect your bodys temperature. Illness or infection is one of
the most common causes for a fever. Exercise, digestion, and being outdoors in a hot
climate can also increase your temperature. Cold climates can lower your temperature.
Drug or alcohol use and metabolic conditions like diabetes can cause low temperatures,
too.
When your temperature increases, your body activates a system to promote heat
loss. This returns body temperature back to normal.
This process has three steps:
1. Sensors in your central nervous system (CNS) send messages to your hypothalamus,
telling it your internal temperature is increasing.
2. Your hypothalamus, which controls thermoregulation, receives the message.
3. Your hypothalamus activates one of several mechanisms to decrease your
temperature.

The same process occurs when your body senses your temperature is falling too
low. When your brain receives a temperature warning from your body, it sends signals to
various organs and body systems, which try to slow or increase heat production.
If your body needs to cool down, these include:
1. Sweating
Sweating is one of the first methods your body will use to control your
temperature. Sweat cools your skin as it evaporates. This helps lower your internal
temperature.
2. Vasodilatation
Your CNS may instruct the capillaries under the surface of your skin to dilate, or
open. Vasodilatation, or enlarged capillaries, increases blood flow at the skin surface.
This lets your body release heat through radiation.

If your body needs to warm up, these include:

1. Stopping sweating
Your nervous system can lower sweat production to help maintain the heat
your body generates.
2. Vasoconstriction
Your CNS may signal your capillaries to constrict, or become narrower. This
decreases blood flow under the skin and reduces heat loss.
3. Thermogenesis
Your bodys muscles, organs, and brain can produce heat when your internal
temperature is sinking. This process is called thermogenesis. Muscles are especially
effective at thermogenesis. They can produce large quantities of heat quickly.
Shivering is one way muscles generate heat.
4. Hormonal thermogenesis
Your body can activate the thyroid gland if you are getting too cold. This
releases hormones that increase your metabolism. An increased metabolism increases
the energy your body creates and the amount of heat your body is able to make.
H. CONCLUSSION
From the above experiments it can be concluded that humans are warm-blooded
organisms (homoioterm) due to have a thermoregulator, the temperature of the human
body can be set from within the body feels when heat will tend to increase the body's heat
loss to the environment so that the body will feel increasingly cold, whereas when the
body feels cold, it tends to reduce heat loss so that the body will feel more heat.

I. BIBLIOGRAPHY
B. Shakhashiri. 1989. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry.
New York: Wisconsin.
Campbell. 2009. Biologi. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
J. Kotz, P. Treichel, J. Townsend. 2009. Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity; 7th Ed;
Teachers Edition. New York: Brooks & Cole.
Syaifuddin. 2009. Fisiologi tubuh manusia untuk mahasiswa keperawatan. Jakarta:
Salemba Medika.