Journal of Welding and Joining(Vol. 33, No.

1)

2015. 2
30

ISSN 1225-6153

Online ISSN 2287-8955

*, * **
*

**

Residual stress measurements using neutron diffraction

Wanchuck Woo*,
, Dong-Kyu Kim* and Gyu-Baek An**
*Neutron Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 305-353, Korea
**Technical Research Laboratories, POSCO, Pohang 790-300, Korea

Corresponding author : chuckwoo@kaeri.re.kr

(Received January 28, 2015 ; Accepted February 24, 2015)

Abstract
Residual stresses are inherently introduced into the engineering components during manufacturing including
rolling, forging, bending and welding processes. Excessive residual stresses are known to be detrimental to
the proper integrity and performance of components. Neutron diffraction has become a well-established technique
for the determination of residual stresses in welds. The deep penetration capability of neutrons into most
metallic materials makes neutron diffraction a powerful tool for the residual stress measurements through the
thickness of the weld specimen. Furthermore, the unique volume-averaged bulk characteristic of the scattering
beam and mapping capability in three dimensions is suitable for the engineering purpose. In this presentation,
the neutron diffraction measurements of the residual stresses will be introduced and measurement results will
highlighted in thick weld plates.

Key Words : Residual stress, Neutron diffraction, Welds

.
1.
(RSI, residual stress instrument)



(Fig. 1 )9,10).
1,2).
,
2.
3,4).
2.1

5,6).
.
7,8)
. , (contour
method) (deep hole drilling), (monochromator)
x-ray (synchrotron x-ray diff- () (neutron)
raction) (neutron diffraction) .

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)
which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Journal of Welding and Joining, Vol.33 No.1(2015) pp30-34
http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/JWJ.2015.33.1.30
 31

1.2

Normalized intensity (counts)

1.0
(0, stress free) (, stressed)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

72.01 72.02 72.03 72.04 72.05 72.06 72.07 72.08 72.09

Diffraction angle (2)

Fig. 3 An example of diffraction peak, residual stresses

were calculated based on diffraction peaks be-
tween stressed and stress-free states
Fig. 1 Residual Stress Instrument, RSI at research reactor
HANARO in Korea Atomic Energy Research
Institute) ( 1 , Fig. 3 ).
, peak (: dif-
nominal Schematic layout fraction angle with stress, o: without stress), 2)
scattering
volume (residual stress, ) Hooke's law
sample
table incident beam 3 (principal stress)
sample
beam ( 2 )9).

stop
2

Q
beam from
monochromator ( )
= d d o / d o = cot( )( o ) (1)

beam
diffracted
defining (d: , do: ,
beam
optics : peak , o:
peak )
detector

Ehkl
Fig. 2 Schematic of the neutron residual stress instrument
i = ii +
hkl
( xx + yy + zz )
1 + hkl 1 2 hkl (2)
mm (incident
slit) (Fig. 2 ). (: , Ehkl: (hkl) , hkl: (hkl)
Poisson , : strain , i = x, y, or z,
(2) 3 )
(hkl) (grains) Braggs law (=2dsin
) (interplanar 3. 11)
distance, d-spacing, d) peak
(Fig. 3 ). 3.1

230 mm (), 300 mm (),

2.2
70 mm () 0.05% TMCP
peak ( EH40-TMCP) (Fig. 4 ).
1) (hkl) (d) 570 MPa , 610 MPa
(strain gauge) , 21 %
(do, stress- .
free ) (strain, ) (Fluxcored arc welding, FCAW)

33 1, 2015 2 31
32

100mm
(b) 60
0 30

(a)
300 Incident
m
Unit:m slit
100mm
30 60 Neutron
0 0 30, 60, 100mm
Detector beam
(c) slit
280

Sample
table
Centerline
70

Fig. 4 70 mm thick weld specimen, (a) dimension and

measurement location, (b) standard sample, (c)
dimension of the standard sample

50mm 40mm
(a) (b)

Fig. 6 Neutron diffraction measurement in a weld

(o) (1)
.
Fig. 5 Macroscopic structure of thick welds, (a) low
heat-input multipass FCAW weld, (b) high d-spacing
heat-input one pass EGW weld)11) d-spacing

2kJ/mm (Fig. 4b-c ).
(Electro-gas welding, EGW)
50 kJ/mm 3.2
2 . (Fig. 5 ).
11 x-ray
. (RSI)

.
Fig. 6 . 10 ~ 20 mm
2.39 , 72.4 3 .
(2) (Body Centered Crystal, 30 mm
BCC) (ferrite) (110) peak
4 ( ) 8 ( ) .
4 (, rolling ) mm 70mm
1 .
5, 10, 15, 20. 25, 30, 35, 40, (i)
45, 50, 55, 60, 65 mm .
(2) 3 , (ii)
3 (crosssection)
(x, y, z) (Principal stress di- 2
rection) 3 (Fig. 7 )10).
.
EDM
stress-free ( ) peak

32 Journal of Welding and Joining, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2015

 33

Ferritic steel
25 (EGW) 2
Total cross section(barns)

18 Ferritic steel Strain error =0.8510-4

Intensity (counts/hour)
16
20 I=83mm
. FCAW (Fig. 8a)
14
15

10
12
5
10
0
. EGW
8
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Wavelength (A)
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 70.5 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5 73.0 73.5 74.0
Diffraction angle(20, degree)
74.5 (Fig. 8b) ( 30 mm
)
Fig. 7 Neutron cross-section dependance on wavelength
in ferritic steel and an example of diffraction (softening) .
peak10)
,
(a) 0 30 60 100mm
. EGW
30 mm
Maximum
z

y
(b) .
30mm EGW
z Maximum (5 mm, 65 mm)
(35~45 mm)
y -400 -200 0 200 400(MPa)
x
50mm .
FCAW
Fig. 8 Distribution of longitudinal residual stresses in 70 (~530 MPa) 5~10 mm
mm thick weld specimens: (a) low heat-input
multipass FCAW weld, (b) high heat-input one .
pass EGW weld11)
4.
(bent perfect crystal monochromator) Si (111)
take-off angle 45 2.39 1)
70 mm
(Table 1 .
). (ISO/TS 21432, 2005)
70mm 2
3.3 .
2)
Fig. 9 (x) 70mm .
(a) (FCAW) (b) ISIS

Table 1 Summary of monochromator, take-off angle, reflection plane, diffraction angle, Figure of Merit (FoM), total
beam path length, penetration path length in reflection mode and transmission mode

Monochro- Reflection
2 () () 2S () FoM lm (mm) Dref (mm) Dtr (mm)
mator plane
Si(220) 42 1.36 (211) 71.2 73 71 21 58
Si(220) 45 1.46 (211) 77.1 82 68 21 53
Si(220) 48 1.55 (211) 82.9 105 77 26 58
Si(220) 51 1.65 (211) 90.1 119 68 24 48
Si(111) 43 2.28 (110) 68.5 90 64 18 53
Si(111) 45 2.39 (110) 72.1 100 83 24 67
Si(111) 46 2.44 (110) 73.8 84.5 80 24 64

33 1, 2015 2 33
34

40 mm 80 mm 4. Y. Kim, J. H. Lee: Residual Stress Prediction in

. Multi-layer Butt Weld Using Crack Compliance
Method, Journal of KWJS, 30 (2012), 74-79
3) 70 mm FCAW
5. G.B. An, W. Woo, J.U. Park: Brittle crack-arrest fracture
EGW
toughness in a high heat-input thick steel weld, Inter J
Fract, 185 (2014), 179-184
FCAW 6. J. Park, G. B. An, H. Kim, B. Jo: Bead Shape and
530 MPa Conditions of Friction Stir Processing to Improve
EGW 30 mm Fatigue Strength, Journal of KWJS, 31 (2013), 73-79 (in
Korean)
490 MPa
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1970 1984

, ,
e-mail : chuckwoo@kaeri.re.kr e-mail : kimdk@kaeri.re.kr

1970
POSCO

e-mail : gyubaekan@posco.com

34 Journal of Welding and Joining, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2015