Ti s kin pht hnh Windows 10, Microsoft cng chnh thc

ra mt mt trnh duyt mi hon ton. Vi Cortana tch hp v

kh nng ghi ch trc tip vo ni dung web, Edge l nim hy
vng mi ca Microsoft trn chin trng trnh duyt PC
ngui lnh.
y cng l im kt thc ca Internet Explorer. IE 11 vn cn
trn Windows 10, nhng ch l gip cho nhng trang
web doanh nghip xa c c th tip tc sng thoi thp. Nu
bn hi bt c mt ngi tiu dng bnh thng no v trnh
duyt trn Windows 10, chc chn cu tr li ca h s l
Chrome, Edge hoc Firefox. Nhiu ngi trong s ny vn s
lc u d bu khi nhc n IE.
Thi i Internet Explorer tri qua, ting xu ca Internet
Explorer vn cn . Nhng vo th k trc, trnh duyt ny
tng l i din cho kh nng sng to vt tri ca cng ty
cng ngh s 1 hnh tinh.
Tim Berners Lee to ra WWW trn mt chic my NEXT ca Steve Jobs.
2 nm sau khi Tim Berners-Lee sng to ra World Wide Web, mt lot
cc trnh duyt ra mt a ngi dng khai ph th gii HTML
hoang s. Nm 1993, Trung tm NCSA, i hc Ilinois Urbana-
Champaign ra mt mt sn phm t ph c tn Mosaic.
T b nn Unix kh s dng t chn ln Windows v cng l trnh
duyt u tin h tr ha cho cc trang web vn ang mang hnh
dng vn bn nhm chn, Mosaic a WWW t mt pht minh v
danh tr thnh th gii Internet y mu sc ca chng ta ngy hm
nay.
Nhng lch s khng cho php ngi hng Mosaic c thng tr lu
di. Nm 1994, mt trong cc v cha ca Mosaic l Marc Andreeseen
tch ra thnh lp mt cng ty mi c tn Mosaic Communications. Sau
ny, Mosaic Communications c i tn thnh Netscape
Communications trnh cc mu thun php l vi NCSA.
 Mosaic, trnh duyt "cht lng" u tin ca lch s.
Nh pht huy c y cc th mnh ca tin bi Mosaic nhng li
c cung cp min ph (cho ngi dng cui), trnh duyt Netscape
nhanh chng y li n anh v tr thnh ng hong thng tr th gii
web vo nm 1995 vi th phn 80%. B git cht bi chnh cha ,
Mosaic mt ht th phn v b NSCA chm dt vo u nm 1997.

Nhng tng Mosaic s chm vo d vng nhng ngay t khi vn cn

ang ng tr trn nh cao, NCSA tm c mt i tc nhng
quyn c tn Spyglass. Bn thn Spyglass li s dng tng ca
NCSA pht trin mt bn Mosaic ca ring mnh vi m ngun hon
ton mi. C hai phin bn ny sau u c Spyglass nhng
quyn cho Microsoft.

Internet Explorer 1.0.

L mt phn mm "khng chnh ch" nn Internet Explorer s sm
mang li cho Microsoft nhiu phin toi. Theo tha thun ban u gia
hai bn, Spyglass s c nhn mt khon tin nh k mi qu v
cng s c Microsoft chia phn trm li nhun t IE. D vy, g
khng l phn mm li mnh tay cung cp Internet Explorer hon ton
min ph v do ch tr cho Spyglass khon chi ph nh k. B "h",
Spyglass da kin Microsoft ra ta, buc Bill Gates phi "xoa du" vi
khon n b tr gi 8 triu USD.
Nhng ni nh vy khng c ngha rng Microsoft mt ln na bin
thnh qu ca mt cng ty khc tr thnh thnh cng ca ring mnh
nh tng lm vi DOS v Windows. Sau 2 phin bn Internet
Explorer 1.0 v 1.5 kh m nht, bt u t IE 2.0 Microsoft t b
engine ca Spyglass v chuyn sang s dng mt b engine t thit k
t u. Trong giai on ny, Microsoft vn ang phi tch cc bm ui
Netscape vi cc tnh nng do i th tin phong nh m ha SSL,
cookie, trnh duyt mail tch hp sn. Thm ch, IE cn tin phong cho
kh nng... sao chp bookmark t i th.
Trong mt nm, th phn ca IE 2.0 tng gp 3 ln nhng vn ch t
vn vn 9%. K thng tr Netscape Navigator vn ang chim 90% th
trng trnh duyt.
Netscape Navigator 1.0.
t ai bit rng mt g khng l nh Microsoft cng c thi l nn
nhn ca c quyn. Trc Microsoft pht hnh IE 3.0, Netscape li
dng v th p o lin tc tung ra nhng th HTML "c o" cha
tng c. Cc i th cnh tranh cha kp h tr ht cc th c th
Netscape tung ra tip th mi, bin cuc chin trnh duyt tr thnh
mt cuc rt ui khng cn sc.
ng tic cho Netscape, Microsoft cn s hu mt v kh li hi hn
nhiu: Windows. Thng 8/1996, Microsoft bt u tch hp thng
Internet Explorer 3.0 vo phin bn Windows 95 bn ti cc nh sn
xut phn cng.
 Cn st Windows 95.
Ni nh vy khng c ngha rng Microsoft ch bit dng chiu tr
vn ln. Khng ch t cht lng ngang nga vi Netscape, IE3 cn
mang n mt tnh nng sau ny tr thnh mt trong 3 thnh phn
ch cht ca tri nghim web: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Nh c
cng ngh t ph ny, cc lp trnh vin khng cn copy paste cc
on code HTML ging nhau m ch cn to ra cc "khun" i din v
ti s dng ty . l cn cha k ti cc sng to khc nh ActiveX
v Java Applet em li tri nghim web phong ph hn.
Windows 95.
c bit, IE3 nh du s xut hin ca mt phin bn Javascript c
tn "JScript". L do ra i ca JScript cng kh phc tp: JavaScript
mang bn cht hon ton khc bit vi ngn ng Java ca Sun nhng
li c t tn chung pht huy sc mnh thng hiu. Khng
mun ng n "con troll bn quyn" Sun Microsystems (v sau ny
cn ti t hn l Oracle, cng ty mua li Sun), Microsoft sao chp gn
nh ton b Javascript m ngun m sang JScript cung cp cho IE.
Khong cui nm 1997, Internet Explorer 3.0 thu c th phn xp
x 20%. Bt chp cn cn vn ang lch v pha Netscape, Microsoft
thc s tm ra cha kha thay i cuc chi: Windows v kh nng
t lc sng to.
Trong s kin ra mt Internet Explorer 4.0 ti San Francisco vo thng
10/1997, Microsoft cng vn mn mt biu tng sau ny s gn lin
vi IE: logo ch E.
Nhn vin Microsoft mang "qu" n nh Netscape.
 Netscape 72, Microsoft 18.
Sng ngy hm sau, nhn vin ca Netscape pht hin ra mt logo ch
E mu xanh cao 3 mt nm chm ch trc ca tr s ca h. Tc
gin, h p logo ca Microsoft v dng ln mt ch khng long
"Mozilla" ("Mosaic" + "Godzilla") vi tm bin "Netscape 72, Microsoft
18" trc ngc.
Cng ging nh trng hp ca IE3, IE4 cng mang n nhiu t ph
v mt cng ngh nh Dynamic HTML (thay i web "ng") v c
bit l b engine dng hnh hon ton mi mang tn Trident. Cha
dng li y, tnh nng Active Desktop cho php ngi dng chn ni
dung HTML ln desktop khng khc g widget sau ny. Cuc u tnh
nng bt u cn bng hn. y chnh l lc 2 logo "Best viewed in"
bt u xut hin, buc cc nh sn xut phi la chn mt trong hai
phe Netscape v Internet Explorer. V kh Windows c Microsoft tn
dng ti a, n mc ngay c Windows 95 ln Windows NT 4 u c
ty chn bin Windows Explorer thnh mt "bn sao" ca Internet
Explorer.

Phin ta chng c quyn nhm vo Microsoft, 1998.

Tt c nhng t ph cng ngh ny u khng c tc dng quan
trng bng mt chnh sch c t IE2: Internet Explorer vn l phn
mm min ph cho tt c cc i tng ngi dng, bao gm c cc
doanh nghip s dng sn phm ca Microsoft vo mc ch thng
mi. Cng vi IE4, thm nhiu tnh nng doanh nghip nh Group
Policy v NetMeeting ra mt hoc c ci thin ng k.
Bng cch ny, Microsoft to ra gng km sit cht s sng ca
Netscape: t ch "kim n" bng chi ph bn quyn t cc doanh
nghip, Netscape nay buc phi min ph hon ton v do mt
i mt ngun doanh thu ln. Theo li ph ch tch Intel k li trong v
kin c quyn ca B T Php Hoa K nhm vo Microsoft nm 1998,
cc nh lnh o ca g khng l phn mm thng thng tuyn b
s "ct ngun kh th ca Netscape".
 Th c quyn ca Microsoft ang i vo giai on ti t nht vi Internet
Explorer.
Mt khc, phn ng ngi dng ca thp nin 1990 vn cha thc s
lm quen vi khi nim Internet v bi vy cng chng c nhu cu tm
hiu nhng la chn trnh duyt khng c ci t sn ln Windows.
Khi Internet Explorer 5 c pht hnh cho Windows 98 vo thng
3/1999, th phn ca Microsoft ln ti 60%. y cng l phin bn
chng kin nng lc cng ngh ca Microsoft t ti mc cc thnh nh
cc t ph nh XMLHttpRequest (tin thn ca Ajax), vn bn hai
chiu, XML, tnh nng lu trang web di nh dng MHTML... Tng
cng, Microsoft u t 100 triu USD mi nm gip IE5 c th
mnh m vt mt Netscape trn mi phng din.

Cc phin bn Windows hng mnh lin tip ra i.

pha cn li ca chin tuyn, Netscape vi v chng tr bng ht sai
lm ny n sai lm khc. Phin bn Navigator 3 ra mt ch vn vn 5
thng sau Navigator 2 v c chia lm 2 bn nh, trong bn cao
cp hn mang tn gi Navigator 3 Gold s lin tc treo cng v b nhi
nht qu nhiu tnh nng. Tip n, Netscape li quyt nh thay i
tn gi "Navigator 3 Gold" thnh "Netscape Communicator 4" v gy
ra v s hiu lm cho ngi dng.
Netscape trt di.
Cuc u ca Communicator 4 v IE 5 kt thc vi thng li p o
thuc v Goliath. Nhng t ph cng ngh c Microsoft tch t trn
3 th h IE lin tip thc s nng tm WWW khi cc trang web cui
th k 20 tr nn phc tp vi rt nhiu thnh phn ng. Thay i
ny bin Netscape thnh mt th ph phm ca thi gian, lin tc treo
cng ngay c trn nhng trang web s dng CSS n gin. Theo li k
ca nhiu cu nhn vin, Netscape thm ch tng nh pht trin
mt cng ngh i nghch mang tn JSSS (JavaScript Style Sheet)
cnh tranh vi CSS do Microsoft u. n khi CSS t ra p
o, Netscape mi dnh vi tun l ngn ngi trc khi ra mt
Navigator 4 tm hiu cng ngh ny.
Khi thua cuc r rng, Netscape bn quyt nh thnh lp d n phi
li nhun Mozilla vi tham vng chuyn hng Navigator v
Communicator sang m hnh m ngun m. Tham vng ny cng tht
bi v Netscape s c bn li cho AOL vi gi "ch" vo khong 4,2
t USD trc khi cht dn cht mn mt cch v ngha.
Nm 2002, th phn IE t 95%.
y va l chng huy hong nht, va l chng tr tr, u m nht
ca Internet Explorer. Thng 5/2003, gim c d n Internet Explorer
ti Microsoft ln ting tuyn b s khng pht hnh IE c lp m ch
cung cp bn cp nht i km vi cc Service Pack ca Windows. Trong
thi gian ny, Microsoft gn nh khng h ng tay n trnh duyt
thng tr th gii.
Internet Explorer 6 trn Windows XP, biu tng ca c mt th h.
n tn khi trn 10 tui, IE6 vn cn chim 17% trong danh sch l
hng nghim trng cha c v theo thng k ca Secunia. Thng
6/2004, mt hacker khng r danh tnh tn dng l hng zero-day
(cha c pht hin) trn IE6 tung ra Download.ject, mt on m
c c th gip hacker to ca hu trn Windows ca ngi dng khi
nn nhn mi ch... gh qua trang web c ly nhim. Mt gn 2 tun k
t khi v tn cng u tin xy ra, Microsoft mi tung bn v. T hi
hn, y cng khng phi l ln u tin hacker khai thc cc l hng
tng t ca Internet Explorer.
Phm vi thit hi ca Download.ject khng c lm r, nhng tt c
cc doanh nghip u nhn ra mt s tht au lng: s phn ca h
ang b ph mc vo Microsoft. Chng no Microsoft cn tr tr, ngi
dng vn s phi i mt vi nhng mi nguy khng l. Tt c u
hiu Internet Explorer cn phi c mt i th xng tm.
Ch vi thng sau, nguyn vng c p ng. Ngy 9/11/2004,
t Mozilla - ng tro tn ca Netscape, Firefox 1.0 chnh thc ra mt.
Internet Explorer 7.
C mt s tht bn l kh th v lin quan n tnh trng tr tr ca IE:
tnh n IE6, Microsoft vn cn phi tr tin bn quyn cho Spyglass.
Thng 10/2006, 5 nm sau ngy pht hnh ca IE6, phin bn IE u
tin khng cn bng hnh Mosaic l Internet Explorer 7 mi c pht
hnh.
D IE7 mang n nhiu ci tin so vi IE6 nhng c 2 th h trnh
duyt ny u "ni tai ting" v thoi mi... ph v cc chun mc do
t chc "cm trch" World Wide Web l W3C a ra. Ban u, y s
khng phi l mt vn qu ln v ngi dng thc ra chng c mt
la chn no ngoi IE c. Nhng n gia 2007, th phn Firefox 2.0,
vn ra mt sau IE7 ch 1 tun, cng t mc 2 ch s.
Mi nh pht trin web dy dn kinh nghim c l u s coi nhng
nm thng tranh ginh quyt lit gia Internet Explorer v Firefox l
giai on ng qun nht trong s nghip ca h. Vi cc tnh nng
t ph nh giao din tab, tc tri nghim p o IE cng nh kin
trc module cho php m rng tnh nng d dng m khng nh hng
n hiu nng, Firefox r rng l c lng ngi dng cng ngh hn
IE. Th nhng, trong khi Firefox, Opera v Safari (ca Mac OS X) u
tun theo nhng tiu chun ca W3C a ra, ring mnh Internet
Explorer s lun i theo mt kiu CSS, mt kiu Javascript ring!
Thm ch, khi n c Brendan Eich, "cha " ca Javascript v cng l
mt nh lnh o ca Mozilla xung nc v quyt tm bin
Javascript thnh tiu chun min ph ton cu di tn gi "tha hip"
l ECMAScript, Microsoft vn quyt tm t chi. Ngay trong gia nh
Internet Explorer cng c s phn mnh, mc Microsoft phi thit
lp mt ch ring ngi dng IE6 c th xem cc trang web c
pht trin cho IE5 tr xung.
iu ny buc cc lp trnh vin lc no cng phi duy tr t nht l 2
bn code cho trang web ca mnh: mt bn dnh cho cc trnh duyt
tun theo W3C, mt bn dnh cho trnh duyt h ght cay ght ng l
Internet Explorer. Th phn ca IE s lin tc b bo mn, nhng trong
sut nhiu nm sau , Internet Explorer vn l trnh duyt ph bin
nht ton cu, l la chn mc nh ca mi trng doanh nghip. Hy
tng tng nh th ny: bn c mt trnh duyt cht lng tt
thay th, nhng bn vn b p buc phi thc hin 50-70% khi lng
cng vic ca mnh thm mt ln na ch h tr mt th bn ght
cay ght ng.

n tn 2009, Microsoft mi ra mt c trnh duyt u tin tha mn

Acid2 (bi kim tra mc t chun ca cc trnh duyt web):
Internet Explorer 8. Trn bi kim tra tip theo, Acid3, im s ca IE8
t vn vn... 24/100.

IE8, phin bn Internet Explorer cui cng h tr Windows XP.

 IE, cn c mng ca Google.
Cng lc, b engine dng hnh Gecko ca Firefox vn tip tc c
hon thin v ngy mt n nh, a dng tnh nng hn. Trong ngy ra
mt trc IE8 hn 1 nm, Firefox lp k lc 8 triu lt ti ch trong
mt ngy. n thi im chuyn giao gia IE7 v IE8, phin bn Firefox
3.0 vn ln tr thnh trnh duyt ph bin nht th gii. Trong khi
Internet Explorer 8 s sm ginh li v tr s 1 v tng th phn ca
Microsoft cng cha bao gi b Mozilla qua mt, s kin Firefox 3.0
bt u cho mt xu th rt r rng: ngi hm m mt lng tin vo
Microsoft v th phn IE t nay ch c th i xung.
Tht tr tru, k lt Microsoft li khng phi l k th truyn kip
Mozilla/Netscape m li l mt th lc l ra s chng bao gi nhy vo
th trng trnh duyt nu nh IE khng ri vo thm cnh tr tr.
Quyt tm lt Internet Explorer ca Google bt ngun vi Gmail. Vi
dung lng min ph cao gp hng trm ln cc i th, giao din phn
chia theo hi thoi v c bit l rt nhiu tnh nng ng i hi hiu
nng JavaScript/Ajax cao, Gmail nhanh chng ph v nhng gii hn do
Yahoo Mail v Microsoft Hotmail t ra trc . Khi u t mt th
vui tiu khin ca cc k s Google, Gmail l im khi u mt trit l
quan trng s c mt trn nhiu dch v Google sau ny: Google thc
s cn mt nn web phc tp, khng b km kp v hiu nng.
Cng ti thi im ny, Google cn s hu c Maps v YouTube. Danh
mc sn phm ca Google trn nn web ang ngy mt dy c nhng
ci tn s y Firefox v IE ti gii hn: chy nhng trang web nh
m ca Google trn Internet Explorer chng khc g em game i hi
chip li t chy trn chip li kp.
 Thm ha Vista khin cho cc th h IE c nh IE6, IE7 v IE7 sng lu hn
d kin.
Vi Microsoft, World Wide Web ch l mt ba n nh i km vi ming
n chnh h iu hnh. Nhng vi Google, WWW l ton b ming n
nui sng c tp on. Tri nghim web cng d chu v tn tin th
ngi dng cng cung cp nhiu thng tin hu ch Google bn cho
cc cng ty qung co. Nhng web cng d chu th code cng phc
tp. S tr tr ca IE lc ny ang i lp trc tip vi nhu cu sinh tn
ca Google. V iu xy ra ngay c khi Google vn ang phi tr
cho Microsoft (v Mozilla) nhng khon tin khng l c gi lm
b my tm kim mc nh trn 2 trnh duyt ln. Gia thp nin 2000,
mi e da t Yahoo vn cn hin hin trong mt Google.
V t 2005, g khng l tm kim mua li mt startup nh c tn gi
"Android, Inc". Tham vng di ng ca Google c xc nh r rng
sau s kin Apple vn mn iPhone, nhng bi hc t Internet Explorer
vn cn . Android vn cn lu mi thnh hnh, nhng s hu mt
h iu hnh di ng, Google cng cn s hu mt trnh duyt ring.
 Xin cho, v vua mi!
Khi nm 2008 i n nhng ngy cui cng v cng l lc IE8 cha kp
cho i, Google ra mt Chrome. Vi 2 b engine dng hnh v
JavaScript hon ton mi, Chrome nhanh chng gy dng danh ting l
mt trnh duyt... t RAM vi hng t process nng ln Windows.
gia tng tc tri nghim hn na, Chrome sn sng to ra hng
GB rc trn a cng.
Nhng cng ging nh iPhone chng minh mt nm trc , cc
khi nim k thut chng h ngha vi ngi dng. Chrome thit
lp mt tiu chun mi cho tc lt web, mt th mnh cho n tn
by gi vn khng mt ai c th ph b c.
Thua kin c quyn ti Chu u, Microsoft buc phi cung cp mn hnh la
chn trnh duyt mc nh cho Windows.
Nh bt c mt k lt no ca ngy trc, Chrome t t to ra sc
p khng l ln cc i th cnh tranh. Thng 6/2011, Firefox buc
phi t b m hnh pht trin chm ri ca qu kh chy ua phin
bn vi Chrome. Song, khc vi Firefox, Chrome l sn phm c s hu
thun ca mt tp on khng l, c kh nng thu ht mt lng ln
coder. Cui nm 2011, theo s liu ca StatCounter, Chrome ln
u vt mt Firefox trn phm vi ton cu.
V khc vi Internet Explorer, Chrome l cn cu cm chnh ch khng
phi l th vui bn l ca mt g khng l ng qun trn chin thng.
Internet Explorer, a con cng ca g khng l ng qun y, s lin
tc n lc bm ui bng nhng phin bn 9, 10, 11 y ci tin v
hp chun W3C hn n anh, nhng th phn ca trnh duyt tng
bp Netscape ngy no s lin tc b bo mn m khng tm thy
li thot. u , ngi ta vn s ln ting bnh vc cht lng ca
nhng phin bn Internet Explorer mi - iu c ngha g khi
Microsoft mt ln phn bi chnh cc tn a IE ln nh cao?
Trn 20 nm sau ngy ra mt ca Internet Explorer 1.0, Microsoft
tht th trn c 2 mt trn web v di ng. Chrome bp Internet
Explorer trn c desktop v smartphone. Trong l ra mt h iu hnh
c l l quan trng nht ca Microsoft k t ngy Bill Gates ri gh
CEO, v tr trnh duyt trung tm vn c trao cho biu tng ch E
quen thuc. Nhng ln ny, ch "E" y l ca Edge, mt trnh duyt
hon ton mi c hiu nng ngang nga Chrome, c tnh nng ghi ch
th v m rng tm nhn Windows cm ng, c tr l o v c ch
c sch cho cc tn Harry Potter.
 Ch "E" mi ca Microsoft.
Trn sinh nht mt tui, cng nh Internet Explorer ngy no, Edge t
th phn 3%. Mt hnh trnh lt y kh nhc li m ra trc mt
Microsoft.
Bi vit:
L Hong
Thit k:
Nht nh
Theo Tr Thc Tr05/11/2016

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