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jhtutpay;
gy;Yaph; jd;ik
1. ,dj;njhlh;G njhFg;gpay;
1. G+kpapy; G+r;rpfs;> G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;> KJnfYk;G gpuhzpfis tifg;gLj;Jf?
G+r;rpfs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; KJnfYk;G gpuhzpfs;
750>000 250>000 47>000
2. gy;NtW caphpdq;fspilNaf; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis ehk; gy;Yaph; jd;ik
vd;fpNwhk;.
3. caphpdq;fis ,dk; fz;lwpjy;> ngahpLjy; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;Wld;
njhlh;Gila caphpaypd; gphpT tifg;ghl;bapay; vdg;gLk;.
4. tifg;ghl;bapay;> Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;> xd;WNrh;j;jy; Mfpa nghUs;fSk; tUk;.
5. ]p];lNkbf;]; vd;w ,e;jr; nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; jdJ E}ypy;
gad;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
fNuhy]; ypd;Ndah];
Fwpg;G:-
]p];lkh Ner;RNu vd;w E}ypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
6. caphpdq;fspilNaf; fhzg;gLk; ,dj;njhlh;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; mitfisf;
FOkq;fshfg; gphpj;J Kiwahf tifg;gLj;JjNy ,dj;njhlh;G njhFg;gpay; vd;W
tiuaWf;fyhk;.
7. MA+h;Ntj kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gl;l gz;ila fhy ,e;jpa
kUj;Jth; rhuf;.
8. kUj;Jj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;lth; ahh;?
`pg;Nghfpnul;l]; (460-377 fp.K.)
9. Kjd;Kiwahf kUj;Jtg; gaDf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fhky;
caphpdq;fis tifg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jth;fs; ahh;?
mhp];lhl;bYk; mtuJ khzth; jpNah/gu];l]Pk; (370-282 fp.K.)
10. nraw;if tifghl;L Kiwia Kjd; Kiwahf jdJ E}ypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
ahh;?
g;isdp j vy;lh; (23-79 fp.gp.)
Fwpg;G:-
`p];Nlhhpah ehr;Ruhyp]; vd;w jdJ E}ypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
11. Kjd; Kiwahf ve;j xU caphpdj;jpd; tiff;Fk; rpw;wpdk; vd;w nrhy;iy
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Mq;fpy ,aw;if mwpQh; ahh;?
[hd;Nu
12. ,U nrhy; ngahpL Kiwia cUthf;fpa ,aw;if mwpQh; ahh;?
];tPld; ehl;L ,aw;if mwpQh; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
Fwpg;G:-
,th; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jth;. ,th; tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij vd;W
jw;NghJ mwpag;gLfpwhh;. ];gp\p]; g;Nsz;l;Nluk; (1753) vd;w mtuJ E}ypy;
5900 jhtur; rpw;wpdq;fisAk; ]p];lkh Ner;RNu (1758) vd;w E}ypy; 4200
tpyq;F rpw;wpdq;fisAk; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
13. tifg;ghl;bay; vd;w thh;j;ijia Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa epGzh; ngah;
vd;d?
];tp]; gpnuQ;Rj; jhtutpay; epGzh; mf];bd;-guhk];Nlfz;Nlhy;
14. Gwj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fg; gz;Gfspy; xj;J fhzg;gl;L
jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;J tskhd re;jjpfis cUthf;Fk;
caphpfspd; $l;lNk rpw;wpdk; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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15. ve;j xU tifg;ghl;bYk; fhzg;gLk; VO Kf;fpa FOkq;fshtd:-

1. cyfk; my;yJ NguuR> 2. /igyk; my;yJ gphpT> 3. tFg;G> 4. Jiw>
5. FLk;gk;> 6. Nghpdk;> 7. rpw;wpdk;
16. Fwpg;gpl;l xU FOkj;jpd; ghpzhk; tuyhW /igNyhn[dp vdg;gLk;.
17. caphpdq;fspd; ghpzhk njhlh;gpd; mbg;gilapy; mikahj tifghLfis
nraw;if tifg;ghLfs; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.
18. nraw;if Kiw tifghLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:-
caphpdq;fis mtw;wpd; gad;jUk; jd;ikf;F Vw;wthW tifg;gLj;Jjy;>
mstpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jjy; (rpW nrb> Gjph;r; nrb)> G+f;fspd; epwk;
kw;Wk; R+o;epiyapaypy; caphpdj;jpd; gq;F Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
tifg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait nraw;if Kiw tifghLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
MFk;.
19. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; (1758) midj;J caphpdq;fisAk; ,uz;L cyfq;fshf
gphpj;Js;shh;.
mit. 1. jhtu cyfk; 2. tpyq;F cyfk;
20. jhtucyfk;> ,jpy; ghf;bhpaq;fs; (GNuhNfhpahl;Lfs;) xspr;Nrh;fi ; fj; jhtuq;fs;
kw;Wk; xspr;Nrh;f;if Ghpahj G+Q;irfs; ,itahTk; mlq;Fk;.
21. tpyq;F cyfk;> ,jpy; xU nrhy;yhy; Md GNuhl;Nlh Nrhtd;fSk; gy
nry;fshy; Md tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ nkl;lh Nrhthd;fSk; mlq;Fk;.
22. rpy caphpdq;fs;> jhtug;gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Fg; gz;Gfs; Mfpa ,uz;ilANk
ngw;wpUe;jd.
(v.fh.) A+f;spdh> ];ghQ;fs;.
23. A+f;spdhtpd; fz;Gs;spapy;> M];lhf;]he;jpd; (tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; epwkp)
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
24. ];iyk; Nkhy;Lfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; caphpdq;fs; mkPgh Nghd;w
cly;eyj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; G+Q;irfisg; Nghy fdpAWg;Gfis
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
25. midj;Jk; caphpdq;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; ghpzhkj; njhlh;gpd;
mbg;gilapy; Ie;J cyfq;fshf tifg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
R.H. tpf;Nlf;fh; (1969) vd;w mnkhpf;f tifg;ghl;bay; epGzh;.
Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;:-
nry;ypd; mikg;G GNuhNfhpNahl; my;yJ A+NfhpNahl;
2. czT+l;l Kiw jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw my;yJ gpw Cl;lKiw
3. cly; mikg;G xU nrhy;yhy; MdJ my;yJ gy nry;fshy; MdJ.
4. FOkg; ghpzhkk; my;yJ ghpzhkj; njhlh;G
Ie;J cyfq;fs; :-
1. nkhdpuh 2. GNuhl;b];lh 3. G+Q;irfs; 4. jhtuq;fs; 5. tpyq;Ffs;
26. iuNrhgpak;> m]l;Nlhghf;lh; kw;Wk; fpsh];bhpak; Nghd;w ghf;bhpaq;fs;
ntspkz;ly iel;u[id epiy epWj;jp mk;Nkhdpahthf khw;wk; nra;fpd;wd.
,e;epfo;rr ; p caphpay; iel;u[d; epiy epWj;jk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
27. midj;J xU nry; jhtuq;fSk; /igl;Nlhg;shq;f;ll ; d; vdTk; midj;J xU
nry; tpyq;FfSk; R+g;shq;ld; vdTk; nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
28. gf;rPdpah Nghd;w G+Q;irfs; xl;Lz;zpfshfTk; iuNrhg;g]; Nghd;w Vida
G+Q;irfs;> ,we;j mq;ffg; nghUl;fisr; rhh;e;J thOk; kl;Fz;zpfshfTk;
cs;sd.
29. G+Q;irfspd; clyk; nky;ypa ,io Nghd;w vz;zw;w i`/ghf;fshy; Mdit.
30. G+Q;irfspd; nry; Rth; ifl;bd; vd;w nghUshy; MdJ.
31. jhtu cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa gphpTfis My;fhf;fs;> gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;>
nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah ];ngh;k;fs; ,j;jhtu
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cyfj;ijr; rhh;e;jit.
32. f];FA+l;lh xU xl;Lz;zp MFk;.
33. neg;ge;nj]; kw;Wk; buhn]uh G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; MFk;.
34. fpshikNlhNkhdh]; kw;Wk; FNshnuy;yh Mfpait jhtu cyfpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
35. 1970 Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; %yf;$W mwptpaywpQh;fs; GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;
Kw;wpYk;> NtWgl;l njhlh;gpy;yhj ,U gphpTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd vdf;
fz;lwpe;jdh;.
36. 1990 Mk; Mz;L C. Nth];> O. fhz;ly ; h;> kw;Wk; M.L. tPyp]; vd;w %d;W
%yf;$W mwptpaywpQh;fs;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; xU Gjpa
tifg;ghl;bid mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;
37. Gjpa tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; midj;J caphpdq;fSk; 3 Kf;fpag; gphpTfs;
Mfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd?
1. A+Nfhpah (midj;J a+NfhpNahl;LfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ)
2. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (Vw;fdNt ed;F mwpag;gl;l GNuhNfhpNahl;Lf;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ)
3. Mh;f;fpah (Kd;dhy; Mh;f;fpghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;lit>
GNuhNfhpNal;Lfis cs;slf;fpait> ,it ngUk;ghYk; mjpj fLikahd
#o;epiyfspy; tho;git> ,e;j tifghL jw;NghJ midj;J caphpay;
ty;Yeh;fshYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ)

2. gy tFg;Gj; jhtuq;fspd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;

2.1 itu];fs;

38. NehAw;w ,iyapd; rhw;wpid Nehapy;yhj ,iyapy; njspj;jhNy mJ

Neha;tha;g;gl;lJ vd;gjid ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bath; ahh;?
Nkah;
39. NehAw;w ,iyapd; rhw;wpid ghf;Bhpah tbfl;b %yk; tbfl;bd gpwFk; $l
mr;rhW njhw;Wj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jjhy;> ,j;njhw;Wj; jd;ikf;Ff;
fhuzq;fs; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; my;y vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
INthNdh];f;fp vd;w u\pa mwptpay; mwpQh;
40. itu]; mlq;fpa rhwpid njhw;Wj;jd;ik tha;;e;j capUs;s jputk; vd;W
mioj;jth; ahh;?
lr;R Ez;Zaph; ty;Yeh; nga;[Phpq;f;
Fwpg;G:-
gpd;dh; ,JNt tPhpad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
41. Nehia cz;lhFk; Jfs;fs; itu];fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
42. itu];fis gbftbtpy; jdpg;gLj;jpa epGzh; ahh;?
mnkhpf;f caph; Ntjpapay; epGzh; W.M. ];lhd;yp (1935)
Fwpg;G:-
,JNt ituhy[p vd;w Gjpa mwptpay; gphpT Muk;gkhf mbNfhypaJ.
43. itu];fs; vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; kl;LNk fhzty;yd.
44. Guj ciwahy; #og;gl;l epAf;spf; mkpyj;ij cilait.
45. epA+f;spf; mkpyk; b.vd;.V my;yJ Mh;.vd;.V MFk;.
46. itu];fs; nry;Yf;Fs;Ns thOk; fl;lha xl;Lz;zpfs;
47. itu];fs; NeNdh kPl;lh; vd;w myfpdhy; msf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (1 NeNdhkPl;lh; =
10-9 kPl;lh; my;yJ 1 kPl;lh; = 10-9 NeNdhkPl;lh;) nghJthf itu];fspd; msT 20
NeNdhkPl;lhpypUe;J 300 NeNdhkPl;lh; tiu cs;sd.
48. itu];fs; vj;jid tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? mit ahit?
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itu];fs; %d;W Kf;fpa tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitfs;:-

1. fd rJu tbtk; : gyNfhzKilait my;yJ Nfhstbtk;. v.fh. mbNdh
itu];fs;> vr;.I.tp.
2. RUs; tbtk; : (v.fh.) Gifapiy nkhirf; itu]; (TMV)> ,d;/GSad;rh
itu];
3. rpf;fyhd my;yJ mrhjhuz tbtk;
(v.fh.) ghf;bhpNah/Ng[;> ghf;]; itu];
49. itu];fs; vj;jid Kf;fpa ghfq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd? mjd; ngah;fs; vd;d?
1. Nfg;rpl; vdg;gLk; Gujciw
2. epa+f;spf; mkpyk;
50. Xk;Gaph;r; nry;Yf;F ntspNa ngUf;fk; mila Kbahj> njhw;Wj;jd;ik tha;e;j>
xU KOikahd itu];fSf;F tPhpahd; vd;W ngah;.
51. Guj ciwaw;w> tl;l tbtkhd Xhpio Mh;.vd;.V Nt tPuha;L vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
52. gphpahd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
,it Nehia cz;lhf;f ty;y Gujj;Jfs;fs;. kdpjd; kw;Wk; Vida
tpyq;Ffspd; kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; gy Neha;fSf;F ,it
fhuzkhf cs;sd. (v.fh.) f;Uapl;];/ngy;l; - N[fg; Neha;
53. ];lhd;yp G&rpdh; gphpahd;fspy; Muha;r;rp nra;J 1998 ,y; Nehgy; ghpirg;
ngw;whh;.
54. xk;Gaphpapd; mbg;gilapy; itu];fs; vj;jid tiffshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
4 tiffshf> mitahtd>
1. jhtu itu];fs; : My;fh itu];fisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpait RNA
my;yJ DNA cilait
2. tpyq;F itu];fs; : kdpj itu];fisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpait RNA
my;yJ DNA cilait
3. G+Q;irfspd; itu];fs; (ikf;Nfh itu];fs;) : <hpio RNA cilait
4. ghf;bhpahtpd; itu];fs; (ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs;) ,it raNdhNg[;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpait. DNA cilait.
55. ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
ghf;Bhpaq;fisj; jhf;fp NehAz;lhf;Fk; itu];fs; ghf;BhpNahNg[;fs; my;yJ
/Ng[;fs; vd;W nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it jiyg;gpul;il tbtk;
cilait. epA+f;spf; mkpyk; DNA MFk;. v.fh:- T2> T4> T6 ghf;Bhpah
Ng[;fs;.
56. tPhpKs;s /Ng[pd; ngUf;fk; fPo;f;fz;l gbfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
1. xl;bf;nfhs;Sjy;
2. CLUTjy;
3. /Ng[pd; ghfq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLjy;
4. Nrh;f;if
5. Kjph;r;rp miljy;
6. Nra; /Ng[;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;.
57. /Ng[pd; xUq;fpize;j epA+f;spf; mkpyj;jpw;F GNuh/Ng[;fs; vd;W ngah;.
58. xk;Gaph; nry;ypd; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; xU gFjp NghyNt nray;gl;L ,e;j gNuh/Ng[;
mjDilNag; ngUf;fkilfpwJ. ,jw;F iyNrhn[dp vd;W ngah;.
59. GNuh/Ngi[j; jd; [PNdhkpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ghf;Bhpa nry; iynrhn[dpf;
ghf;Bhpak; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
60. GNuh/Ng[;> rpy Gjpa gz;Gfis ghf;Bhpaj;jpw;F toq;FfpwJ> ,jw;F

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iyNrhn[dpf; khw;wk; my;yJ /Ng[pdhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; vd;W ngah;.

61. b/g;jPhpah Ngrpy;y]; vd;w ghf;Bhpaj;jpdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; rpy er;Rg; nghUl;fs;
MFk;.
62. rkPgj;jpa Muha;r;rpfspd; Kbtpd; gb irkd; itu]; (SV-40) vd;Dk; b.vd;.V.
itu]pk; nul;Nuh itu];fs; vdg;gLk; Mh;.vd;.V itu];fSk; Gw;WNehiaj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd vd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
63. Gw;W Nehiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; itu];fs; Gw;W Nehia cUthf;Fk; itu];fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
64. rhh;]; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Neha; jw;NghJ njd;fpof;F Mrpah> tl mnkhpf;fh
kw;Wk; INuhg;gh Mfpa ehLfspy; ,Ug;gjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
65. rhh;]; Neha;> NfhNuhdh itu];fs; vdg;gLk; ciwAs;s itu];fshy;
cz;lhfpwJ.

2.2 ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
66. Ez;Zaph;fspd; cyfj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf 1676 Mk; Mz;L Mz;ld;thd;
Y}td;`hf; vd;w mwptpay; mwpQh; jdJ vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpap;d; %yk;
fz;lwpe;jhh;.
67. $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpiaf; fz;lwpe;jjpd; %yk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ntsp cyFf;Fj;
njhpa itj;jth; ahh;?
`Pf;
68. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kpfr; rpwpa caphpfs; Mdjhy; ,it vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
kpfr; rpwpa Ez;Zaphpfs; my;yJ Ez;zpa tpyq;Ffs;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld.
69. ghf;Bhpaq;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf Muha;e;j Y}ap gha;];lh; (1822-95) Neha;fs;
gw;wpa n[h;k; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
70. tpyq;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fSf;F ,e;j ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jhd; fhuzk; vdf; $wp
Neha;fSf;Fk;> Ez;Zaph;fSf;Fkhd njhlh;gpid epUgpj;jth; ahh;?
,uhgh;l; Nfhr; vd;w n[h;kd; ehl;L Ez;ZaphpaywpQh;.
71. Kjd; Kjypy; ghf;Bhpah vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpath; Vud;gh;f; (1829)
vd;gtuhthh;.
72. ghf;Bhpaq;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf;fg; gbf;Fk; gphpTf;F ghf;Bhpahy[p my;yJ
ghf;Bhpaapay; vd;W ngah;.
73. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; midj;Jk; GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; mikg;Gila xU nry; caphpfshFk;.
74. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kpf Ez;zpait> ,it ruhrhpahf 0.5 Kjy; 1 ikf;uhd; tpl;lKk;
3 Kjy; 5 ikf;uhd; tiuapyhd ePsKk; cilad.
75. fhkd;ry; vd;why; vd;d?
fhkd;ry; vd;gJ ,uz;L Nrh;e;J thOk; caphpfspy; xd;W gadilAk;>
kw;nwhd;W ve;jtpjg; gaDk; ,d;wpf; fhzg;gLk;. (c.k;.) kdpjr; rpWFlypy;
thOk; v];nrhprpah Nfhiy.
76. ghf;Bhpahtpd; tbtq;fs;?
1. Nfhs tbtk;> 2. Nfhy; tbtk;> 3. jpUF tbtk;
4. rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; tbtq;fs; khWk; jd;ik cilait. mjhtJ ,it
xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. (v.fh.) Mh;j;Nuhghf;lh; ,it
gpspNahkhh;/gpf; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
77. Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;why; vd;d?
Ntjpr; rkpiQfisf; firapiofs; fz;lwpe;J mjid Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wd.
,e;j tif ,af;f Kiwf;F Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;W ngah;.
78. rpy tif ghf;Bhpaq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; rhjfkhd Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
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my;yJ> czTg; nghUl;fspd; J}z;lYf;F Vw;g mjid Nehf;fp efh;jiy

Neh;kiw Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;fpNwhk;.
79. Ntjpg; nghUis tpl;L (jPik tpistpf;ff;$ba) tpyfpr; nry;Yk; epfo;T
vjph;kiw Ntjpj;J}z;ly; efh;T vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
80. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd cztpid jhNkj; jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy;>
mit jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
81. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; rpy xsp jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (v.fh.) ];ighpy;yk;.
82. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; rpy Ntjpr; jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (v.fh.) iel;uNrh Nkhdh];
kw;Wk; iel;Nuh ghf;lh;.
83. ikf;Nuhfhf;f]; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; fl;lhaf; fhw;W Rthrpfshf tho;fpd;wd.
84. epiykhWk; fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrg; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; fhw;Wr; Rthrpfs; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
85. fhkPl;Lfspd; cUthf;fk;> fhkPl;Lfspd; ,izT Mfpatw;Wld; epfOk; Kiwahd
ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; fpilahJ.
86. ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; [Pd;fspd; kWNrh;f;if epfo;T?
%d;W ntt;NtW tpjq;fspy; ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; [Pd;fspd; kWNrh;f;if
epfo;TfpwJ. mitahtd.
1. ,izT> 2. l;uhd;];lf;\d;> 3. ,ay;G khw;wk;
87. kdpjdpd; md;whl tho;tpy; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
88. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; jhtuq;fSf;F cz;lhFk; rpy Neha;fs;
xk;Gaph; jhtuj;jpd; Nehapd; ngah; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaj;jpd;
ngah; ngah;
vYkpr;ir rpl;u]; Nfd;rh; Nre;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;hp
ney; ghf;l;Bhpa ntg;G Nre;NjhNkhdh]; XiuNr
gUj;jp Nfhz ,iyg;Gs;sp Nre;NjhNkhdh]; khy;Nt]pNauk;
Nghp jP ntg;G Neha; #NlhNkhdh]; NrhyNd]PNauk;
Nful; nkd; mOfy; vh;tpdpah Nful;NlhNthuh
89. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; tpyq;FfSf;F cz;lhFk; rpy Neha;fs;
xk;Gaph; tpyq;fpd; Nehapd; ngah; Neha; cz;lhFk; ghf;Bhpaj;jpd; ngah;
ngah;
MLfs; Me;j;uhf;]; Ng]py;y]; Me;j;uh]p];
khLfs; GUnry;Nyh]p]; GUNry;yh mNghh;l]];
nrk;kwp MLfs; G&nry;Nyh]p]; GNuhnry;yh nkypl;Nld;]p];
90. ghf;Bhpahf;fshy; kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; rpy Neha;fs;
Nehapd; ngah; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpahtpd; ngah;
fhyuh tpg;hpNah fhyNu
il/gha;L rhy;nkhndy;yh il/gp
ba+gh;FNyhrp]; ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; l;A+gh;FNyhrp];
91. jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpd; ,we;j clyq;fs; kl;Fz;zp
ghf;Bhpahf;fshy; rpijf;fg;gLtjhy;> mtw;iw ,aw;if fopT ePf;fpfs; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
92. Ng]py;y]; uhNkh]]; kw;Wk; Ng]py;y]; ikfha;l]; Nghd;w mk;Nkhdpahthf;Fk;
ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ,we;j jhtu> tpyq;F clyq;fspypUf;Fk; rpf;fyhd Gujq;fis
mk;Nkhdpahthf khw;wpa gz;G mk;Nkhdpak; cg;Gfshf khw;Wfpd;wd.
93. iel;Nuhghf;lh; kw;Wk; iel;uNrhkhdh]; Nghd;w iel;Nul;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
mk;Nkhdpak; cg;Gf;fis iel;;iul;L kw;Wk; iel;Nul;lhf khWfpd;wd.
94. m]l;Nlhghf;lh;> fpsh];bhpak; kw;Wk; iuNrhgpak; Nghd;w iel;u[id
epiyg;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; tspkz;ly iel;u[id mq;ff iel;u[dhf
khw;Wfpd;wd.
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95. ghiyj; japuhf khw;w Nyf;NlhNgrpy;y]; gy;Nfhpf]; ghf;BhpaKk; ghyhilf;

fl;bahf Nyf;Nlh Ngrpy;y]; m]pNlh/Nghg]; vd;w Nyf;bf; mkpy ghf;BhpaKk;
cgNahfg;gLfpd;wd.
96. m]pl;bf; mkpy ghf;Bhpaj;jpd; (m]pl;Nlhghf;lh; m]pl;il) nrayhy; tpdpfh;
(m]pl;bf; mkpyk;) cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
97. fpsh];bhpak; m]pl;Nlhgpa+l;bypf;fk; vd;w fhw;wpy;yh Rthr ghf;Bhpaj;jpd;
nehjpj;jy; nray; %yk; fUk;Gr; rf;ifapypUe;J gpA+l;ily;> My;f`hy;> nkj;jpy;
My;f`hy; kw;Wk; m]pl;Nlhd; Mfpait ngwg;gLfpwJ.
98. fpsh];bhpak; Nghd;w rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nray;fshy; ehh;jUk; jhtuq;fspypUe;J
ehh;fs; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt nul;bq; vdg;gLfpwJ.
99. ghf;Bhpahf;fspypUe;Nj Ez;Zaph;nfhy;ypfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd> mit ahit?
gh]p;lu; h]pd; (Ng]py;y]; rg;by];) ghypkpf;]pd; (Ng]py;y]; ghypkpf;rpd;)
];nlug;Nlhikrpd; (];nlug;Nlhikr]; fpidurpa];)
100. kdpjf; Flypy; thOk; v];nrhp]Pah Nfhiy itl;lkpd; K kw;Wk; B
Mfpatw;iw ngUkstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.
101. fpsh];bhpak; vd;w ghf;Bhpahtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; gy rh;f;fiuia nehjpf;f nra;J
itl;lkpd; B2 it cw;gj;jpr; nra;fpd;wd.
102. kdpj ,d;Rypd; [Pid ghf;BhpahTf;F khw;wp tzpf hPjpahf ngUkstpy;
,d;Rypid cw;gj;jp nra;tJ ,jpy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j ntw;wp MFk;.
103. Ngh]p];y]; tifiar; rhh;e;j Ng]py;y]; JhpQ;nQd;rp]; Nghd;w ghf;Bhpaq;fs;>
G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpfspd; GOf;fisf; nfhy;y gad;gLfpd;wd.

2.3 G+Q;irfs;
104. G+Q;irfs; gr;irak; my;yhj A+NfhpNahl;bf; caphpdq;fs;.
105. fhshd;fs; Nkhy;Lfs; kw;Wk; <];l;Lfs;; ntF rhjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLk;
G+Q;irfs;.
106. G+Q;irfisg; gw;wp mwptpay; gphpT ikf;fhy[p (G+Q;irapay;) vdg;gLfpwJ.
107. G+Q;irapd; nry;fspd; Rthpd; ngah; vd;d?
ifl;bd; vdg;gLk; mrpl;ily; FSf;Nfhrikd; myFfshy; Md xU
ghypkhpdhy; MdJ
108. G+Q;irfspy; gr;irak; fpilahJ
109. G+Q;irfs; kl;Fz;zpahfNth> xl;Lz;zpahfNth my;yJ $l;LapuhfNth
cs;sd.
110. Jizg;gphpT Nk];bNfhikf;Nfhbdh G+Q;irfisj; jtpu midj;J G+Q;irfSk;
efUk; jpwdw;wit.
111. G+Q;irfspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?
];Nghh;fspd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. vdpDk; ghypdg; ngUf;fKk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
112. G+Q;irapd; mikg;G tptuk;?
G+Q;irapd; clyikg;G jdp tpjkhdJ. ,jd; clyk; xU nry; my;yJ gy
nry;fshy; MdJ. gy nry;fshy; G+Q;ir ed;F fpisj;Jg; gpd;dpa E}y;
tbt i`/ghf;fs; vdg;gLk; ,iofshy; Mdit.
113. i`/ghf;fs; midj;Jk; Nrh;e;J nkhj;jkhf ikrPypak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
114. irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; A+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vit?
1. ikl;Nlh fhz;lh; pad;fs;> 2. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;> 3. vz;Nlhg;shr tiy
4. iuNghNrhk;fs;> 5. thf;FNthy;fs;
Fwpg;G:-
Kjph;e;j i`ghf;fspy; thf;FNthy;fs; nghpadthfTk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; Rtiu
xl;ba xU nky;ypa glykhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

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115. G+Q;irfspd; czT Cl;l Kiw:-

G+Q;irfs; gpw Cl;l Kiwiaf; nfhz;lit. mjhtJ mitfSf;F
fdpkq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l fhh;gd; Njitg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; mkpNdh
mkpyq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l iel;u[Dk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. G+Q;irfspd;
czT+l;l Kiw nghJthf cwpQ;RKiw vdTk; tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
116. ,we;j mOfpag; nghUl;fspypUe;J jq;fs; Cl;lj;ijg; ngWk; caphpfs;
kl;Fz;zpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
117. kw;nwhU caphpapd; cs;Ns my;yJ mjd; Nky; thOk; xU caphpNa xl;Lz;zp
vdg;gLk;.
118. xl;Lz;zpf;F czT kw;Wk; ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iw mspf;Fk; caphp xk;Gaphp
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
119. xl;Lz;zpfs; capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk tho;e;J tsUk;> ,it fl;lha
xl;Lz;zpfs; my;yJ caph;rhh;G [Ptpfs; vdg;gLfpwJ.
120. khWk; xl;Lz;zpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
NtW rpy G+Q;irfs; Xk;Gapiuj; jhf;fp nfhy;fpwJ. gpd;dh; mjd; vQ;rpait
kPJ kl;Fz;zpahf tho;fpwJ. ,it khWk; xl;Lz;zpfs; my;yJ jpRr;Nrj
caphpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
121. fl;lha xl;Lz;zpfs; CLUTtjw;Fk;> cwpQ;Rtjw;Fk; rpy rpwg;G mikg;Gfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd? mjd; ngaH vd;d?
`h];Nlhhpahf;fs;
122. G+Q;irfspd; ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd $l;Laph; tho;f;if vJ?
1. iyf;fd;fs; 2. ikf;Nfhiurhf;fs;
123. My;fhf;fSf;F ,izahf xU tFg;ghf fUjg;gl;L jhNy/igl;lh vd;w ghptpd;
fPo; jhtucyfpy; G+Q;irfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
124. va;d;]; nthh;j; (1973) vd;w G+Q;irapay; ty;Yeuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
G+Q;irfspd; tifghL ntg;];lh; vd;gtuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
125. kpf;N]hikf;Nfhl;lh kpfTk; mrhjhuzkhd caphpfs;.
126. kpf;N]hikf;Nfhl;lh ];iyk; Nkhy;Lfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
127. irNfhik rPl;Lfs; ,izTg; G+Q;irfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
128. nry;Rth; ifl;bd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhrd; vd;Dk; nghUspdhy; Mdit.
129. rhjhuzkhf fUg;G nuhl;bf;fhshd;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; iuNrhg]; kw;Wk;
kpA+f;fh; irNfhikf;Nfhl;bdh gphpitr; rhh;e;jit.
130. iuNrhg]; kpA+f;fiug; Nghd;Nwf; fhzg;gLk; rhWz;zp MFk;.
131. M];NfhikrPl;LfSf;Nf chpj;jhd gz;ghd ,g;G+Q;irfspy; M];Nfh];Nghh;fs;
cUthfpd;wd.
132. M];Nfh ];Nghh;fs; M];f]; vdg;gLk; ig Nghd;w mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
133. M];NfhikrPl;Lfspy; epiwa M];f];fs; njhFg;Gfshfr; Nrh;e;J M];Nfhfhh;g;
vdg;gLk; fdpAWg;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
134. fdpAWg;Gfspd; tiffs;?
fdpAWg;Gfs; 3 tifg;gLk;.
1. fpwp];NlhjPrpak; ,it cUz;il tbtk; %bait. (v.fh.) a+Nu\pak;
2. nghpjPrpak; ,it FLit tbtk; (v.fh.) ePa+Nuh];Nghuh
3. mg;NghjPrpak; ,it fpz;zk; tbtk; (v.fh.) ngi]]h
135. ,dg;ngUf;f i`/ghf;fspd; Edpapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; Fz;lhe;jbtbt
ngrpbak; vd;w mikg;Ng ngrpbNahikrPl;Lfs; vd;w ngah; tuf; fhuzkhapw;W.
136. Nkk;ghL mile;j ngrpbNahikrPl;Lfs; ngrpbNahfhh;g;Gfs; vdg;gLk;
fdpAWg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
137. ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;J ve;j kUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ?
ngd;rpypd;
138. ngd;rpypd; vd;w kUe;J ahuhy;> ve;j Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
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gphpl;ld; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j mnyf;]hz;lh; /gpsk;kpq; vd;gtuhy; 1928-Mk;

Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
139. <];lL ; fs;> fhshd;fs;> l;u/gy;fs; kw;Wk; Nkhuy;fs; Nghd;w G+Q;irfs; czthf
cl;nfhs;sj; jFe;jit.
140. mfhhpf]pd; rpw;wpdq;fshd m.ig];Nghu];> m.Mh;ntd;]p]; Mfpait cz;zj;
jFe;jit.
141. thy;Nthpnay;yh thy;Nt]p> th.il]; Nghuh Mfpa cz;zf;$ba fhshd;fs;
kpfg;nghpa mstpy; tzpf hPjpahf cw;gj;jpr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
142. rhuhaj; njhopw;rhiyAk;> nuhl;bj; njhopw;rhiyAk; vjid ntFthfr;
rhh;e;Js;sd?
<];l;Lfs; (rhf;Nuhik rPl;Lfs;)
143. My;f`hy; rhuhaj; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;> CO2 nuhl;bj; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
144. caph;Ntjp kugpay; vd;W Njhd;wp gpd;dh; %yf;$W caphpay; vd;W
fth;rr ; pfukhf khwpajw;F ePA+Nuh];Nghuh fpuhrh vd;w G+Q;irapy; Muk;gp;f;fg;gl;l
Muha;r;rpNa mbg;gilahapw;W.
145. ePA+Nuh];Nghuh> M];gh;[p];y]; Mfpa G+Q;irfs; ,d;wsTk; kugpay;
Muha;rr ; pf;F gad;ghl;L tUfpd;wd.
146. G+Q;irfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,wg;G $l KOik ngwhJ vd;w $w;W ahUilaJ?
gh];l;rhpd;
147. LSD (D iynrh;[pf; mkpyk; ilvjpy; mikL) vh;fhl; vdg;gLk;.
148. fpshtpnrg;]; gh;G+hpah G+Q;irapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
149. 1845-Mk; Mz;L mah;yhe;J ehl;by; ve;j g+Q;ir cUisf;fpoq;F gapiuj;
jhf;fp cUisf;fpoq;fpd; mOfy; Nehia Vw;gL;j;jpaJ?
/igl;lh/Njhuh ,d;/ng];ld;];
150. gUj;jpapd; thly; Neha; /gA+Nrhpak; Mf;]p];Nghuk; vd;w G+Q;irapdhy;
NehAz;lhfpwJ.
151. fliyapd; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; nrh;f;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;nrhNdl;lh vd;w
G+Q;irapdhy; tUfpwJ.
152. fUk;gpd; rpfg;G mOfy; Neha; nfhypl;Nlhbiuf;fk; /gy;Nfl;lk; vd;w
G+Q;irapdhy; tUfpwJ.
153. kdpjh;fspd; rpy G+Q;ir Neha;fs;
kdpjh;fspd; rpy G+Q;ir Neha;fs; NehAz;lhf;Fk; G+Q;irfs;
1. cUisg;GO (Bdpah) vg;gpnlh;Nkh/igl;lhd;
2. cUisg;GO (Bdpah) biuf;Nfh/igl;lhd;
3. Nfd;bbahrp]; Nfd;blh My;gpfd;];

2.3.1 kpA+f;fh;
154. gphpT A+ikf;Nfhlh
cl;gphpT irNfhikf;Nfhbdh
tFg;G irNfhik]Pl;];
Jiw kpAf;fNuy;];
FLk;gk; - kpAf;fNu]p
Nghpdk; - kpAf;fh;
155. kpAf;fh;> xU kl;Fz;zp G+Q;ir MFk;.
156. kpAf;fh; nghJthf Crpf; fhshd; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
157. kpAf;fiu fUg;G nuhl;bf; fhshd; vdTk; miog;gJz;L.
158. kpAf;fh; Nghpdj;jpy; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd?

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50 rpw;wpdq;fs;.
159. <ukhd nfl;Lg;Nghd nuhl;bapy;> mOfp;g;Nghd gok; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfspy; kw;Wk;
nfl;Lg;Nghd mq;ffg; nghUl;fspd; kPJ xl;lil Nghd;W glh;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
160. kpAf;fhpd; clyk; ntz;ikahd nky;ypa gQ;R Nghd;w ,iofshy; MdJ.
,ij ik]Pypak; vd;gh;.
161. kpAf;fh; vg;NghJk; mjpf mstpy; fpisj;Jk; gy epA+f;spa];fisf; nfhz;Lk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ> ,jw;F ]PNdhi]bf; epiy vd;W ngah;.
162. ik]Pypaj;jpd; xt;nthU ,iof;Fk; i`/gh vd;W ngah;.
163. kpAf;fhpd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tptuk;?
kpAf;fhpy; nt[pNll;bt; KiwapYk;> ghy; kw;Wk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f
KiwfspYk; eilngWfpwJ. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fKiw ntF rf[khf
kpAf;fhpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
164. nt[pl;Nlbt; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
i`/ghf;fs; Jz;lhtjpd; %yk; xt;nthU Jz;Lk; tsh;e;J Gjpa
ikrpypaq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
165. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; fpshikNlh];Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; ];ngud;[pNah];Ngh;fs;
%yk; eilngWfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; MapNlh];Nghh;fs; %ykhfTk; ,J
eilngWk;.
166. Xa;T epiyapYs;s ];Nghh;fs; fpshikNlh];Nghh;fs; MFk;.
167. rhpahd <ug;gjKk; ntg;gepiyAk; tsh;r;rpf;F cfe;j #o;epiyAk; tha;f;Fk;
NghJ ikrpypaj;jpypUe;J nky;ypa epkph; ,iofs; i`/ghf;fs; nrq;Fj;jhf
tsh;fpd;wd. mit vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];NghuhQ;rpNah /Nghh;fs; my;yJ ];Nghuff; fhk;Gfs;
168. ];NghuhQ;rpNah cUz;ilahf> epiwa Nghh;fis cs;slf;fpakhf >
fhYnky;yhit Edpapy; jhq;fpa ];NghuhQ;rpakhf khWfpwJ.
169. tskw;w> cUz;il tbt ikag;gFjp> ];Nghh;fs; mw;w gFjp fhYnky;yh vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
170. kpAf;fhpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; N`khjhypf; MfNth my;yJ n`bNuhjhypf;
MfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
171. + jd;ikAs;s kw;Wk; - jd;ikAs;s i`ghf;fNs ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfshf
nray;gLfpd;wd.
172. ,izT Kiwapy; kpAf;fhpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.
173. ntt;NtW ghy; jd;ik cila (+ jd;ik my;yJ jd;ik) ,UNtW
jhtuq;fspd; i`/ghf;fs; kpf mUfUfhf tUk; NghJ GNuhNfkPl;Lfs;
vdg;gLk; Gilg;Gfs; ,U i`ghf;fspd; gf;fthl;L Rth;fsp;Yk;
cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
174. Gilg;Gfs; ,ize;J fhQ;RNf\d; Foha; my;yJ ,izTf; Foha;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
175. kpAf;fhpd; Edpghfk; NfkPl;lhQ;rpak; vd;Wk;> mbghfk; ]];ngd;]hh;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
176. rPNdhNfkPl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
xt;nthU NfkPl;lhQ;rpaj;jpYs;s GNuhl;Nlh gpshrf; $Wfs; xU NfkPl;lhf
cUkhWfpd;wd. ,it gy epAf;spay; nfhz;lit> ,itfNs rPNdhNfkPl;Lfs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
177. fy;tpapy;yhkNyNa Vi]Nfh];Nghh; vdg;gLk; jbj;j ciuaw;w nky;ypa
ciwahy; Md ghh;j;njNdh];Nghh;fis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
178. rpy fhyk; Xa;T epiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; irNfh];Nghh; Kisf;fj; Jtq;FfpwJ.
ntspg;Gw ciw ntbj;J cl;Gw ciw ];NghuhQ;rpNah/Nghh; (];Nghuff; fhk;G)
my;yJ GNuhikrpypakhf Foy; Nghd;w tbtpy; tsh;fpwJ.

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179. N`hNkhjhyp]k; (xj;j clyk; nfhz;lit) vd;why; vd;d?

xNu ik]pypaj;jpd; i`ghf;fs; ,iztjd; %yk; xU irNfh];Nghh;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLkhdhy; me;j epiyf;F N`hNkhjhyp]k; vd;W ngah;. xj;jghy;
jd;ikAs;s i`ghf;fs; kl;LNk ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a N`hNkhjhypf;
rpw;wpdq;fSf;Fj; Njit. cjhuzk; kpAf;fh; `Pkhyp]; xU N`hNkhjhypf;
rpw;wpdkhFk;.
180. n`l;bNuhjhypf; rpw;wpdkhd kp.kpA]pNlhtpy; ntt;NtW jd;ik (+ jd;ik kw;Wk;
- jd;ik)nfhz;l ,U jhy];fSf;fpilapy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.
181. n`bNuhjh]p]k; vd;why; vd;d?
kpAf;fhpy; ghypdg; ngUf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,U NtWgl;l ghy;jd;ik (];ln
; ua;d;)
nfhz;l ik]Pypaq;fs; mLj;jLj;j tsu Nehpl;lhy; ,Utif
i`/ghf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa irNfhl;Lfs; kpFjpahf cz;lhFk;. ,e;j epfo;rr ; p
n`bNuhjhyp]k; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gpLfpwJ.

2.4 My;fhf;fs;
182. My;fhf;fisg; gw;wpa mwptpay; Jiw My;fhy[p my;yJ /igf;fhy[p vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
183. jd;dpr;irahf ePhpy; kpjf;Fk; my;yJ jdpj;J ePhpy; ePe;Jk; Ez;zpa My;fhf;fs;
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
/igl;Nlh gpshq;f;lhd;fs;
184. fly;fs; Vhpfspd; Mokw;w fiu Xug; gFjpfspy; mbapy; xl;b thOk;
My;fhf;fs; nge;jpf; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
185. My;fhf;fspd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fSk;> G+Q;irfSk; Nrh;e;J fhzg;gLk; jhtug;gphpT
iyf;fd;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
186. vg;gp/igl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
xU rpy My;fhf;fs; kw;w My;fhf;fs; my;yJ Vidaj; jhtuq;fspd; kPJ
njhw;Wj; jhtukhf tho;fpd;wd. ,it vg;gp/igl;Lfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
187. rpy My;fhf;fs; ypj;Njh/igl;Lfs; my;yJ ghiw tho; My;fhf;fs; MFk;.
188. vspa> Ez;zpa xU nry; caphpfspypUe;J kpfg;nghpa Nkf;Nuh]p];b]; vd;w
fly;ghrp tiu My;fhf;fspd; jhyq;fs; tpj;jpahrg;gLfpd;wd.
189. xU nry; My;fhf;fs; fpshikNlhNkhd]; Nghy efUk; jpwd; cs;sjhfNth
my;yJ FNshnuy;yh Nghy efUk; jpwdw;Nwh fhzg;gLk;.
190. ngUk;ghd;ikahdit ,iofshy; Md clyj;ij cilait? mjw;F v.fh.
jUf?
(v.fh.) ];igNuhifuh
191. rpy My;fhf;fs; kpfg;nghpa clyj;ij cilad. mjw;F v.fh:- fhnyh;g;gh>
rh;fh]k;> yhkpNdhpah> /gpa+f];> Nkf;Nuh]p];l;b];
192. My;fhf;fspd; tbtq;fs; ahit?
My;fhf;fspd; gRq;fzpfq;fs; gytifahd tbtq;fis cilait. v.fh:-
1. fpshikNlhNkhdh]py; - fpz;z tbtKk;
2. ];igNuhifuhtpy; - hpg;gd; tbtKk;
3. irf;dPkhtpy; - el;rj;jpu tbtKk;
193. raNdhghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ePyg;gRk; ghrpfisj; jtpu midj;Jg;
ghrpfSk; ve;j nry; mikg;ig cilait?
A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;
194. My;fhf;fspy; vj;jid tifahd xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

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My;fhf;fspy; %d;W tifahd xspr;Nrh;f ; ;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mitahtd:-
1. gr;irak;
2. fhNuhl;bdha;Lfs;
3. gpypGujq;fs;
195. ePhpy; fiuaf;$ba gpyp Gujq;fis /igf;Nfh vhpj;jphpd; (rpfg;G) kw;Wk;
/igf;Nfhradpd; (ePyk;) epwkpfs; nghJthf NuhNlh/grp tFg;gpYk;
raNdh/igrp tFg;gpYk; KiwNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
196. NuhNlh/igrp tFg;gpy; /GNshhpbad; ];lhh;r; /NgNahigrp tFg;gpy; NykpNdhpad;
];lhh;r;Rk; a+f;spNdh/igrp tFg;gpy; ghuhikyhDk; Nrkpg;Gg; nghUl;fshf
cs;sd.
197. Nre;Njh/igrp kw;Wk; Ngrpy;NyhpNah/igrp My;fhf;fs; nfhOg;G> vz;nza;
kw;Wk; ypg;gpLfis Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wd.
198. firapiofs; vj;jid tiffshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,U tifahd
firapiofs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. rhl;il tif> 2. bd;ry; tif
199. ,uz;L fir ,iofSk;> rk ePsKk; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mtw;iw INrhfhd;l; vd;W
miof;fpNwhk;.
200. n`l;bNuhfhd;l; tifapy; ,uz;L firapiofSk; ePsj;jpy; my;yJ tbtj;jpy;
NtWgLfpd;wd.
201. My;fhf;fspy; %d;W tifahd ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs; tpthpf;fTk;?
1. cly ,dg; ngUf;fk;> 2. ghypyh ,dg; ngUf;fk;> 3. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fk;
202. cly ,dg; ngUf;fk; Jz;lhjy; Kiw Ntw;wplf; fpisfs; Njhd;Wjy;
Kiwap;y; cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.
203. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; gytifahd ];Nghh;fspd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ.
204. #];Nghh;fs;> VgpshNdh];Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; VifNdl;Lfs; Mfpait rpytifahd
ghypyh ];Nghh;fs; MFk;.
205. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fj;jpy; ,uz;L Nfkpl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. ,izAk; Nfkpl;Lfs;
xNu jhyspypUe;J Njhd;wpdhy; mij N`hNkhjhypf; vd;Wk; ntt;Ntwhd
jhy]pypUe;J Njhd;wpdhy; mij n`l;bNuhjhypf; tif vd;Wk; miof;fpNwhk;.
,izAk; Nfkpl;Lfs; INrhNfkpl;Lfs; my;yJ n`l;bNuhNfkpl;Lfs; MFk;.
206. INrhNfkp vd;why; vd;d?
,jpy; Gw mikg;G> nray;jd;ik Mfpa ,uz;bYk; xj;j xNu khjphpahd ,U
NfkPl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. (v.fh.) ];igNuhifuh kw;Wk; fpshikNlhNkhdh]pd;
rpy rpw;wpdq;fs;.
207. n`l;bNuhNfkpapd; tiffis tpthp?
,t;tifapy; NtWghL cila ,uz;L Nfkpl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. mJ
,Utifg;gLk;. 1. midNrhNfkp 2. CNfkp
208. CNfkp tif ,iztpy; Mz;Nfkpl;L Me;jNuhRtha;Lfs; vd;Wk; ngz; NfkPl;L
mz;lk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
209. Me;jNuhRtha;Lfis cUthf;Fk; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; Me;jphpbak;
vd;Wk;> mz;lj;ij cz;L gz;Zk; nry; CNfhdpak; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
210. Me;jNuhRtha;Lk;> mz;lKk; ,ize;J cUthFk; nry; irNfhl; MFk;.
211. F.F. /gphpl;r; jdJ My;fhf;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;Dk; E}ypy;
My;fhf;fis 11 tFg;Gfshf gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
mitahtd:-
1. epwkpfspd; Nrh;f;if> 2. Nrkpg;Gg; nghUl;fs;> 3. firapiofspd; mikT
4. jhy]; mikg;G> 5. ,dg;ngUf;fk;
212. My;fhf;fspd; 11 tFg;Gfs; tpthp?
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TNPSC BOOKS

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1 GK 17,000 300
2 GK1000 - 29
3 2012 100
4 2013 150
5 , 180
6 3000 - 110
7 , , 160
8 120
9 130
10 CURRENT AFFAIRS ENGLISH MEDIUM 55
11 GK 30
12 , 200
13 2013 100
14 TNPSC 160
15 110
16 TNPSC GR. II - (7 ) 130
17 6 12 - 160
18 TNPSC & VAO 500
19 VAO 15 90
20 (All Competitive Examination Used) 500
21 6 to 10 110
22 TNPSC & VAO (6 to 8) 150
23 TNPSC & VAO , , 160
24 TNPSC & VAO 130
25 VAO 25/25 99

TET BOOKS

.
1 6 12 - 160
2 TET (1056) 400
3 TET , , 180
4 TET - 150
5 TET - 130
6 TET - 110
7 TET - , , 160
8 TET- SELF TEST PAPER 65

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TRB

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1 10,000 - 300
2 TRB 4,500 - 150
3 TRB 2200 - 150
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OTHER BOOKS
.
1 +2 60
2 +2 48
3 +2 48
4 70
5 - 50
6 70

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22. 9486525806
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1. ARIVUKKADAL PATHIPPAKAGAM DD M.O
2. ,
: 1161135000002562
IFSC NO KVBL 0001161 / SOUTH MASI STREET, MADURAI
: ,
3262,
,
, 625011.
Contact no: 98651 30130, 98426 49140, 0452-6463666

1. FNshNuh/igrp 2. Nre;Njh/igrp 3. fpiuNrh/igrp 4. Ngrpy;NyhpNah/igrp

5. fphpg;Nlh/igrp 6. ilNdh/igrp 7. FNshNuhNkhdhbdp 8. A+f;spNdh/igrp
9. /NgNah//igrp 10. NuhNlh/igrp 11. kpf;Nrh/igrp.
213. Nghh;/iguhtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; [g;ghd;> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; fyp/Nghh;dpah ehLfspy;
cl;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
214. my;th> yhkpNdhpah> rh;fh]k; kw;Wk; Fnshnuy;yh Mfpa My;fhf;fSk;
gyehLfspy; czthf cz;zg;gLfpd;wd.
215. fly;ghrp vdg;gLk; yhkpNdhpah> /gpA+f;f]; kw;Wk; M];Nfh/gpy;yk; Mfpa
My;fhf;fs; tPl;L tpyq;FfSf;Fk; fhy;eilfSf;Fk; czthf
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
216. M]py;yNlhhpah> mdhgpdh> eh];lhf; kw;Wk; mNyhrpuh Mfpa ePyg;gRk; ghrpfs;
tspkz;ly iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;jp kz;tsj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.
217. mfhh;> mfhh; n[ypbak; kw;Wk; fpuh]PNyhpah Mfpa rpfg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
218. My;[pdpf; mkpyk; vdg;gLk; $o;kk; gOg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
219. mNahbd; nfy;g; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gOg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
220. ilNal;likl;L vd;why; vd;d?
ilNal;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; (fpiuNrh/igrp) My;fhf;fspd; rpypf;fh
epuk;gpa nry; Rth;fspy; ghiw Nghd;W gbAk; nghUNs ilNal;likl;L
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
221. tpz;ntspg; gazq;fspd; NghJ Co2 kw;Wk; clypUe;J ntspahFk; fopTg;
nghUl;fis ntspNaw;wTk; cgNahfg;gLj;jgLk; My;fh vJ?
FNshnuy;yh ighpdha;Nlhrh vd;w My;fh
222. FNshnuy;ypd; vd;w Ez;zpaph; nfhy;yp FNshnuy;yhtpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
223. rpy rkaq;fspy; My;fhf;fs; g;Sk;fs; vdg;gLk; mlh;e;j mikg;igj;

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Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
2.4.1 ];igNuhifuh
224. Jiw : fhQ;RNfy;];
FLk;gk; : i]f;dpNk]p
Nghpdk; : ];igNuhifuh
225. ed;dPh; nfhz;l Fsq;fs;> Fl;ilfs;> Vhpfs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; kpf mjpf mstpy;
kpje;J thOk; gr;ir My;fhthd ,jd; ngah; vd;d?
];igNuhifuh
226. ];igNuhifuhtpd; kw;nwhU ngah; vd;d?
ePh;g;gl;L
227. ];igNuhifuh ,iofspy; kpA+]pNy[; gbe;Js;s fhuzj;jhy; kpfTk;
tOtOg;ghf cs;sJ.
228. ];.ml;Ndl;lhtpy; xl;b thOk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
229. N`g;buh Nghd;w Nthpfs; nfhz;L rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
230. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; ];igNuhifuh rpw;wpdk; vJ?
];. nfhyk;gpahdh
231. ik#hpy; cs;s N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rpapy; ];. N[hnfd;]p]; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
232. irl;Nlh gpshr ,iofs; gpiukhh;bay; Al;hpf;fps; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
233. ];igNuhifuhtpy; fhzg;gLk; gRq;fzpfq;fs; Fwpg;gplj; jFe;jit.
234. ];igNuhifuhtpd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?
1. nt[pNlbt; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
2. ghh;j;njNdh];Nghh;fs;> VifNdl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Vg;sNdh];Nghh;fs; %yk;
,dg;ngUf;fk;
3. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
235. xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s cl;nghUl;fs; xUq;fpize;J xU ciwahy;
#og;gl;L VirNfh];Nghh;fshf my;yJ ghh;njNdh];Nghh;fshf cUkhWfpd;wd.
236. ghh;j;njNdh n[dp]p]; ];igNuhifuh fphPd;Nyz;bfhtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
237. ];igNuhifuh /ghh;Nyhtp[ vd;Dk; jhtuj;jpy; jbj;j ciwAs;s VifNdl;Lfs;
cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
238. ];igNuhifuhtpd; vl;L rpw;wpdq;fs; vjd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd?
Vg;sNdh];Nghh;fs;
239. ];igNuhifuhtpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ve;j rpwg;G NfkPl;Lfspd; ,iztpdhy;
Vw;gLfpwJ?
Vg;sNdhNfkPl;Lfs;> ,jw;F Vg;sNdhNfkp vd;W ngah;.
240. ];igNuhifuhtpd; fhzg;gLk; ,izT tpthp?
,izT ,U tifg;gLfpwJ. 1. Vzp ,izT 2. gf;f ,izT
241. ];igNuhifuhtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; N`hNkhjhypf; MfNth my;yJ n`bNuhjhypf;
rpw;wpdq;fshfNth cs;sd.
242. vjph; vjpuhf cs;s ,U ,iofspd; Vg;sNdh NfkPl;Lfs; ve;j Kiwapy;
,izfpd;wd?
Vzp xj;j ,izT
243. fhQ;RNf\d; Foy; topahf mkpgha;L ,af;fk; %yk; efUk; nraypy; <LgLk;
g;NshNdhNfkPl; Mz; NfkPl;lhfTk;> Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; NfkPl; ngz; NfkPl;lhfTk;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
244. ,uz;L NfkPl;LfSk; ,ize;j gpd; i]Nfhl; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
245. irf;Nfhl;ilr; Rw;wp jbg;ghd ciw tsh;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ> mjd; ngah; vd;d?
irNfh];Nghh;
246. N`hNkhjhypf; rpw;wpdq;fspy; gf;f,izT tifapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eilngWfpd;wJ.
247. xNu ,ioapd; mLj;jLj;Js;s xd;wd; fPo; xd;Ws;s nry;fspy; Vg;sNdh
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NfkPl;Lfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
248. Kisj;jYf;F Kd;dh; ve;j gFg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L ehd;F `hg;shapL
epA+f;spa];fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
bg;shapL irNfhl; kpah]p];
2.5 gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;
249. gpiuNah/igl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia KOikahf;f ,d;dKk; <uj;ij ek;gp thOk;> th];Fyhh;
jpRf;fsw;w (th];Fyhh; jpRf;fshd iryk;> /GNshak; fpilahJ) epy tho;
jhtuq;fNs /gpiuNahigl;Lfs;. vdNt ,it jhtu cyfpd; ePh; epy tho;td
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
250. gpiuNahigl;bd; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?
Me;jphpbak;
251. gpiuNahigl;bd; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?
Mh;f;fpNfhdpak;
252. jhtu clyk; jhy]; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
253. gpiuNah/igl;bd; ghypdg; ngUf;fk; ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jit?
CNkf];
254. gpiuNahigl;Lfspd; tho;f;if Row;rpia tpthp?
tho;f;if Row;rpapy; xw;iw ka Nfkpl;Nlhigl;L re;jjpAk; ,ul;ilka
];NghNuh/igL re;jjpAk; khwp khwp tUk;.
255. xw;iwka re;jjp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;L re;jjp
256. Nfkpl;Lfs; ve;j gFg;gpd; %yk; Njhd;Wtjhy; ,it xw;iw kakhdit?
ikl;lhrp];
257. gpiuNahigl;by; NfkPl;Lfs; ,ize;J vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?
,ul;ilka irNfhl;
258. gpiuNahigl;bd; irNfhl; ve;j re;jjpahf tsh;fpwJ?
,ul;il ka ];ighNuh/igl;L
259. gpiuNahigl;by; xw;iwka ];Nghh;fs; ve;j re;jjpia cUthf;Ffpd;wd?
Nfkpl;Nlh/igl; re;jjp
260. gpiuNahigl;Lfspd; tifghL $Wf?
gpiuNahigl;Lfs; %d;W Kf;fpa tFg;Gfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;

1. n`g;ghl;bf;Nf 2. Me;Njhnruhl;Nl 3. k];i]

(<uy; tbt) (nfhk;G tbt) (kh];fs;)
v.fh. hpf;]pah v.fh. Me;Njhnrhu]; v.fh. /gpA+Ndhpah
261. gpiuNah/igl;Lfspy; tpiy kjpg;gw;w ve;j vhpnghUs; gad;gLfpwJ?
fhpiag; Nghd;W gPl; vdg;gLtJ

2.5.1 hpf;]pah
262. tFg;G : n`g;ghbNf
Jiw : khh;f;Nfd;\pNayp];
FLk;gk; : hpf;]pNa]p
Nghpdk; : hpf;]pah
263. hpf;]pNa]p FLk;gj;jpy; kpf mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nghpdk; vJ?
hpf;]pah
264. hpf;]pah Nghpdj;jpy; nkhj;jk; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd?
130 rpw;wpdq;fs;
265. hpf;]pah Nghpdj;jpy; Kf;fpakhditfs; vit?
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1. hpf;]pah /g;Sapl;ld;];> 2. hp. fhd;n[l;bfh> 3. hpf;]pah FU]pNal;lh

4. hpf;]pah fh\pahgp[> 5. hpf;]pah `khynad;]p];
6. hpf;]pah b];fyh;
266. ,e;jpahtpy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk; hpf;]pahtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; vit?
hp. fhd;n[l;bfh> hp. fh\;ahgp[
267. hpf;]pah rpw;wpdq;fspy; ePh;tho; jhtuk; vJ?
hp;/g;Sapl;ld;];
268. hpf;]pah jhtu cyfpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
Mk;/gpgpad; (ePh;> epyk; tho;td)
269. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s re;jjpfs; vd;d?
Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;> ];NghNuhigl;
270. hpf;]pah Nthpd; Ntiyfis NthpfSk; nra;fpd;wd? mitfis tpthp?
,it ,U tifg;gLk;. Kisfs; Nghd;w cs;Rth; kbg;Gfisg; ngw;w Roiy
ciwNthpfs; kw;Wk; ,tw;iwg; ngw;wpuhj rk ciwNthpfs; vd ,Utifahd
Nthpfs; hpf;]pahtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
271. jhy]pd; cs;sikg;G tpthp?
jhy]pd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; vspa jpR mikg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,U
gFjpfs; ,jpy; njspthfj; njhpfpd;wd.
(1) czT jahhpf;fty;y lhh;]]; gFjp kw;Wk;
(2) Nrkpg;Gj; jpR nfhz;l ntd;lu; y; gfjp vd;gd ,itfshFk;.
272. hpf;]pahtpy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
1. cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk;> 2. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fk;
273. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j rpw;wpdj;jpy; jhy]pd; ntd;lu; y; gug;gpy; Ntw;wplf; fpisfs;
mit gpd; jdpj;Jg; gphpe;J Gjpa clyq;fisj; jUfpd;wd?
hp/GSl;ld;];
274. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j jhtuj;jpy; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; ePh; twl;rpahy; Edpg;gFjpfs;
jtpu Vida fhkpl;Nlh/igl; jpRf;fs; mope;J tpLfpd;wd?
hpf;]pah `pkhyad;]p];
275. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j rpw;wpdj;jpy; ,sk; iurhapLfspd; Edpg; gFjpapy; gFg;Gfs;
epfo;e;J nry;jpus;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd?
hpf;]pah fpshf;fh
276. hpf;]pah fpshf;fhtpd; kw;nwhU ngah; vd;d?
n[k;khf;fs;
277. hpf;]pahtpd; ngUk;ghyhd rpw;wpdq;fs; ve;j tifiar; Nrh;e;jit?
khNd\pa];
278. N`hNkhjhypf; vd;why; vd;d?
Mz;> ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; xNu jhtuj;jpy; mikj;jpUj;jy;. ,ij
N`hNkhjhypf; vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. cjhuzk; hp.fpshf;fh> hp.Nfd;[bfh
Kjyhdit N`hNkhjhypf; rpw;wpdq;fs;
279. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fs; vit?
n`l;bNuh jhypf;
280. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s Mz; jhy];fs; vij kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sd?
Me;njhpbaq;fs;
281. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s ngz; jhy];fs; vij kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sd?
Mh;f;fpNfhdpaq;fs;
282. hpf;]pahtpy; Me;njhpbaj;ijg; ngw;w miw Me;njhpba miw vd;Wk;>
Mh;f;fpNfhdpaj;ij cs;slf;fpa miw Mh;f;fp Nfhdpa miw vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
283. hpf;]pahtpd; Me;njhpbaj;jpDs; vd;d cs;sJ?
Mz;lN ; uhirl;Lfs;
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284. Mz;l;Nuhirl;Lfs; Kjph;rr ; papd; NghJ ve;j tpe;jZthf cUkhWfpd;wd?

Me;njNuhRtha;L my;yJ ];ngh;k;
285. ntd;ll ; iur; Rw;wp ,U mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l ciw Njhd;wp vjid
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ?
Nfypg;l;uh
286. hpf;]pahtpy; ];NghNuh/igl; jiyKiwapd; Kjy; nry; vJ?
bg;shapL irNfhl;
287. hpf;]pahtpd; Nkw;Gwr; nry; vgpNg]y; nry; vd fPo;g;Gw nry; i`NghNgry; nry;
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
288. hpf;]pahtpd; ve;j fUtpd; ,Unry;fs; NkYk; gFg;gile;J ehd;F nry; epiy
milfpd;wd?
];NghNuh/igl; : vgpNg]y; kw;Wk; i`g;NghNg];y;
289. hpf;]pahtpd; ];NghNuh/igl; re;jjp fUtpy; Njhd;Wk; ,UgFjpfs; vit?
ntspg;Gw Mk;/gpjPrpak; kw;Wk; cl;Gw vz;NlhjP]pak; vd;gitNa MFk;.
290. hpf;]pahtpy; vz;N;lhjPrpak; ve;j nry; jpuis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ?
];NghNuh[Pd;]; nry;
291. ];Nghh; jha; nry;fs; kpahbf; gFg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; vjid
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?
nll;uLfs;
292. ];NghNuh[Pd]; nry;fspypUe;J vit Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];Nghh; jha; nry;fs;
293. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; ntspg;Gwk; cs;s fpA+l;bd; nfhz;l mLf;F vt;thW
toq;fg;gLfpwJ?
vN]h]; Nghhpak;
294. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; ika mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d?
kPN]h];Nghhpak;
295. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; cs;sLf;F vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
vz;Nlh];Nghhpak;
296. ];Nghh; Kisj;J vt;thW khWfpwJ?
fhkPl;Nlhigl;lhf
297. hpf;]pahtpy; jiyKiw vg;Nghpdj;jpy; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
`hg;shapL NfkPl;Nlh/igl; jiyKiwAk;> bg;shapL ];NghNuh/igl;
jiyKiwAk; khwp khwp ,g;Nghpdj;jpy; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
298. N`g;shapL jiyKiw vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
NfkPl;Nlhigl;
299. NfkPl;Lfs; vjd; %yk; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
iklhrp];
300. hpf;]pahtpd; Mz;> ngz; NfkPl;Lfs; ,ize;J vjid cUthf;Ffpd;wd?
bg;shapL irNfhl;
301. bg;shapL irNfhl;il ve;j jiyKiwia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ?
bg;shapL ];NghNuhigl;
302. hpf;]pahtpd; ];NghNuh/igl;bypUe;J kpah]p]; gFg;G %yk; vjid
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];Nghh; nll;uLfs;
303. hpf;]pahtpy; fhzg;gLk; re;jjp khw;wk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
cU Xt;th re;jjp khw;wk;

2.6 nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;
304. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fis cila kpfj; njhd;ikahd jhtuk; vJ?
nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;
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305. nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; vjid cilait?

flj;J jpRf;fshd iryk; kw;Wk; /GNshaj;ij cilait
306. midj;J th];Fyhh; jhtuq;fSk; ve;j xNu gphptpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
buf;fpNah/igl;lh
307. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; ve;j jiyKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fs; MFk;?
];NghNuh/igl;L
308. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fSld; $ba ve;j jhtuk; MFk;?
G+thj;jhtuk;
309. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; ve;j jiyKiw khw;wk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ?
njspthd n`l;bNuhkhh;/gpf; jiyKiw
310. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; vjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ?
];Nghh;fs;
311. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspd; rpw;wpdq;fspd; tiffis $Wf?
rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; n`l;bNuh];Nghu]; mjhtJ ,uz;L tifahd ];Nghh;fis
cUthf;Fgit. 1. nghpa nkfh];Nghh; 2. rpwpa ikf;Nuh];Nghh;
312. ];Nghufj;jpy; ve;j Fd;wy; gFg;Gf;Fg; gpwF ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd?
];Nghh; jha; nry;fs; Fd;wy;
313. ];Nghufq;fis cila ,iyfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];NghNuh/gpy;fs; my;yJ ];Nghuf ,iy
314. ];Nghh;fs; Kisj;J vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?
Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;il
315. rpwpa ,iyfSld; $ba nlhpNlh/igl;LfSf;F (v.fh.) jUf?
irNyhl;lk;> iyf;NfhNghbak;> nryh[pndy;yh [rhapl;l];> <f;F]pl;lk;
316. nguzpfSf;F rpy (v.fh.) jUf?
ne/g;Nuhnyg;g]; x/gNahf;sh]k; M];kz;lh> g;nlhp];> mbahz;lk;>
khh;rPypah> mNrhyh> rhy;tpdpah.
317. gpiuNah/igl;L Nghd;witfs; xNu xU tifahd ];Nghh;fis kl;LNk
cz;;lhf;Ftjhy; mjd; tifapd; ngah; vd;d?
N`hNkh];Nghu];
318. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspd; tpij cs;s jhtuq;fspd; ghpzhkj;jpy; vJ Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ?
n`l;bNuh];Nghhp
319. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; vjpypUe;J GOf;nfhy;yp kUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ?
biuahg;nlhp]; vd;w nguzpapd; iuNrhk; kw;Wk; ,iyf;fhk;gpypUe;J
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
320. ve;j nguzpapd; ];NghNuhfhh;g; rpy Mjpthrpfshy; cz;zg;gLfpwJ?
khh;rPypah (ePh; nguzp)

2.6.1 ne/g;Nuhypgp];
321. gphpT : buf;fpNah/iglh
JizgphpT : Buhg;rplh
tFg;G : nyg;Nlh];NghhpNal;Nl
Jiw : /gpyf;Nfy;];
FLk;gk; : nld;];Nll;\pNarp
Nghpdk; : ne/g;Nuhypgp];
322. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; vd;w Nghpdk; Vwj;jho vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; nfhz;l
ntg;gkz;ly NguzpahFk;?
30 rpw;wpdq;fs;
323. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; ngUk;ghyhd rpw;wpdq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
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epy thoplq;fspy;
324. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; vt;thW cs;sd? v.fh. jUf?
epy thoplq;fspy; (v.fh.) ne. thYgpyp]; kw;Wk; ne. uNkhrh
325. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd?
Ie;J rpw;wpdq;fs;
326. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; nghJthf fhzg;gLgit vit?
ne. mf;A+l;lh kw;Wk; ne. bAgNuhrh
327. ];Nghuh/igl;bd; Gw mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLgit ahit?
kl;lepyj;jz;L> Nth;fs; kw;Wk; ,iyfs;
328. khTg; nghUl;fisAk;> ePiuAk; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; fpoq;Ffs; vjpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
ne. bAgNuhrh
329. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; gy ,iyfis cila Kjph;e;j kl;lepyj;jz;L vjid
nfhz;lJ?
bf;bNah];by;
330. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; nky;ypa Rth;fis nfhz;l nry;fshy; Md ntspg;Gw
mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d?
vgpg;nsk;kh
331. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; ve;j Nth;fs; tYtspg;gjhf cs;sJ?
];fpspnud;ifkh
332. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d?
nghpirf;fps;
333. th];Fyhh; njhFg;G ve;j jd;ik cilaJ?
ilahh;f; kw;Wk; vr;rhh;f;
334. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; iryk; jl;bd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; fhzg;gLgit vit?
GNshak;
335. $l;lypiyf; fhk;gpd; FWf;Fntl;by; vit cs;sJ?
Gwj;Njhy;> mbj;Njhy;> jsj;jpR kw;Wk; ];By;
336. ftl;Lf; fpisj;jy; Kiwapy; fpisj;j kl;lepyj;jz;bd; %yk; vit
eilngWfpwJ?
cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk;
337. neg;/Nuhypgp]pd; Kjph;e;j ];Nghhpiyfspd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; fhzg;gLgit vit?
];NghNuhQ;rpaj; njhFg;Gfs; my;yJ Nrhu];
338. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Kjph;e;j GNuhjhy]; vt;tsT tpl;lk; nfhz;L> mjid
kz;zpy; Cd;w Nthpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
3 kp.kP 8 kp.kP
339. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Me;jphpbaq;fs; vjd; mbapy; ikaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ?
GNuhjhy];
340. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Mh;f;fpNfhdpaq;fs; vjd; mUfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
Edpgs;sk;
341. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; xt;nthU Kjph;e;j Me;jhpbaKk; 30-4 gy
firapiofisAila vjid cUthf;FfpwJ?
Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; my;yJ Me;jNuh Nrtha;Lfs;
342. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; ve;j gFg;Gfs; kPz;Lk; epfo;tjhy; irNfhl; gy nry; fUthf
tsh;fpwJ?
ikl;lhbf;
343. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; fUtpy; NkYk; gy Gw cUthf;f khw;wq;fs; epfo;tjhy; ve;j
jhtuk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ?
];NghNuh/igl; jhtuk;

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2.7 tpijj;jhtuq;fs;
([Pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;)
344. kpf ntw;wpfukhf epyr;R+oypy; thOk; Nkk;ghL mile;j jhtuq;fs; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
tpijj; jhtuq;fs;
345. tpijj; jhtuq;fspd; %d;W Kf;fpa Njhw;wq;fs; tpthp?
1. n`l;bNuh];Nghhpapd; Njhw;wk;
2. tpijfs; cUthf;fk;
3. ePe;Jk; jd;ikaw;w Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; Njhd;Wjy;
346. tpijj; jhtuq;fs; ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jit?
n`l;bNuh];Nghu];
347. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; ikf;Nuh];Nghh; vd;gJ vd;d?
kfue;jj;J}s;
348. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; vJ fUg;igiaf; Fwpf;Fk;?
nkfh];Nghh;
349. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; Nth;> jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfspy; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; ,uz;L tFg;Gfis $Wf?
1. [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk 2. MQ;rpNah];ngh;Nk
350. ];ngh;nkl;Nlh/igl;lh gphptpd; gpd; jq;fpa tFg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?
[pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;
351. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; tpijfs; vt;thW cs;sd?
,tw;wpd; tpijfs; jpwe;jit mjhtJ MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; cs;sit Nghy
,it fdpj;Njhypdhy; %lg;gltpy;iy. [pk;Ndh]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F jpwe;j
vd;w nghUSk; ];nkh;Nkh]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tpijfs; vd;w nghUSk;
cz;L.
352. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; ve;j fhyj;jpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ld?
kPNrhNrhapf; (225 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G)
353. gRik epwk; khwhj> Crpapiyfis cilait vit?
Nfhdp/ngh;fs;
354. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; Crpapiyf; fhLfs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
`pkhyag; gpuNjrk;
355. Nfhdp/ngh;fs; vd;gJ vd;d?
igd;> /gH> ]G&];> nrlhh;> Fg;u]; kw;Wk; nrf;nfha;ah n[[hd;lb ; fh
(fpl;lj;jl;l 100 kPl;lh; caukhd nul;Tl; kuk;) MFk;.
356. [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah];ngh;NkfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Ntw;Wikfs;.

tFg;G [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk (irf;fLfs;> tFg;G MQ;rpNah];ngh;Nk (G+f;Fk;

Nfhdp/ngh;fs; kw;Wk; [pq;Nfhf;fs;)
1. iryj;jpy; Foha;fs; fpilahJ.
buf;fPLfs; kl;LNk cs;sd. (ePl;Nlyp];
jtpu) /GNsaj;jpy; Jiz nry;fs;
fpilahJ.
2. $k;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; ,tw;wpy;
];Nghufq;fSk; ];Nghh;fSk; cUthFk;.
3. tpijfs; jpwe;jit. mjhtJ tpijfs;
R+y;igf;Fs; %lg;gltpy;iy
4. R+y;ig ,y;yhjjhy; fdp fpilahJ.
jhtuq;fs;)
iryj;jpy; Foha;fs; cs;sd.
/GNshaj;jpYk; Jiz nry;fs; cs;sd.
kyh;fis cUthf;Fk; ,jpy;
];Nghufq;fSk; ];Nghh;fSk; cUthFk;.
tpijfs; R+y; igf;Fs; %lg;gl;Ls;sd.
fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; R+y;ig fdpahf
khWfpwJ.

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