aN —- ee ina, ro s Unit 19 Moda (Connectors? 19.1 Qo : Ly Expressing contrast aon [ao You can contrast two ideas by using the words despite, although. —) Despite i is a preposition and must be followed by a noun, pronoun or gerund. Despite his illness, he went to work. Despite feeling ill, he went to work. Despite the fact that he was ill, he went to work. He was ill. Despite that, he went to work. You can change the order of the clauses. He went to work despite his illness. Note that in spite ofmeans the same as Gespite *S Although isa capiunelion and is followed by a averb. Although he was ill, he went to work. He went to work although he was ill. Even thoughis a stronger form of although. Eventhough he was in great pain, he didn’t make a sound. You can use though instead of. although but note that in spoken English though is used in this way. It’s a nice restaurant. It’s a bit expensive, though. 239.240 You cannot usealthough in this final position. You can use but and ‘however to express contrast but however must begin a sentence. He entered the competition five years running but he never won a prize. He entered the competition five years running. However, he never won a pilzes Expressing p |purpose | You can express purpose by using the words G0 that, in order fo) These words are followed by different verb patterns. He bought some wood so that he could build’some kitchen units, rat They froze the food so that they would be able to eat in the winter. They froze the food in order to be able to eat in the winter. He bought some wood in order to build some kitchen units. Expressing} iconsequence) ee You can use(so,\thereforeto express consequence but ‘therefore must be the first word in a sentence. The pilot failed his medical test,Go he had to stop flying. The pilot failed his a he had to stop flying. Expressing time differences — Pat — ; You can use(before, after, as soon as, until, when, while to express time relationships. Note that these words are not followed by will or would. | will telephone John when | finish work. (“not ‘I will finish’). When we have dug the garden, we will plant some rose- bushes. (“not ‘we will have dug’) Note that, while can show that two things happened at the same time. He mended my shoes while | waited. (When can show that one thing happened after another. When | threw a stone at the pigeons, they flew away. Sincé\can indicate time aie an woe | have lived here since | was ten/since 1980/since January. Since can also indicate (eason ) f d “Since you got the highest mark, you will get the prize. This means the same as: Because you got the highest mark, you will get the prize. “As)can also indicate time’and reason As we climbed higher, the air became thinner. (time) As Mike is ill. you must take his place. (reason) You can use (in case'to refer to possible future events which require you to take precautions. We don’t use will or would after in case. ~ We took sandwiches in case we couldn't get any food on the train. = Peter always carried a spare inner tube in case he got a puncture. Take your umbrella in case it rains. Unit 20 Adverbs and adverbial phrases / 20.1 You can divide adverbs and adverbial phrases into five groups, according to the information that they give you. 1 Some adverbs tell you show. These are called adverbs of manner. He wrote the letter quickly. 2 Some adverbs tell you where. These are called adverbs of place She put the book on the table. 3 Some adverbs tell you when. These are called adverbs of time. We met them at five o'clock. Note that these kinds of adverbs come towards the end of the sentence, after the object or after the verb if there is no object. For additional emphasis, you can start a sentence with an adverb. Quickly, he seized the revolver and loaded it. You should not place an adverb between the verb and the object. *He drew quickly his gun. (This is wrong.) If these three types of adverb occur in one sentence, the normal order is manner, place, time. Peter played badly (manner) at Wembley (place) on Saturday (time). 4 Some adverbs tell you how often. These are called adverbs of frequency. always, sometimes, often, never, usually, seldom, hardly ever, rarely. When you use a simple tense of the verb to be (I am, etc. | was, etc.) these adverbs come after the verb. She is never on time. They were always short of money. When you use simple tenses of other verbs, these adverbs come before the verb. Andrew always walks to work. We usually worked on Saturday mornings. If the verb includes an auxiliary, which is the case with continuous, perfect and passive tenses, these adverbs usually come after the first auxiliary.