DESSECACI

Conceptes generals i equipaments.

Aplicaci a la obtenci de formes
farmacutiques

Dra. Mireia Oliva i Herrera

DEFINICI

Operaci que t com a objecte la supressi total o parcial

daigua (o humitat), o dun altre solvent contingut en un
producte slid (p.a., forma intermdia, excipient,..).

INTERS EN FARMCIA

Facilitar la conservaci de productes durant temps llargs

Facilitar el maneig de productes o preparats

(ex. Les solucions extractives evaporaci solvent

Concentraci extracte sec)
FONAMENT
Les diferents tcniques es fonamenten en levaporaci,
fenomen de superfcie en que les molcules de la
interfase lquid (o slid humit) / aire adquireixen lenergia
cintica suficient per a vaporitzar-se.
Es regeix per la Llei de Dalton:
dQH O / dT = k . S . (PM - P) / PAMB
2

dQH2O / dT massa d aigua evaporada per unitat de

temps
PAMB pressi atmosfrica
P pressi parcial de vapor daigua en lambient
circundant
PM pressi de saturaci a la temperatura de treball
S superficie devaporaci
k coeficient que depn de la naturalesa, porositat,...
PER TAL DINCREMENTAR EL RENDIMENT :
Augmentar la superfcie (extensi del prod. en safates)
Augmentar la temperatura (sense alterar el producte)
Aplicar un buit parcial
Ventilar per a eliminar el vapor extret, de manera que
disminueix la PV en la cambra devaporaci.

CONTROLAR LA VELOCITAT D EVAPORACI

EN PRODUCTES LBILS AL CALOR
PER TAL D EVITAR LA FORMACI DE CROSTES
SLIDES EN SUPERFCIE, PERQU DIFICULTA LA
CONTINUACI DEL PROCS
PROCS DE TRANSFERNCIA DE MATRIA :
PROCS DE TRANSFERNCIA DE CALOR:
Conducci: El calor es transmet per vibracions
atmiques o moleculars des dun cos a un altre amb el
que est en contacte. Ex. Fluid a dessecar i tubs dacer
inoxidable pels que circula vapor calent.
Convecci: El calor es transmet dun fluid a un altre
amb el que est en contacte. Ex. Aire calent i fluid a
dessecar.
Radiaci: Es transfereix el calor entre dos cossos
mitjanant ones electromagntiques. Ex. Infrarrojos o
microones.
1. DESSECACIOPERCONDUCCI
ESTTICS:Rodetscalefactats
Estufadesafatesperforades
Dessecadorencapafina
DINMICS:Bombomescladorcalefactat
Tnelsdedessecaci
2. DESSECACIOPERCONVECCI
ESTTICS:Tnelsdedessecaci
Estufadesafatesperforades
DINMICS:Nebulitzador
Llitfluid
3. DESSECACIOPERRADIACIONS
ESTTICS:Tneldassecatperinfrarrojos
Fornsdemicroones
Secador de vaco para materiales hmedos
http://www.okawara.co.jp/eng/products/individual/evapor-m.html
http://www.okawara.co.jp/eng/products/individual/fv-m.html
http://www.okawara.co.jp/eng/products/individual/inner-m.html
http://www.okawara.co.jp/eng/products/individual/fevapo-m.html
http://www.okawara.co.jp/eng/products/individual/slurry-m.html
http://www.okawara.co.jp/eng/products/individual/sprude-m.html
 INTEGRATEDFILTERDRYER
The drying principle is used to produce a wide range
of freeflowing powders, agglomerated, and granular
drymaterialsoflowdustcontent,manyofwhichare
difficulttoproduceonotherspraydryertypes.
Integrated Filter Dryer which features an integrated
fluidbedandfilterarrangement.
The location of the filter assembly inside the drying
chamber improves powder quality and gives total in
placepowderrecoveryandcleaningcapability.
Italsosimplifiespowderhandlingasiteliminatesthe
need for external cyclones, bag filters, and fines
recycling.
The location and operation of the internal filters
enhance control over particle formation and
thereforeoverthequalityspecification.
The compact design reduces the amount of
equipmentincontactwiththeproduct.

http://www.niro.com/ndk_website/niro/cmsdoc.nsf/WebDoc/ndkk5hvds3FluidizedSprayDryerFSD
CONVENTIONALSINGLE
STAGESPRAYDRYER
Thebasicsystemisasingle
stagecocurrentspraydryer
withrotaryornozzle
atomization.Product
dischargecanbeeither1
pointwiththeexhaustair
fromthecycloneorbagfilter
collector,or2pointfrom
chamberbaseandcollector
viaaconveying/cooling
system.
Usedwherethepowder
directlymeetsthequality
specification.Otherwise,a
vibratingfluidbedcanbe
providedforpostdrying or
coolingofthechamber
fraction.
Withnozzleatomization,co
currentaswellascounter
currentmixedflowcanbe
obtained
:
THECOMPACTDRYERThe
CompactDryerisaspraydryer
withintegratedfluidbed.The
sprayiscreatedbyeithera
rotaryatomizerornozzles.The
locationofthefluidbedwithin
thedryingchamber(annular
ringaroundtheairoutlet)
permitsdryingtobeachieved
atlowertemperaturelevels,
resultinginhigherthermal
efficienciesandcooler
conditionsforpowder
handling.Theplantcanbe
equippedwithapneumatic
transportsystemforordinary
powders,orwithanexternal
vibratingfluidbedfor
agglomeratedpowders.
MULTISTAGEDRYER/
FLUIDIZEDSPRAYDRYER
TheMSDandtheFSD
combinesspraydryingand
fluidbeddryingtechnologies
andoffersexcellentproduct
flexibilityandgoodthermal
efficiency.
Pressurenozzlesorarotary
atomizerspraythefeeddown
towardsthefluidbedwhere
agglomerationincorporating
finer,recycledmaterialtakes
place.Exhaustairoutletis
throughtheroofcausing
furtheragglomerationinthe
sprayzone.
TheFILTERMATspray
dryerusesnozzle
atomizationinaco
currenttowerthatdirects
thesemidriedparticles
downwardontoamoving
belt.Thematerialisthen
gentlyconveyedasa
porouslayerthrough
zonesofpostdryingand
cooling,resultinginacrisp
cakelikestructure, which
breaksupattheendof
thebeltandisdischarged
throughafinalparticle
sizecontrolsystem.The
exhaustairstreamspass
throughthemateriallayer
onthebelt.
TheNozzletowerproducesfree
flowing,dustlesspowdersconsistingof
coarse,individualbeads.
Inthiscocurrentparallelflowdryer
withatopmountednozzleatomization
systemthecoarsespraydropletsare
driedslowlywhilegentlyfallingdown
thelongresidencetimetowerlike
chamber.Thedriedparticlesare
seperatedbygravityintheenlarged
conicalsectionintoacoarsermain
fractionandfinescollectedfromthe
exhaustair.
Thecoarsefractioncanbecooledbyair
introducedintothelowerpartofthe
cone,orfurtherdried orcooledina
vibratingfluidbed.
Thefinescanberecycledtothe
atomizationzoneforincorporationby
agglomeration,ortotheliquidfeed.
Theagglomeratorproducescoarse
instant,freeflowinganddustless
products.
Agglomerationistherequired
processtoobtainfinesized
powdersorpowdermixesas
instant,freeflowinganddustless
consumerproducts(withfixed
microcomposition).
Theagglomeration
process involvesdispersionoffine
powderinair,followedbymixing
thepowderwithsmalldropletsof
liquidtoformlooseagglomerates
withpointtopointcontact.The
handlingofmaterialduringthe
agglomerationprocess,
isadministeredaccordingtothe
desiredpropertiesofthefinal
product.
Theagglomeratesaredried,
cooledandscreenedandfinesand
milledoversizematerialare
recycled.
SprayCooler
The transition of a melt from a
softorfluidstatetoarigidorsolid
state by cooling is called
congealing. The various droplet
formation techniques and the
efficient droplet / air contact
make the spray drying concept
ideal for making spherical particle
powderbycongealingofmelts.
Recentdevelopmentsinspray
coolingincludetheuseof
congealingchamberswith
integratedbagfiltersfor
congealingandseparationof
productinoneunit.
 InfraredHeaters
IRheatersarehighefficiency,
fastresponse,medium
wavelengthinfrared.Operates
atelementtemperaturesup
to300C.
Designsupto45wattsper
squareinch.
Highlyefficientandeffective.

Heatsuptoprocessingtemperaturesinabout25
45seconds.
Coolsdownto"safe"temperaturesinabout3045
seconds.
Canbemountedhorizontallyorverticallywithout
elementsag.
MicrowaveHotAirDryer
1.Continuousdryingbybeltsconveyor
driving
3.MicrowavePowervaiable:bydrying
processand/ordryingmaterials(10100kw)
4.Hotair:50200C
http://www.okawara.co.jp/eng/products/individual/ribocone-m.html