1 26

.
1. 0 ;

i i , .
:
i i .

0 0 0i ,
i 0 0 0 .
2. ;

i i :
( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i .

i i ,
i i , :
( i ) ( i ) ( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i .

( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i .

i
i :

( i)( i) ( i) i( i) i i ( i)(i)
.
i i i 2 i i ( ) ( )i
:
( i )( i ) ( ) ( )i .

i
, i
, i 0 , i ,
:
i ( i )( i ) ( ) ( )i
2 2 i.
i ( i )( i ) 2 2 2 2

: 25/5/2017
 2 26
,
i
2 i .
i 2 2 2

3. z i ;

z i z i .
z i . :
i i .
i i , i , i .

4. z1 z 2 z1 z 2 .

y
4
M(z)

M (z )

M (, )
M (, ) z i

z i .

z i z i ,
, :
z z 2
z z 2 i .

z1 i z 2 i , :

1. z1 z 2 z 1 z 2
2. z1 z 2 z1 z 2
3. z1 z 2 z1 z 2

z1 z1
4. .
z2 z2
5. z1 z 2 z z1 z 2 z

: 25/5/2017
 3 26

6. z 1 z 2 ... z z 1 z 2 ... z

5. : z1 z 2 z1 z 2

z1 z 2 z1 z 2 :

z1 i z 2 i , :

z1 z 2 ( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i

( ) ( )i ( i ) ( i ) z1 z 2

( ) ( )i ( i ) ( i ) z1 z 2
6. i ;

i ,
4 ,
4, :
1 , 0
i , 1

i i 4 i 4 i (i 4 ) i 1 i i
-1 , 2
i , 3

7. z 2 z 0 , , R
0 .

z 2 z 0 , , , R 0 .
, , :
2

z ,
2 4 2

2 4 . , :

0 , : z1, 2
2

0 , : z
2

: 25/5/2017
 4 26
2
(1)( ) i 2 ( ) 2 i
0 , ,
, :
4 2 4 2 (2) 2 2
2

2
i
z .
2 2

i
: z1, 2 , .
2

z :
z , z z
z , z z .

.
y
5

M(x,y)

|z|

a x

8. ;

M ( x, y ) z x yi .
z M O ,
| z | | OM | x2 y2

9. .

:

| z | | z | | z |

| z |2 z z

| z 1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |

z1 z
z2
1
z2

: 25/5/2017
 5 26
|z
|| z |

| | z1 | | z 2 | | | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |

10. : | z 1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |

:
| z 1 z 2 | | z 1 | | z 2 | | z1 z 2 | 2 | z 1 | 2 | z 2 | 2

( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) z1 z1 z 2 z 2

z1 z 2 z1 z 2 z1 z1 z 2 z 2

, .

11.) ,
| z1 z 2 |

) | z z 0 | , 0;
) | z z1 | | z z 2 | ;

) .
: (M 1 M 2 ) | z1 z 2 |

)
| z z 0 | , 0
K ( z 0 ) .

)
| z z1 | | z z 2 |
A( z1 ) B( z 2 ) .

: 25/5/2017
 6 26

1. f A ;

f f xA .

: f (A) {y | y f (x) x A} .

f A f ( A) .

2. f A ;

f M ( x, y ) y f (x ) ,
M ( x, f ( x )) , x A .

- f C f .

- , , y f (x) C f . , y f (x)
f.
- C f f, :
) f C f .

) f f ( A) C f .

) f x 0 A x x 0 C f (. 8).

y y 8
y x=x0
Cf Cf
f ()
Cf f (x0) A(x0,f (x0))

O x O x O x0 x
() () ()

- C f , f , ,
f | f | .

: 25/5/2017
 7 26
) f , 9
y
x x , f,
y=f (x)
M ( x, f ( x )) M ( x, f ( x)) , (x,f (x))
x x . (. 9).

O x

(x,f (x))
y = f (x)

y 10

y=| f (x)| y=f (x)

O x

) | f | C f
x x , x x , C f
. (. 10).

3.
) f ( x ) x ) f ( x ) x ,
2
0 ) f ( x ) x , 0
3

) f ( x ) , 0 ) f ( x) x , g( x ) |x| .
x

) f ( x ) x
11
y y y

O x O x O x

a>0 a<0 a=0

: 25/5/2017
 8 26
) f ( x ) x , 0 . 2

y y 12

O x

O x
>0 <0

) f ( x ) x 3 , 0 .

y y 13

O x O x

>0 <0

) f ( x ) , 0.
x

y y 14

x
O x O

>0 <0

) f ( x ) x , g( x ) |x| .

y y 15
y x y |x |

O x O x

4. :
) f (x) x , f (x) x , f (x) x

: 25/5/2017
 9 26
) f ( x) x
, 0 1 ) f ( x ) log x , 0 1

) : f ( x ) x , f ( x ) x , f ( x ) x

y 16
1

O 2 x
1
y=x ()
y
1

O 2 x
1
y=x ( )
y

/2 O /2 3/2 x

y=x ()

, f ( x) x f ( x ) x T 2 ,
f ( x) x T .

) f ( x) x , 0 1.

y y 17

1 1

O 1 x O 1 x

>1 () 0<<1 ()

: 25/5/2017
 10 26
1 , : x1 x 2
x1 x2

0 1 , : x1 x 2 x1 x 2 .

) f ( x ) log x , 0 1

y y 18

1 1
1
O 1 x O x

>1 () 0<<1 ()

1) log x y y x 4) log ( x 1 x 2 ) log x 1 log x 2

x
5) log log x 1 log x 2
1
2) log x x log x x
x
2

3) log 1 log 1 0 6) log x 1k log x 1

7) 1 , : log x 1 log x 2 x 1 x 2 , 0 1 ,

log x 1 log x 2 x 1 x 2 .

8) x e xln , e ln .

5. f ,g ;

f g :

x A f ( x ) g ( x) .

6. , ,
f ,g ;

: 25/5/2017
 11 26
f
f g , f - g , fg f, g
g

( f g )( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) , ( f g )( x ) f ( x) g ( x )

f f ( x)
( fg )( x ) f ( x) g ( x ) , ( x ) .
g g ( x)

f g , f g fg A B f g
f
,
g
A B , x
g ( x ) ,

{x | x A x B , g ( x) 0} .

7. f g ;

f, g , , f g,
g of ,

( gof )( x) g ( f ( x )) .

f (A) B 24
f (x)
f
A g(B)
g
g( f (x))
x
g f
A1

) g of x f f (x )
g.
A1 {x A | f ( x) B} .

gof , A1 , f ( A) B .

) , f, g gof fog ,
.
f , g , h ho( gof ) , (hog )of
ho( gof ) ( hog )of .

f, g h hogof .
.

8. f ;

: 25/5/2017
 12 26

f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
9. f A x o A
;

f :

x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,

f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) x A

x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x A .

10. f A 1 1 ;

f :A R 1 1 , x1 , x 2 A
:
x1 x 2 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

) f :A R 1 1 , x1 , x 2 A
:
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) , x1 x 2 .
:

f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) x1 x 2
) f 1 1 , :
- y f ( x) y x.
- .
f .
- , "1 1" . .
1 1
. y 34

y=g(x)

O x

: 25/5/2017
 13 26
x , x0

g ( x ) 1 (. 34). 1 1 ,
, x0
x
.

11. f A ;

f :A R , 1 1 . f
f 1 :

f (x) y f 1 (y) x

) :
1 1
f ( f ( x )) x , xA f(f ( y )) y , y f ( A) .

) f f ( A) f,
f .
) C C f f 1

y x xOy x Oy .

: 25/5/2017
 14 26

.
1. f x o f x o ;

:
f ( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , :

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

x x0 x x0 x x0

) :
() lim f ( x)
x x0

lim ( f ( x) ) 0
x x0

() lim f ( x)
x x0

lim f ( x 0 h)
h 0

) 1 xlim
x
f ( x) 2 lim f ( x)
x x0 f x 0
0
1 f x 0 , 2 f x 0 .

) f x 0 , f x 0 ,
f
( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) ( , x 0 ) ( x0 , ) .

x 0 (. 39, 39) .

f x 0 , , x 0 (. 39)
.

) lim x x 0 xlim c c
x x 0 x 0

2. f x o ;

f x 0 ,
:

) f ( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .

: 25/5/2017
 15 26
) f ( , x 0 ) , ,
( x 0 , ) .

) f ( x 0 , ) , ,
( , x 0 ) .

3. x o .

:
) 1

lim f ( x) 0 , f ( x ) 0 x 0
x x0

lim f ( x) 0 , f ( x) 0 x 0
x x0

) 2

f , g x 0 f ( x ) g ( x) x 0 ,
lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0 x x0

) 3

f g x 0 , :

1. lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x x0 x x0 x x0

2. lim (f ( x)) lim f ( x) , R

x x0 x x0

lim f ( x)
lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim f ( x) lim g ( x) f ( x ) x x0 g ( x) 0
3. x x0 x x0 x x0
4. lim , xlim
x
x x0 g ( x) lim g ( x) 0
x x0

5. lim | f ( x ) | lim f ( x ) 6. lim k f ( x) k lim f ( x) , f ( x ) 0 x 0 .

x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0

) 4

P ( x ) x 1 x 1 1 x 0 x 0 R . :
lim P ( x) P( x 0 )
x x0

P(x)
f (x) P(x) Q(x) x0 R
Q(x) , Q(x 0 ) 0 .
, x

P( x) P( x 0 )
lim
x x0 Q( x) Q ( x 0 )
,
Q( x 0 ) 0

) 5

: 25/5/2017
 16 26
f ,g,h .

h(x) f (x) g(x) x0

lim h(x) lim g(x) l

x x 0 x x 0
,

lim f (x) l
x x 0

|x | | x | , x R . x 0.

limx x 0 limx x 0
x x 0 x x 0

x x 1
lim
x 0 x
1 lim 0
x 0 x
4 . f g xo .

f g x 0 ,
lim f ( g ( x )) , :
x x0

1. u g (x) .
2. ( ) u 0 lim g ( x)
x x0

3. ( ) lim f (u ) .
uu 0

g ( x ) u 0 x 0 , , :

lim f ( g ( x )) lim f ( u) .
x x0 u u0

5 . x o .

,
( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , :

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

) x x0 x x0 x x0

lim f ( x ) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

) x x0 x x0 x x0 .

) xlim f ( x) , f ( x ) 0 x 0 , lim f ( x) , f ( x ) 0
x0 x x0

x0 .

) xlim f ( x) , lim ( f ( x)) , lim f ( x) , lim ( f ( x)) .

x0 x x0 x x0 x x0

: 25/5/2017
 17 26

f ( x) 1
) xlim
x0 , lim
x x0 f ( x)
0.

f ( x) 0 1
) xlim f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim , lim f ( x) 0
x0 x x 0 f ( x) x x0

1
f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim .
x x0 f ( x)

) xlim f ( x) , xlim | f ( x) | . ) lim f ( x) , lim k f ( x) .

x0 x0 x x0 x x0

1 1
) i) lim
x 0 x 2
lim 2 ,
x 0 x
N*

1 1
ii) lim 2 1
, N lim 2 1
, N .
x0 x x0 x

) :
1 ( )

x0
f : R R - -
g : - - -
f g : - - ; ;

2 ( )

x0 R ,
f
>0 <0 >0 <0 0 0 + + - -
:
g
: + + - - + - + - + -

fg : + - - + ; ; + - - +

0
( ) ( ) , 0 ( ) , ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) , ,


.
0

6 . .

)
:

: 25/5/2017
 18 26
1
xlim x

lim 0, N*
x x
, 1
lim x

lim 0, * .
x
- , x x

) P( x ) x 1 x 1 0 , 0 :
lim P ( x) lim ( x ) lim P( x ) lim ( x )
x x x x

x 1 x 1 1 x 0
) f ( x) , 0 , 0 :
x 1 x 1 1 x 0
x x
lim f ( x) lim
lim f ( x) lim

x x x x x x

) -

1 (. 60), y
60

y=a x

1
y=loga x

O 1 x

lim x 0 , lim x
x x

, lim log x
x

0 1 (. 61),

lim x , lim x 0
x x y
61
y=a x
, lim log x
x

O 1 x

y=loga x

: 25/5/2017
 19 26

f , f
(,) .
f f
( , ) .
, x 0 :

.

: 25/5/2017
 20 26

1. f x 0 ;

f x 0 x0 . f
x 0 , lim f(x) f(x 0 )
x x0

: , f x 0 , xlim
x
f(x) f(x 0 ) 0
0

2. f x 0 ;

M f x 0 :
) x 0
) x0 , , f(x0 ) x 0 .

3. f ;

f , , ,
.

4. ;

, x0 xlim P ( x) P ( x 0 ) .
x0

P
, x 0
Q
P ( x) P ( x 0 )
lim .
x x0 Q( x) Q ( x 0 )

f ( x ) x g ( x ) x , x0

lim x x 0 lim x x 0 .
x x0 x x0

, ( ) :
f ( x ) x g ( x ) log x , 0 1 .

: 25/5/2017
 21 26
5.
x 0 :
f g x 0 , x 0 :
f
f g , c f , c , f g , , | f | f
g
x 0 .

6.
f x 0 g f ( x 0 ) ,
gof x 0 .

7. f ( , ) ;

f ( , ) ,
( , ) . (. 63)

8. f [ , ] ;

f [ , ] ,
( , )
lim f ( x) f ( ) lim f ( x) f ( ) (. 63)
x x

y y
63

( ) [ ]
O a x O a x
() ()

f [,]
x0

2.
9. Bolzano
f , [, ] . :
f [, ] , ,
f ( ) f ( ) 0 ,
, , x 0 (, ) ,
f (x0 ) 0

: 25/5/2017
 22 26
, , , f ( x) 0 ( , ) .
, f (
).

Bolzano :
f ,
x x , .
(. 65)
y y
65

f (x)>0
a
O a x O x
f (x)<0

() ()
f
f .
y
66

+
2 + 5 x
+
1 3 4

10. f ;

) f.
) ,
f . f
.

11. ( Bolzano)
f, [, ] . :

f [, ]

f ( ) f ( )

, f ( ) f ( ) , x 0 ( , ) ,

f ( x0 )

: 25/5/2017
 23 26

f ( ) f ( ) . f ( ) f ( ) (. 67).
g ( x) f ( x) , x [, ] , :
g [, ]

g ( ) g ( ) 0 , y 67

f () B(, f ())

y=
f (a)
( , f ())

O a x0 x0 x0 x

g ( ) f ( ) 0
g( ) f ( ) 0 .

, Bolzano, x 0 ( , ) ,

g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) 0 , f ( x 0 ) .

[, ] , , ,

: 25/5/2017
 24 26

12.
f ( ) f
.

y y y
69

( ) ( ) [ )
O a x O a x O a x
() () ()

[, ] , .

: 25/5/2017
 25 26

13. ( )
f [, ] , f [, ]
m. (. 69)
, x1 , x 2 [, ] , , m f ( x1 ) M f ( x 2 ) ,
m f ( x) M , x [ , ] .

m
m
[ ]
O a x2 x1 x

()

f [, ]
[m , M ] , m . y
70
1
3/2 x
O /2 2
1

, f ( x) x , x [0, 2 ] [1, 1] ,
[0, 2 ] m 1 M 1 .

14. f ( , ) ,
( , ) (. 71),

lim f ( x) B lim f ( x ) .
x x

, , f ( , ) ,
( B, A) (. 71).

: 25/5/2017
 26 26
y y
71
B

A
( ) ( )
O a x O a x
() ()

: 25/5/2017