TNH TIN CY CA KT CU GIN THP

BNG M PHNG MONTE-CARLO

CALCULATING RELIABILITY OF STEEL TRUSS STRUCTURES BASED MONTE-
CARLO SIMULATION

PGS. TS. BI C NNG - Vin Ky thut cng trinh c bit, Hoc vin KTQS
Email: nanghvktqs@gmail.com
ThS. HONG VN N - Cng ty c phn Hoa Dng, Thun Thanh, Bc Ninh

Tm tt: Vic tnh ton kt cu cng trnh theo tin cy l rt cn thit. Tuy
nhin cc phng php gii tch nh gi tin cy ca kt cu gp rt nhiu kh
khn. M phng Monte-Carlo l phng php s c nh gi l hiu qu trong vic gii
cc bi ton nu trn. Bi bo trnh by cch tnh tin cy ca kt cp gin thp loi
dm bng s kt hp gia hai thut ton l phng php phn t hu hn v m phng
Monte-Carlo. Kt qu cho thy bng cch ny cho php to ra cng c s hu hiu
trong phn tch, nh gi tin cy kt cu cng trnh ni chung v kt cu gin
thp ni ring.
T kha: tin cy, kt cu gin, m phng, Monte-Carlo, xc sut
Abstract: The reliability calculation of construction structures is essential. However,
reliability analysis methods of structures, that based analytical mechanic, encountered
many difficulties. Monte-Carlo simulation method is considered the effectiveness in
addressing the above problems. This paper presents the reliability calculation of steel
girder truss by the combination between two algorithms are finite element method and
Monte-carlo simulation. The results showed that in this way has allowed creation of an
effective tool in reliability assessment and analysis of construction structures and of steel
truss structures in particular.
Keywords: Reliability, Truss Structures, Simulation, Monte-Carlo, Probability

1.t vn 2.1. C s l thuyt tnh kt cu theo tin cy

Qu trinh kho st, thit k, thi cng cc cng trinh
chng ta vn thng xuyn tip xc vi cc i lng
ngu nhin v vt liu, hinh hoc kt cu va ti trong.
Trong cc phng php tin nh, n gin ho
qu trinh tnh ton va thin v an toan, chng ta vn
b qua tnh ngu nhin ca chng va a vao cc h
s an toan.
L thuyt tin cy c nhim v nghin cu nh
lng cc ch tiu cht lng ca sn phm (kt cu
cng trinh), s bin i theo thi gian ca cc ch tiu
cht lng va tui tho ca sn phm. Phng php
tin cy cho php xem xt toan din hn s lam
vic ca kt cu khi xt n tnh bt nh ca cc bin
thit k va coi chng la cc i lng ngu nhin.
Nh vy l thuyt tin cy c ngha to ln.
Hin nay, tnh ton kt cu cc b phn cng trinh
nc ta vn ch yu s dng cc phng php tin
nh. Cc nghin cu, tnh ton theo hng tin cy
cn rt t.
Trong thc t, do tnh n gin ca cc cu trc
gian nn chng c s dng rng ri trong xy
dng cng trinh giao thng, dn dng va cng
nghip... Do vy, vic nh gi cc cu trc nay da
trn tin cy la iu cn thit xc nh an toan
ca chng. Cha k n vic nh gi da trn tin
cy cng c th c s dng ti u ha chi ph
bo tri va sa cha cc cu trc nay.
2. C s l thuyt tnh kt cu theo tin cy v
phng php m phng Monte-Carlo [2]
iu kin an toan v kh nng chu lc ti tit din
ang xt la:
T0 Ttd (1)
trong : T0 - gi tr ni lc bt li nht c th pht
sinh trn tit din di tc ng ca ngoi lc;
Ttd - kh nng chu lc ca tit din ang xt.
Vi T0 va Ttd u la ham ph thuc vao cc thng s
ngu nhin nn khng th khng nh c (1) lun
tha mn. Vi vy o mc tha mn ca (1) phi
tnh xc sut:
Prob Ttd T0 0
(2)
tnh xc sut nay, c th dng mt trong cc
phng php sau: Tuyn tnh ha tnh ch s tin
cy , tnh theo phng php lp, tnh theo phng
php tch bin hoc tnh trc tip t ham mt ca
l thuyt xc sut. Cch tnh cn ty thuc vao tng
bai ton c th.
i vi bai ton kim tra, lc nay cc thng s
ngu nhin v hinh hoc, vt liu, ti trong coi nh
bit, cn tnh xc sut theo (2).
Cc phng php gii tch nh gi tin cy
(thng qua xc sut khng hng) ca kt cu la
phng php chnh xc nhng gp nhiu kh khn
v mt ton hoc lin quan n vic tnh cc tch phn
cha cc ham phn phi xc sut va mt xc sut,
c bit i vi cc bai ton nhiu bin va cc bin la
qu trinh ngu nhin. Trong cc trng hp phc tp
nh vy thi phng php s la phng tin duy nht
 gii cc bai ton t ra. Mt trong cc phng
php s c hiu qu nh gi tin cy ca kt
cu la phng php m phng Monte-Carlo.
2.2. Phng php m phng Monte-Carlo
Ni dung ca phng php m phng Monte-
Carlo gm 3 giai on:
1- M hinh ha cc bin ngu nhin u vao t
cc ham mt hoc ham phn phi xc sut cho
trc ca chng;
2- Tnh ton tin nh theo cc th hin u vao
nhn cc th hin u ra;
3- X l thng k cc th hin u ra tim cc
c trng xc sut ca n va kim tra cc gi thit
thng k. Nu s th hin (php th) c to ra
cang ln thi kt qu cang tin cy.
cho n gin, ta gi thit rng cc bin c bn
Xi, i = 1, ..., n la c lp thng k va c cc ham phn
phi bit. Phng php Monte-Carlo nhm to ra
tp cc gi tr th hin c lp xi cho mi bin c bn
va t xc nh cc gi tr th hin tng ng ca
qung an toan M:
m f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) f ( x )
Bng cch to ra cc s ngu nhin, qu trinh nay
c lp li nhiu ln nhn c mt tp ln cc
gi tr m; t c th m phng dng phn phi xc
sut ca i lng M. Ni chung, dng phn phi xc
sut chnh xc ca i lng M thng khng theo
mt tiu chun nao, nhng n c th c quyt nh
bi dng phn phi ca bin c bn ni tri nht.
Xc sut ph hy c th c nh gi theo hai
cch. Th nht, vi M 0 ng vi min ph hy, nn
xc sut ph hy Pf c vit thanh:
k phi kim tra iu kin rang buc v cng ca
Pf P( M 0) lim
n n
trong n la tng s php th; k la s php th
ma f ( x ) 0.
Tuy nhin, t s k/n la mt i lng thng k, nn
phn phi va c bit la phng sai ca n s ph
thuc vao s lng php th. i vi trng hp xc
sut ph hy thp hoc s php th n la nh thi vic
nh gi Pf qua k/n c th s c tnh bt nh.
Cch th hai la t cc gi tr th hin m, ta xc
nh ham phn phi ph hp M bng cc php kim
nghim lut phn phi. Khi xc sut ph hy gn
ng bng:
0 [1], tc gi xy dng chng trinh phn tch tnh
Pf f M (m)dm
Trong PM(m) la ham mt xc sut ca qung
an toan M.
Cch nay c p dng khi s lng php th la
nh.
3. Bi ton phn tch tnh kt cu gin thp theo
tin nh
Trong bai ton thit k thng thng theo tiu
chun hin hanh (TCVN 5572-2012), mt kt cu
gian c tnh ton theo cc bc sau:
- Gi nh tit din.
- Tnh ton ni lc.
- Chon s b tit din.
- Kim tra iu kin bn va iu kin cng.
- Chon li tit din nu kim tra khng t hoc
qu tha.
- Kim tra li.
Bc chon tit din va kim tra c th lp li nhiu
ln cho ti khi kim tra t yu cu va khng qu
tha thi dng li.
iu kin bn va iu kin cng i vi cc
phn t gian khi tnh ton thit k c xc nh nh
sau [3]:
- Tnh thanh ko ng tm:
N
R
A (6)
Tnh thanh nn ng tm :
N
R
m A (7)
- Tnh theo mnh gii hn [].
Tit din chon nh nht va bo m cc bn knh
qun tnh yu cu :
lx ly
rx ry
(3) [ ] ; [ ] (8)
Trong cc cng thc (5), (6), (7), cc i lng
c gii thch nh sau: - ng sut (ko, nn) xut
hin trong thanh gian ; N - lc doc trc trong thanh ; A
- din tch tit din thanh ; R - cng tnh ton ca
thp ; - h s un doc, ph thuc mnh (tra
bng lp sn) ; lx - chiu dai tnh ton ca thanh gian
trong mt phng; ly - chiu dai tnh ton ca thanh
gian ngoai mt phng ; m - h s khi xt n cc
trng hp cu to ca thanh nn ng tm.
Ngoai cc iu kin i vi tng phn t nh trn,
toan h gian thng qua chuyn v cho php ln nht
(4)
[]. i vi gian dm, iu kin rang buc chuyn v
ti mi nhp gian vi kch thc L c xc nh:
L
max [ ]
600 (9)
Nh vy, k c trong bai ton thit k cng nh
bai ton kim tra kt cu gian, cn phi thc hin
phn tch ni lc kim tra cc iu kin bn va
cng ca kt cu. lam iu nay ph hp vi s
kt hp m phng Monte-Carlo, cn phi p dng
phng php phn t hu hn.
Trn c s l thuyt v phn t hu hn h gian
kt cu h gian theo phng php phn t hu hn
trong mi trng Matlab. Chng trinh c tn
(5)
FEMTRUSS_AN. Trong bai nay ch tp trung cho h
gian phng loi gian dm.
nh gi tin cy ca chng trinh lp,
tin hanh phn tch hai v d va so snh vi kt qu
tnh ton t phn mm SAP2000. Ai s trong hai v d
nay mc max 2%. Kt qu cho thy chng
trinh lp c tin cy s dng.
4. S tnh tin cy kt cu gin dm [4]
4.1. Kt cu gian dm tinh inh
i vi kt cu gian tnh nh, ch cn mt thanh b
ph hoi thi kt cu s b bin hinh va dn ti sp .
Do , kt cu gian tnh nh c th c m phng
thanh s ghp ni tip tt c cc phn t ca n.
 V d xt gian tnh nh c s kt cu (a) nh
sau (hinh 1):
Hinh 1. S kt cu gian tnh nh
Kt cu gian trn bao gm 17 phn t thanh chu
lc doc trc c lin kt hai u la khp. Ch cn 1
thanh bt ky hng la kt cu hng. Vi vy, c th m
phng n thanh h mc ni tip nh sau (hinh 2):
Hinh 2. S m hinh tnh TC h (a) hinh 1
Xc sut khng hng ca h (a) qua s (b)
c xc nh:
17
P p1 . p2 ... p16 . p17 pi
i 1
Trong pi (i=117) - xc sut khng hng ca
thanh gian th i trong h ang xt.
4.2. Kt cu gian dm siu tinh
a/ M t ct chuyn thanh khp
Trn mt mt ct, nu mt hoc mt s thanh b
ri vao trng thi mt an toan (hng), ch cn li hai
thanh, thi mt ct tng ng vi mt khp. V tr
khp ti giao im ca hai thanh nay. Nh vy, mt
mt ct gian chuyn thanh khp khi trn mt ct
ch cn li hai thanh lam vic.
Nu trn mt ct c n thanh thi s kh nng to
khp s la mt t hp chp 2 ca n thanh: n .
Trn hinh 3:
- Mt ct tnh nh: la mt ct gian c 3 thanh nh
s kt cu (c). S in m phng kh nng ha
khp ca n la (d).
- Mt ct siu tnh: la mt ct gian c 4 thanh nh
s kt cu (e). S in m phng cc kh nng
ha khp ca n la (f).
Hinh 3. S kt cu gian dm siu tnh va s
in m phng kh nng ha khp ca n.
b/ Xc inh kha nng tao thanh c cu cua gian
Cn c gi tr ng sut trong cc thanh s xc
nh c s lng mt ct c nguy c to khp.
y la c s tnh tin cy.
Vi gian siu tnh nhiu nhp, vic xc nh s t
hp khp to thanh c cu, c th c xt thng
qua s dm lin tc tng ng.
Ni chung, vi gian lin tc c n nhp chu ti trong
thi dm tng ng c bc siu tnh la (n-1). iu
kin hinh thanh c cu tng th la trn h c n tit
din ha khp. iu kin hinh thanh c cu cc b
la c ba khp lin k nhau c to thanh.
Trong thc hanh tnh ton, ty theo ti trong tc
dng ln trn gian, s xc nh c th tit din c
nguy c ha khp. Khi , sp xp th t ng sut
trong mt ct t ln n nh ta s xc nh c kh
nng hinh thanh c cu tng th theo th t u tin,
cng nh kh nng hinh thanh c cu cc b. Vic
tnh ton tin cy ca h c th thc hin bng tay
hay t ng ha.
5. Xy dng chng trinh tnh tin cy kt cu
gin theo m phng Monte-Carlo
(10) Chng trinh tnh tin cy kt cu gian theo m
phng Monte-Carlo c xy dng da trn c s
kt hp hai thut ton:
- Thut ton phn t hu hn phn tch tnh kt
cu h thanh (c trinh bay mc 3).
- Thut ton m phng Monte-Carlo (c trinh
bay mc 2).
S khi ca chng trinh c th hin trn
hinh 4.
Trn c s s khi va chng trinh
FEMTRUSS_AN, pht trin thanh chng trinh tnh
tin cy kt cu gian theo m phng Monte-Carlo
trong mi trng MATLAB. Chng trinh c t
C2 tn RES_TRUSS. Cc php tnh ma trn va vct
trong chng trinh cng nh to pht cc th hin
ca cc bin ngu nhin u vao c thc hin
bng cc ham c sn ca b th vin Matrix VB c
vit bi MathWorks Ltd. Cu trc ca chng trinh
gm cc m un chnh: m un nhp s liu, m un
to pht cc th hin ca bin ngu nhin u vao,
m un tnh kt cu theo quan nim tin nh, m un
x l kt qu.
Ngoai ra cn c cc ham va th tc con c goi
bi cc m un chnh ca chng trinh.
Chng trinh cho php tnh xc sut khng hng
ca kt cu h thanh c k n cc yu t ngu nhin
v vt liu, hinh hoc kt cu va ti trong.
 Bang 1. ng sut trong cc phn t thanh gian bai
ton 1 tnh theo tin nh
ng sut ng sut
Phn t Phn t
trong thanh trong thanh
thanh thanh
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1 -70,3125 10 -117,1875
2 -71,7391 11 -109,8901
3 -39,1304 12 -109,8901
4 -71,7391 13 -117,1875
5 -70,3125 14 92,1457
6 0,0000 15 72,9153
7 117,1875 16 72,9153
8 117,1875 17 92,1457
9 0,0000 [] = 210

Nh vy cc thanh trong h gian u m bo

iu kin bn.
+ Theo iu kin (9) chuyn v cho php ca h la:
12000
2cm
Hinh 4. S khi ca chng trinh tnh xc sut 600
khng hng kt cu gian D thy do tnh i xng, chuyn v ln nht ca
Trong bai bo nay s s dng cc phng php h s la chuyn v ti nt 5 va nt 6. Kt qu do
va cc gi thit di y tnh ton tin cy i chng trinh FEMTRUSS_AN tnh chuyn v ln nht
vi kt cu gian thp. ca h ti nt 5 la 1,99 cm va ti nt 6 la 2,00 cm.
- Dng phng php tnh theo trng thi gii hn Nh vy h thit k bo m iu kin chuyn v
th nht (gii hn bn), tnh ton kt cu gian cho php.
thp. b/. Tnh ton tin c y cua h khi xet n cc bt
- Cc bin ngu nhin c ham phn phi xc sut la inh cua v t li u, hinh hoc cua kt cu va tai trong:
ham phn phi chun. Khi cc yu t vt liu, hinh hoc ca kt cu va ti
6. V d s trong c xem xt la cc bin ngu nhin vi cc
6.1. Bi ton 1 c trng thng k cho, s dng chng trinh
Xt gian c s nh hinh 5 va c lam bng RES_TRUSS tnh ton tin cy ca h gian.
thp c mun an hi vi ky vong la E = 2,1.10 4 Kt qu tnh ton c trinh bay trong bng 2,
kN/cm2, lch chun ca n la 1,05.103 kN/cm2. trong c cc thng tin v kt qu s ln hng (ph
ng sut chu ko, nn cho php c ky vong la [] = hy) ca tng thanh gian, xc sut khng hng ca
tng phn t va ca toan h theo bn; s ln
21 kN/cm2 va lch chun la 1,05 kN/cm2. Cc tit
chuyn v nt vt qu gi tr cho php va xc sut
din thanh c ky vong ln lt la A1 = 54,60 cm2 (2
khng hng ca h theo rang buc v chuyn v.
thp gc L140x140x10); A2 = 38,40 cm2 (2 thp gc
Bang 2. Kt qu tnh tin cy ca h gian BT1
L100x100x10); A3 = 23,00 cm2 (2 thp gc L75x75x8)
S ln th nghi m: 10.000
va h s bin sai bng 0,01. Cc ti trong nt c ky
vong ln lt la P1 = 45kN; P2 = 60 kN; P3 = 90kN, h tin cy v bn tin cy v cng
s bin sai bng 0,1. S ln Xc S ln Xc
Phn ng sut chuyn sut
t Nt v ng
sut hng hng
thanh
>[] (%) >[] (%)
1 3 0,03 1 0 0
2 3 0,03 2 0 0
3 0 0 3 7 0,07
Hinh 5. S hinh hoc va ti trong bai ton v d 1 - 4 5 0,05 4 19 0,19
dan dm tnh nh 5 5 0,05 5 4372 43,72
6 0 0 6 4913 49,13
7 145 1,45 7 16 0,16
8 141 1,41 8 22 0,22
9 0 0 9 0 0
Hinh 6. S nt va phn t bai ton 1 trong 10 166 1,66 10 0 0
FEMTRUSS_AN 11 109 1,09 tin cy v bn ca h
a/. Kim tra thit k theo tin inh: 12 103 1,03 theo (10): = 91,47%
S dng chng trinh FEMTRUSS_AN tnh kim 13 130 1,3 tin cy v chuyn v
tra iu kin bn va chuyn v ca thanh. 14 25 0,25 ca h: =50,87%
+ Theo iu kin bn, cc gi tr ng sut trong 15 7 0,07
thanh c kt qu tnh nh trong bng 1. 16 10 0,1
 17 34 0,34 ti nt 5 la 1,99 cm va ti nt 6 la 2,00 cm. Nh vy
h thit k bo m iu kin chuyn v cho php.
* Nh n xet: H c tin cy v chuyn v kh b/. Tnh ton tin c y cua h khi xet n cc bt
thp, la do khi thit k theo tin nh h c chuyn inh cua v t li u, hinh hoc cua kt cu va tai trong:
v ln nht st vi gi tr chuyn v cho php. Do Tng t nh trinh bay i vi bai ton 1, kt
chuyn v nt rt d dang vt qua ngng an toan qu tnh ton c trinh bay trong bng 4.
khi c nhng bin ng ngu nhin v vt liu, hinh Bang 4. Kt qu tnh tin cy ca h gian BT2
hoc ca kt cu va ti trong. S ln th nghi m: 10.000
6.2. Bi ton 2 tin cy v bn tin cy v cng
Xt gian c s nh hinh 7 va c lam bng S ln Xc S ln Xc
Phn
thp c mun an hi vi ky vong E = 2,1.10 5 ng sut chuyn sut
t Nt v ng hng
kN/cm2, lch chun ca n la 1,05.103 kN/cm2. sut hng
thanh
ng sut chu ko, nn cho php c ky vong la [] = >[] (%) >[] (%)
21 kN/cm2 va lch chun la 1,05 kN/cm2. Cc tit 1 0 0 1 0 0
din thanh c ky vong ln lt la A1 = 39,40 cm2 (2 2 0 0 2 0 0
thp gc L125x125x8); A2 = 19,18 cm2 (2 thp gc 3 0 0 3 0 0
L100x63x6 ghp cnh ln); A3 = 23,00 cm2 (2 thp 4 0 0 4 0 0
gc L70x45x5 ghp cnh ln) va h s bin sai bng 5 0 0 5 2320 23,20
0,01. Cc ti trong c ky vong ln lt la P 1 = 45kN; 6 20 0,20 6 2513 25,13
P2 = 60 kN; P3 = 90 kN, h s bin sai bng 0,1. 7 52 0,52 7 0 0
8 50 0,50 8 0 0
9 18 0,18 9 0 0
10 10 0,10 10 0 0
11 34 0,34 tin cy v chuyn v
12
13
30
12
0,30
0,12 ca h:
Ps min ps5 ; ps6
Hinh 7. S hinh hoc va ti trong bai ton v d 2 - 14 0 0 = 74,87%
dan dm siu tnh 15 0 0
16 0 0
17 0 0
18 0 0
Hinh 8. S nt va phn t bai ton 2 trong 19 0 0
FEMTRUSS_AN 20 0 0
a/. Kim tra thit k theo tin inh: 21 0 0
S dng chng trinh FEMTRUSS_AN tnh kim
tra iu kin bn va chuyn v ca thanh. tin cy v bn ca h xt theo iu kin kh
+ Theo iu kin bn, kt qu tnh cc gi tr ng nng ha khp trn cc mt ct gian. Do tnh cht
sut trong thanh c a ra trong bng 3. i xng ca s kt cu va ti trong, ch cn tnh
Bang 3. ng sut trong cc phn t thanh gian bai cho 1/2 gian tc la ch tnh vi 2 mt ct gian:
ton 2 tnh theo tin nh (1). M t ct I (qua cc thanh 6, 10, 14, 15)
ng sut ng sut Vi mt ct gian c 4 thanh s xy ra 3 trng
Phn t Phn t hp, tng ng c 3 xc sut:
trong thanh trong thanh
psI 1 1 p 6f . p10f 1 p14f . p15f
thanh thanh
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1 -78,9135 12 -132,8437
2 -7,2077 13 -110,9031 psI 2 1 p6f . p14f 1 p10f . p15f
psI 3 1 p 6f . p15f 1 p10f . p14f
3 -11,9896 14 -67,3340
4 -7,2077 15 60,3603
5 -78,9135 16 -76,5980 Xc sut an toan (khng ha khp) ca mt ct I
6 123,7163 17 73,4065 la:
7 133,6537 18 73,4065 psI min psI 1 ; psI 2 ; psI 3
8 133,6537 19 -76,5980
9 123,7163 20 60,3603 Trn mt ct I, kt qu bng s nh sau:
10 -110,9031 21 -67,3340 Phn t Xc sut ph Xc sut an toan
11 -132,8437 [] = 210 thanh (i) p if ca mt ct
hy (%)
6 0,20 psI 1 = 99,98%
Nh vy cc thanh trong h gian u m bo
iu kin bn. 10 0,10 psI 1 = 100%
+ Kim tra v iu kin chuyn v:
Vn do tnh i xng, chuyn v ln nht ca h s 14 0 psI 1 = 100%
la chuyn v ti nt 5 va nt 6. Kt qu do chng 15 0
trinh FEMTRUSS_AN tnh chuyn v ln nht ca h psI = 99,98%
 Do tnh i xng ca s kt cu va ti trong, ta
(2). M t ct II (qua cc thanh 7, 11, 16, 17): c:
Tng t trn, c cc trng hp xc sut: psI psIV va psII psIII
p II 1
s 1 p .p
7
f
11
f 1 p .p
16
f
17
f Nh vy:
1 p .p 1 p .p Ps psI . psII
II 2 7 16 11 17 2
p s f f f f
= 99,8032%
psII 3 1 p 7f . p17f 1 p .p
11
f
16
f
7. Kt lun
- Vic kt hp gia hai phng php phn t hu
Xc sut an toan (khng ha khp) ca mt ct II hn va m phng Monte-Carlo cho php to ra cng
la: c s hu hiu trong phn tch, nh gi tin cy
psII min psII 1 ; psII 2 ; psII 3 kt cu cng trinh ni chung va kt cu gian thp ni
Trn mt ct II, kt qu bng s nh sau: ring.
- Qua hai v d s, cho thy kt cu gian thp dng
Phn t Xc sut ph Xc sut an toan dm c xc sut an toan cao v iu kin bn, thp
thanh (i) p if ca mt ct v iu kin cng (chuyn v cho php.
hy (%)
7 0,52 psII 1 = 99,8232%
Ti liu tham kho
11 0,34 [1] Nguyn Quc Bo, Trn Nht Dng (2002).
psII 1 = 100%
Phng php phn t hu hn, l thuyt v
16 0 psII 1 = 100% lp trnh. Nxb Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
[2] Phan Vn Khi (2001). C s nh gi
17 0 psII = 99,8232% tin cy. Nxb Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
[3] on nh Kin v cng s (2005). Kt cu
Gian c mt nhp s hinh thanh c cu khi c mt thp. Nxb Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
trong 4 mt ct ha khp tng ng s mc ni [4] L T (2003). Kt hp tin cy trong tnh
tip ca 4 mt ct gian. Nh vy, xc sut an toan ton ti u dn dm. Lun vn Thc s k
chung ca kt cu gian la: thut, Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni.
Ps psI . psII .p III IV
s . ps