PHNG PHP TNH

TC TNG NNG SUT CC NHN T TNG HP

PGS.TS. Tng Vn Khin

Vin trng Vin Khoa hc Thng k

Nng sut cc nhn t tng hp (vit tt ting Anh l TFP) xt cho cng l
kt qu sn xut mang li do nng cao hiu qu s dng vn v lao ng (cc
nhn t hu hnh), nh vo tc ng ca cc nhn t v hnh nh i mi cng
ngh, hp l ho sn xut, ci tin qun l, nng cao trnh lao ng ca cng
nhn,v.v... (gi chung l cc nhn t tng hp).
hiu r ni dung, bn cht ca ch tiu nng sut cc nhn t tng hp,
iu kin p dng phng php v kh nng tnh tc tng nng sut cc nhn
t tng hp bi vit s trnh by qu trnh hnh thnh cng thc tnh t l tng ln
ca kt qu sn xut do nng cao nng sut tng hp chung, cch tnh tc
tng nng sut cc nhn t tng hp theo phng php hch ton v theo hm
sn xut Cobb-Douglass cng nh mi quan h gia cc phng php.
1. Cng thc tnh t l tng ln ca kt qu sn xut do nng cao nng sut
tng hp chung.
Khi nghin cu v nng sut trn c s ch tiu u ra l gi tr tng thm
(k hiu l Y) v 2 ch tiu u vo: vn c nh (k hiu l K) v lao ng (k
hiu l L), cng thc tnh mc nng sut tng hp chung (k hiu l P) nh sau:
Y Y
P (1)
b.K L N
Trong b l h s chuyn i t vn (tnh bng tin) v lao ng tnh bng
ngi. V nh vy i lng b.K l lao ng quy i, lc N = b.K + L v
c gi l tng s lao ng x hi hoc tng s ngun lc sn xut.
T cng thc 1 suy ra:
Y=P.N (2)
T cng thc trn c:
Y1 P N
1. 1
Y 0 P0 N 0

Hoc IY = IP . IN (3)
Trong :
0,1 k hiu cho k gc v k bo co;
IY l ch s pht trin v gi tr tng thm;
IP l ch s pht trin v nng sut tng hp chung;
IN l ch s pht trin v ngun lc sn xut.
 Trn c s h thng ch s 3 (theo nguyn tc tnh s tuyt i ca ch s) ta
c cng thc tnh kt qu sn xut (GTTT) mang li do nng cao nng sut tng
hp chung (Y(p)):
Y(p) = (P1 - P0). N1 (4)
T tip tc xy dng cng thc tnh t l tng ln ca kt qu sn xut
(GTTT) do nng cao nng sut tng hp chung ( I p ):
Y

p P1 P0 N1
IY p Y
Y0 P0 .N 0
P1N1 P0N1 Y1 N1
= = IY - IN (5)
P0 N 0 P0 N 0 Y 0 N 0

p dng c cng thc 5 cn phi tnh cc ch s gi tr tng thm (IY)

v ch s ngun lc sn xut (IN). Trong thc t cng tc thng k vic tnh ch
s gi tr tng thm c tin hnh mt cch thun tin trn c s s liu thng
k v gi tr tng thm hng nm (theo gi so snh) c cc cun nin gim hoc
h thng s liu tnh sn. Vn cn li cn gii quyt l cch tnh ch s
ngun lc sn xut (IN).
Lao ng v vn l 2 i lng c n v tnh khc nhau (vn tnh bng tin
cn lao ng tnh bng ngi), nn khng th cng trc tip vn vi lao ng ri
em so snh gia cc thi k vi nhau c ch s ngun lc sn xut. c
nhiu nh kinh t v thng k trn th gii a ra gii php khc phc kh khn
trn bng cch quy i vn v lao ng hoc quy i lao ng v vn theo cc h
s quy i vi nhng gi nh no (theo cng thc 1 ta gi thit c c h
s quy i vn v lao ng b v khi c tng s lao ng: N = b.K + L).
Tuy nhin, nhng ngh quy i nh trn l rt phc tp, hin vn cn
dng l thuyt v cha c nht tr cao nn cha a vo s dng.
Ni cch khc, cha th p dng cng thc 5 ( dng khi qut) tnh ton
t l tng ln ca kt qu sn xut do nng cao nng sut tng hp chung trn c
s ch s ngun lc c xc nh mt cch trc tip (quy i vn v lao ng v
cng loi n v tnh tng hp v so snh)
2. Tnh tc tng nng sut cc nhn t tng hp theo phng php hch
ton
Cng thc tnh tc tng nng sut cc nhn t tng hp ( I ) Theo
TFP

phng php hch ton do T chc Nng sut Chu a vo p dng c dng:

ITFP IY .IK .IL (6)
Trong :
IY l tc tng gi tr tng thm;
IK l tc tng ca vn;
IL l tc tng ca lao ng;
 v l h s ng gp ca vn v lao ng.

Thu nhp y ca ngi L

= (7a)
Gi tr tng thm

v = 1 - (7b)
Bin i cng thc 6 ta c:
ITFP = I ( .I .I )
Y K L (8)
Trong IY, IK v IL l cc ch s tc pht trin (bng cc tc tng
tng ng l I , I , I cng vi 1).
Y K L

Tr li phn tch ch s pht trin ngun lc (IN) t cng thc 6.

Khi tch ngun lc sn xut N thnh hai i lng c th (vn quy i v lao
ng) th ch s pht trin ngun lc c dng:
N1 bK1 L1
IN (9a)
N 0 bK0 L0

Trong :
K - vn v L - Lao ng
.b - H s quy i vn v lao ng v bK vn quy i v lao ng
0, 1 k hiu cho k gc v k bo co
Ch s ngun lc theo cng thc 9a c th bin i
bK1 L
bK0 L0 1
bK1 L1 bK 0 L0
IN
bK 0 L0 bK 0 L0
bK0 L0
IK IL
bK 0 L0 bK 0 L0

dK IK dL IL
0 0
(9b)
Trong
bK0
dK - t trng ca vn trong tng s vn v lao ng
0
bK 0 L0

L0
dL - t trng ca lao ng trong tng s vn v lao ng
0
bK0 L0

v dK dL 1
0 0

Khi thay th t trng ca vn (dK) v t trng ca lao ng (dL) bng h s

ng gp ca vn () v h s ng gp ca lao ng () trong vic to ra gi tr
tng thm (gi thit t trng ca vn v lao ng tng ng t trng gi tr
tng thm do vn v lao ng ro ra) th ch s pht trin ngun lc theo cng
thc 9b c dng:
IN = IK + IL (10)
Thay cng thc 10 vo cng thc 5 s c:
Iy (P ) IY (IK IL ) (11)
So snh cc cng thc 5, 8 v 11 nhn thy
IY (P ) IY I N IY ( .IK .I L ) ITFP

Trong ch s ngun lc (IN) c tnh nh l ch s bnh qun s hc gia

quyn gia 2 ch s v vn (IK) v lao ng (IL) v cc quyn s l v ( +
= 1)
C c cc h s ng gp ca vn () v h s ng gp ca lao ng ()
theo phng php hch ton, cn c th xy dng c cng thc tnh tc
tng nng sut cc nhn t tng hp nh cng thc 6 theo cch tip cn khc.
Tht vy, khi ta tha nhn l h s ng gp ca vn v l h s ng
gp ca lao ng ( + = 1) i vi vic to ra gi tr gia tng (Y) th cng c
ngha l ch tiu gi tr gia tng c chia thnh hai phn: mt phn do vn to ra
(Y) bng nhn vi Y (Y = .Y) - c gi l gi tr tng thm ring phn
ca vn, v mt phn do lao ng to ra (Y) bng nhn vi Y (Y = .Y) -
c gi l gi tr tng thm ring phn ca lao ng.
Nu ly gi tr tng thm ring phn ca vn (Y) chia cho vn (K) s c
nng sut vn ring phn ca vn (Pk):
Pk = Y : K (12.a)
Nu ly gi tr tng thm ring phn ca lao ng (Y) chia cho lao ng
lm vic (L) s c nng sut ring phn ca lao ng (PL)
PL = Y : L (12.b)
T (12a) v (12b) ta c :
Y = Pk x K (13a)
V Y = PL x L (13b)
Trn c s phng trnh (13a) ta c h thng ch s :
Y1' Pk1 K 1

Y 0' Pk 0 K 0

hoc IY' = IPk x IK (14a)

Trong :
IY' - ch s gi tr tng thm ring phn ca vn

IPk - ch s nng sut ring phn ca vn

 IK - ch s vn c nh.
Trn c s phng trnh (13b) ta c h thng ch s:
Y 1" PL 1 L1

Y 0" PL 0 L0

hoc IY" = IPl x IL (14b)

Trong :

I"
Y
- ch s gi tr tng thm ring phn ca lao ng

IPl - ch s nng sut ring phn ca lao ng

IL - ch s lao ng.
T h thng ch s (14a) tnh c khi lng gi tr tng thm mang li do
tng khi lng vn c nh:
Y 0'
Y (L ) P K K 1 K 0 K 1 K 0
0
K0

K1
Y 0' 1 .Y 0 I K 1 (15a)
K0
T h thng ch s (14b) tnh c khi lng gi tr tng thm mang li do
tng thm v s lng lao ng lm vic:

Y 0"
Y (L ) P L L1 L0 L1 L0
0
L0

L1
Y 0
"
1 .Y
L0
(15b)
T cng thc (15a) c tc tng ln ca gi tr tng thm do vn ng gp:
Y 0 IK 1
IK 1 I K

I Y (K ) (16a)
Y0
T cng thc (15b) c cng thc tnh tc tng ln ca gi tr tng thm do
lao ng ng gp:
 Y 0 IL 1
IL 1 I L

I Y (L ) (16b)
Y0
Cng thc khi qut tnh tc tng nng sut cc nhn t tng hp c
dng:

Tc Tc tng Tc tng
Tc tng
= tng - GTTT do + GTTT do (17)
TFP
GTTT tng vn tng lao ng

Thay tc tng gi tr tng thm ( I Y ), tc tng gi tr tng thm do

vn ng gp I Y (K ) nh cng thc 16a v tc tng gi tr tng thm do
lao ng ng gp

I Y (L ) nh cng thc 16b vo phng trnh (17) ta c:

I TFP I Y ( I K I L ) (18)

Nh vy vn t ra c chng minh (cng thc 18 chnh l cng

thc 6).
3. Tnh tc tng nng sut cc nhn t tng hp theo hm sn xut Cobb-
Douglass
Hm sn xut Cobb - Douglass nghin cu mi lin h gia kt qu sn xut
(gi tr tng thm) vi vn v lao ng c dng:

Y P .K .L (19)
Trong :

Y l gi tr l thuyt v gi tr tng thm;
P l mc nng sut bnh qun chung;
K l vn c nh;
L lao ng lm vic;
h s ng gp ca vn;
h s ng gp ca lao ng
(vi + = 1).
Tham s P v cc h s , c th tnh c nh vo h phng trnh chun
tc c xy dng trn c s p dng phng php bnh phng nh nht.
Khi c c P, v (cc hng s) ln lt thay cc gi tr ca vn v lao
ng tng nm
i (Ki v Li) vo hm s ta s tnh c cc gi tr l thuyt ca
cc nm ( )
Y i

So snh gi tr l thuyt ca nm i vi nm trc nm i (i 1) ta s c:

 Yi P .K i .Li K i Li
. I K .I L (20)

Y i 1

P .K i 1.Li 1 K i 1 Li 1

T cng thc 20 ta thy so snh gia Y v Y tham s P c c t s v
i i 1

mu s nn trit tiu cho nhau, cn li s chnh lch gia 2 i lng ny

Yi

Y ch ph thuc vo s bin ng ca vn v lao ng v chnh l ch s
i 1
ngun lc (IN) phn nh s bin ng bnh qun chung ca hai i lng: ch s
vn (IK) v ch s lao ng (IL):

IN =
I K .I L = I K .I L (21)
V + = 1
Qua cch xy dng v bin i nh trn ta tm c ch s pht trin
ngun lc (IN) nh l s bnh qun hnh hc gia quyn gia 2 ch s pht trin v
vn v lao ng vi quyn s l cc h s ng gp ca vn () v h s ng
gp ca lao ng ().
V d: C s liu v cc ch tiu ch yu ca ngnh sn xut X qua cc
nm thuc thi k 91-99 nh bng 1.
T s liu bng 1 ta tnh ton cc ch tiu trung gian cn thit ri thay cc gi
tr thc t ph hp vo h phng trnh chun tc v gii ra ta c:
P = 23,56; = 0,642
= 1 - 0,642 = 0,358
Tip tc tnh cc ch s gi tr ti sn c nh v ch s lao ng qua cc nm
v trn c s cc h s = 0,642 v = 0,358 p dng cng thc 20 ta tnh c
ch s ngun lc nh ct 3 bng 2.

BNG 1. MT S CH TIU CH YU QUA CC NM CA NGNH

SN XUT X

Gi tr tng thm Gi tr TSC Lao ng lm vic

Nm
theo gi 94 (tr.) theo gi 94 (tr.) (ngi)
K hiu Y K L
A 1 2 3
1991 17184 21613 2170
1992 19889 22829 2231
Bng 1 (Tip)
A 1 2 3

1993 22381 24960 2294

 1994 25454 30682 2300
1995 28140 39181 2486
1996 30856 42039 2523
1997 33480 45876 2492
1998 35408 51060 2497
1999 37032 60745 2682

BNG 2. TNH CH S NGUN LC CHUNG CA TI SN C NH

V LAO NG

Ch s gi tr Ch s lao ng Ch s ngun lc
TT Nm
TSC (IK) (IL)
(IN= I K .I L )(*)

A B 1 2 3
1 1991 - - -
2 1992 1,0563 1,0281 1,0461
3 1993 1,0933 1,0282 1,0696
4 1994 1,2292 1,0026 1,1428
5 1995 1,2770 1,0809 1,2030
6 1996 1,0729 1,0149 1,0518
7 1997 1,0913 0,9877 1,0530
8 1998 1,1130 1,0020 1,0719
9 1999 1,1897 1,0741 1,1469
B/q: 92-99 1,1379 1,0268 1,0968

(*) Ghi ch: h s = 0,642 v = 0,358 tnh chung cho tt c cc nm.

Theo s liu v tc pht trin lin hon qua cc nm bnh qun chung ca
vn v lao ng ct 3 bng 2 ta tnh c tc pht trin bnh qun nm thi
k 92-99 ca ch tiu ny: IN = 1,0968
Vi tc pht trin bnh qun nm thi k 91-99 ca gi tr tng thm
ca ngnh X IY = 110,07 v ngun lc sn xut tnh c trn IN =
1,0968, p dng cng thc 5 ta tnh c t l tng ln ca kt qu sn xut
do nng cao nng sut tng hp chung : 110,07 - 109,68 = 0,39%.
y (P )

Qua qu trnh chng minh trn y cho thy tc tng nng sut cc nhn
t tng hp ( I ) chnh l t l tng ln ca kt qu sn xut do nng cao nng
TFP

sut tng hp chung v c tnh khi qut nh cng thc 5: I a I I .

Y Y N
Trong , ch s (tc ) pht trin ngun lc (IN) c tnh nh l a) ch s
bnh qun s hc gia quyn gia 2 ch s vn (IK) v ch s lao ng (IL) vi
quyn s l cc h s ng gp ca vn () v h s ng gp ca lao ng ()
nu tnh theo phng php hch ton v b) c tnh nh l ch s bnh qun
hnh hc gia quyn gia 2 ch s vn (IK) v ch s lao ng (IL) vi quyn s
l cc h s ng gp ca vn () v h s ng gp ca lao ng () nu tnh
theo hm sn xut Cobb-Douglass .
S khc nhau ca kt qu tnh ton tc tng TFP theo phng php
hch ton v phng php dng hm sn xut Cobb -Douglass ch yu ph
thuc vo tr s khc nhau ca cc h s ng gp ca vn ( ) v h s ng
gp ca lao ng ( ). Cn nu c quyn s v bng nhau, th vic tnh
IN theo ch s bnh qun s hc gia quyn hay ch s bnh qun hnh hc gia
quyn kt qu khc nhau khng ng k