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    UPP Sess 7+8

    Uploaded by

    NirozShrestha
    upp

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PART ONE OVERALL OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH 16 . ~~ THE STRATEGIC APPROACH TO URBAN DEVELOPMENT The central objective of the European Community's development co- operation is poverty reduction and ultimately its eradication, through sustainable development and the progressive integration of developing countries into the world economy. In this context the co-operation framework and orientation need to be tailored tothe individual circumstances of each country, This can be achicved by promoting local ownership and social reforms and the integration of e private sector and civil society into the development process. The principles governing European Union development co-operation are outlined in the April 2000 Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament and are coherent with objectives and programmes agreed at international level, including conclusions of the United Nations conferences and international development targets (particularly Habitat 10. Part One of the Guidelines describes the strategic approach to urban development and examines key isues. In outlining this approach the guidelines focus on socially, economically and environmentally sustainable urban development, based on good governance and good urban management, The strategic approach takes the main issues of urban development into account and identifs effective ways for working in cities. Tt links these issues in a practical manner to the way development programmes are formulated and operated "7 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES and cities can take varity of forms in diferent Tessie. They ange fom smal setdements and wllages of few thousand people with rudimentary services, through towns and smal cies, to sprawling metropolitan areas, with high buildings and advanced infrastructure, where many millions of peopl live and work There ae several recognised ‘vay to define the limits of ities, such as population, administrative or political boundaries, levels of wade and even religious functions. Urban areas are generally places of intense activity and densely grouped faites, characterised by the employment of people in occupations such as trade, ornmerce, manufacturing and service industries. They range from vas industrial installations to modest dwelhngs; from ttansport routes and interchanges, o public parks and cultural facile from sophisticated business districts Gsm Devnonar as] sprawling residential areas teeta ienernmenit | Opporunites and challenges for Scecnimiemecwncpes | development are increasingly concentrated in Memethasiiue "| cities and towns (ie. the urban areas). These fem sty pe bn are the engines of national, regional and local Speaeeestceners | economic development, of social progress and rem eww oy of cultural regeneration. The challenge today Sacooe aden! | isnot how wo restict the size ornumber of an |. ces, buthow to manage them to ensure their productivity, conviviality and continued growth, URBAN DEVELOPMENT OpPoRTUNITIES Ther are compen eons why the development fees, ‘pment and plang ar of ctl inp a Orrostunmes ano CHauences comerte 1 Rarip Unnanisanion Inthe 1960s and 1970s the growth ofthe urban poor population in develope ing courses was mainly in the form of migration of people fam small ove and ral areas vo age cies. tn Asia for example, rural to ubanmiggation now lagly to the intermediate vs, rather than tothe major metroplin eas, The growth of metropolitan cites i due mainly to the naa intease ‘oftheir exsing populations tn Afi, rarl-urban migration sl phys amor ‘olen urban population growth. More han half he population of the word now uban Ge table Below). While the popula of the worl asa whole hss frowm atarate of some 15 percent per year over the het 50 year, hata es Jas ben increasing by ver 4 percent, These tends are expected 1 continue ne 1m the foreseeable furure, By the year 2025, neatly two-thirds of the world's aT population wil lve in urban areas, wth 95 percent of this growth in dewlop ing counties. Over 97 percent ofthis groan sl be concentrate inthe lw {stincome groups 4 the urban poor The grow o healthy educated uban werkfrcesesential fe the ‘eapansion of manuhicuing industries the development ol ade and conc, and the stag of eective service ndusties Curis 45 ENGINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT "National and regional economies depend upon towns and cites, There isa ‘ese conelation berween the wealth of mations and the level of uration Ge table below right). This cmeation may bea reflection ofthe relay high produc tistyof urban industrial and commercial cut put As sgrculeral production becomes oreingy ete, gies ew ied 6 | oe promie bod and hence fort bouers ee | REY —S/aeTama espns EngssphuCiuciiedenndems, | nar [as Rice casas we mmrenre || oenes (h(n | Sseegowng population Thy me abo | Neem || | Inceingimporance ode cue and | St [8°18 | distabtion nodes when competing vwerld markets, As pots, pont and the cer tne of oa and ral neewors, the promde transpor interchanges and csinbuion nodes that serve thei gin eel tae ion Bp develonnent of towns and ness - fo. both in terms of production fo ea satel omesticconsumation and forexpat, | om | Productivity of industry and commerceis | Yowincertennuie Sores enhanced by an eficent nastier aan oleate cs ‘elton Sh opto Gecisergn semen ‘Siem tne Feria saorandpngs x | boundane, Seasonal migaon enkancs rr pod fcadacarmany biedorsssens | iy rough the unser of sls and incomes, Remances [Oi'scuneatrsensitcid | erotic eae ames Rem senso grr “ye SatccAPrRORCH TO Un Device od ubn sve, anda heathy and eluate wore Ths has {rect impect onthe economy fhe cy and by pletion. national tdeeopent Ths impacts 0 tems of utp anda the abit of ities rd counties oattract itor ard to eainlacal aptl and enterprise. ‘Cites As CENTRES OF SociAL AND CULTURAL DEvELorsteNT “Thioughout eso ces hve been cee ef clsaton an socal proges. ‘Thou is fl to measure sacl pogres or quanaty culty of he in yan coun the mort hardest eal aed he expectancy, ci ard poll hes, heray and aces io elvan) measure series and ‘satina sauces that eset depend upon wba concentaions of ‘People and aches. Kore and cies are the eats of soil inustion ard ‘Shanghai an ipa on counties nd sometimes, ene continents. Here fav bom and nied poi nttaons, socal memes nid ch sosety ‘nginestons formal andinforal cao, leming and research, Changes {martin a soc equity and ic deny ry cigiate ura com ries At, musicand ere are usally developed under condivonsafcul ‘url ancy that only ex cies, ‘Wer peplte deri setled eniican economies cf see can be chee inte povson octal snc eduestional aoe, wich cn havea impact on sueunding res. ‘Cries ns concevreaTions oF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT In ts, developmen pogsameme nd projects hav an impact upon sigt- ‘omy gest numbers of people per unt of tsp than those in rural ares, This because ofa igh concentration of popu nun aes Systems of communication in Guts are usally well developed and uban czes ce roel than those from rr areas tobe erate adsl tinned ‘wnginiomation ther advange. When pone ae densely seed economies oa wih infastrctt or ‘ences an ao be ahead othe same bai costs conan anit soca development in towns nde con dt ‘benefit urban dwellers ncn ave an impel on surrounding eons (Civ DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL AREAS The impact f cies i oie well byond ther designed trom utan workers account fo substantial cash con butions to mil households and seures of capt for J investment incur, Grin tan mares or hig COfpomunis ano CHANCES value horiculue and day products ciate demand for ral reduction More recently im some cine the advan of new tech ‘ny ih rneingand san brine er sts el Sango our cents and bang ban land deen eee Ua rset foes denopmet ey haa tetas none andthe oped ees ‘naa isting ows an tes ES FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT problems. Asaesuk ofthe lobkston of ban economics, ies ices ingly have to compete deel wi oldie and ena economies ote rational investment ta generac employment. rvenve and funds fr development Thre ar alo cites that cannot compete bxcase of ow po ducts, econome nsbliy, poser. nequaiy and social cont, They simply dented access investment and reserve resoues or developmen which impinges dey on product and gua of eof tec aie, ‘Unnay Poverty ieteteee ra waen ese onl the ks {groupe letecumeny estimated tha he werd hs abot 630 lion whan dwells living in Methestening,poventy and shat sis number key to inceae to 1,300 millon bythe yea 2025, Win afew decades, the number of houscholds engin pore ban cers wl freed thove tal stat, Moree, te major ou in urbaniationkaking pace nthe poo ést counties othe weld. For empl the uhan poalaicn of bSaturn Ateats rowing mt thee of near 6 pester pr yar and epee odo ble inthe next 12 years presen gro ates, Ancan es ned 0 peo homes, selihoods and urban eres fr more than 300 millon ne nk tants over the next 25 years — more han the continents cent population, The suctul auss and the experience of poverty ate sven inked 1 dlereces i scl Wen, seh as ehmiay or tnress povery must, deere, confine cultura, polis an instiunal Structures wich Bock people's acces toasts on the ba of he socal en. Equtable ces othe sc gd and vere equi esky Alignfed Me & a human ght. This idea i incresingly. adopted by orgnsations engaged in development co-operation. Development co operation, therefore, nei 10 help ensure chat all sections of soci ae ‘Suppor in aching a minimum basc standard of ig, The poverty of inge proportions of urban resides fe Requenty compounded by the power of any an authors, 20 Bice et rms a tenn and "alt nes ae needed t leva the impact of wiban poverty Economic Interventions, though sil cqustin and the creation of employment. te neeted to reduce, andultimatlyeminate ban poverty DEGRADATION OF URNAN ENVIRONMENT ‘withour she appropriate response, rapid urban population growth i likely to ‘racerbate the often murval enforcing fects of povey and environmental damage. Too rapid or poor managed development can resul in » sharp decrease in the quality of urban ling conditions. Solid waste, when not col ected ica souce of disease. Uncontlled industries pollute si and ground ‘water Usual itis the urban poor wo fac dhe brunt of urban environmental degradation. About atin of city dvellers in the world live in substandard housing. Atleast 250 raion shen residents have no ready acces wo sae, piped water and 400 milion do nor have adequate sanitation, "he deyratation of urn envwonments reed to be addessed i various ways that rece the engoig damage tothe ensionment and actively promote and suppor improvement. The links between vatous actus in turban areas require an avaceness othe potential benefits or problems that projects may bing Poor RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CGonsumprion and the processing ofagicltra and mineral produets have an Jmpoton urban ates, As mtemstonal trace has expanded, cities have become Jess relan upon their immediate hinterland for sustenance and are increas ‘nglyimporting ther consumer goods as wells foe, energy, wate and bud ingmateals rom distance sources, A! the same ime, wastes produced in urban eas ate increasingly being expo or dumping well Beyond the cy ims thus Raving an impact othe regional and global environment. Thus process ‘sandinluencesof urbanisation ae not confined to the bull-yp aes fees Bice tae rescue meant mist tober he City peemees and embrace the linkages and interdependencies between ‘uan and ual sciles and ecanomes. Strategic interventions are needed to foster sustainable porches to the production and use of ritual esouces, {Gnownnc Drsiasp For UnaN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Many ies rg weep pate with exsingand new demands aoa india comercial inact and seers 6 est ol Serag shan goth ane tn he anno cil ie tractor, sth as ons power water satan any Ib hewn ace in ome cis mae compres linac ae ee rset othe een that they ean no ogee habe and es be a Crrrmame na Cnc rec Silay ceomonic dn lsh soy mmr tdband npr iatnctn aloes, malrg ccs cape ‘ial and iematnaly Conger nam day an he (ray of icon ede we po [eters ogy soca pone oe mee facts aden en jes nee ad cis sv evga okt INEFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONS To werk well and to develop ebectvely, cites requlte good decison making Seino ems and practices good management and strong human resurce sls, es counrcs he number of hd urban manages sseery med. Many (bon areas stoggle co attract and ean skilled tall. Many the wos ics (deronby nsttutons and oygnisations that have ben inhested om the pst ord do not enable che nes elective use of either human ex other reso ‘Such institons ae abl wo promote ner the priate sector nr cls ‘ry enpnintins to playaroein developmen though pares, The est f lnalfcient and ineffective management of cies, which in cam alt their conomie, social and ensonnental pederrance Bp sections sah tyr cee tn fgovemance and managment This equiesaclosecoeaion between eeutnal change nansationalstuctig and human source ‘evelopment. “He Sratcic APPROACH TO UsbaN Devioewenr Cre SIGNIFICANT LESSONS z inthe pst emphass was on controling cy wah. Now, the importance of welefuncrioning cites and the inevitably oftheir growth are recog. tase and the emphasis i onefective urban management. Some sigiticant Tesons have emerged abou his aspect of development SustaINapiLy To achiev lasing and growing impact on uiban development, cme, effort aed resources need tobe invested i the systems that support sustainably Falling todo so can lea othe wast of scarce resources fr shorter gins, wou aseng benef pte ets tt th pees sen pl by an bon doer natn continent ter he il exe inpus have Been ‘sithnwn ed tat they re repeabe in sina crcumstanceselewher. Goon Govensance SeesloCons Amo atorthat can thexten sustainable dewlopment is that of weak inst Gomer. ‘non talng actions through unclear decision-making processes. The const- wiew {quences that decisions on prosties and the useof resources donot reflect the needs of urban cizens. Uf accepance by citizens is low. thei motivation to become actively involved is minimal. Morcowr, hidden decision-making, proceso can lead to mismanagement and comiption. Substantial benefits regained trough bulig transparent accountable and paticgatory decison making processes. mths way. the ownership of evelopment is incase, leading to active pation ard partnership with the private sector and cil society leading to sustainability, [Errectve DrceNTRALISATION Decision-making through the devolution of author and the decenualisation oftesponsbi, leading to participation and representation, requires polital= Iysensive strsteies, This means working in partnership withthe priate sec ‘orand empowering non govemmentaloxansations (NGOs) and community bodies Such empoveent should be acompanedby mechanisms and state: es that enable loa instrucions to plement their decisions through appro print and elective management, The devolution of authoaty and decentralisation of urownnter ese pone «f sot ne men en management demand changes in the mandate (or Sapam oa ho onsitution) floc! government and epesentative, aimee oman: poe Sgr cha nga oe ata on statutory organisations. To be eecive. such ‘anges often requir lpisative mechanisms anc acties that ensure transparency and accountabiity of existing and new level fecal governance. Orrorraus An Cutts LOCAL INstITUTIONS AND Panes Pacation and parnershipareatthe rene theatre: | RETR me StaxeNoEE 3 fic appmoach oe urban development Whe ban |" wy aha ting programmes and projects take place wth various actos wcyaaags hed and stakeholders at many eves of volvement, pater | ese hepa sar 460 stip implies an equal distabuton of esponsibility (and | YAH COMM emis benef) among all participants, All partners need 19 be — equally empowered. This parva truer those wth eas aces to power and resource, such aslowncome communities. The enabling process euies an understanding ofthe capsties and deficiencies of potential pants he public sector the formal and informal private sect, NGOs and community ‘otganations)in order o establish the extent 0 which each ceies support fe tiorationfatates devopmen: objects ad as ensue hat projects ae wel targeted alo enables creat and sources to be eveloped aed uted with adequate support and esponabiiy Promote sustainability n development (CO-ORDINATED STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT Few counties have clear urban policies of siratepes. Usually, ett incites have been ad hor o shied «exclusively by the pronties in parca sectors oreo Unban development as nt been gen sulin’ pio, despite the imponance of ces n many counares. ‘nelletive national or eional uban poy serial for uban developmen to guide decision-making, based on esouce alloeiton, tate plans, involving goverment, the pate sector and the community can provide ramewer or prioty sting ar the influencing of investment, Therese they must be based on consent and ler pli berets EPrECTIVE MANAGEMENT Fim commitments required to adapt to new onpnisaronalsirctures and inuroduce changes in artis, skis and motvation. Investment in bung ‘capacity many one ofthese areas itty effective withot parle and sup- poring development in the others. FU ermine soiling via deecomen.cnsty bling and traning ropammes should be introduce, whl istitovons shouldbe strengthened a an intel faretion of ty management ‘Aprnopntate FINANCING ‘Al developmen needs tobe financed in some way Problems acur when ban ‘evelopments ate fnancaly suppovted en daring her cnsrcton ety phases, fe fom extra sources ek ce reli on Ee Tale 25 Te Stiartox AreroAci To Utean Devore THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES The strategie approach aes nto acount the main posers and probes urban areas and ides effective ways of working towards the overall development goals, This approach ses out afamevork kr ws development, emphasising he gel soil sutinable development built on good govemance and good uber Management. The next thee chaps outine ths approach, | Taesevae an Anelecive press for | stent Racecar Me Seren Ss These fciles entre the ol eae ae Saaeeaeae a testis appre asin, eee eerie pete cea eer ueigen! the process of urban Hea ea au ar ehy iain ca se SUSTAINABILITY The basic pal refers to impacting on a = dep res ox ia or inca eat cannot be renewed - ours t Liban developments shouldbe desizned with de regard to the fanca ‘systems and apace of cies, Te volvement ofthe privat sector ae ‘ul scety eal rca leading to elec ve financial mangement 26 ‘ha Samte AryRONCHTO Una Dive OPMENT STRATEGY Thewomainclemensol the statene apres ody deepen ate goa _premance-detson making in secieny thts transparent an balance ta Folder iret, and good urban management ~the system to work on devel ‘oping and maintaining cy services ‘SurrorreD ArPROACH Urban development projects shouldbe based on and espond to lcs prion: tis wnhin the eamesrk of relevant rational and epona policies and ste ges Partai alas the achievement ofthe development objectives and foues hac projets are wel gtd and tha cal creativity and resources re developed and exploited to the benefit of the project. Urban projects should be designed and developed locally by (ori very close callboraton wah) he prin {ipa stale. Cerra] Gosemmen agencies esposiblefor regional devel ‘iment, utban polices and local goverament should also be solved inthe reparation ofsich projec to ailate support and policy impact [SENSITIVE APPROACH in order faciiate local sensi ts necessary wo have sufcent exbiity {local adaptation of those projects which support wide national or regional turban development intnvs, This because ofthe rapid rate of change anc ‘comple in city development lor evample, the sensitivity af ity economies to global economic changes, or urban societies under demographic or political pressure. In ation, dere frequently a sigan delay berween the fist neeption ofa egjonl or national eel urban project and its eventual imple mentation, equinngadapiaton to eneure continued relevance, Consequenty ‘hei relaing to sch ssnes a8 clture, sor structure and gener should be incorporated in project nition and design, This is parca relevant 10 groups and individuals involved in determining project objectives and the trethod used for ther consultation, Utban projects should have nega forthe speci eats and social contents ofthe regions in which they are located Senin in urban project design hould all for the genderspeciic needs of ‘women and men and he special concems of mini groups. Operational plans ‘Should be designed 0 allow for changing stutions uring the process of po ject development SIGNIFICANT APPROACH Urban projec shouldbe selected and designed vo have the maximum impact, (whether directo nde) on development, Direct impact refers vo planed fvtcomes that ae the immediate purpose ofa project Tor example, a road boeing bul, or the rsning of professional). An nde impt, can be move ‘giican than adtect impact, buts ivariably more dficulc o measure for ‘eal, the inflence ofa plot projec ona fare programme, or that of 8 Te Seven Pac local programme om rational poy) Un pes shoul be dened 0 trains oth tr dct nd ect pes nan ate fn tems of ieee eee eect et oreee teec Ban ince eerste i eee eee Sieaton ine apa and montonng of roe Leaming fom projets pee at) oe eg enti g butin oan prog om te bognning Resources shkence © find independent elution, wth awe dserinaton ores Ths ‘etic epeibeetibabet bell pec aaaccen, Apmka wih one smi poe god amin empetene SENSIBLE APPROACIT ‘Unban projects shoold ot be overcompex forthe situation in which they ae inmended, They shoud be niiated and designed wih aclear understanding of the capetes al potenilparners. The reals of lal eapacis in urban tates shouldbe taken int account dori the Wenifcation an design of ro jects Necessary capacity balding should abo ba hey component olny ibn, development project. SYNERGISTIC APPROACHT There 4 a strong, potential aded value to be achieved by linking wiban procs acros diferent sectors, Iden and incorporating these kas Phe requires only simple adions or modifications 10 uiban projec, but they need tobe thought through at an early tage in projec or progrimme tlovopment A simple oample chat a poet to bud houses ma poor thea ofa ty can ako create eel employment oppomuntes. Sey 0 ‘eles to the relationships that ca be crated between dierent actors and TNakeholders in urban projects. Syengstic panersips imply addtional Salve through workang withthe appropnate partners, which can be eri cece pate sect This frm of working ft neque empoweng and Srthing stakeholders (especialy those wit the last access (© power and eames auch as lrwsneome households and communti). Symesy cat ve coer from positive working rans Derwcen elected represents it offends, Better perirmance of lal govemment can stimu pial support SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT ae first definition of sustainable development came from the Brundtland Commission report in 1987: “Development that meets the needs ofthe presen, without ‘compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” This sustanabilry concept was central to developing an environmentally sensitive approach. It was further developed in practical terms at dhe World Environment Conference in Rio de Ok Janeiro in 1992 with Agenda 21 and Local Agenda 21. The Local fomrass Agenda 21 concept as since been taken up by an increasing feces ‘number of cities in countries around the world. The sustainability ‘concept questions much of the general direction that ‘development had hitherto been taking, The use of resources and the abuse ofthe environment that in the past have been dismissed as the ‘cost of development’ are no longer acceptable. Moreover, sustainable urban development cannot be confined to physical resources and the environment. Ifthe urban economic ‘and socal frameworks within which they are cast are not sustainable, htl of lasting value willbe achieved. A critical aspect isthe balance between the issues. How to balance improved ‘environment with employment? How to attract new service industries, while avoiding socal division? These linkages and the Daalances berween them are particularly important in urban areas. ‘URBAN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT B Bi Persistent inequalities ard povery in ites represents an infringement of Ise socio-ecomomic rights of groups of tuzns who olten constitute the ‘majority of uban populations (and can be a major source ofnefcency and instbiliy) Therefore, tan social developmen stratejes must actively pro ‘mote ali just and equitable allocation of resources and ‘nvolvessrstepes for the equitable allocation of publi tee Ae jpoitunites, Ths sand collection of SUSTANABLY 1 Ungan Devon puree ht a dered yh ps deny at There can be a share of costs and benef and benefis to improve urban aes, bbewen those who can aff o pay and those who nee! specie since to patticpate. However, dsparies in acess to resources rflet only ne dimension ofthe inequaltes in ets, Disparies onthe bases of gene se, erhnicity, religion, engin, or disablty all erect, highlighting. dst patterns of deprivation and dscrmination Jp Sestiabe statepes ae exdedto breakdown te aris that xu various groups Wom access to resources and opportunites ceed by urban devalopment. Te aksatin ofthe potent fl oil grup represents an enormous resource to uae development and ay ontubution to the eficency and stabity fees ‘Tie SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCtAL DEVELOPMENT Seta development approaches to co-operation ate base an the premise that there isa need to cater for che human rights of all men and women. Tis includes access 10 sie needs and a night to partlpste in decisionmaking, Fumhermore thee isa need to cate forthe diverse terest and neds of va ious groups of men, women and chien, Bf iserenion an beeps rd ssa hen tyres soci development approach Such an approach + Encourages soil inclusion (the poor and other spec eons) nd hence avoids tension within goverment 2nd scl whe ean ead to conf ea pe “tases the development of hurancaptat(ahethy | pnt basen cute ad educated wore), whch contbutes tothe {Seatac fconomi pouthf the city ereiog aurea Maintains human dignity by romoting democrat | “deals and human its ‘ete pce ome | * Encourages equim wth the enonment by “ sting towards equitable and sstaabeloetboods, |__________] earn Gevenaios a a ® ’ ‘Twente AMROACH TO Unwan Deion INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONAL RESOURCES In the pas, oc development was synonymous wih He ‘social sector, the rom being rosin a serces, sachs healthcare ard education by the sae tne ta set exe by cil society omanisations. Furthermore, the develop- tment of ethical business approaches is linked 10 the owing demands for Commercial enterprises vo become invaved is bh envrenmemal manage: tment and social concems. This emphasises ther esponsibities to local om munities, employes, emsumeis and primary produces. Local community rupsand NGOs ao play ary olen soil development, by providing ci ies and upholding people's human rights Agencies volved i development oopertion an act as factors fr community sector inves. Sci development activites now draw on inputs om the publc priate and community sectors. Curent policy aprcaches. encouraging new les forthe state, hae ceased the responsiblity ofthe private and ‘communi setors fo 2003 development, thas chaning te rl ofthe state lm pri to enable o attr fo soil devopment Pivatisation tative ave meat thatthe pra tor ha ‘nceaing role inthe provision series. sich health ad edeation| Private SectoR INtrsTiVes Ths sna in eng ah xi eoncems or hough enor wa sesponsbiy og ean Deecpnent o operatin shoul be designed upp pivate sector basnessm underabing an overt and ther soy bene ies inconmunes whet the business wading operating or nveting Secal deepen merventons sen to necporat cones into {els devment co-operation. Tes may nude cites ding ah psi canon of envcrment concen uch * Conerting with muni goverment inthe deepen of parton eoveance * Patpatry design and mangement of wtevetion, + Pometon ol democat ies sd hur its + Fccuraement of demented a beneting ula rus Destcrécarion Diflerencesn socal Wem, such asage, gence ethnic or region, mean that people havea vatery of needs ols and access to resources. However, Social suas and idem ar often deeply embedded in eoceties. temps to eal with stuaoonsin which people are dcrimnated against or disadvantaged sas aresl of who they ae, maylead 103 confit ofunteests and even violence. "When dealeping tos to anae who n zc ie deadantged and how to eal with hs. is necessary oak account ol chet nd te ato that undo unacepabiestutons, without puting pple gaint exch other SUstWMANLTY ne UnBaN Devinn PROMOTING PaRriciearion Tools for promoungpicipanian cn be we to empower people so tha they havea greater capacity tobe inolved del in decison malar, The apron hs stars with the asumption that people low the own sumound:ngs se yt. ones better than any etsder does ff fe erle ofa participatory apeoach designe or ure by community oupss'Plannng for eat encouaes people ob» del a the ‘Hea and to seit to enter pcblems and resources. Ths innovative ‘mathodloey uses athe dimensional model ofthe eightouhod, uk ‘bymerbes ofthe community to inte 3 planing proces driven by he ‘community. The methodology enables everyone inthe commu olay an active gat, sing thie inde to reach appropiate stairs, anf organising shi and sous in ater to ma the plan wor his the power to ntate ad implement aay fom exert inthe sovecnmet 1 development agency towards te al crit ‘Ofals have the oe of sroting techn upport, A URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH eis proven fact ha even the smallest cae and informal enterprise contac o eal economl developmen Cera vrnble ceonore te owls thee of perry ond commer and ece c ie, wich ger cee tence ae we of ces and the ces. After pry san cingn x bosh basses pl orem sopping new investments, ead o ier nial and Household ines Int ths erbess ad sss the exceamie developmen Thee i therefore a need to embrace sates forthe ceanon af new employment opprtnies and forthe ince the produ of xsting and new enters There ako a ned to focus tenon c the rescue fequtements and on the noni mpac af isis The gal of urban economic poly i 10 bong. pl, pra and conmmunty emer tothe to schive italy benef ees in efhoency. Mac sconomi reforms (opening natal ake to eta competion and the pid development of pe tleommunicaron and tramporttechrloges re demanding new ld of managment all Tels of the ban sem. Ate same te, dough prepares of New pence to he management of yearns can bing tibet publ, pote rd community nei ahve muta bee Beret et ene eee ee ee “Te Searcic APwROACH TO URwAw Devitonve Increases in elcieny across the whale ange of urban economic activity ‘Te focus of such partnerships shoud be on how to mobilse and ‘maximise the cntibutions ofl those engaged in productive actity at ‘whatever eve ofechasogy ot market demand they operate [FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS Jn most etes the private sector consists of formal and informal sectors. The formal sector deals with ofclly registred, profi-orenated enterprises with ‘elatively high capital and technology investments. The location of the ‘rises i usually bazed onthe comparative and competitive advamiages ofthe locality n motes, he forma prea sector represent a low percentage of the Ibour force but has a relatively high contnbution to make ro the total The informal sector absorbs the unemployed and underdeveloped labour feece im the cin. Informal sector workers engage mostly in petty uae and smallseale services and production, These operations ate often sural: ‘rented and are unregistered or only paral registered, They also have a Jw labour preductinty, due to low eapital and technology investments. In ‘many ces, the informal sector epresems a high percentage of the labour force, whl its contsbution to the woul income ofthe ein i eauvely low: though not insigrfcan. Two types of inlormal operations ate distinguished tmicro-ncerprises (with an average of 2 10 10 wage labourers) and set employment (ypically one-person) Daring periods of economic decline, the number of formal jobs can fll hamly. Expenditure in the Toeal consumer market also. decreases. This axvesly lec the informal secot. During. a period of decline, the nko sector might, therelore, grow in terms of labour and decline in terms of STIMULATING FORMAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Registration procedures and legislation, tax regulation and leglaton fr foreign Investors an be only partly infunced by local goverment. Cites can, how fever, provide clear nformaton on what procedures ate and assist people as rch ae possible formal sector development canbe achieved trough domestic enterprises and theaaction of Tee investors, Cty managers can aitate enterprise development by providing. sf as possible an enabling (eg) environment, INFORMATION AND Cty MARKETING Gites increasingly have io compete with cach other to provide the best leaton for busines. Macio-economic cnditions and legato, such as costo ea tal, aw matenals and labour a wel busines reistation procedures, ina Susm9 va Unt Oona —$—$___ Sorin nnn vce vce compettvene. iy mangers canntene cmp sled bur tx avant sds and hanes eee ee [Civ anaes can stltennraiony eng bs 2¢tnlomatin on mits, oducts noweée ad ane LasouR ExCIANGES Labour exchanges lice canbe wed att the unemployed othe Labour market. Community-based organisations, N a Osan ad ns can be asc the proces a ltrs crue «god Talents cle osm 6 ‘Sepepdsten (eb ree. INTER-GOVERNMENTAL LINKS. ‘Good jovernance also requires abslanced relationship between local and en tal goverment The establishment of inter goverment inks includes var ‘aus mechanisms through which local goverment are lly stcountable 10 ieee a a in (G000 Gavannance i >} ors corns ational instiuons. While supporting the principles of lel el govemment and autonomy, the EC urban development programme may asst nthe dee omen tarprpne seme clan nay oe ‘ve constructive ner governmental relations furan devlonment projets nace bythe € require suport othe «reation of systems of racial account, es fr Brae dose ly puble ole the peparation of es of onda: mechanisms to ‘acitate consultation between cil socty an the priate sect wth elected and appointed ofc (whch wil also eral partion, Suppo alee requ foe ea watchdog oranations. zene education programmes and media awareness. [AN APPROPRIATE LEGAL FRAMEWORK Good gowemance demands af; ranspaten, predictable and reditabl pl Framework, It shouldbe able ogunane indian and group rights cxpble of ponding an appropiate enitonment orth development economic and sev actities, tn eatin co urban dewlopment, the man saeholders oc ‘goverment, society and private eto should have espe fo the re of Tnwand the protection of human igs. The les should be applied elo all members of the community and pproprateistawion. They should ar dntee the enforcement, fe fom poi infuence, Of spec relevance the exstence of an appropriate eal fame othe development of mate tated economic acties atte local ee Ths is panic importa for the consideration of el and commer codes that respect prvte propery and eons The local system of institutions should provide aperepiatepoection a promote peace, integration and hen inthe city. Des inthe cy {cova et, elipous, utr sould be sen 25 2 post cto fet lnban development Tere local goverment nststions and ci oly ust pay an ative ole to ensure the prestrain of tw and protect vlneble pups om extation and dctiminton. forthe Ehatence of tong and contuctive society. edo of association and horesson should also be ranted. Actives supported bythe {Cov fowan rights the ule off and public paricpstion nde: 2 Srengthening organisational and shilcapacties fees. 1 Supporting cv society earisations. {Cheating community formar cee. + Hing leat pole lcs m gaod govenance in ay t-dy acts { Mdemsing the leitve systems in al goverment + Good governance tain or coun ati a ee an @ coxnrnin 4 “Tw SmartxcArraoRCH To URBAN DevLOPUtT priday hose hat ae poor and dsadvanaged, Derren deve ‘pment encourages ci soit to debate publ poles openly and make ep resentations to thelr goverment, and to asst in dhe monitoring, and implemeniacon of evelopment polices, (Goveranc nun aes can be inproved by supporting the rtcpation lil scety inthe proton o series, Resoures should belated forthe etaiehment of oficial mechan fo participation, ficlgound studies on pricipation atthe locales and the preparation fel amenovks bas queens Supporti ede othe Aevlpment ol ljuide onsite practices to etabieh ponies in roi serces and the allocation of budetcy eure particatory budgeting] Intiatves hat iva the commit a8 the producer ol series shuld aliobesuaponed particulty where communities provide complementary services sucha housing, a0 Schools water aovsin nd sold waste managment. Thiele acurs where ble sector pansion show alice of epic to provide such Sere. speci emmurty may give spar det. the eveloment of ically pnerated pets. nimplementing procs under te sponsorship of he EC. priory isthe consultation ad patton of ‘pected beets nthe arous phase the project yl (se aso at) GOOD URBAN MANAGEMENT Wits 2 ban govemance it do wth the pls of Participatory and transparent decision-making, urban ‘management is concemed with the implementation of those decisions, Public administration, an important component of urban management, covers the routine supply and ‘maintenance of urban services and infrastructure. Urban. ‘management takes place via the interaction and relationship of a wide range of actors and institutions. The ‘way they relate to each other determines their | a0 unn Governance ‘management ofthe city. It is desirable to build up an enabling environment through ‘rsp which all these institutional actors ean ‘contribute to the process of decision-making in the city. {ooo dean Mancini ry INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF URBAN MANAGEMENT Ths section reviews the msn elements trough which to adres ne tinal concems inthe process of ua management. Fl the concep ot urban management ard bun government are discussed Then, three scion ae dereloped A Genablocal rons, which metably serve asthe contet of urban [Srengihening co-operation and building up pannenhips between a series of instant, 1 Local govensment UUnaa Manacenest xp Untan Govensotewt Uh development can be ote hiner dpendingon stain Alfemever ands managment and poesia siwanive ses Teer {vial tk st rome tn ins femevork dx ces the hie Se rn goverment Ui vere eso he ele é perform functions in the toning of sof public agencies, sector, atonal and Lc 4 al | ‘we Smarecc ArprancH 70 Usa DivttoPant cy Abssccharacensicof urban goverment that it epresensa wide die ‘Siyofanstiutonal arangemens that varies sigfcantl fom county to coun ny and even from city 0 cy. Braet ito shoe et a cone nd constanty with he change and adjustment that prevail ncurent tran development, Urban development programmes can support the strengthening ofinstiuins inthe process of urban management Institutional developmen shuld be in ie with the criteria 3nd principles highlighted inthe section on governance (abnginto account such Satie eonsderation 2s deeetaisition,cemoeracy and leptimacy of Ipoerment accountabity and transparency. the rl flaw, and respect for human rights and patiipation CENTRAL AND LOCAL RELATIONS Aman management, central lca telavons ply fundamental le. They are ‘bec concemed wih the dsinbution and exercise of powers or fonctions. Although the lw usualy defines the nature of cenrablocal relations, rhe bal ‘nce of polit power inthe county determines is operation, Breiner sind uhn menzener poly 0 ‘evelogcetablea eitions in a cimate of mutual co-operation To improve cet oa elitionstips it maybe necessary to develop tmethanisins and systems to creat wban agences. which af postive and Suppo. This ices the mpmentaton of normative conta, ater than case bya eve oflcal decisions. The development of co ‘operative mechaneme loruban aestment panning a also include With te parecption flees ef goverment Change and orm in the el frameworks required to improve the ditrbution of the vaous Ioclpovernment fnetions. Resources maybe needed to make cent] tovenment gence colboat osly wih lca gverent. finaly, (o-operation could beamed proving 2 new structure for cena ocl lations that would stengten local government (Co-OPERATION BEIWEEN PUBLIC AND INFORMAL SECTORS ‘Many policies of local and cena govenment old down the supply ofthe ‘hun informal sector services, Local and cy relations (sich as zoning hws) ‘ame insensitive othe needs of urban informa sector businesses. Municipal ecasocmnera bylaws often probit informa rms fom sein thee products at profitable Gedcom Kcations Bp feteermennencrerin asus mits to material capital) can asst in favour of informa Businesses 46 (Go00 Unga Manze ‘CO-OPERATION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS. There are eral wys fink pbc and pte eto orsisions in uh ‘management. Where the electives good an sllrdale urban services, then provision through the private sector canbe avaluable leat to publ pro- ‘son. eemay be fostered mainly in ees where technology the sale fines ments, and the size and matunty ofthe business commun provide 2 ‘competitive entronment Pp Penton nets deetp nex apy to stmt poscine worting eats, eglat ané manage contacts with he pvat sete comma s GGovrnnntest aso Now: GoveRhMevt Co-oPERATON ‘lng wih moneys counclsand oer sae agencies, nw sn Pease ee eed eeeeal pherrac tesa Fir so NGOs and CSOs Relation eeern thse wo per wn ath Gis Ve peace. povgrntind oy wen anopaeins Paka scan ding wih plialioes on ein pce oases at ae ianatos ey tobe stone spa oe Uetfitccce to porrmms ar show elt ance wane fangs tence pte cca sire carey tabs pated we he Sewnpet oc cores Teno itso canbe two ese tat ee Co-oPERATION BETWEEN POLITICIANS AND PROFESSIONALS J eomon ur in urban managers the resol confit beween et rmimerest o ected policans and appointed profesional won Teal govemment, Flic eed tenure the perenne pls feratitr ey nekeld ceaunabl wth eect, Polesionals whi inde (artic fom poli inflence, Pian pee to be abl the and Fratton sull while the later ext secure employment. Bf crertrtonben eo inna et ban gaereent emit the implementation of ub poles. The tring en sears councilors and mayors may be ndertaen though tet anor iy poly eas. such tring coda cout the paces aay between ected and appointed oc prement fia, an pobteal ocesss, Sd improve management pat a “a ) {we Saba ArpRonch To Unaen Dsvtomnt ‘Go-oreRATTON BETWEEN LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE Bors Executive and leave bodies in municipal ogisations often ply an bstetive game based on parochial poll conidertions As ars, the ty snected ants zens (parla the poorest and most vulnerable) aealleced by poor qty srices, ffi (elected or appointed alien pr form a functions inion and god bot without the rexel prepa son Politic leadeship is neded wih authoety and popu econ. ‘Authorities inthe lepine ad executive bodies ned osha 3 vision andbe commited 1 aes the overall challenges of urban growth, Sim ics important to consider he pein of basic ting for councilors, mayors ad senior lcs ol the munca, Improvements inthe process of econ malingin local goverment should emphaie 3 process ofc: eperation and postive rlstonhi between the two branches goreroment, (Co-OFEKATION BETWEEN SECTORS Urban goverment i msinly organised by sectors of cv, paricualy wih {in local government exgnisations. Normally, there ae depanmens aye ‘es dealing wih housing, education, inane, scanomic development; physi planning o infrastructure investmen! and maintenance There malo be Seve obstaes tobe overcome in desing with oeaucaticpracuces, profes sionl bases, psi dstanc,sanous time fmeworks for delivery of ser. ‘aces, and the acl wil ofthe heads of departments ox agencies, P[Ubeameren: staid eaten! cared ut bythe varus Sectors: lot needed to ensure hat pubic interentions though the

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