NH GI H THNG HT KHI HNH LANG BNG PHN MM FDS

EVALUATE CORRIDOR SMOKE EXHAUST SYSTEMS WITH FDS SOFTWARE

Nguyn Quang An
Trng i hc Phng chy cha chy; Email: annqt34@yahoo.com.vn
Nguyn Ch Tnh
Trng i hc M - a cht; Email: tinhtdh2004@gmail.com

Tm tt: H thng ht khi hnh lang trong cc ta nh
cao tng dng ht khi khi xy ra chy trong ta nh.
H thng ny bao gm qut ht, h thng ng ng v
cc van gi t hnh lang ca cc tng trong ta nh. H
thng c th c iu khin t ng hoc iu khin controlled automatically or manually controlled. The
bng tay. Vic nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca h thng
ny l mt vic rt kh thc hin. Bi bo ny gii thiu
vic ng dng phn mm FDS m phng cho tnh
hung xy ra m chy gi nh trong ta nh v hot
ng ca h thng ht khi hnh lang. Qua cho php
nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca h thng trong cc tnh
hung khc nhau v a ra cc gii php iu khin h
thng sao cho t c hiu qu tt nht.
T kha: m phng; khi; chy; hnh lang; iu khin
Abstract: A corridor smoke exhaust system in high
buildings to exhaust smoke in case of fire. This system
consists of exhaust fans, piping and dampers set in the
corridors of the floors in the building. The system can be
evaluation of the performance of this system is a very
difficult job. This paper introduces the application of FDS
software to simulate fire situations assumptions in the
building and operation of the exhaust corridor smoke
system. Thereby allowing assess the performance of the
system in different situations and proposing the solution
to control the system to best performance.
Key words: simulation; smoke; fire; corridor; control

1. t vn
Trong cc ta nh cao tng hin nay khng th thiu
cc h thng an ton phng chy. Trong phi k n h
thng ht khi hnh lang v h thng iu p cu thang.
Cc h thng ny dng ht khi cc hnh lang v
ngn khi i vo cc cu thang thot him m bo an
ton cho con ngi [1], [3].
Vic thit k v lp t h thng ht khi hnh lang
phi p ng cc tiu chun an ton theo qui nh. Tuy
nhin hin ang c nhiu tiu chun k thut khc nhau
v vic vn dng cc tiu chun nc ta cn thiu s
thng nht. Tiu chun cc nc pht trin (NFPA 92,
BS 5588...) bt buc phi s dng trm iu khin khi
chuyn dng FSCS (vit tt ca Firefighters Smoke
Control Station), trong khi nc ta hu nh cha s
dng thit b ny. Vic iu khin h thng ht khi hnh
lang nc ta hin nay ph thuc vo h thng bo chy
t ng v thc t cho thy cc h thng ny khng pht
huy c hiu qu nh mong mun.
nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca h thng ht khi khi ngc vi dng kh chuyn ng ngc li.
hnh lang l mt vic kh phc tp. Vic nghin cu bng
thc nghim i vi h thng l vic lm khng kh thi.
Phng php m phng bng phn mm FDS s gip gii
quyt c kh khn trn.
2. Kt qu nghin cu v kho st
2.1. C s l thuyt
2.1.1. S dch chuyn ca khi
Khi xy ra chy trong ta nh cao tng, khi c to
ra v dch chuyn do cc yu t tc ng sau:
- Hiu ng ng khi
- Qu trnh t bay ln ca khi
- S gin n v nhit
- Tc ng ca gi
- Tc ng ca h thng HVAC
- Hiu ng piston trong thang my
Di y l cc yu t c bn nh hng n s dch
chuyn ca khi trong cc hnh lang v cu thang thot
him.
a) Hiu ng ng khi
Hiu ng ng khi c nh ngha l dng chy
thng ng ca khng kh do s chnh lch nhit gia
bn trong v bn ngoi trc ca ta nh. Vi hiu ng ng
khi thng thng c s chuyn ng ca kh ln cao
trong mt trc ca ta nh (cu thang, thang my...) khi
khng kh bn ngoi trc ta nh lnh hn so vi khng
kh bn trong. Trong trng hp kh nng trong trc
ta nh c t trng nh hn s thot ra bn ngoi pha
trn, cn kh bn ngoi c t trng ln hn s trn vo
trc ta nh pha di. Nh vy pha trn p sut bn
trong trc ta nh ln hn pha ngoi, cn pha di p
sut bn trong nh hn pha ngoi. Khi nhit trong trc
ta nh nh hn nhit ngoi th xy ra hiu ng ng
Mt phng nm ngang cao m ti chnh p
sut trong v ngoi nh bng khng c gi l mt
phng cn bng p sut.
chnh p sut gia trong v ngoi nh c tnh
theo cng thc sau [5]:
1 1 (1)
p 3460 h
To Ti
Trong :
p l chnh p (Pa)
To l nhit pha ngoi (K)
Ti l nhit pha trong nh (K)
 h l khong cch t im cn tnh n mt phng cn quanh. m bo an ton cho qu trnh thot nn, cc
bng p sut cu thang thot him phi c h thng iu p cu thang
b) Qu trnh t bay ln ca khi v h thng ht khi hnh lang. H thng iu p cu
thang dng tng p sut bung thang ngn khng cho
nhit cao, do t trng gim nn khi s t bay
khi i vo. H thng ht khi hnh lang dng ht
ln. Ti mi v tr s xut hin chnh p sut gia vng
khi ra ngoi, lm gim nng khi cc hnh lang,
khi vi vng ln cn [5] :
hn ch nguy hi cho con ngi.
1 1 H thng ht khi hnh lang (hnh 1) gm c:
p 3460 h (2)
Ts T f - Qut ht khi c t trn sn thng ca ta nh.

Trong : - H thng ng ng ht bao gm ng trc thng
ng v cc ng ng nhnh cc hnh lang.
Ts l nhit vng ln cn
- Cc van gi (Dumper) gn trn cc hnh lang.
Tf l nhit vng khi
Lu lng kh cn ht ph thuc nhiu yu t v c
h l khong cch t im cn tnh n mt phng cn
th xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim [6]:
bng p sut
c) S gin n v nhit
F 0,071.Q1/3 .z 5/3 0, 0018.Q (5)
Do tc ng nhit ca ngn la lm cho kh gin n ra Trong :
v to nn s dch chuyn ca khi. i vi cn phng c
F l lu lng khi lng cn ht (kg/s)
mt ca m th s c mt lng khi thot ra ngoi v
mt lng kh t ngoi vo trong phng. T s gia cc Q l tc thot nhit i lu (kW)
lu lng kh t l vi nhit tuyt i ca trong v z l cao ca vng cn ht khi (m)
ngoi phng [5]: iu khin qut ht khi v cc van gi cn phi c
Qout Tout (3) cc thit b iu khin.

Qin Tin H thng ht khi hnh lang ch c kh nng ht khi
Trong : mt s khu vc nht nh ch khng th ht khi cho
ton b ta nh. V vy cn c b iu khin vi chng
Qout l lu lng th tch ca khi t phng b chy trnh iu khin thch hp.
thot ra (m3/s)
cc nc pht trin, vic iu khin h thng iu
Qin l lu lng th tch ca khng kh t ngoi vo p v ht khi c thc hin bi trm iu khin chuyn
phng (m3/s) dng FSCS, nu hiu theo ng ngha ca n l trm iu
Tout l nhit ca khi thot khi phng khin khi ca ngi cha chy. Trm iu khin ny
Tin l nhit khng kh vo phng nhn tn hiu t h thng bo chy hoc cc cm bin
d) Tc ng ca gi ring iu khin cc qut gi v van gi. Trm c ch
iu khin t ng v ch iu khin bng tay
Gi c th gy ra nhng tc ng n s dch chuyn iu khin cc thit b linh hot ty theo din bin ca
ca khi. p sut m gi gy ra trn mt b mt c tnh m chy.
theo cng thc [6]:
Cc nghin cu cho thy khi s dng FSCS ch
pw 0,5.Cw . .v 2 (4) t ng th h thng p ng thch hp vi tn hiu kch
Trong : hot u tin. Cc tn hiu kch hot t ng tip theo c
th gy xung t vi tn hiu u tin v lm cho h thng
pw l p sut do gi gy ra (Pa) lm vic khng hiu qu [5], [6].
Cw l h s p sut
l t trng ca kh (kg/m3)
v l vn tc ca gi (m/s)
H s Cw ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca
b mt v c gi tr trong khong t -0,8 n 0,8. N c
gi tr dng nu b mt pha n gi v c gi tr m
pha ngc li.
2.1.2. H thng ht khi hnh lang
Khi sinh ra trong m chy thng km theo kh CO2
v c th c cc kh c khc d gy ngt th cho con
ngi. Cc nghin cu cho thy ch ring vi kh CO2 khi
t nng ln n 5% theo th tch s gy nguy him
cho con ngi [7], [8].
Theo qui lut t nhin, khi lun c xu hng dch
chuyn ln trn theo cc bung thang v ta ra xung Hnh 1: H thng iu p v ht khi
 Vit Nam do cn thiu qui nh nn hu nh khng cp l nhit dung ring ca khng kh (kJ/kg.K)
s dng FSCS m vic iu khin h thng ht khi T l nhit mi trng (K)
thng c thc hin bi chnh h thng bo chy t
g l gia tc trng trng (m/s2)
ng. Trong tn hiu bo chy cc tng pht tn hiu
m cc van gi chnh tng . Hiu qu hot ng Cn c vo iu kin trn, gi tr kch thc li lc
ca cc h thng ny hin l vn cn ang b ng. c xc nh l = 0,1 m.
Thc t cho thy mt s m chy nh cao tng xy ra Do vic thc hin chng trnh FDS mt rt nhiu
gn y, cc h thng ht khi khng pht huy c thi gian cho nn vic m phng ch tin hnh vi thi
hiu qu. gian l 90s. Vi thi gian ny so snh hiu qu ca
2.2. M phng s dch chuyn ca khi v hot ng cc phng n iu khin h thng ht khi hnh lang.
ca h thng ht khi hnh lang bng phn mm FDS Kt qu m phng so snh trong 2 phng n:
2.2.1. Gii thiu phn mm FDS - Phng n 1: ch c u d khi kch hot u tin
FDS (vit tt ca Fire Dynamics Simulator) l mt c m van gi tng , cc u tip theo khng
phn mm c pht trin bi Vin Quc gia v Tiu m van gi tip theo.
chun v Cng ngh (NIST) ca B Thng mi Hoa K, - Phng n 2: cc u d khi u c th kch hot
phi hp vi Trung tm Nghin cu k thut VTT ca m van gi cc tng.
Phn Lan [9], [10]. Phn mm ny c s dng rt hiu Kt qu m phng bng Smokeview nh trn hnh 2.
qu m phng cho cc m chy trong cc ta nh, m
phng cho s lan ta ca khi v s bin i ca cc
thng s nh nhit , p sut, nng kh... ti v tr bt
k. N cng c th m phng s hot ng ca cc thit
b t ng nh s kch hot ca cc u d khi, u d
nhit, u phun nc t ng (Sprinkler).
i km vi FDS cn c phn mm Smokeview l
chng trnh ng hnh trc quan c s dng hin
th d liu u ra ca FDS v d liu c hin th di
-
dng hnh nh ng trn my tnh.
to chng trnh m phng ta phi vit m chng a, Phng n 1, t=60s b, Phng n 2, t=60s
trnh bng mt chng trnh son tho bt k (chng hn
Notepad) v lu vi phn m rng l fds. Sau thc thi
chng trnh vi file fds.exe. Kt qu c xem trong file
c phn m rng smv nh chng trnh Smokeview.exe
di dng hnh nh 3D hoc xem trong cc file c phn
m rng csv di dng bng s liu [2].
2.2.2. Kt qu m phng
M hnh m phng cho 5 tng ca mt ta nh vi
mt m chy gi nh tng 1 vi cc thng s:
c, Phng n 1, t=60s d, Phng n 2, t=60s
- Din tch m chy: 1,5 m2
- Cht chy l Polyurethane (PU)
- Cng sut ta nhit l 1562 kW/m2
Qut ht khi c lu lng l 8 m3/s, ng ng ht
c kch thc (750 x 750) mm, mi hnh lang c b tr 2
van gi v u d khi vi nhy l 3,28 (%/m).
m bo chnh xc v tit kim thi gian thc
hin chng trnh m phng th cn xc nh kch thc
li lc hp l [2]. Kch thc li lc c xc nh sao
e, Phng n 1, t=90s f, Phng n 2, t=90s
cho t s D/ c gi tr t 4 n 16. Trong D c gi
l ng knh la c trng c tnh theo cng thc sau Hnh 2: Mt s kt qu m phng cho 2 trng hp
[10]:
2/5 Hnh 2 a,b cho hnh nh ca khi ti thi im t = 60s
Q
D ( m) (6) Hnh 2 c, d cho hnh nh nng CO2 (th hin theo
c T g mu) ti thi im t = 60s. Hnh 2 e,f cho hnh nh nng
p
CO2 ti thi im t = 90 s.
Trong :
Cc s liu m phng c lu trong file vi phn m
Q l nhit lng ta ra t m chy (kW) rng csv c th xem bng chng trnh Excel, trong c
l khi lng ring ca khng kh (kg/m3) th to th theo di s bin i ca cc thng s bng
cng c Chart Wizard. th biu din s thay i nng Trong thc t, nng khi v nng ca cc cht
CO2 ti gia hnh lang tng 1 v 2 nh trn hnh 3. kh c hi ph thuc vo din tch m chy, vt liu
ng mu xanh biu th nng CO2 ti tng 1, ng chy, s hot ng ca h thng ht khi v nhiu yu t
mu hng biu th nng CO2 ti tng 2. khc. Tuy nhin qua kt qu m phng cho thy khi h
thng ht khi hnh lang hot ng theo tn hiu bo chy
2.50E-02 t ng nh phng n 2 th s c hiu qu km hn so
vi phng n 1.
2.00E-02 Thc trng nc ta hin nay l c nhiu h thng
ht khi hnh lang hot ng t ng theo tn hiu bo
1.50E-02 chy. Vi nhng h thng nh vy khi h thng bo chy
T1 t ng hot ng nhm ln hoc ngi n nt bo ng
T2
1.00E-02
bng tay ni khng cn thit s lm cho h thng ht
khi hnh lang hot ng cng km hiu qu v thm ch
cn gy thm nguy him. Thc t cho thy nhiu h thng
5.00E-03
bo chy t ng hot ng nhm ln hoc khng hot
ng. Tuy vy vic bo ng nhm t gy nguy him so
0.00E+00
1 82 163 244 325 406 487 568 649 730 811 892 973
vi kch hot nhm h thng ht khi hnh lang.
cc nc pht trin, ngi ta ch s dng h thng
bo chy t ng pht hin chy v pht tn hiu bo
a, Phng n 1 ng. Cc trung tm bo chy t ng cng c mt s
chc nng iu khin nhng khng c dng iu
khin trc tip h thng ht khi hnh lang m ch gi tn
6.00E-02
hiu n b iu khin FSCS. Cc b iu khin FSCS
c thit k p ng cc tiu chun v an ton (NFPA
5.00E-02
92, BS 5588...) sao cho thun tin cho ngi s dng v
4.00E-02
thch nghi vi mi trng lm vic khc nghit. Khi xy
ra m chy vi din bin phc tp, ngi lm nhim v
3.00E-02
T1 cha chy tuy khng am hiu v cc h thng k thut
T2
ca ta nh vn c th s dng b iu khin FSCS
2.00E-02 gii quyt tnh hung.
Qua thy rng cn thit phi s dng trm iu
1.00E-02
khin khi chuyn dng FSCS theo tiu chun ca cc
0.00E+00
nc pht trin. Trm iu khin ny thc hin iu khin
1 90 179 268 357 446 535 624 713 802 891 980 ch t ng giai on u ca m chy, cn giai
on sau th vic iu khin do ngi cha chy quyt
nh ty theo din bin thc t.
b, Phng n 2 4. Kt lun
Qu trnh din bin ca khi trong cc m chy lun
Hnh 3: S thay i ca nng CO2 phc tp, kh lng. Hiu qu hot ng ca h thng ht
khi hnh lang cng l vn rt kh nh gi.
3. Bn lun Vi phn mm FDS cho php ta m phng qu trnh
Kt qu m phng cho thy: din bin ca khi cng vi s hot ng ca h thng
- Vi phng n 1 : u d khi tng 1 kch hot ht khi hnh lang. Qua cho php ta tm c gii
lm m van gi hnh lang tng 1, van gi cc tng php iu khin h thng theo qui trnh hp l nht, lm
khc khng m ngay c khi c khi lan n. Khi khi gim thiu tc hi ca khi gy ra, m bo an ton cho
ch yu tp trung tng 1 v c ht ra ngoi bi qut con ngi.
ht v h thng ng ng. Mt lng khi vn i ln
tng pha trn nhng khng nhiu. Nng CO2 gia TI LIU THAM KHO
hnh lang tng 2 ti thi im 90s vo khong 0,7% theo
th tch. [1] Ng Vn Xim, Trnh Th Dng. Gio trnh phng
chy trong xy dng. NXB KHKT 2002.
- Vi phng n 2: u d khi cc tng u c kh [2] Nguyn Quang An. ng dng phng php LES
nng kch hot m van gi cc tng khi nng khi m phng cho m chy. Tp ch khoa hc v cng
t ngng kch hot. Khi cc van gi tng 2 s m ngh i hc Nng. S 9(94). 2015. Tr 74 77.
sau tng 1 khong 20s lm cho khi t tng 1 b ht ln [3] TCVN 6160-1996. Phng chy cha chy nh cao
tng 2. Sau khong 30s van gi tng 3 tip tc m v tng, yu cu thit k.
khi li b ht tip mt phn ln tng 3. Nng CO2 [4] ASHRAE Handbook- 2007-HVAC Applications (SI)
hnh lang tng 2 ti thi im 90s tng ln 1,5% v c xu [5] John H. Klote, James A. Milke, Paul G. Turnbull,
hng tng tip. Ahmed Kashef, Michael J. Ferreira. Handbook of Smoke
Control Engineering. Ashrae 2012.
[6] John H. Klote, James A. Milke. Principle of Smoke
Management. Ashrae 2002.
[7] Mary C.Devany. Cacbon Dioxit (CO2) Safety
Program. Renewable Fuels Association. US June 2015.
[8] Nei McManus. Oxygen: Health Effects and
Regulatory Limits. NorthWest Occupational Health &
Safety 2009.
[9] Kevin McGrattan, Simo Hostikka, Randall
McDermott, Jason Floyd, Craig Weinschenk, Kristopher
Overholt. Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference
Guide. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
US July 2014
[10] Kevin McGrattan, Simo Hostikka, Randall
McDermott, Jason Floyd, Craig Weinschenk, Kristopher
Overholt. Fire Dynamics Simulator Users Guide.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. US July
2014

Thng tin v tc gi
Nguyn Quang An
* Tm tt qu trnh o to, nghin cu:
-Tt nghip i hc ngnh in kh ha ti trng i hc M a cht nm 1985
-Tt nghip Thc s T ng ha ti i hc Bch khoa H Ni nm 1995
- Hin ang lm nghin cu sinh ti trng i hc M a cht
* Tm tt cng vic hin ti:
- Ging vin chnh, ph trng b mn Khoa hc c bn - Trng i hc Phng chy cha chy
- Tham gia ging dy cc mn hc: K thut in, Vt l i cng
* Lnh vc quan tm: K thut iu khin v T ng ha, M hnh ha, Phng chy cha chy
* in thoi:(04)38543390; 0983110663
Nguyn Ch Tnh
* Tm tt qu trnh o to, nghin cu:
- Tt nghip i hc ngnh C in ti trng i hc M a cht nm 1979
- Tt nghip Thc s ngnh in kh ha ti i hc M a cht nm 1997
- Tt nghip Tin s ngnh T ng ha ta i hc M a cht nm 2005
* Tm tt cng vic hin ti:
- Ging vin chnh, trng khoa C in Trng i hc M a cht
- Tham gia ging dy cc mn hc: T ng ha qu trnh sn xut, C s h thng iu kin qu trnh
* Lnh vc quan tm: K thut iu khin v t ng ha, M hnh ha
* in thoi: 0913070016

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