LI CM N

Thc t lun cho thy, s thnh cng no cng u gn lin vi nhng s h tr,
gip ca nhng ngi xung quanh d cho s gip l t hay nhiu, trc tip
hay gin. Trong sut thi gian t khi bt u lm lun vn n nay, em nhn
c s quan tm, ch bo, gip ca thy c, gia nh v bn b xung quanh.

Vi tm lng bit n v cng su sc, em xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht t y

long n qu Thy C ca trng i hc Ty cng dng nhng tri thc v
tm huyt ca mnh c th truyn t cho chng em trong vn kin thc qu bu
sut thi gian hc tp ti trng.

c bit, em xin chn thnh cm n GS. TSKH. .. tn tm ch bo hng dn

em qua tng bui hc , tng bui ni chuyn, tho lun v ti nghin cu. Nh
c nhng li hng dn, dy bo , bi lun vn ny ca em hon thnh mt
cch sut sc nht. Mt ln na, em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy.

Bi lun vn c thc hin trong 2 thng. Ban u em cn b ng v vn kin thc

ca em cn hn. Do vy, khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c
kin ng gp ca qu Thy C v cc bn hc cng lp bi lun c hon thin
hn.
 T VN

Trong nhng nm gn y vi s tin b ca khoa hc k thut to ra cc ging

cy trng rt a dng, phong ph, nng sut cao nn rt thun li cho vic ch bin
ra nhiu sn phm t rau qu, p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Tuy nhin,
hin nay cn rt t sn phm ch bin t rau qu, ch yu s dng dng ti sng.
Trong qu trnh cng nghip ho hin i ho, nhu cu v sn phm ch bin i
hi ngy cng cao, ngi tiu dng s quan tm nhiu hn v cht lng v gi tr
dinh dng sn phm thc phm, nhu cu gii kht cng ngy cng tng. T nhng
nhu cu v cht lng v gi tr dinh dng, nc qu s dn thay th cc loi nc
gii kht pha ch bng cht ho hc.
Trong tri cy c cha hm lng ln vitamin v mui khong rt cn thit cho nhu
cu hng ngy ca c th, c bit trong cc loi qu nh: s ri c cha hm lng
vitamin C ng k (48-50mg/100g), trong chanh dy cha (30mg/100g), trong da
(18mg/100g), rt cn thit tng tnh khng cho c th. lm phong ph
thm mt hng nc qu, vic nghin cu ch bin nc qu hn hp gm chanh
dy - da s ri c thc hin nhm s dng ngun nguyn liu rau qu c quanh
nm to ra sn phm nc ung mi giu vitamin, hng v thm ngon, p ng
nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng.
CHNG 2. TNG QUAN TI LIU
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG V VITAMIN C
2.1.1. Lch s ca Vitamin C

- Vo th k 15, 16, trong cuc pht kin a l ca cc nc chu u, nhng nh

thm him lun thy thy th ca h phi cht v cn bnh k l vi triu chng
mt mi, au khp, chy mu nu, l bnh Scurvy (hay Scorbut).

- Mi n nm 1774, James Lind, bc s hng hi qu tc Anh, pht hin n tri

cy s phng trnh c bnh scurvy. ng cho rng nhng ngi thy th i bin
ch tip xc nhng mn n kh, mn, t n tri cy dn n cn bnh trn. Kinh
nghim ca Lind cu sng rt nhiu thy th trong nhng chuyn hnh trnh
bng ng bin sau ny.

- Ngi nghin cu k v vitamin C l Albert Szent-Gyrgyi (1893-1986) gc

Hungary v ng c trao gii Nobel y hc nm 1937 v cng lao trn. Cng vo
nm , gii Nobel ha hc c trao cho Walter Norman Haworth, ngi Anh,
tng hp thnh cng vitamin C. Tuy nhin, quy trnh tng hp vitamin C li c tn
l Tadeus Reichstein, ngi cng tng hp thnh cng vitamin C cng lc vi
Haworth (2 ngi tm ra cch tng hp hon ton c lp). iu ny s lm cho gi
thnh vitamin C r hn rt nhiu, v trc y vitamin ny c chit ra t tri cy
bng phng php kh phc tp.

Hin nay, vitamin C khng cn l vi mi ngi. T tri cy cho n nc ung, t

vin thuc cho n ko ngm, u c s hin din ca n.
Hnh 2.1. Thc phm c cha Vitamin C
2.1.2. nh ngha Vitamin C
Vitamin C cn gi l acid ascorbic. N tn ti trong c th chng ta di hai dng
D v L, tham gia vo cc hot ng khc nhau ca c th. Dng D khng c hot
tnh sinh hc. Dng L khi b xy ha ln u chuyn thnh axit dehydro ascorbic
(hi ng mu) vn cn hot tnh sinh hc ca vitamin C. Nu tip tc xy ha na
s thnh diketo golunat (mu vng sm) mt hot tnh sinh hc ca vitamin C.

2.2. CU TRC HO HC V PHN NG

C6H8O6 P.t.l: 176,1

HNH 2.2. Cng thc cu to ca Vitamin C

HNH 2.3. Cng thc cu to ba chiu ca Vitamin C

 Acid ascorbic l (R)-5-[(S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5H-furan 2-on, phi
cha t 99,0 n 100,5% C6H8O6.

2.3. TNH CHT

2.3.1. Tnh cht vt l

Vitamin C kt tinh khng mu hoc hi vng, rt d tan trong nc (300g/lt). Dung

dch nc 5% c pH=3. C khi dng dng mui natri d tan trong nc hn
(900g/lt).

2.3.2. Tnh cht ho hc

D trong CTCT khng c nhm COOH nhng vitamin C vn c tnh axit. N c

tnh cht ha hc tng t cc axit thng thng, c kh nng b oxi ha v b phn
hy thnh CO2 v nc 193oC.

Acid ascorbic b oxy ha cho acid dehydroascorbic; y l phn ng oxy ha kh

thun nghch, qua vitamin C tc dng nh mt ng yu t (cofactor), tham gia
vo nhiu phn ng ha sinh trong c th, nh:

hydroxyl ha,
amid ha;
lm d dng s chuyn prolin, lysin sang hydroxyprolin v hydroxylysin
(trong tng hp collagen);
gip chuyn acid folic thnh acid folinic trong tng hp carnitin;
tham gia xc tc oxy ha thuc qua microsom (cytochrom P450) gan;
gip dopamin hydroxyl ho thnh nor-adrenalin;
gip d hp thu st do kh Fe3+ thnh Fe2+ d dy, ri d hp thu rut.
m, vitamin C gip tng hp collagen, proteoglycan v cc thnh phn hu
c khc rng, xng, ni m mao mch.
 Trong thin nhin, vitamin C c mt cng vitamin P (vitamin C2). Vitamin P
li c tnh chng oxy ha, nn bo v c vitamin C; hn na vitamin P cn hip
ng vi vitamin C lm bn vng thnh mch, tng to collagen, c ch
hyaluronidase v cng vitamin C, vitamin E, -caroten v selen, tham gia thanh thi
gc t do c hi trong c th.
2.4. CHC NNG SINH HC CA VITAMIN C TRONG C TH
2.4.1. Thc y s hnh thnh collagen
Khi thiuvitamin C, qu trnh tng hp collagen gp tr ngi, khin cc vt
thnglu lnh dn n xut huyt nhiu mc khc nhau (v mao mch, chy
mudi da, chy mu li, v mao mch, gy nhiu m xut huyt), thnh
mchyu l cc hin tng thng thy bnh scobat.

2.4.2 Cht kch hot enzyme

Vitamin C c th bo v vitamin A, vitamin E, vcc axit bo thit yu khi b tiu

hu; lm cho st (2) c trong thc n c duy tr trong trng thi hon nguyn,
thc y s hp th st v chuyn dch tn tr st trong c th. Lm cho can-xi
trong thnh rut khng b ktta, gip ci thin t l hp th can-xi vo c th.
Tham gia phn nghydroxyt ca cholesterol thnh axit cholic, c hiu qu nht nh
trong iu tr thiu hng cu.

2.4.3. Tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha cholesterol

Gip 80%cholesterol chuyn ha thnh sulfat tan trong nc bi tit khi c

th,gim hm lng cholesterol trong mu; loi b cholesterol tch t trong ng
mch; gia tng cc thnh phn c ch ca mu nh lipoprotein, c nghaquan
trng trong phng chng x va ng mch.

2.4.4. Tham gia qu trnh bi tit cht c khi c th

Tip tc -xy ha thnh glutathione (diketo golunat) cng vi cht c trong c th

b bi tit ra ngoi.
2.4.5. Phng chng ung th

Vic gim vitamin C trong ng tiu ha ngn chn s hnh thnh nitrosamines,
c hiu qu ngn nga s xut hin ca cc khi u ng tiu ha; ngoi ra vitamin
Ccn tham gia trong tng hp collagen, gip cc t bo k duy tr cu trc bnh
thng, lm gim qu trnh pht trin ca t bo ung th.

2.4.6. Chng cm lnh

Vitamin C c th ci thin kh nng khng bnh ca cc t bo min dch v tng

cng min dch ca c th v min dch humoral, loi b cc yu t gy bnh, gi
h h hp c bo ton. Khi thiun, biu m t bo khng bnh kh qun v ph
qun b gim xung. Cc th nghim cho thy, ung 1.000 mg vitamin C mi ngy
c th gim 50% nguy c b cm lnh v gim 23% cc triu chng cm cm.

2.4.7. Bo v da, chng np nhn

Vitamin C l cht kch hot enzyme, c th gia tng s hot ng ca mt s kim

loi, gip da chng li cc gc t do sinh ra bi tia cc tm, trnh s xut hin ca
tn nhang, thc y s trao i cht, gp phn ngn nga lo ha da.

2.5. IU CH

2.6. TC DNG DC L

2.6.1. Dc l v c ch tc dng

- Vitamin C cn cho s to thnh colagen, tu sa m trong c th v tham gia trong

mt s phn ng oxy ha - kh. Vitamin C tham gia trong chuyn ha phenylalanin,
tyrosin, acid folic, norepinephrin, histamin, st, v mt s h thng enzym chuyn
ha thuc, trong s dng carbohydrat, trong tng hp lipid v protein, trong chc
nng min dch, trong khng vi nhim khun, trong gi gn s ton vn ca
mch mu v trong h hp t bo.
- Thiu ht vitamin C dn n bnh scorbut, trong c s sai st tng hp colagen
vi biu hin l khng lnh vt thng, khim khuyt v cu to rng, v mao mch
gy nhiu m xut huyt, m bm mu, chy mu di da v nim mc (thng
l chy mu li). Dng vitamin C lm mt hon ton cc triu chng thiu ht
vitamin C.
2.6.2. Dc ng hc
- Hp th: Vitamin C c hp thu d dng sau khi ung; tuy vy, hp thu l mt
qu trnh tch cc v c th b hn ch sau nhng liu rt ln. Trong nghin cu trn
ngi bnh thng, ch c 50% ca mt liu ung 1,5 g vitamin C c hp thu.
Hp thu vitamin C d dy - rut c th gim ngi a chy hoc c bnh v d
dy - rut. Nng vitamin C bnh thng trong huyt tng khong 10 - 20
microgam/ml. D tr ton b vitamin C trong c th c tnh khong 1,5 g vi
khong 30 - 45 mg c lun chuyn hng ngy. Du hiu lm sng ca bnh
scorbut thng tr nn r rng sau 3 - 5 thng thiu ht vitamin C.
- Phn b: Vitamin C phn b rng ri trong cc m c th. Khong 25% vit amin C
trong huyt tng kt hp vi protein.
- Thi tr: Vitamin C oxy - ha thun nghch thnh acid dehydroascorbic. Mt t
vitamin C chuyn ha thnh nhng hp cht khng c hot tnh gm ascorbic acid -
2 - sulfat v acid oxalic c bi tit trong nc tiu. Lng vitamin C vt qu
nhu cu ca c th cng c nhanh chng o thi ra nc tiu di dng khng
bin i. iu ny thng xy ra khi lng vitamin C nhp hng ngy vt qu 200
mg.
2.6.3. c im chung
Vitamin C dng tinh th trng, rt d tan trong nc,tan trong ethanol 96 kh tan
trong ru,thc t khng tan trong ether v clorofom, khng tan trong cc dung mi
hu c, tn ti c 100 C trong mi trng trung tnh v acid, b oxi ha bi
Oxi trong khng kh v cng b oxi ha nhanh khi c s hin din ca Fe v Cu.
2.6.4. C ch tc dng
Acid ascorbic b oxy ha cho acid dehydroascorbic,y l phn ng oxy ha kh
thun nghch, qua vitamin C tc dng nh mt ng yu t (cofactor), tham gia
vo nhiu phn ng ha sinh trong c th, nh: Hydroxyl ha, Amid ha. Vitamin C
tng hp collagen); gip chuyn acid folic thnh acid folinic trong tng hp
carnitin. Vitamin C cng tham gia xc tc oxy ha thuc qua microsom (cytochrom
P450) gan; gip dopamin hydroxyl ho thnh nor-adrenalin; gip d hp thu st do
kh Fe3+ thnh Fe2+ d dy, ri d hp th rut. m, vitamin C gip tng
hp collagen, proteoglycan v cc thnh phn hu c khc rng, xng, ni m
mao mch.

Trong thin nhin, vitamin C c mt cng vitamin P (vitamin C 2). vitamin P li c

tnh chng oxy ha, nn bo v c Vitamin C. Hn na vitamin P cn hip ng
vi vitamin C lm bn vng thnh mch, tng to collagen, c ch hyaluronidase
v cng vitamin C, Vvitamin E, -caroten v selen, tham gia thanh thi gc t do c
hi trong c th.

2.6.5. Nguyn nhn gy thiu vitamin C

C nhiu nguyn nhn lm thiu Vitamin C, nh:

- Ht thuc: mi iu thuc mt 25mg Vitamin C.

- Nghin ru.

- n ung thiu cht dinh dng, c bit nhng ngi ln tui.

- n khng tri cy v rau c.

- Cng thng thn kinh: iu ny lm bn cn dng Vitamin C nhiu hn.

2.6.6. Triu chng thiu vitamin C

Tnh trng thiu vitamin C l ng k. Tuy nhin, thiu vitamin C mc trm
trng v gy triu chng th tng i kh gp, mc d cng c cc trng hp
triu chng khp li l du hiu gi thiu vitamin C. Thiu vitamin C sau 1-3
thng bt u c biu hin lm sng v tin trin thnh 3 giai on. Giai on u
c au c, au khp chi di v mt mi. Giai on ton pht c triu chng xut
huyt di da v nu ko c iu tr s n giai on nng hn gy tn thng,
suy kit, t vong. Biu hin khp c th gi . au khp thng hay phi hp vi
au c, hay gp l au cc khp ln chi di. Hi chng xut huyt c th gy
trn mu khp, hay t mu trong c. Tn thng collagen lm suy yu ni mc cc
mao mch lm d gy xut huyt trong khp. Cc tn thng rng ming thng
gp nh vim li ph i, xut huyt gy vim quanh rang, mt rng. Cc du hiu
ton th nh mt mi, gy st, st mc nh v trung bnh. C th gp chy
mu kt mc mt, xut huyt nhiu khi hnh kinh v rong kinh v c vim thn kinh
ngoi bin cng c m t. Cc xt nghim huyt hc cho thy thiu mu, gim
bch cu, gim cholesterol mu. Chn on d dng v c th nh lng vitamin C
trong mu.

2.6.7.

2.6.8. Tc dng ph

Phn ng ph thng khi dng vitamin C: nng, kh chu d dy, bun nn, tiu
chy, co rt d dy.

2.7. MT S CH PHM CA VITAMIN C

Hin ti trn th trng Vit Nam c mt s ch phm vitamin C ca cc cng ty

nc ngoi lu hnh, nhng u l nhng ch phm vitamin C t cht lng
cao, vi cng ngh bo ch hin i, v gi ca vitamin C ngoi bao gi cng cao
hn vitamin C sn xut trong nc rt nhiu.
Ngoi ch phm thuc vi dc cht chnh l vitamin C, trn th trng, cn nhiu
thuc nc ngoi, ngoi dc cht chnh ca n, cn cha vitamin C nh l dc
cht tc dng h tr trong iu tr. V thng tn ti di nhiu dng bo ch khc
nhau, bao gm: Vin nn, vin nang, vin si, dng siro, cm pha dung dch ung,
thuc tim.
Mt khc, cng c rt nhiu c s sn xut trong nc sn xut ch phm vitamin C
di nhiu dng bo ch khc nhau, bao gm: Vin nn thng, vin nn bao phim,
vin ngm, thuc tim. Vi cc hm lng hot cht a dng, t vin nn 30mg n
vin nn 1000mg. Vitamin C dng vin si cng c mt s c s bt u sn xut,
nhng cht lng cha th snh c vi thuc ngoi. V gi thnh ca vitamin C
sn xut trong nc th r hn nhiu so vi vitamin C ngoi, ph hp vi ti tin v
nhu cu iu tr ca a s bnh nhn.
HNH 2.4. Mt s sn phm dc phm ca Vitamin C

HNH 2.5. Mt s sn phm m phm ca Vitamin C

2.8. P DNG IU TR

2.8.1. Ch nh

Phng v cha bnh scorbut, cc chng chy mu do thiu vitamin C, tng sc

khng trong nhim khun, nhim c, mt mi, thai nghn, thiu mu, d ng,
ngi nghin thuc nghin ru
2.8.2. Chng ch nh
Chng ch nh dng vitamin C liu cao cho ngi b thiu ht glucose - 6
phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (nguy c thiu mu huyt tn) ngi c tin s
si thn, tng oxalate niu v lon chuyn ho oxalate (tang nguy c si thn), b
bnh thalassemia (tang nguy c hp thu st).
2.8.3. Tc dng khng mong mun
Ri lon tiu ho c th xy ra khi dung liu cao vitamin C (t 1 g hang ngy tr
ln). Tng oxalat niu, bun nn, nn, co cng c bng, mt mi, mt ng hoc
bun ng, thiu mu tan mu c th xy ra khi dng vitamin C tim tnh mch, do
khng c dng tim tnh mch vitamin C v khng an ton cho ngi bnh.
2.8.4. Thn trng khi dung thuc
- Dng vitamin C liu cao ko di c th dn n hin tng nhn thuc, do khi
gim liu s dn n thiu ht vitamin C. Ung liu ln vitamin C trong khi mang
thai dn n bnh scorbut tr s sinh.
- Tng oxalat niu c th xy ra sau khi dng liu cao vitamin C. Vitamin C c th
gy acid ho nc tiu, i khi dn n kt ta urat hoc cystin, hoc si oxalat,
hoc trong ng tit niu.
- Tim tnh mch nhanh vitamin C (s dng khng hp l v khng an ton) c th
dn n xu nht thi hoc chng mt v c th gy ngng tim.
- Thi k mang thai: Vitamin C i qua nhau thai. Cha c cc nghin cu c trn sc
vt v trn ngi mang thai v nu dng vitamin C theo nhu cu bnh thng hng
ngy th cha thy xy ra vn g trn ngi. Tuy nhin, ung nhng lng ln
vitamin C trong khi mang thai c th lm tang nhu cu v vitamin C v dn n
bnh scorbut tr s sinh.
- Thi k cho con b: Vitamin C phn b trong s m. Ngi cho con b dng
vitamin C theo nhu cu bnh thng, cha thy c vn g xy ra i vi tr s
sinh.
2.8.5. Tng tc thuc
- Dng ng thi theo t l trn 200 mg vitamin C vi 30 mg st nguyn t lm
tng hp thu st qua ng d dy - rut; tuy vy, a s ngi bnh u c kh nng
hp thu st ung vo mt cch y m khng phi dng ng thi vitamin C.
- Dng ng thi vitamin C vi aspirin lm tng bi tit vitamin C v gim bi tit
aspirin trong nc tiu.
- Dng ng thi vitamin C v fluphenazin dn n gim nng fluphenazin
huyt tng. S acid - ha nc tiu sau khi dng vitamin C c th lm thay i s
bi tit ca cc thuc khc.
- Vitamin C liu cao c th ph hy vitamin B 12; cn khuyn ngi bnh trnh ung
vitamin C liu cao trong vng mt gi trc hoc sau khi ung vitamin B12.
- V vitamin C l mt cht kh mnh, nn nh hng n nhiu xt nghim da trn
phn ng oxy ha - kh. S c mt vitamin C trong nc tiu lm tng gi to
lng glucose nu nh lng bng thuc th ng (II) sulfat v gim gi to lng
glucose nu nh lng bng phng php glucose oxydase Vi cc xt nghim
khc, cn phi tham kho ti liu chuyn bit v nh hng ca vitamin C.
2.8.6. Liu dng v cch dng
2.8.6.1. Cch dng:
Thng ung vitamin C. Khi khng th ung c hoc khi nghi km hp thu, v ch
trong nhng trng hp rt c bit, mi dng ng tim. Khi dng ng tim, tt
nht l nn tim bp mc d thuc c gy au ti ni tim.
2.8.6.2. Liu lng:
Bnh thiu vitamin C (scorbut):
D phng: 25 - 75 mg mi ngy (ngi ln v tr em).
iu tr: Ngi ln: Liu 250 - 500 mg/ngy chia thnh nhiu liu nh, ung t nht
trong 2 tun.
Tr em: 100 - 300 mg/ngy chia thnh nhiu liu nh, ung t nht trong 2 tun.
Phi hp vi desferrioxamin tng thm o thi st (do tng tc dng chelat -
ha ca desferrioxamin) liu vitamin C: 100 - 200 mg/ngy.
Methemoglobin - huyt khi khng c sn xanh methylen: 300 - 600 mg/ngy chia
thnh liu nh.
CHNG 3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU