SAP 2000

, 2005
 .

SAP 2000

,
, 2005 .
 ,

.

.
. -
. . . . . .
.

: , . . 1, , ,
, e-mail: ddinev_fce@uacg.bg.


1. ................................................................................................................. 5
2. 2-D ........................................... 7
3. 2-D ............. 24
4. ..................................... 34
5. , ................................. 52
6. 3-D ..................................................... 74
7. .......................................................................................................... 98
8. ...........................................................................................................102

3
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS
THE ART OF USING MATERIALS
That Have Properties Which Can Only Be Estimated

TO BUILD REAL STRUCTURES

That Can Only Be Approximately Analyzed

TO WITHSTAND FORCES
That Are Not Accurately Known

SO THAT OUR RESPONSIBILITY WITH

RESPECT TOPUBLIC SAFETY IS SATISFIED

Adapted From An Unknown Author

4
 1.

1.

. -
, , -
. -
:
, ;
; ? -
,
,
. : + -
= - ; + = -
.
SAP2000, Comput-
ers and Structures Inc.,
.
, , -
, SAP2000
.
,
, -
MS Windows.
, SAP2000

.
-
,
.
, , .
-
-
.
, - -
- .
, -
, - -. -
.
5
1.

, . -
-
.
-
, .

, (P- ), -
, , Pushover , -
, -
. -
-
Help- ..Manuals-,
, -
. -
, .

6
 2. 2-D

2. 2-D

10
120

3 20
100

3 60 10
20
80

4 Z
30
X

6 6 6 2

. 1

(Frame)
(
):

3-D I, J

7
2. 2-D

. 1.

:
: kN, m
:
0.25/0.40 m
0.25/0.50 m
E= 2 107 kPa
Poisson = 0.12

:
-
.

-
:
A.
B. ,
C.
D. (M, Q, N-)
E. ,
F.
G.
H.

I. , ,
..

!!! ,
.
(File Save)!!!

8
 2. 2-D

A.
1. status bar
SAP 2000.
kN-m.

!!! !!!

2. File New Model from Template

3. 2D

,
.
3 m, .

B.
4.
Grid (,
).
Draw Edit Grid

9
2. 2-D

!!! Grid . -
, - .

10
 2. 2-D

5. Z , -
. Glue Joints to Grid
Lines ( ).
.
Direction Z 3 m 4 Move Grid Line.
.
6. X
. Direction X 12 14 m Add Grid Line
OK.

!!!
. .
.

7.

!!! SAP2000 : -
. -
, ,
. .
. -

11
2. 2-D

Windows . ,
.
.
Draw
.
Esc .
Draw Draw Frame Element
10 13.
. -
. , -
.

!!! .
Draw Frame Element , -
Grid-. A
.
,
Enter!!!

() () ..
View Set Elements ,
OK.

C.
1-2-3
.
X-Y-Z .
8. 5 9
,
1 3 2.
5 9 -
.
Assign Joint Restraints

12
 2. 2-D

2
1

9. 1 14
,
1 3.

!!! Status bar- -

!!!

D. - ()
10. () .
View Set Elements
11. 3D
View Set 3D View Fast View 3d OK
.

!!! 1 I J.

12. 16 ( 10, 13 . -
)
16. Assign Frame Releases M33-
Start OK

13
2. 2-D

13.
Save As frame.sdb

E. ,
14.
Define Materials Add New Material

-
OK OK.
14
 2. 2-D

!!!
(Mass per
unit Volume and Weight per unit Volume).

15.
Define Frame Sections Click to: Add Rectangular Section
Name: COL Material: MAT1 Dimensions: Depth(t3) 0.4;
Width(t2) 0.25 OK

-
.
.
16.
Define Static Load Cases OK

!!! -
(Self Weight
Multiplier Change Load OK)!!!
Save

15
2. 2-D

F.
17.
Select Select Intersecting Line (-
7 )
Assign Frame Sections Beam OK
18.
Select Select All; Select Deselect Frame Sections Beam
( 10 14 )
.

!!! -
!!!
19.
Display Show Undeformed Shape

G.
20. (, -
)
Assign Frame Static Loads Point
and Uniform( )

OK

16
 2. 2-D

10, 11, 13 14.

16 ...

... 17, .

17
2. 2-D

21.
2
Assign Joint Static Loads Forces

OK.
.
22.
Display Show Loads Frame

OK
Save

18
 2. 2-D

H.
23.
Analyze Set Options
-
UX UZ, RY (Available DOFs),
. , -
(Generate Output) -
.

24.
Analyze Run (Run Minimized)

19
2. 2-D

!!! , !!!

I.
.

25.

20
 2. 2-D

Display Show Deformed Shape Load Case 1 OK

-
.

26. X = 0
.
.
Assign Group Names
, BASE SHEAR Add New Group Name
OK
Display Show Group Joint Force Sums OK

27.
Display Show Element Forces/Stresses Frames
, , .

21
2. 2-D

,

File Print Output Tables

22
 2. 2-D

.
-
FRAME.OUT.
-
,
(Analyze Set Options Generate Output
Select Output Options). -
SAP 2000- File Display Input/Output Text Files.

23
3. 2-D ...

3. 2-D

-
-
.

p.A

Z 10
X

26 4 30 m 4 26

:
: kN, m.
:
= 3 107 kPa
Poisson = 0.2
:

: :
A = 3 m2 A = 3 m2
I = 2.5 m4 I = 4 m4
As = 2.5 m2 As = 2.5 m2

:

. .
.

24
 3. 2-D ...

:
A. ,
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

A.
1. Status Bar , kN-m

2. File New Model From Template

3. Model Templates Portal Frame

4. Portal Frame :
1
3
10
30
Re-
straints
OK
5. - 3-D
View, .
6. View Set Elements Joints
Labels Frame Labels. -
.

25
3. 2-D ...

7. 1 4 .
Delete .
8. View Refresh Window
9. - .
. -
. Edit Devide Frames -
.

OK

, .
10. , - -, -
, . -
Select Select All. Edit Change La-
bels -
OK.

26
 3. 2-D ...

11. 1 2 ( )
.
12. Assign Joint Restraints Joint
Restraints Fast Restraints, -
.
. OK.
13. 3 9 ( )
3.
14. 1 ( )
Edit Move Move Selected Points Delta X = 4.
Delta Y Delta Z . OK.
15. Save
.

B.
16. . Define
Materials
CONC. Modify/Show Material. -
:
30+06
Poisson 0.2
OK
27
3. 2-D ...

17. . Define Frame Sec-

tions Add I/Wide Flange- Add General.
Property Data :
3
2.5 3
2.5 -
2

OK

General Section :
PIERS
CONC
OK

28
 3. 2-D ...

18.
, . GIRDERS

C.
19. .
3 8 . Assign Frame
Sections GIRDERS OK.
-
PIERS.
20. Display Show Undeformed Shape
21. Save

.
, -
(Bridge Analysis) - :

,
(Define Moving Load
Cases Lanes)
29
3. 2-D ...

,

(Define
Moving Load Cases Vehicles)

,
(Define Moving Load Cases Vehicle Classes)
, -

(Define Moving Load Cas-
es Moving Load Cases)
, -
, -
. - , -
Bridge Analysis
(. SapRef1.pdf).

D.
22. : Define
Moving Load Cases Lanes. Add New Lane. -

. -
Add 3
8 .

30
 3. 2-D ...

!!! ,
-
.
-
1!!!
!!! : -
.
, Assign Frame
Lane ,
Modify/Show Lane !!!
, -
..
.
23. View Set Elements
.

E.
24. Analyze Set Options Plane
Frame XZ Plane . OK.

!!! ( e 0)
Space Frame!!!
25. Analyze Run
26. -
.

F.
27. Display Show Influence Lines Joints
, , -
( ) -
.

31
3. 2-D ...

Tables -
.

!!! ( XY)
(Output Segments), .
.
. (
, , Assign Frame Output Segments
)!!!

28. -

Display Show Influence Lines Frames

32
 3. 2-D ...

, , -
(
Output Segments).

33
4. ...

4.

q = 100 kN/m
Z

1
F = 200 kN
1.0

1.5

1.5

1 2
X
4.2 1.8

. 2

-
.

34
 4. ...

(Shell)

, . 2, -
, .

35
4. ...

: kN, m

:
= 3 107 kPa
Poisson = 0.2
t = 0.2 m

:
.
1-1 2-2
xx, zz, xz. -
1-1 2-2 .

:
A.
B. , .
C.
D.
E.

A.

1. status bar
SAP2000.
kN-m.

!!! !!!

2. File New Model

Coordinate System Definition
Grid (, ).
Number of Grid Spaces, X, Y Z.
.

36
4. ...

37
4. ...

3. X-
4. Tool bar xz XZ-
,
( -
!).
, ().
X 100.6 m Z 80.5 m.
64 m
- .
, -
.
-
, Grid . -
Grid .

5. Draw Edit Grid

Direction X. X
Location 6 .
Add Grid Line . -
4 m Z.

6. 3-d ,
3D

38
 4. ...

!!! , -
View Refresh Window (
).
3-D!!!

7. xz

8. 64 m

Draw DrawQuadShellElement
1, 2, 3 4.

!!! Draw
Quick Draw Shell Element. -
. Grid- -
. Grid-
. Quick
Draw Frame Element!!!
, Esc .

39
4. ...

9. -
. Edit Mesh
Shells , -
.

,
Edit Undo -
.

40
 4. ...

10.
Delete

.
11. -
. ,
. -
. Draw
DrawQuadShellElement

41
4. ...

12. ,

View Set Elements
Joint Labels Shell Labels.

Select Select All. Edit

Change Labels -
.

42
 4. ...

13. -

B. , .
14.
Define Materials Add New Material
-
OK OK.

43
4. ...

15. ( )

Define Shell Sections Add New Section

(thick-
ness). Shell ( Membrane, -
, ) OK OK.

16.

Define Static Load Cases OK

!!! ,
(Self Weight Multiplier Change Load OK).

44
 4. ...

17. Save
18.

Assign Shell Sections SSEC2 OK
Display Show Undeformed Shape
Save

C.
19.
-
, ,
-
. FA FB
.

qA qB
FA L 2 1 qA
FB 6 1 2 qB L
FA 30
FB 30

45
4. ...

,
Assign Joint Static Loads Forces
, -
, .

OK
.

46
 4. ...

20.
-
.
Assign Joint Restraints
,
1 3, 2.
!!! . ,
.

21.
Display Show Loads Joint

OK
Save
47
4. ...

D.
22.
Analyze Set Options
, -
(Available DOFs). ,
- (Generate Output
Select Output Options).

23.
Analyze Run

48
 4. ...

!!! , !!!

E.
-
.
24. ,
..
Display Show Deformed Shape

49
4. ...

-
( )
(!!! ).
25.
,
FILE.OUT.
, 1-1,
.. , -
-.
Assign Group Names
11 Add New Group Name OK.
2-2.

Display Show Group Joint Force Sums
OK
26.
, ,
FILE.OUT. -

Display Show Element Forces/Stresses Shells
,
..
50
 4. ...

, -
,
.
51
5. ...

5. ,

-
. 3 ,
, .

Y C 2
D

2.0

B E F

q = 3.0 kPa
1 1 5.0

2 X

A H G
q = 4.0 kPa
2.0 6.0 m 1.5

. 3

(. )

52
 5. ...

: kN, m
:
E=2 107 kPa
Poisson = 0.15
t = 0.12 m
0.25/0.5 m
.

:
, 1-1 2-2,
.
- :
A.
B. , .
C.
D.
E.

A.
1. status bar
SAP2K.
kN-m.

!!! .
2. File New Model
Coordinate System Definition -
Grid (, ).
Number of Grid Spaces, X, Y Z.
.

53
5. ...

54
 5. ...

3.

4. Tool bar xy XY--

,
(
). -
,
. X 190.5 m Y
140.5 m .
9.57 m
- .
, -
.
-
, Grid . -
Grid .

5. Draw Edit Grid

Direction X.
X Location 9.5 .
Add Grid Line . -
7 m Y.
,
-.
.
:
X 2, 5, 8 m
Y 2.5, 5 m

55
5. ...

6. 9.57 m
Draw DrawQuadShellElement -
1, 2, 3 4.

56
 5. ...

7. -
. Edit Mesh
Shells , -
.

,
Edit Undo -
.

57
5. ...

8.
Delete
View Refresh Window

58
 5. ...

9.

10.
,
- .
Draw Draw Frame Element

1 2.
59
5. ...

11. - . ,
. -
, .. -
1-2.

!!! Status bar -

!!!

Edit Divide Frames

(
).

OK
,
, .. -
.

B. , .
12.
Define Materials Add New Material
-
OK OK.

60
 5. ...

13.
14.
Define Shell Sections Add New Section
(thickness).
Shell. Thick
Plate. OK OK.

61
5. ...

!!! Shell Element

!!!

!!! Thick Plate , -

() (
Reissner- Mindlin). -
!!!

!!! , Material Angle,

!!!

15.
Define Frame Sections Add Rectangular

62
 5. ...

, . -
-
(. Section Properties).
Modification Factors, -
- . OK OK.

!!! Frame Element

!!!

63
5. ...

16.
Define Static Load Cases OK

!!! ,
(Self Weight Multiplier Change Load OK)

Save
17.
18.
( , Select All, Shell
Sections ).
Assign Shell Sections
, OK.
19. Display Show Undeformed Shape
20.
-
.
Assign Frame Sections

!!! -
!!!

64
 5. ...

3-d 3D .
View Set Elements -
. Show Extrusion OK. -
.

-
XY.
Save

65
5. ...

C.

21.
.
Assign Shell Static Loads Uniform

, -
, . OK
.
-
, (Gravity) (Pressure) -
(. Pressure
Joint Pat-
terns).

22.


A-B
X Y.
.
Assign Joint Restraints

66
 5. ...

OK

( ,
,
1.)

!!! . -
(1-2-3 X-Y-Z)

!!! , ..
, , -
. -
-, - Z
Y , X = 0!!!

B-C
Z
/4.
Assign Joint Local Axes

67
5. ...

OK.

23. View Set Elements

68
 5. ...

D.

24.
Analyze Set Options
, -
(Available DOFs). ,
- (Generate Out-
put).

69
5. ...

25.
Analyze Run

!!! , !!!

E.
-
.
-
, ..
Display Show Deformed Shape

70
 5. ...

-
( )
(!!! !!!).
, -
Grid- . -
- .
Options Windows Two Tiled Vertically

3-d, xz, .
Grid-

, ,
FILE.OUT
.
()
Display Show Element Forces/Stresses Shells
,
..

71
5. ...

72
 5. ...

-
.
Display Show Element Forces/Stresses Frames

73
6. 3-D ...

6. 3-D


-
. -
, , -
.
- -
, ,
; , , -
. -
, .

p. A

8.0

Y 7.0
30.0 m
X

10.0

5.0

6.0 9.0 10.0 5.0

30.0 m

. 4

- ,
. 4. -
.

74
 6. 3-D ...

A.
B. ()
C.
D. , ,

E.
F.
G. (-
)
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.

4- ,
, ().

E = 25 106 kPa
Poisson = 0.2
25 kN/m3
2.55 kN.sec2/m/m3

0.30/0.30 m

75
6. 3-D ...

0.30/0.60 m
t = 0.30 m
t = 0.20 m

4.0 m
3.0 m

() 4 kPa -

100% , -
IX a

Design Elastic Response Spectrum Curve

according to BG Code, 2nd soil type

3
2.5
1.2/T
Acceleration/g

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time Period (sec)

76
 6. 3-D ...

X .
-
: 1.0DL+0.5LL+1.0EQ.

A.

1. Status bar
kN-m
2. File New Model From Template

77
6. 3-D ...

(Space Frame).

-
, , , :

78
 6. 3-D ...

, -
Grid-. OK.

3. Draw Edit Grid

Grid-

:
Glue Joints to Grid Lines.
Grid-
.
(Direction) .
, Grid- 20.
20.
15 Move Grid Line -
.
X, Y Z.

79
6. 3-D ...

80
 6. 3-D ...

B.

4. 3D View ( Title
bar )

5. View Set Elements. Set Elements

Fill Elements

OK

6. View Refresh Window -

X-Y Plane@Z=

Tool Bar
.

7. Draw Draw Rectangular Shell Element -

. .

81
6. 3-D ...

.
8. X-Y plane xz

82
 6. 3-D ...

9. View Set 2D View X-Z

Plane Y = 15
10. Draw Quick Draw Shell Element -
A, B, C D

Y = 15 m.
, -
E, F, G, H ..
!!! ,
Esc !!!

C.

-
.
11.
12. Edit Mesh Shells Mesh Selected Shells -
Grid-

83
6. 3-D ...

,
.
!!!
, .
(), ,
- !!!
!!!
!!!
!!! , , -
( -
)!!!

D. , -
,

13. Define Material -

. ,
.

-
. -
-
.

84
 6. 3-D ...

!!! -
(SapConc.pdf, SapStl.pdf)!!!
14.
Define Define Frame Sections Add I/Wide
Flange, Add Rectangular -
.
( -
, ..). Modification Factors -
( -
..).

-
, -.
!!! . 1
!!!
15.
-
.

85
6. 3-D ...

16.
Define Shell Sections Add New Sec-
tion , -
RC, (Membrane Thickness Bend-
ing Thickness). Shell.
!!! 3D , ..
Shell !!!
17.

E.

18. XY, -
xy. -
(Shells, Frames, Nodes)
19. Assign Frame Sections
BEAMS OK
20. Select Get Previous Selection

21. Assign Shell Sections

SLABS OK
22. :
Select Select Frame Sections -
Shift .
Frame-.
Select Deselect Frame Sections BEAMS
. -
.
3D View. -
. - View Show
Selection Only. View Show All.
23. - -
:
Select Select Shell Sections SSEC1.
.

86
 6. 3-D ...

Assign Shell Sections

WALLS OK.
, -
-
. -
, .

(Assign Joint Masses) -
( .) .

F.

24. XY xy.
.
Assign Joint Restraints -
Restraints in Local
Directions. .
(Fast
Restraints),
.

G.
()

-
(Constraints) -
( -
).
.
25. .
.
26. Assign Joint Constraints
Add Body Add Diaphragm -
Z.

87
6. 3-D ...

OK
-
.
27. Display Show Undeformed Shape
28. Save

H.

29. DL LL, -

Define Static Load Cases Change Load
.
!!! -
, (Self Weight Multiplier)!!!

88
 6. 3-D ...

!!! (Type)
, ( SapConc.pdf,
SapStl.pdf)!!!

I.

30. (. Select Se-

lect Shell Sections SLABS.
31. Assign Shell Static Loads Uniform

, .
(, , ).

J.

-
..
(.. () -
). ,
.. g,
:

89
6. 3-D ...

()
------------------
0 2.500
0.48 2.500
0.5 2.400
0.6 2.000
0.7 1.714
0.8 1.500
0.9 1.333
1 1.200
1.1 1.091
1.2 1.000
1.3 0.923
1.4 0.857
1.5 0.800
2 0.800

32. Define Response Spectrum Functions -

(Add New Function)
.
33. : Add Function from File -
, ,
. -
-
.

90
 6. 3-D ...

K.

34. Define Response Spectrum Cases Add New Spectra

-
. (. SPECX), -
X, (
SRSS), (
), , -. -
, -
, -
,

(Scale Factor = C R Kc g = 1 0.25 0.27 9.81 = 0.6622)

91
6. 3-D ...

L.

35. Define Load CombinationsAdd New Combo

,
( ADD), (Add) -
/ -
.
.

92
 6. 3-D ...

M.

36. Analyze Set Options

Space Frame.
Dynamic Analysis
Set Dynamic Parameters.
, (Number
of Modes).

Generate Output Set Output Options.

,
FILE.OUT. Select/Show Loads
.

93
6. 3-D ...

94
 6. 3-D ...

(Include P-Delta). -

( , ..).

N.

37. Analyze Run

!!! !!!

O.

38.
,
-
, .
,
, ,
..
Display Show Mode Shape ,
.
-
.

95
6. 3-D ...

39.

Display Show Deformed Shape
.

40.
,
:

96
 6. 3-D ...

Display Show Element Forces/Stresses Frames -

, .. OK.
, -
(Assign Group
Name) (Dis-
play Show Group Joint Force Sums), -
.
FILE.OUT, -
File Print Output
Tables , , -
, .., .
.
41.
Design. -
,
.. , -
, Options References Steel Steel Design Code
Concrete Concrete Design Code.
, -
.
Design Start Design/Check of Structure.

97
7.

7.

New Model

Open *.SDB file SAP2000 ,

*.SDB
Save Model

Undo

Redo Undo

Refresh Window

Lock/Unlock
Model
Run Analysis

Zoom

Restore Full View

Restore Previous
View
Zoom In

Zoom Out

Pan

Show 3-D View 3-D

Show 2-D View of 2-D

X-Y/r- Plane X-Y/r-

98
 7.

Show 2-D View of 2-D
X-Z/r-Z Plane X-Z/r-Z
Show 2-D View of 2-D
Y-Z/ -Z Plane Y-Z/ -Z
Perspective Toggle

Shrink Elements -

Set Elements ,

Up One Gridline Grid-
2-D
Down One Grid-
Gridline 2-D
Assign Joint
Restraints
Assign Frame
Sections
Assign Shell
Sections
Assign Joint Load

Assign Frame
Span Loading (
)
Assign Shell
Uniform Loading
Show Undeformed
Shape
Display Static
Deformed Shape

99
7.

Display Mode
Shapes
Display Joint
Reaction Forces
Display Member
Force Diagram for
Frames
Display Element
Force/Stress /
Contours for
Shells
Display Output
Tables
Pointer Tool

Reshape Element

Add Special Joint (

)
Draw Frame
Element
Draw
Quadrilateral Shell
Element
Draw Rectangular
Shell Element
Quick Draw
Frame Element Grig-
Quick Draw Shell
Element Grid-

100
 7.

Select All

Restore Previous
Selection
Clear Selection

Set Intersecting
Line Select Mode
Snap to Joints and Grid-
Grid Points
Snap to Midpoints
and Ends
Snap to Element
Intersections
Snap to ,
Perpendicular
Snap to Lines and
Edges

101
 8.

1. SAP2000 Manuals, Computers & Structures, Inc., 1999.

2. Wilson, E., Three-Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures, Computers
& Structures, Inc., 2002.
3. Felippa, C., Introduction to Finite Elements Method, University of Colorado at
Boulder, 2001.
4. Bathe, K. J., Finite Elements Procedures in Engineering Analysis, Prentice-Hall,
1982.
5. Cook, R., Malkus, D., Plesha M., Concepts and Applications of Finite Element
Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
6. Clough, R., Penzien, J., Dynamics of Structures, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
7. Chopra, A., Dynamics of Structures, Prentice-Hall, 1995.
8. , ., , .,
, , 1999.
9. Markov, I., Kondarev, Y., FESAN A New Finite Element Program for 3-D
Frame Analysis, ,
, , 2002


103
 SAP 2000

:
: . - . , . .

70100/16
. 6,50
. 8,42
500

,

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