Magnetic Circuits (II)

Example 3

r=2000 5% cross-section increase for

fringing in airgap

Find: (a) total reluctance of the flux path;

(b) current required to produce B = 0.5 T in the air gap;
(c) inductance of the coil.
 Example 4

N = 400, A = 150 cm2

lc = 55 cm M5 Steel at DC
(1) How much is current required to produce 0.016Wb of flux in the core?
(2) What is cores relative permeability at that current level?
(3) What is its reluctance and inductance at this level?
 Example 5
g
Find self and mutual inductances.
g
Rg =
N1 turns N2 turns 0 Ag
1 = L11 I1 + L12 I 2
r
2 = L21 I1 + L22 I 2
(1) Let I2 = 0

I1
Rg
N1 turns N2 turns N1 I1 +_

(2) Let I1 = 0
I2 Rg
_
N2 turns + N2I2
N1 turns

r
 Example 6
I2 Find self and mutual inductances.
I1 g1 g2
N2 turns R = R =
g1
g1
0 Ag1 g 2 0 Ag 2
N1 turns
g2
1 = L11 I1 + L12 I 2
r
2 = L21 I1 + L22 I 2
(1) Let I2 = 0

(2) Let I1 = 0

R g1
Rg 2
Rg 2
Why Use Airgap for Inductor? (1)
 Why Use Airgap for Inductor? (2)
After opening an airgap

g =1 mm air gap
Magnetic Fringing (More Accurate)

wd
Pg = 0 + 0.52( w + d ) + 0.308 g
g

Pg = 1 / R g permeance
Leakage Flux
Magnetic Materials
Hysteresis Loop for Ferromagnetic Materials

Br remnant flux or residue flux

Hc coercive flux or coercivity
Magnetization Curves for Hard Materials (I)
Magnetization Curves for Hard Materials (II)

1T = 10 kGauss, 1A/m = 0.01257 Oe or 1 Oe = 79.6 A/m

 Hard Magnetic Material Properties

From Yeadon Handbook of Small Electric Motors

 Hard Material Circuit Analysis (1)
g B
cross section area Am
Br

_ Bm = Bg
Fm g
B dm
+

Hc Hm H
Device line: Bm=(Br/Hc)(Hm+Hc)
Actual direction of Hm cross section area Ag = 0rHm +Br

From = Bg Ag = Bm Am Fm = H m d m Fg = H g g

Bm = Bg
Ag From magnetic circuit Fm + Fg = 0
Am
H mdm + H g g = 0
dm
Hg = Hm
g
d m Ag dm
Load line: Bm = 0 Hm Bg = 0 H g = 0 Hm
g Am g
 Hard Material Circuit Analysis (2)
cross section area Am g H
maximum BH product Br

_ Bm = Bg
Fm g
B dm
+
Hc Hm H

cross section area Ag

Device line: Bm= 0rHm +Br
Actual direction of Hm
Am
From = Bg Ag = Bm Am Bg = Bm Vol mag
Ag
dm d d A
From Bg = 0 H m Bg2 = 0 m H m Bg = 0 m m ( H m Bm )
g g gAg
Vol gap Vol gap
Vol mag = B 2

0 ( H m Bm ) g

The required volume of magnet can be minimized by operating the magnet at

the point of maximum BH (or energy) product.
 Maximum Energy Point

B
Br

Bm

Hc Hm H
Br Br
=Bm H m + Br Bm H m = H m2 + Br H m
Hc Hc
( Bm H m ) Br Hc
To get (- Bm H m ) max =
0 Bm = , H m =

H m 2 2
 Soft Magnetic Materials

Ferrite materials
Carbon steels
Silicon steels
High saturation alloys
Amorphous ferromagnetic alloys
Soft magnetic powder composites
Nanostructured materials
 Soft Magnetic Material Properties

From Yeadon Handbook of Small Electric Motors

 Ferrite Materials (1)
3C81 is from Philips, USA.

Philips Components, 3C81Material Grade Specification, 1997

 Ferrite Materials (2)
3F3 is from Philips, USA.

Philips Components, 3F3Material Grade Specification, 2000

 Ferrite Materials (3)
4F1 is from Philips, USA.

Philips Components, 4F1Material Grade Specification, 2000

 Carbon Steel 1008

www.eng-tips.com Magnetic Engineering Forums

Maxwell SV Software
 Carbon Steel 1010

www.eng-tips.com Magnetic Engineering Forums

Maxwell SV Software
 Carbon Steel 1018

www.eng-tips.com Magnetic Engineering Forums

Maxwell SV Software
 Nonoriented Silicon Steel
Fe-Si alloys with random orientation of crystal cubes and practically have the same
properties in any direction in the plane of the sheet.

Armco M-19

M-19 means core losses shall be below 1.9 W/lb at 1.5 T and 60 Hz.
J. F. Gieras, Advancements in Electric Machines, Springer, 2008.
Armco M-27, 36 and 43
 High Frequency Electric Steel (1)
To reduce core loss, laminations with thin gauges are manufactured.
ArnonTM 5 is from Arnold Magnetic Technologies Corp., Rochester, NY, USA.
 High Frequency Electric Steel (2)
Cogent Power Ltd., Newport, UK. www.cogent-power.com

J. F. Gieras, Advancements in Electric Machines, Springer, 2008.

 High Saturation Alloys
Fe-Co alloys with Co contents from 15 to 50% have the highest known
saturation flux density and highest Curie temperature of any alloy family..

Hiperco50 is from Carpenter, USA.

Hiperco50 Core Loss
 Vacoflux50 B-H curve
Vacoflux50 is from Vacuumschmelze, Hanau, Germany.
Amorphous Ferromagnetic Materials (1)

www.ammtechnologies.com

J. F. Gieras, Advancements in Electric Machines, Springer, 2008.

Amorphous Ferromagnetic Materials (2)
 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites (1)
Soft magnetic powder composites are composed of iron powder, dielectric
(epoxy resin) and filler (glass or carbon fibers) for mechanical strengthening.
Accucore from TSC Ferrite International, Wadsworth, IL. www.tscinternational.com
 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites (2)
SomaloyTM 500 from Hgans, Sweden.
 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites (3)
SomaloyTM 500 from Hgans, Sweden.
Soft Magnetic Nanocrystalline Composites