Professional Documents
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Felipe Bustamante
Localizacin
Factores a considerar
Resumen
Factores a considerar
Resumen
Tomado de: Kirk & Othmer. Plant Location. En: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Factores a considerar
Importancia para compaas de Estados Unidos establecidas en otros pases
Characteristic Accessibility
Factor
- Access to markets Characteristic Area Reputation
Characteristic Industry in Area
- Location of supplier Factor
Factor
- Quality of roads and railroads - General reputation
- Level of industrialization
Characteristic Basic Services - Points of unusual interest
- Potential for industrial growth
Factor - Contributions of area to community
- Trends in U.S. and other foreign
- Communication Characteristic Host Government
investment
- Transportation services Factor
Characteristic Labor and Staff Availability
- Advertising agencies - Cooperation with foreign investors
Factor
- Police and fire protection - Political structure
- Wage rates
- Mass media - Stability
- Income distribution
Characteristic Site Costs - Honesty
- Commuting radius
Factor - Staffing
- Personnel policies
- Relative cost of site development - Involvement of local industry in politics
- Size of local labor force
- Land and construction costs - New services made necessary by your
- Potential employables by skills
Characteristic Environment industry
- History of labor problems
Factor Characteristic Host Government Policies
Characteristic Host Taxes and Incentives
- Pollution regulations Factor
Factor
- Quality and type of schools - National policies
- Corporate and personal tax structure
- Housing - Shared ownership
- Labor and welfare legislation
- Absence of social or ethnic conflicts - Exchange controls
- Tax agreements
- Attitude toward foreign investors - Quality of service
- Conveniences of living (shopping,
recreational, cultural)
B.M. Bass, D.W. McGregor, J.L. Walters Selecting Foreign Plant Sites: Economic, Social and
Political Considerations, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Dec., 1977),
pp. 535-551
Factor Calificacin
Factor Calificacin
Labor and welfare legislation 1.6
Land and construction costs 2.6
General reputation 1.6
National policies 2.6
Political structure 1.6
Access to markets 2.5
Quality of service 1.6
Transportation services 2.5
Conveniences of living (shopping, recre-
Relative cost of site development 2.5 1.5
ational, cultural)
Tax agreements 2.5
Potential for industrial growth 1.5
Attitude toward foreign investors 2.4
History of labor problems 1.5
Exchange controls 2.4
New services made necessary by your in-
Pollution regulations 2.3 1.3
dustry
Stability 2.3
Housing 1.2
Cooperation with foreign investors 2.2
Absence of social or ethnic conflicts 1.2
Shared ownership 2.2
Trends in U.S. and other foreign investment 1.2
Size of local labor force 2.1
Quality and type of schools 1.1
Location of supplier 2
Income distribution 1.1
Quality of roads and railroads 2
Personnel policies 1.1
Level of industrialization 2
Commuting radius 0.9
Potential employables by skills 2
Involvement of local industry in politics 0.9
Communication 1.8
Police and fire protection 0.8
Wage rates 1.8
Contributions of area to community 0.6
Corporate and personal tax structure 1.8
Points of unusual interes 0.5
Honesty 1.8
Advertising agencies 0
Staffing 1.8
Mass media 0
Etapas
1 Asignar un valor relativo a cada factor objetivo en cada
localizacin posible (FOi )
2 Estimar un valor relativo para cada factor subjetivo en cada
localizacin posible (FSi )
3 Combinar los factores objetivos y subjetivos, asignndoles una
ponderacin relativa (K ) y obtener una Medida de Preferencia de
Localizacin (MPL)
4 Seleccionar la localizacin con el mximo valor de MPL
1
c
FOi = Pn i 1
i=1 ci
Primero hay que determinar una calificacin para cada factor subjetivo
(Wj ) mediante comparacin pareada de los factores: uno de los
factores puede ser ms importante que el otro, o los dos ser
igualmente importantes. Despus, se evala cada factor subjetivo en
las diferentes localizaciones (Rij ). Finalmente, el valor del factor
subjetivo en la localizacin i ser
n
X
FSi = Rij Wj
j=1
En resumen . . .
Si K = 0.75:
Una observacin
Distribucin en Planta
Antes . . .
Tomado de: Guidelines for Facility Siting and Layout - AICHE (2003)
Despus . . .
Tomado de: Guidelines for Facility Siting and Layout - AICHE (2003)
Risk assessment
IM.2.5.2 . September 3, 2001 - Published as a part of GE Global Asset Protection Services by Industrial Risk Insurers.
Duplication of Facilities
For large-scale chemical and petrochemical plants, provide
multiple process trains. In large scale plants, duplicate, with
installed spares, equipment that is highly susceptible to loss or
important for continued operations. For smaller scale or batch type
plants, install process important to production in the form of multiple
small-scale units rather than a single large unit.
Physically separate duplicated units, process trains or equipment
with adequate spacing in accordance with this section or
compartmentalize with blast resistant construction.
IM.2.5.2 . September 3, 2001 - Published as a part of GE Global Asset Protection Services by Industrial Risk Insurers.
Terrain
In the first place, considerations should be given to the physical setting. It should not
automatically be assumed that it is necessary to level the site. There may instead be
ways that the process can take the advantage of whatever slopes are present.
With respect to terrain, assess should be made, whether, there is adequate space in
general. If not, ingenuity will be required to meet such requirements as those for
flares. Available space can help to govern whether the plant can be located on one
floor or instead occupy several stories. The physical setting shall also be considered
in light of the Transportation requirements for raw materials, products, wastes and
supplies.
Tomado de: Engineering Standard for Layout and Spacing, Mar. 1996 - Iranian Petroleum Standard
Throughput
1 It is important not only to know the initial capacity but also to have a good feel for
how much the plant might be expanded in the future, as well as how likely the
process technology is to be modernized. These factors indicate how much space
should be left for additional equipment.
2 Multiple processing lines (trains), are often required for the plant. Pairs of trains can
either be identical or be mirror images. The former option is less expensive. But the
mirror image approach is sometimes preferable for layout reasons.
Tomado de: Engineering Standard for Layout and Spacing, Mar. 1996 - Iranian Petroleum Standard
IM.2.5.2 . September 3, 2001 - Published as a part of GE Global Asset Protection Services by Industrial Risk Insurers.
Clasificacin de riesgo
Moderado
IM.2.5.2 . September 3, 2001 - Published as a part of GE Global Asset Protection Services by Industrial Risk Insurers.
Clasificacin de riesgo
Intermedio
IM.2.5.2 . September 3, 2001 - Published as a part of GE Global Asset Protection Services by Industrial Risk Insurers.
Clasificacin de riesgo
Alto
IM.2.5.2 . September 3, 2001 - Published as a part of GE Global Asset Protection Services by Industrial Risk Insurers.
Initially, base site selection on exposure from uncontrollable factors, such as floods,
earthquakes, tidal waves, subsidence, hurricanes, and adjacent oil and chemical
plants.
Once a site has been selected, arrange layout and spacing to reduce the effect of
some of the following controllable and uncontrollable factors that contribute to losses:
Uncontrollable factors include site slope, climate, exposure to natural hazards,
wind direction and force. However, locating ignition sources upwind of
potential vapor leaks or locating the tank farm downhill of essential units may
reduce the loss potential from an explosion or fire.
Controllable factors include process design parameters, maintenance, spare
parts supply, control logic and automation, fire protection design, spare
production capacity, flammable liquid holdups, spill control and the type of
process. Use proper drainage and separation to control spills and fire spread.
Use a hazard assessment of each plant operation to help establish the layout or
orientation of blocks or unit battery limits within the plant. Review the possible loss
events and the consequences for each proposal. Select a layout which will minimize
the overall property damage and related business interruption should an incident
occur.
Process Units
Evaluate the process hazards and, depending on the results of such review, classify
them in high, intermediate and moderate hazard groups as shown in GAP.2.5.2.A.
Consult the table in this section to determine the spacing required between the
various blocks based upon the relative hazard of each process.
Separate hazardous units from other hazardous units to avoid fire spread.
Separate or buffer high hazard units by using moderate or even lower hazard
units as a way to reduce such exposure, e.g., separate a DNT plant from a TDA
plant by placing a sulfuric or nitric acid unit between them.
Locate equipment or structures common to multiple process units, such as large
compressors and turbines, central control rooms and fired heaters, so as to prevent
a single event from impairing the overall operation and causing extensive business
interruption.
Process Units
Lay out the equipment within a unit in one of two general ways.
Use grouped layout, where similar equipment is grouped together to ease
operation, maintenance and control.
Use flow line layout, where equipment is arranged in a sequence similar to the
process flow diagram.
Wherever it does not conflict with loss control, consider accessibility for maintenance
and operations in determining spacing and layout. Locate equipment needing
frequent overhaul, maintenance or cleaning at unit boundaries. Locate large vessels
or equipment close to unit boundaries to allow easy access of cranes.
Layout de equipos
Consideraciones particulares
Tomado de: Process Industry Practices PNE00003 - Process Unit and Offsites Layout Guide, 2007
Distribucin en Planta
Metodologa de Bloques macrodistribucin
Tomado de: Guidelines for Facility Siting and Layout - AICHE (2003)
Distribucin en Planta
Metodologa de Bloques mesodistribucin
Tomado de: Guidelines for Facility Siting and Layout - AICHE (2003)
Distribucin en Planta
Un ejemplo
Distribucin en Planta
Un ejemplo (cont.)
Distribucin en Planta
Un ejemplo (cont.)
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Un ejemplo (cont.)
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Un ejemplo (cont.)
Distribucin en Planta
Tuberas
Distribucin en Planta
Diagrama de flujo para Metodologa de Bloques
Tomado de: Guidelines for Facility Siting and Layout - AICHE (2003)
Un problema de optimizacin
Tomado de: N. Medina-Herrera et al. Computers and Chemical Engineering 68 (2014) 165181
Un problema de optimizacin
Given
Most common failures within the process and their failure rates and expert judgment for
environmental conditions.
Wind direction probability analysis of the site (wind rose).
The amount of mass released, flowrate and physical and chemical properties.
A flat land area chosen by a siting analysis with a maximum length Lx and depth Ly .
A set of hazardous units H at fixed location (xH , yH ) and their dimensions in x axis, LH ,
and y axis, WH .
A set of facilities or units U and their dimensions in x axis, LU , and y axis, WU .
i
The average number of workers near unit i, Nworkers for i U.
Economic data on costs for units interconnections, equipment, life prevention, and land.
Average environmental parameters such as humidity and air molecular weight.
Tomado de: N. Medina-Herrera et al. Computers and Chemical Engineering 68 (2014) 165181
Un problema de optimizacin
Determine
The set of potential catastrophic events E and their probability of occurrence PE .
All units center locations (xi , yi ) for i U.
Total occupied area Aland .
Optimal distances Di,j between units i U and dangerous units j H.
Optimal distances Dui,k between units, i, k U.
Final cost related to interconnection, equipment damage, workers injured and land.
Tomado de: N. Medina-Herrera et al. Computers and Chemical Engineering 68 (2014) 165181
Espaciado mnimo
Tomado de: Kirk & Othmer. Plant Layout. En: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Espaciado mnimo
Tomado de: Kirk & Othmer. Plant Layout. En: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
have adequate provisions been made for relieving explosions in process components?
are operating units and equipment within units spaced to minimize potential damage from
fires or explosions in adjacent areas?
are there safe exit routes from each unit?
has equipment been adequately spaced and located to safely permit anticipated
maintenance (e.g., pulling heat-exchanger bundles, dumping catalyst, lifting with cranes)
and hot work?
are vessels containing highly hazardous chemicals located sufficiently far apart? if not,
what hazards are introduced?
is there adequate access for emergency vehicles, e.g., fire trucks?
can adjacent equipment or facilities withstand the overpressure generated by potential
explosions?
can adjacent equipment and facilities, e.g., support structures, withstand flame
impingement?
Tomado de: Kirk & Othmer. Plant Location. En: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
are large inventories of highly hazardous chemicals located away from the process area?
is temporary storage provided for raw materials and finished products at appropriate
locations?
are the inventories for highly hazardous chemicals held to a minimum?
where applicable, are reflux tanks, surge drums, and rundown tanks located in a way that
avoids large-volume concentration of highly hazardous chemicals in any one area?
where applicable, has special consideration been given to storage and transportation of
explosives?
have the following been considered in the location of material handling areas: fire hazards
location relative to important buildings safety devices, e.g., sprinklers slope of area (is it
level?)
Tomado de: Kirk & Othmer. Plant Location. En: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology