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Day 1 - 001-Introduction To Phased Array
Day 1 - 001-Introduction To Phased Array
Prepared by:
Applications Department
February 2011
1
Outline
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Amplitude
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Time or sound path
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Source Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensor
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Focusing Rules
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Main Advantages
No safety issue
Full waveform recording
Automated reporting
Covers all angles of conventional UT and more
Combines various techniques (UT, TOFD, PA)
Higher Probability of Detection (POD)c 10
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Delays
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6 dB
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1. Constant Path
For generic focusing or
fusion face.
2. Constant Depth
For corrosion/erosion/
lamination detection.
3. Constant Offset
For crack detection in pins,
detection of indication in
weld center.
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Delays
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S-scan L-scan
The whole array A subset of the
aperture is used to aperture is used, called
generate each beam active aperture.
One different focal law The same focal law is
multiplexed across a
per angle. group of active
Varying angle elements
3 focalisation patterns Constant angle
Only one focalisation
pattern
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Extraction
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Index Axis
Depth Axis
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Scan Axis
Sound Path
Axis
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Calibrate
The Calibrate tab allows access to
calibration wizard. In stop mode,
you can clear existing calibrations,
while in play mode you can Stop Mode
create/modify them.
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Calibrate
The table below is a summary of the wizards available along with the
scan type they apply to.
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Calibrate
The first wizard to start with
is the velocity wizard. The
velocity wizard shall be used
when the velocity is
unknown. Otherwise, the
velocity can be entered
manually in the Part tab.
Scan Selection
For multi-scan setup, the
first step is to chose the scan
that needs to be calibrated.
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Calibrate
Reflectors Selection
Select the type of reflectors
used to calibrate the
velocity.
Tip:
Ideally, choose a block with
reflectors that do not
require probe movement or
a minimal probe movement.
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Calibrate
Reflectors Position
According to the selected
reflectors, set the distance
at which they should be
found.
Tip:
Chose reflectors that have a
separation distance long
enough to obtain accurate
results.
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Calibrate
Scan Settings
Make sure that the Range
Path is long enough to
detect both reflectors.
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Calibrate
Reflector 1
Make sure that the peak is
within the gate and then
maximize the reflector.
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Calibrate
Reflector 2
Make sure that the peak is
within the gate and then
maximize the reflector.
Tip:
Properly maximizing the
indication is crucial to get an
accurate result.
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Calibrate
Validate Result
The last step of the velocity
calibration wizard is to
validate the calculated
velocity.
If the calculated velocity
doesnt correspond to the
expected value, go back to
Reflector 1 step.
Tips:
When the velocity is known, it can be entered in the
Part tab.
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Calibrate
The Wedge Delay wizard
aims to compensate for the
sound path variation in the
wedge. The calibration
ensures that indications are
displayed at the right depth.
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Calibrate
The Sensitivity Wizard aims
to compensate for the
sound attenuation due to
the wedge and the angle
variation in the S-scan. The
calibration ensure a uniform
amplitude response for each
focal law for a given
reflector.
Sensitivity calibration is
performed using only one
reflector.
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Calibrate
The TCG wizard aims to
equalize the amplitude level
of a given reflector size
along the sound path.
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Basics of TOFD
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Basics of TOFD
Advantages
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Basics of TOFD
Limitations
Blind areas
Near Surface: The width of the lateral
wave can be a limitation on thin
components.
Back wall: The large signal reflected from
the back wall can hide indications.
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Basics of TOFD
How does it work?
TOFD is based on signal diffraction.
Incident
wave Diffracted
waves
Reflected FLAW
wave
Diffracted
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waves
Basics of TOFD
How does it work?
TX RX
Lateral wave
Back-wall reflection
LW BW
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Basics of TOFD
The Lateral Wave
The Lateral Wave travels at the compression velocity
speed.
Always arrives first.
On curves surfaces, will travel straight across the metal.
Not a true surface wave, but a bulk wave generated at
the edge of the wide beam generated by the send
transducer.
Becomes weaker with increased PCS.
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Basics of TOFD
Color Encoding
Imaging capability is provided for the non-rectified A-
scan signal by color encoding the amplitude.
White
+
Time
- Black
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Basics of TOFD
TOFD View
The TOFD view is a B-scan parallel or particular to the
beam axis.
Scan Axis
Beam Axis
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Basics of TOFD
Types of TOFD Scan
Two types of TOFD scan are possible.
Non-parallel
Movement of probes at right angles to direction of the
beam.
Parallel
Movement of probes in same direction as the beam.
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Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD Scans Near Surface Crack
1 2
Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD ScansIncomplete Root Pen.
1
2
2 4 2
1 1 3
Note the two signals from the top & bottom
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Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD Scans Lack of Root Pen.
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1
2
3
2
3
Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD Scans Lack of Fusion on
the Side Wall
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1
2 2
3
3
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Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD Scans Porosity
2 1
2
3
Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD Scans Transverse Crack
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1
2 2
1
3
2
3 4
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Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD Scans Concave Root
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1
2
2
3
Basics of TOFD
Typical TOFD Scans LOF - Interpass
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2
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