388 CHAPTER 6 TARGET LEVELS, (MME TABLE 6.11 Cooling Power of Wind on Exposed Flesh Expressed as a Chilling ‘Temperature, t, under Almost Calm Conditions Actual thermometer reading Wind speed, ms!) 0 “5-10-15 20-25-30 35-40 45-50 Ls 0-5-1015 20253035 404-50 2 1-6-1 16 270-320-3742 47-52 3 4-10-15) -21 32-38-44 49-55-60 5 “9-15 =28 -40 47-53-59 6672 8 Bo -20 34-41-4855 62-69-7683 u -16 -23 “38-46-5360 68-75-8390 Is <8 -26 42-49-57 65-78-80 88-96 20 20-28 44-52 60-68-76 84-92 100 6.3.6 Supporting Standards ‘The application of the above standards requires measurement or estimation of a number of parameters. The supporting and complementary standards de- scribed below provide information that is required for the application of stan dards for assessing thermal environments. They can also be used independently in ergonomics and other investigations, 6.3.6.1 Metabolic Rate All assessments of thermal environments require an estimate of the meta- bolic heat production of the occupants. ISO EN 8996 presents three types of methods. The first is by use of tables, where estimates are provided based on a description of the activity. These range from a general description (light, MM TABLE 6.12 Wind Chill index, WC!, Chilling ‘Temperature, t.,, and Effect on Exposed Flesh wer fey (went) CC) Effect 1200 -14 Very cold 1400 2 Bitterly cold 1600 -30 Exposed flesh freezes within Ih 1800 38 2000 45 Exposed flesh freezes within 1 min 2200 “53 2400 61 Exposed flesh freezes within 30 3600 69162 TARGET VALUES FOR THERMAL FACTORS: AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 389 heavy, ete.} to methods of summing components of tasks (e.g., basal metabolic rate + posture component + movement component). An example of activity levels is given in Table 6.13. ‘The second method is by use of the heart rate. The total heart rate is re garded as a sum of several components and, in general, is linearly related 10 the metabolic heat production for heart rates above 120 beats per minute. Heat stress will, however, also increase the heat rate. The third method is to calculate the metabolic heat production from measures of oxygen consump- tion, and carbon dioxide production during activity and recovery. 6.3.6.2 Clothing ISO EN 9920 provides a large database of thermal insulation values, which have been measured on a standing thermal manikin. One set of tables gives the insulation values for a large number of ensembles (Table 6.14). An other set of tables gives insulation values for individual garments (Table 6.15}, on the basis of which the insulation for a whole ensemble can be estimated. ‘The insulation of an ensemble, J,,, may be estimated as the sum of the in- dividual garment insulation values: T= Sl.qy- The data on evaporative resis- tance are not so extensive, A few data are given in the standard, and a method to calculate the evaporative resistance based on the thermal insulation is also given. In the present standard no values are listed for the insulation of chairs, which may add 0.1-0.4 clo. Especially for the assessment of the level of heat stress, data on the evaporative resistance of clothing ensembles are important. 6.3.6.3 Instruments and Measurements ISO 7726 provides a description of the parameters that should be mea- sured (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, plane radiant tempera. ture, air velocity, and humidity) together with methods of measurement HMM TABLE 6.13 Metabolic Rates Activity Wm met Reclining 46 os Seated, relaxed ss 10 Sedentary activity (office, 70 12 welling, school, laboratory) Standing light activity 93 16 (shopping, laboratory, light Standing, medium activity 16 20 ‘shop assistant, domestic work, machine work) Walking on the level 2 km k ho 19 3 kim 140 14 een 165 28 Skm bh! 200 34