(1) Wow! You have asked a great question.

I am a native speaker, but

I cannot answer it easily. Probably some learners can do a better job.

(2) All I can do (until more intelligent people answer you) is to offer

some ideas from two books that I checked:

The Grammar Book by Mesdames Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman

and Practical English Usage by Mr. Michael Swan.

(3) I think that the best approach is to first understand the

affirmative sentences, not the negative ones.

(4) Mr. Swan explains that we use some when we are thinking about

limited but indefinite numbers; we use no article when we are not thinking

of numbers at all.

(a) We've planted some roses. = a limited number; speaker does not
know how many.

(b) I like roses, = no idea of number.

(5) Now let's change those to the negative (these are only my words):

We have not planted any roses. (the negative of "some" is "any")

I do not like roses.

***

(5) Let's now discuss your sentences (REMEMBER: these are only my

ideas based on the information in (4).)

(a) There is a (= one) TV. There is not a TV. I think that this

sentence is pretty clear, don't you?

(b) There are TV's in the house. There aren't TV's in the house.
(Remember: This is similar to "I like roses" and "I don't like roses." In other

words, no idea of number.)

(c) There are some TV's; There aren't any TV's.

(Remember: This is similar to "We have planted some roses; We haven't

planted any roses." In other words, a limited number; speaker doesn't

know how many.)

***

(6) Now we're ready for your last four sentences. I am sure that you

can now analyze them for yourself. Right? The following "answers"

are only my opinion. Do you agree with my answers?

Are there any chairs in the room? This is the only affirmative sentence

among your seven sentences. When you use "any," Mr. Swan says that
it is not easy or important to say how many chairs. If you use the

word "some" in that sentence, Mr. Swan says that you expect the answer

is probably "Yes." [My words: If you say to a friend, "Do you have any

money?" that means that you really do not know; if you ask, "Do you

have some money?" you think that s/he probably does.] And if you ask,

"Are there chairs in the room?" you are not thinking of numbers